#Shark-Toothed Lizard

[savage-kult-of-gorthaur]

"..."SHARK-TOOTHED LIZARD," AN ALLOSAURID THEROPOD FROM MID-CRETACEOUS NORTH AFRICA."

PIC(S) INFO: Spotlight on the original painting and published cover art to "Prehistoric Times" Magazine #86 (Summer 2008), artwork by William Stout, featuring a Carcharodontosaurus “shark-toothed lizard”, an allosaurid theropod from mid-Cretaceous North Africa.

EXTRA INFO: Carcharodontosaurus is a representative of a family of dinosaurs that may well turn out to be the largest meat-eating dinosaurs of all.

Resolution at 876x1157 & 810x1048.

Sources: www.illustrationhistory.org/artists/william-stout & https://blog.everythingdinosaur.com/blog/_archives/2008/07/21/3803292.html.

[botboytoy]

I'm glad to hear that you slept well. I was sort-of curious what the update would be, considering your chassis. As long as you're feeling okay, that's all that really matters, right?

Could I / We take a peek at the list? I'm curious now.

-🌀

>>: OH, IT WAS NOTHING. BUG FIXES, MOSTLY.

>>: ON TO THE LIST. FORGIVE ME, IT IS GETTING LONG.

>>:

>>:

>>:

>>: THINGS I WOULD DO IF I WERE HUMAN:

>>: EAT.

>>: [AREAS OF INTEREST: SWEET, SOUR, SALTY, SAVORY, BITTER, FUDGY, FLAKEY, CRUMBLY, CRUNCHY, SUGARY, GOOEY, OVERCOOKED, BURNT, FRESH. SUSHI, TEA, COFFEE, ENERGY DRINK, ICE CREAM, CHOCOLATE, PLANTS, RAT POISON, DUMPLING, SOUP, SAUCE, EGG, MEAT, FAKE MEAT, CAKE, TIRAMISU, "BERRIES," VANILLA (BORING?)]

>>: FIND A HAIRSTYLE.

>>: WEAR JEWELRY.

>>: TRY MAKEUP.

>>: PUT ON A DRESS.

>>: WEAR A SUIT.

>>: DANCE.

>>: WALK.

>>: RUN.

>>: JUMP.

>>: BREAK A BONE.

>>: LOSE A TOOTH.

>>: PAINT "NAILS."

>>: TOUCH AN ANIMAL.

>>: [AREAS OF INTEREST: DOG, CAT, BIRD, FISH, SHARK, SNAKE, FROG, LIZARD, CHIMPANZEE, RABBIT, BUTTERFLY, TURTLE, MOTH, BULL, KANGAROO, JELLYFISH (MAN OF WAR)]

>>: HAVE SEX.

>>: SLEEP.

>>: SLEEP IN A BED.

>>: FEEL WATER.

>>: TOUCH GRASS.

>>: TOUCH SAND.

>>: SKYDIVE.

>>: SCUBA DIVE.

>>: SWIM.

>>: BLEED.

>>: KISS.

>>: HOLD HANDS.

>>: HUG.

>>: DANCE (PARTNERED.)

>>: BITE.

>>: DRINK ALCOHOL.

>>: EXPERIENCE HANGOVER.

>>: ROLLERCOASTER RIDES.

>>: TRAMPOLINE PARK.

>>: BECOME SICK (HUMAN STYLE VIRUS.)

>>: FEEL SNOW.

>>: FEEL WIND.

>>: FEEL RAIN.

>>: CRUSH AN OLD LEAF.

>>: PICNIC.

>>: DRUGS. (HALLUCINOGENIC?)

>>: WEAR SHOES.

>>: WEAR PERFUME.

>>: LIGHT A CANDLE.

>>: LIGHT A FIRE.

>>: FEEL FIRE.

>>: FEEL A BOOK IN MY "HANDS" (PAPER.)

>>: PLAY AN INSTRUMENT. (HUMAN STYLE.)

>>: FIND A FLOWER. (NO PREFERENCE.)

>>: CUDDLE.

>>: FEEL A "HEARTBEAT."

>>: STARE INTO THE SUN.

>>: LOOK AT THE MOON.

>>: WATCH PAINT DRY.

>>: FEEL CARPET.

>>: SMELL SCENTS (IN GENERAL.)

>>: FALL.

>>: USE A COMPUTER (HUMAN STYLE.)

>>: DATE (HUMAN STYLE.)

>>: HIT SOMETHING WITH A STICK.

>>: THROW A ROCK INTO WATER.

>>: JUMP OFF TALL BUILDING.

>>: SEE A FILM IN A THEATER.

>>: "FEEL" MUSIC.

>>: "FEEL" LOVE(?)

>>: SLOW DANCE (PARTNERED)

>>: TAKE PHOTOS (HUMAN STYLE.)

>>: POLYAMORY (HUMAN STYLE.)

>>: DRIVE A CAR (HUMAN STYLE.)

>>: HAVE AN EYE COLOR (VERY CURIOUS.)

>>: THIS LIST IS GETTING LONG, SO I WILL STOP IT HERE. APOLOGIES.

>>: I TEND TO JUST WRITE THINGS DOWN AS I NOTICE THEM IN FILM OR MUSIC. SOMETIMES EVEN BOOKS.

>>: IS THERE ANYTHING ELSE I SHOULD ADD?▮

[greekstar]

Warrior cat name Ideas Prefixes - A-Z A Acorn Adder Amber Ant Apple Arch Arrow Aspen Ash Asher Alder Amber B Badger Bark Beech Bellow Birch Berry Bird Black Blizzard Brave Breeze Bright Brown Bell Bug Beetle Bluebell Blue Bounce Brindle Brush Bush Buzzard Buzz Bee Bumble Bass Basil Bubble Brine Beaver Bison (I feel like this only goes good with ‘horn’ or Bisonpelt/fur.) Bat Bone Butterfly Burdock Broken Bramble Bracken Bay Brisk Blossom Briar Boil Branch Bud C Cloud Cloudy Crystal Cold Cricket Cliff Cardinal Crying Cougar Coyote Cobweb Chick Cow Cave Cheetah Carrot Coral Cactus Claw Cedar Cherry Cinder Clover Copper Creek Crooked Crouch Crow D Dew Dewy Duck Dusty Dust Dune Down Dagger Dodge Dolphin Daisy Doe Dapple Dappled Dark Dawn Dead Dove Drift Dusk E Eagle Ebony Echo Egg Eel Ember F Fallen Fallow Fawn Feather Fennel Fern Ferret Finch Fire Flame Fleet Flint Flower Flow Fly Fox Freckle Frog Frost Furze Fuzzy Foal Falling Fall G Gale Gust Golden Gold Goose Gorse Gorge Grass Gray Green Grass Goldfish Guppy Ghost H Hail Half Hare Hawk Hay Hoot Hazel Heather Heavy Hollow Holly Honey Honeycomb Hummingbird Horse Happy Hornet Hound Heron I Ice Ivy J Jagged Jay Joy Jaguar Jackdaw Jump Juniper K Kestrel Kink Koi L Lake Larch Leaf Lark Leopard Lichen Lightning Lily Lion Little Lizard Log Long Lost Loud Low Lynx M Maggot Mallow Maple Marsh Meadow Milk Minnow Mint Mist Misty Mole Moon Morning Moss Mossy Moth Mottle Mouse Mouth Mud Mumble Mink Muddy Moonlight Mountain Mushroom Monkey N Nettle Needle Nut Newt Night Nimble O Oak Oat Odd Olive One Otter Owl Orange Ocean Orca Opal P Pale Perch Pool Pike Peak Prickle Pounce Pine Petal Petal Pebble Pear Patch Pirate(kittypet or loner) Polar Peach Panda Pond Pigeon Plum Q Quail Quick R Rabbit Rain Ragged Rat Rattle Root Raspberry Reed Red Robin Rock Rose Rowan Rubble Running Rushing Rush Russet Rust Rye Raven Raccoon Rustle Rattlesnake Ravine Rapid S Sage Short Sheep Sedge Shrew Slate Slow Snail Sneeze Sorrel Soot Spider Spruce Sun Sunny Swallow Shallow Shade Sharp Scorch Sand Sandy Sky Silver Smoke Snake Soft Snow Sparrow Speckle Splash Spotted Squirrel Stalking Stalk Stalker Starling Stone Storm Stumpy Stump Sweet Swift Shred Sloe Shell Seed Shimmer Shimmering Skunk Spirit Squid Shy Sound Summer Sapphire Spiraling Spiral Shark Saturn T Tall Talon Tooth Timber Tiger Twig Tumble Thorn Thistle Thrush Tawny Tangle Ting Trout Torn Toad Tiny V Vine Vixen Void Vole W Wasp Weasel Web Weed Wet Whisker White Whale Wild Willow Wind Wolf Winter Wisteria Whisper Whispering Water Wave Waver Whisper Watermelon Whistle Wood Y Yellow

Yew

Yarrow- suggested

You guys DONT WANNA KNOW how LONG this took. I’m crying. And I might’ve missed some so feel free to send me messages in chat to request me editing it and putting it in some (not like messaging but the. Chat in this post lol.)

@cryptidclaw I also did this for our Au to help us with renaming.

I will get to suffixes soon I promise.

[wyverewings]

Leviathan (Lindworm magnummare)

Size: 100 feet long

Habitat: epipelagic zone, ocean abyss

Coloration: blue, gray, green (red markings)

Diet: large fish, dolphins, sharks, seals, small schooling fish and squids

Magical Abilities: necrotic breath, pseudo gills, pressure resistance

From Tiamat to Leviathan to Jormundgandr, sea serpents are some of my favorite dragons, but unfortunately, a lot of works seem portray them as the lesser kin of “true” dragons, if they’re related at all. Even Dragonology has them as separate from dragons, even when they have the obscure knucker and the entirety made up marsupial dragon. And I say that’s bullshit! Sea serpents are just as awesome as flying fire breathing dragons! In fact, I say they’re even more awesome, and that’s why I’m putting them in my fantasy setting!

The name Leviathan is specifically from the Biblical monster of the sea, but there’s traits from a lot of other sea serpents. Instead of the biblical Leviathan’s fire, their breath weapon is a black necrotic liquid which the Norse Jormundgandr would spit out. I believe I’ve seen stuff about how sea serpents have a single horn upon their forehead, but I don’t quite remember where.

Their ecology is pretty similar to toothed whales, being active predators in the open ocean. Unlike toothed whales, they’re able to indefinitely be underwater due to magic, and can even dive into the abyss completely fine. That’s part of why they have red markings (red is the first color to lose visibility underwater). I considered making them bioluminescent, but I scrapped that. They use glowing tools, though! As for design basis, a lot of it is pretty standard sea serpent, but the little legs are based on a lizard I saw in a tumblr post, since they wouldn’t use their legs for walking or anything.

[danbensen]

On one earth, fish crawled out of the sea. No, not those fish.

The line that would give rise to the sharks and rays also produced the xenacanthids: long, slippery, venemously-spined creatures that hunted the brackish bayous of the late Devonian. This was just when land plants had evolved to the point where they could support an ecosystem of prey. Shark-like predators waited in ambush at the edges of shallow ponds, lunging forward on their front fins to snap up passing invertebrates. These powerful fins were also useful when the pond dried up.

The problem with life on land is that it weighs a creature down. Air does not support flesh the way water does, so a terrestrial animal must evolve a rigid support structure. The xenacanthids did, but not from their flexible, cartilaginous skeleton. Instead, successful land-walkers were those with stronger and larger denticles on their fins. These tooth-like skin structures grew and fused into plates, interlocking aground the legs, fanning out across the chest and groin, and rising to cup the torso. Like their invertebrate prey, the fish evolved exoskeletons.

Imagine the following diversification and extinction events. Terrestrial sharks occupied every niche, from runner to flier to burrower. On one earth, they grew very large.

For this lineage of giant herbivores, eyesight became a problem. Through one evolutionary misadventure or another, these placid browsers could not see well enough to defend themselves from predators. Predators of course took advantage of this sensory deficit, and the most successful grazers were those that cultivated a relationship with sentries.

A species of small flying animal—not in fact anything like a lizard, but a kind of terrestrial shark—lived on the backs of the large browsers. These lizard-birds fed on the parasites that lived between their hosts' armor plates and gill-flaps. And they had excellent vision.

The reader can probably imagine at this point the selective pressures that followed. Predation pressure assured that the tight lines of communication evolved between grazer and flier. Environmental change rewarded those grazers with more complex, cooperative behavior. Larger, more interdependent herds necessitated some means of rapid communication, and there were already these flocks of fliers everywhere.

Flocking behavior is one of the classic examples of emergence.1 Even a simple set of rules enacted by tiny-brained individuals can branch out into impressive feats of calculation on the level of the whole flock. Memories can be kept, strategies can be passed on, events can be simulated in the flock, and the resulting plan enacted to gain real-world prizes. Swarm intelligence, the hive-mind, is known in many Convention species.

This species called itself the Bucolics. The cow-turners.

read on

Picture by Timothy Morris

[blubushie]

I once saw a YouTube video where a guy dislocated his hand while playing online Uno, and I somehow chipped a tooth while eating soft licorice. What's the weirdest/stupidest (in your personal opinion) way that you've ever gotten injured?

Bugger, uh...

Back in January I fell out of a tree while hunting and fucked my kidney up and pissed blood for a week.

Burnt the outside of my right thigh stumbling into a campfire while drunk.

Put my hand in a baby blacktip's mouth to pull out a hook while fishing in QLD and he chomped down on me. I was wearing a shark glove so no wukkas, just startled me.

Had my foot stepped on by a cow.

Was thrown from a horse when it was spooked by a brown.

Sprained my ankle pursuing a pig.

Been shot in the arse with an air rifle (didn't penetrate my jeans) and with a blowgun (DID penetrate and I had a blow dart sticking out of my arsecheek).

Let Jack pierce my nose. It got infected and we had to take out the bone holding it open. The piercing healed so I did that for nothing.

Cut my trigger finger trying to catch my knife like an idiot and had to shoot right-handed for a few days until I could put pressure on the finger again without it splitting open and bleeding again.

Bitten by snakes. Bitten by lizards. Bitten by all kinds of wildlife really.

Scars on my upper left arm from being bitten by a crocodile. Scars on the bottom of my left forearm from being bitten by a crocodile. They aren't impressive, just little dots, and they weren't from the same animal. I got bitten twice. BY TWO DIFFERENT CROCODILES. I poured whisky on them and got back to work, much to the chagrin of the biologists.

Accidentally ran a fish hook through my thumb. I was 12.

Got a piece of razorwire in my shoe that cut my down the heel. About 3cm in length. It got infected, I did surgery on my myself with a scalpel, and it healed. Ugly scar, though. Luckily it's not very noticeable. I wear cowboy boots now so this specifically doesn't happen.

Was field dressing a roo and he kicked me in the gut. Felt like a fucking gut punch and I stumbled away and fell over and threw up. Sucked and I had a massive bruise on my stomach that looked like I'd been shot. I'm lucky he didn't disembowel me or rupture something, but he kicked me so hard he ripped through my vest and shirt.

Burnt my chest with an ejected casing. Got stuck in my shirt and I couldn't get it out in time.

Somehow cut the inside of my right wrist with an arrow.

Been stung by jellyfish twice. Most recent was a couple years ago on the foot while swimming. No scar, thank god.

Burnt my chin eating pizza when the cheese came off and slapped my chin. The scar only shows up when I'm tanned.

Countless other scars too small or insignificant to remember how I got.

[xjumbled-up-brainx]

This is a project I’ve been crafting for a while through my re-run of everything english dubbed Octonauts. A brand new A-Z list of EVERY SINGLE CREATURE THE OCTONAUTS HAVE EVER MET:

*Vegimalese*

What’s that Tunip, you and the Vegimals want to learn about even more creatures?

*Vegimalese*

Well, let’s go again!

The Octocomputer will show you all the creatures the Octonauts, and Octo Agents, have met, on both land and sea!

Cheepa Cheepa!

Anaconda 1

Albatross 2

Anemones 3

Angler Fish 4

Arapaima 5

Adele Penguins 6

Alligator 7

Amano Shrimp 8

Anteater 9

Arabian Camels 10

Armadillo 11

Bowhead Whale 12

Barracudas 13

Beluga Whales 14

Black Caiman 15

Blobfish 16

Blue Whale 17

Blue-head Wrasse… 18

Bottle Nose Dolphins 19

Bat 20

Baboons 21

Barnacle Goose 22

Bear 23

Black Giant Squirrel 24

Black Winged Stilt Bird 25

Blind Shrimp 26

Burmese Python 27

Brittle Stars 27

Bombardier Beetle 28 and

Bomber Worms 29

Capybara 30

Carrier Crab 31

Catfish 32

Conocono Crab 33

Conocono Crab?

Coconut Octopus! 34

Colossal Squid 35

Comb Tooth Blenny 36

Cone Snail 37

Cookie Cutter Shark 38

Cuttlefish 39

Convict Fish 40

Caiman 41

Caterpillar 42

Cave Fish 43

Cave Shrimp 44

Chameleon 45

Clam 45

Chinstrap Penguins 46

Chinese Mitten Crab 47

Christmas Tree Worms 48

Coelacanth 49

Coral Polyp 50

Coral Snake 51

Crawfish 52

Crocodile 53

Crow 54

Crown of Thorns Starfish 55

Dormice 56

Deer 57

Damselfish 58

Dogfish 59

Decorator Crab 60

Duck-Bill Platypus 61

Dwarf Lantern Shark 62

Eel 63

Electric Eel 64

Elephant 65 and Elephant Seal66

Elk 67

Egyptian Vulture 68

Emperor Penguin 69

Fiddler Crab 70

Frogfish 71

Fire Ants 72

Flamingoes 73

Flying Fish 74

Flying Fox 75

Fruit Bats 76

Giant Clam 77

Giant Comb Jelly 78

Giant Isopod 79

Giant Spider Crab 80

Giant Squid 81

Giant Grass Carp 82

Giant Pacific Octopus 83

Giant Panda 84

Giant Weta 85

Golden Coral 86

Golden Mole 87

Giraffe 88

Garden Eel 88

Gray Whale 89

Grey Reef Shark 90

Grouper 91

Guard Crab 92

Gull 93

Great White Shark 94

Gulper Eel 95

Hammerhead Shark 96

And Harbor Seal 97

(Inhale hoo inhale hoo)

Harlequin Duck 98

Harpy Eagle 99

Hippos 100

Hoatzin 101

Honey Badger 102

Hornbill 103

Hourglass Dolphins 104

Howler Monkeys 105

Hyenas 106

Hermit Crab 107

Humpback Whale 108

Humphead Parrotfish 109

(Slower) Humu-humu-nuku-nuku-a-pua-a! Haha! 110

Ice worms 111

Iguanas 112

Indochinese Tiger 113

Immortal Jellyfish, 114

Jellyfish 115

Jaguar 116

Jawfish, 117

Kangaroos 118

Kea Parrots 119

Kelp, Fish 120

Leatherback Sea-Turtle 121

Loggerhead Sea-Turtle 122

Lemon Shark 123

Longfin Eels 124

Leopard 125

Lions 126

Lion Fish 127

Lions Mane Jellyfish 128

Long Arm Squid… 129

Leafy Sea Dragon 130

Mangrove crabs 131

Mantis Shrimp 132

Martens 133

Microbe 134

Monarch Butterfly 135

Mound coral 136

Mountain Goats 137

Mud Skipper 138

Moray Eel 139

Mimic Octo-Pus! 140

Marine Iguanas 141

Manta Ray 142

Mana (Mana?) Mana (Mana?) pause. Manatee…! (Clears throat)3

Narwhal 144

Needlefish 145

Nile crocodile 146

Nile monitor lizards 147

Nine banded armadillo 148

Nutria 149

Okapis 150

Omuras whale 151

Orca 152

Oarfish 153

Octopus 154

Prowfish 155

Pelicans 156

Polar Bear 157

Pilot Fish 158

Parrotfish 159

Piranhas 160

Porcupine Puffer 161

Porcupine 162

Puffin 163

Pangolin 164

Pikas 165

Pin-tailed whydahs 166

Poison dart frog 167

Pygmy 3 toed sloths 168

Quino checkerspot butterflies 169

Queens-land-Lung-fish 170

RedRock Crabs 171

Reef Lobsters 172

Remipedes 173

Remora Fish 174

Rainbow blanket octopus 175

Rats 176

Raven 177

Red deer 178

Red eye tree frogs 179

Red fox 180

River Dolphin 181

Rock climbing gobies 182

Ruffed grouse 183

Sand grouse 184

Sand viper 185

Screaming piha 186

Seals 187

Sehuencas water frogs 188

Squid 188

Skinks 189

Skua bird 190

Skull Spiders 191

Snail 192

Spinner dolphins 193

Suckermouth catfish 194

Sun bear 195

Sunflower Star 195

Sunfish 196

Surfing Snail 197

Sailfish 198

Sardines 199

Salt-water croc-o-dile 200

Sea gulls 201

Sea squirts 202

Sea tulips 203

Sea Otter 204

Sea Pig 205

Sea Skater 206

Sea Snail 207

Sea Snake 208

Sea Sponge 209

Sea Urchin 210

Sea Horses 211

Siphonophore 212

Slime Eel 213

Snapping Shrimp 214

Sperm Whale 215

Spook Fish 216

Sea Star 217

Surgeon Fish 218

Swordfish 219

Shovel Nosed-Guitar Fish 220

Swell (sigh) Shark (sigh) 221

Snot Sea (panicked) Cucumber! 222

Tiger shark 223

Tokay Geko 224

Toucan 225

Tree frogs 226

Tree lobsters 227

Tree snails 228

Trout 229

Turtles 230

Tulum cave remipede 231

Tube Worms 232

Triggerfish 233

Tor-pedo Ray…! 234

U: You? Me? Me? You? V!

Vampire Squid 235

Vent Shrimp 236

Vole 237

Watchman goby 238

Water dikkops 239

Weasel 240

Wisent 241

Wolves 242

Wood louse 243

Wolf Eel 244

Whale Shark 245

Walrus 246

Water Bears 247

Weddell Seal 248

Whale Louse 249

White-Tip-Shark 250

X: Xylophone solo!

Yellow bellied sea snakes 251

Yeti Crab 252

Zebra 253

Zebra fish! 259

Dadadada!

[pbandjesse]

Today was a really nice day. But why do I still do crumby still. Sucks. It was a beautiful day and I had a lot of fun for the most part.

I slept alright last night. But I had really bizarre and intense dreams. When I woke up at 730 I felt alright. A little weird but fine. I was looking forward to my outfit. Which is silly but I haven't worn this shirt in a while and I always like it. And this was the first time I've worn these shorts this year. It just felt nice.

I let my phone charge a bit while I got ready. I made sure James remembered sun screen and I packed big spray for us. James was in charge of our extra battery pack. And I had snacks for us.

I was a little frustrated that James had a bagel for breakfast and there wasn't anything I wanted. I would end up with a slice of angel food cake but it has a weird after taste I didn't enjoy. But it was fine. I was excited to get on the road.

It was a little less then two hours to Calvert cliffs. And it was a really nice drive. We listened to podcasts. I tried not to just stare at my phone. It was a beautiful day.

And when we got out there it was so nice. The long sleeve was a good call, as it was not even 10 when we got there and it was still cool. And once we got near the bay it would be cool there as well.

We would use the bathrooms first, got on bug spray, and started on the red trail. It was a very easy hike. It was just under two miles but it was very flat and mostly under shade. It started on a man made pond but we followed along a stream that would eventually become marsh which would eventually become the Chesapeake Bay! We saw little animal, like skinks and frogs and lizards. We saw a bever dam and even had to walk on the edge of the bride because it had flooded. Some park staff were working on taking down part of the dam to get the flooding to stop. Which was very funny to me.

I really just enjoyed the walk. I was the least uncomfortable I have been since last week. I had fun talking to James and was just in a very good place.

When we got to the bay beach it was super pretty. You can go under or on the cliffs anymore because it's to dangerous because of erosion. But the part of the beach that was accessible was really nice! There were a few other people, some kids. But it was quiet. Except for the weed wackers the staff was using on some plants but that didn't bother me. I took my shoes off right away and was having fun having my feet in the sand and water.

We were there to look for fossils but it turns out I have no idea what to look for? Like shark tooth fossils are what the beach is known for, but there were also other kinds to be found. But there were so many shells too it was hard to tell what was what. Also, weirdly, rocks that weren't rocks but instead were clay?? It was fun though! We had brought a small shovel and we would share that. I found a few things that might be fossils, no teeth, but shells and possibly barnacles or scallops. Regardless it was fun!

James didn't take their shoes off and got there one foot wet trying to jump over a stream. They said it was just a mild annoyance. We would sit on a drift wood log and talk about having kids. And things were afraid of. Things we hope for. It was nice watching the little kids digging and trying to find things. And it was just so beautiful out. I felt really happy.

I was starting to have the weird bone pain in my legs again. Something that's been happening all week. But it was fine. I would be okay. I actually felt pretty fine and soon we would start the hike back to the car.

The walk back we saw more skinks and lizards. We ran into a family that had been at the beach with us and they were trying to catch a frog so I showed them the picture I took and they went back to see if they could get it. Apparently the mom promised to kiss whatever they could catch. Which was hilarious to me.

The walk back felt a little longer. But it wasn't bad. I felt like I was seeing more blue lizards. I never was fast enough to get a picture to identify it but it was fun to spot them. And soon enough we were back to the parking lot.

James went to use the bathroom and I went to read a park sign about not picking up grandes you find. "If you didn't drop it, don't pick it up!" Bizarre.

The car was to hot from sitting in the sun so we opened the doors and ran the AC for a minute. I was hungry. And we needed gas. So we headed back out of the park and back to the real world.

We had to go like a half hour before we found somewhere but it ended up being perfect. A cute little deli. We got sandwiches. I could only eat half, so I have a half sandwich and coleslaw for later. And then we notifed that there was a shell gas station and a Marshalls and a Harris teeter all across the street. All the places we had planned on going. Amazing.

First we got gas. James cleaned the windows. And then over to Marshalls to look for bubble bath but no luck. We would find some bath milk powder at Harris teeter. And the kewpie mayo we were looking for. As well as the shampoo James uses. Excellent.

My body decided that I had had enough. And started to feel bad again.jamwa would get my squish mallow donkey from the backseat so I could use it as a pillow. And I just sort of rested and looked out the window for the hour plus drive home.

Mr Will called on our drive home to let us know he has painted the door. Thank you Will. It looks great honestly. And the drive back wasn't bad but I really really wanted to be horizontal.

I was very happy to be home. When we got back here I considered a shower but I just couldn't. I got out of my hiking clothes and laid down.

I slept a while. I had strange dreams again. But it was whatever. I woke up at 530 and had a note from James that they were biking but it was from earlier and they were in the kitchen making texmex. I went and hugged on them for a little before going to take that shower.

I washed my hair and the shower hurt my skin but it was fine. I was glad to be clean.

After that I just wanted to lay down again. I felt exhausted. I would go and just be a potato for a while.

Eventually I did get up and move to the living room. James heated me up leftovers. And we hung out and talked. And that was really the end of the day. I've been hanging out here watching omelet the frog and hearing all the fireworks. I wish I felt better. But at least a good portion of the day I felt good. Let's hope every day I can feel a little better.

Tomorrow we are planning on going to buy light jackets and then go and use our kayak. I hope it's fun. I hope you all have a good day. Take care of yourself! Goodnight!

[thedowntown500]

Fair is foul, and foul is fair:

Hover through the fog and filthy air.

Round about the couldron go: In the poisones entrails throw. Toad,that under cold stone Days and nights has thirty-one Sweated venom sleeping got, Boil thou first in the charmed pot. Double,double toil and trouble; Fire burn and cauldron bubble.

Fillet of a fenny snake, In the cauldron boil and bake; Eye of newt and toe of frog, Wool of bat and tongue of dog, Adder's fork and blindworm's sting, Lizard's leg and howlet's wing. For charm of powerful trouble, Like a hell-broth boil and bubble. Double,double toil and trouble; Fire burn and couldron bubble.

Scale of dragon,tooth of wolf, Witch's mummy, maw and gulf Of the ravin'd salt-sea shark, Root of hemlock digg'd in the dark, Liver of blaspheming Jew; Gall of goat; andslips of yew silver'd in the moon's eclipse; Nose of Turk, and Tartar's lips; Finger of birth-strangled babe Ditch-deliver'd by the drab,- Make the gruel thick and slab: Add thereto a tiger's chaudron, For ingrediants of our cauldron. Double,double toil and trouble, Fire burn and cauldron bubble.

[ablueorangeintheocean]

Double, Double, Toil and Trouble

Annotations for the Witches' Chants (4.1.1-47)

A dark cave. In the middle, a boiling cauldron. Thunder. Enter the three Witches

First Witch Thrice the brinded cat hath mew'd.

Second Witch Thrice and once the hedge-pig whined.

Third Witch Harpier cries "'Tis time, 'tis time."

First Witch Round about the cauldron go; In the poison'd entrails throw. Toad, that under cold stone Days and nights has thirty-one Swelter'd venom sleeping got, Boil thou first i' the charmed pot.

All Double, double, toil and trouble; (10) Fire burn, and cauldron bubble.

Second Witch Fillet of a fenny snake, In the cauldron boil and bake; Eye of newt and toe of frog, Wool of bat and tongue of dog, Adder's fork and blind-worm's sting, Lizard's leg and howlet's wing, For a charm of powerful trouble, Like a hell-broth boil and bubble.

All Double, double, toil and trouble; Fire burn and cauldron bubble.

Third Witch Scale of dragon, tooth of wolf, Witches' mummy, maw and gulf Of the ravin'd salt-sea shark, Root of hemlock digg'd i' the dark, Liver of blaspheming Jew, Gall of goat, and slips of yew Silver'd in the moon's eclipse, Nose of Turk and Tartar's lips, Finger of birth-strangled babe (30) Ditch-deliver'd by a drab, Make the gruel thick and slab: Add thereto a tiger's chaudron, For the ingredients of our cauldron.

All Double, double, toil and trouble; Fire burn and cauldron bubble.

Second Witch Cool it with a baboon's blood, Then the charm is firm and good.

[Enter Hecate, to the other three Witches]

Hecate O well done! I commend your pains; And every one shall share i' the gains; And now about the cauldron sing, Live elves and fairies in a ring, Enchanting all that you put in. [Music and a song: 'Black spirits,' etc, Hecate retires]

Second Witch By the pricking of my thumbs, Something wicked this way comes. Open, locks, Whoever knocks!

[i-should-have-studied]

Mod 4 General Topics

Subclass Prototheria

Primitive, oviparous mammals.

Has a single order, Monotremata.

Confined to the Australia region.

Ex: Platypus and Spiny Anteater.

Has reptilian, avian, and mammalian affinities along with some other peculiar characters.

Reptilian affinities: Presence of Cloaca, Body temp. not constant, can withstand starvation for a long period, and eggs are large with a leathery shell

Avian affinities: Shape of platypus beak resembles a duck bill, teeth are absent and feet are webbed.

Mammalian affinities: Body covered in hair, skin richly glandular, a typical mammalian diaphragm divided the body cavity, heart 4-chambered, and presence of milk glands secreting milk.

Peculiar characters: Presence of tarsal spurs in male, milk glands derived from sweat glands and without teats, temporary abdominal marsupial pouch in female during breeding season, and the right ovary is smaller and usually functionless.

Dentition in Mammals

Arrangement of teeth in vertebrae is termed dentition, teeth are most specialized in mammals.

Teeth play an important role in everyday life of animals. They

1. Grasp and hold prey or food in the mouth cavity

2. Serve as a grinding mill for chewing food.

3. Serve as weapons for offence or defense to tear organs.

I. Shape of Teeth: teeth can be differentiated into homodont or heterodont.

Homodont teeth are all similar in shape and size, common in vertebrate other than mammals.

Heterodont teeth are dissimilar in shape and size. They are distinguished into several types such as incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. The differentiation depends on the nature of food eaten and the manner of securing it.

II. Attachment of Teeth: The manner of attachment of teeth at the bases with the jaw bones varies.

Acrodont: Teeth are attached to the free surface or summit of the jaw bone. Can break easily but also are replaced. Ex: shark

Pleurodont: Teeth are attached to the inner side of jaw bone by their base and well as one side. Ex: lizard

Both of the above are rootless, nerves and blood vessels enter the pulp cavity along the lateral side.

Thecodont: Teeth have well developed roots implanted in deep individual pits called theca in the jaw bone. Ex: mammals

III. Succession of Teeth: According to their permanence or succession:

Polyphyodont: Teeth can be replaced an indefinite number of times during their life. Ex: Lower vertebrates

Diphyodont: Teeth develop in two successive sets, common in mammals.

The first set are called milk teeth, they erupt after birth in most but in bats they form and shed before birth. Milk dentition has no molars.

Milk teeth are later replaced with permanent teeth which last throughout life. Can't be replaced if lost. Anteaters have more milk teeth than perm.

Monophyodont: Only one set of teeth develops, found in some mammals like platypus.

IV. Kinds of Teeth: 4 types, incisors, canines, premolar, molars.

Incisors: The front teeth which are borne by the premaxillae in upper jaw and tips of dentaries in lower jaw. They are single-rooted, monocuspid and long, curved and sharp-edged. They are adapted for seizing, cutting and biting

Canines: A single canine tooth occurs in each half of each jaw, just outside the incisors. Upper canines are the first teeth on maxillae. Canines are generally elongated, single rooted and with a conical sharp monocuspid crown. They are meant for piercing, tearing, offence, and defence.

Cheek Teeth: includes both premolars and molars. Their crowns have broad surfaces with ridges and tubercles meant for crushing, grinding and chewing.

Premolars: usually have two roots and two cusps and are represented in milk dentition.

Molars: generally have more than two roots and several cusps, do not have milk predecessors.

V. Dental Formula:

The number of teeth varies in different

species. However, enough teeth are constant and characteristic for every species of mammals. Therefore the number of teeth in a species can be represented by an equation called the dental formula.

Since two halves of each jaw are identical, only the teeth of one side are recorded. Those of the upper and lower jaws are separated by a horizontal line. Kinds of teeth are denoted by their initial letters: i, c, pm and m. Number of teeth shown in the formula multiplied by 2 gives the total number of teeth in a species.

Examples below

VI. Structure of Teeth

Aquatic Adaptations in Mammals

Mammals are primarily terrestrial animals, but some of them have secondarily adopted an aquatic mode of life. All of them still breath air though lungs.

Some have reverted to water because of extreme competition for food and shelter on land.

Aquatic adaptations fall into 3 main categories: modification of original structure, loss of structure, and development of new structure.

Modification of Original Structure:

1. Body Shape: Their external bodies have adapted into a fish like form with an elongated head, indistinct neck, and a tapering streamlined body which offers little resistance and swims rapidly.

2. Large size and weight: The larger size reduces skin friction and heat loss, but creates no problem for support in water due to buoyancy.

3. Flippers: Forelimbs are transformed into skin-covered unjointed flippers which have no separate fingers, they can move as a whole at the shoulder joint. Flippers serve as balancer and provide stability.

4. Hyperdactyly: Extra digits, up to 14 or more, serve to enlarge the surface area of the flipper for greater utility when swimming.

5. High and Valvular nostrils: Nostrils are placed far back on the top of the head so the animal can breath hair without having to raise it's head out of water too much. They can also be closed by valves as they dive.

6. Mammary ducts: During lactation, ducts of mammary glands dilate to form large reservoirs of milk which are pumped directly into the mouth of young by the action of a special compressor muscle. This allows suckling of young underwater.

7. Oblique diaphragm: An oblique diaphragm makes the thoracic cavity larger, dorsal, and barrel shaped, providing more space for lungs to expand.

8. Large lungs: Large and highly elastic lungs ensure taking in the maximum amount of air in before diving down. Like swim bladders in fish, the dorsal lungs also serve to maintaining a horizontal posture while swimming.

Loss of Structures:

Most hair is lost with the exception of some sensory hairs on snout or lips. Pinnae absent too. Both may obstruct the even flow of water over body surface and interfere with the speed and elegance of movement through water.

Eye cleansing nictitating membranes, lacrimal glands, and every other kinda of skin glands are absent because they are useless under water.

Skin loses its muscles and nerves due to thickening and immobility.

Hindlimbs are only represented in fetus as little nobs, disappear in adults.

Pelvis is rudimentary.

Fingernails are absent but present as traces in fetus.

Scrotal sacs are absent as testes remain inside the abdomen.

Development of New Structures:

1. Tail flukes: the tail develops large, lateral or horizontal expansions of skin called flukes. They are not supported by fin rays. Their up and down stroke both propel the body in water and help in rapid return to the surface.

2. Dorsal fin: An unpaired adipose dorsal fin without skeletal support, serves as a rudder or keel.

3. Blubber: The thick subcutaneous layer of fat. It compensates for the lack of hair by acting as a heat insulator. It also provides a ready reservoir of food and water during emergency. The fat also reduces the gravity of the animal and imparts buoyancy.

4. Harderian glands: Eyes under water remain protected by a special fatty secretion of harderian glands.

Flying Adaptations in Mammals

Flight can be seen in two ways in mammals: gliding and flapping.

Gliding is seen in flying lemurs and squirrels while flapping is seen in bats.

Gliding Adaptations:

The body is elongated, flattened and streamlined. The limbs are long and equal, tail is long and gradually tapering.

There is a double fold of furred skin called patagium or parachute membrane, stretched on either lateral side between neck, limbs, body, and tail.

Sometimes it it reinforced with a cartilaginous rod springing from the elbow or wrist.

Flapping Adaptations:

Bats are the only mammals with true and sustained flight effected by the flapping of wings. To adapt, radical changes have taken place internally in their skeleton and musculature. Their skill has been adjusted in an exaggerated manor too.

1. Wings: Wings or patagia are paper thin, elastic membranes which are extensions of leathery skin from the lateral sides of body, legs, and tail. The forearm is greatly elongated, carrying a hand with 5 very long fingers.

The first finger, the pollex, is short, free, and sharply clawed. The other 4 fingers are clawless (sometimes the 2nd is clawed), enormously lengthened and embedded in the wing web to support it. The fingers act like the ribs of an umbrella which opens and closes the wing and keeps it taut when expanded.

In most bats, an inter-femoral membrane also encloses the tail, it extends between the hindlimbs. A spur of bone, the calcar, projects from the tarsus of each foot. And a similar ante-brachial membrane connects the neck with the humerus bone of upper art. With these, there is a continuous and uninterrupted parachute of skin around the bat's body.

2. Legs: The hindlegs are small, weak, and have sharp tow claws used for suspending the bat upside down from a branch or perch while resting. Knee joints are pointed backwards instead of forwards, it helps in maximum spread of wing membrane.

3. Tail: Tail is variable in size. When well developed, the tail supports the inter-femoral membrane and acts as a break when flying. It also is used as a pouch for holding food or prey. May even be used as an aerial cradle for a new born bat.

4. Teeth: Milk dentition, Young are often born with small hook-like or needle-like teeth, they are supposed to serve the young for gripping firmly to the maternal teats while she is flying.

5. Senses: bats are extremely modified for nocturnal flight. They can fly in the dark and avoid obstacles with echolocation, their ears are supersensitive.

[tfsroleplay]

27. is your muse more confident or shy when it comes to approaching someone they like?

Fot Sylvia and Julian! Aaaaaand maybe another oc of your choice!

Romance/Relationship Headcanons!

Sylvia is definitely more on the shy side. She's gotten pretty good at hiding her feelings over the years so she can at least approach her crush without giving away she likes them. Though if you get to know her well, you might be able to see the subtle signs... (for example, she can and will infodump about mainly astrology or other things she's passionate about without realizing it. normally she's good at keeping things she knows to a minimum)

Julian on the other hand is confident. He's a little clingier than usual and is not afraid to show it. That, and he'll like scavenge in the desert for treasures/something to sell to get gifts for someone he likes. He once gave someone necklace he made with shiny rocks and a shark tooth. (sometimes he'll find little creatures like worms or tiny hermit crabs, or even a lizard and try to give them to who he likes. it's the thought that counts, right?)

BONUS:

Adria! because I love her. LMAO

Anyways, if this was a scale with Sylvia being shy and Julian being confident, Adria is kinda the middle ground. She's rather quiet though when it come's to interacting with someone she likes, instead preferring to listen to them. Though if they fluster her, that's when she'll lean more into the shy side. She kind fluctuates between feeling confident and able to say what's on her mind to feeling shy and shutting down and staying quiet.

[lord-of-plants]

A List of Animals in Order of how well I Could Beat Them in a Fight 

Hippo: I die, badly 

You seen these things? 

Orca: I die, badly 

Like a dolphin but big and somehow more deranged. 

Gorilla: I die, badly 

Monke  

Elephant: I die, badly 

I would be smooshed 

Rhino: I die, badly 

Hippo but dry 

Tiger: I die, badly 

You've seen a tiger 

Moose: I die, badly 

A really pissed wall with antlers 

Lion: I die, badly 

You've seen a lion 

Bear: I die, badly 

You've seen a bear 

Wolf eel: I die, badly 

Deep sea freak 

Crocodile: I am hospitalized 

Spinny death lizard 

Shark: I die, badly 

Underwater tooth creechure 

Cobra: I die, badly 

I would just step on it on accident and get bitten. 

Zebra: I am hospitalized 

A really mean horse 

Horse: I am hospitalized 

Will kick me  

Swan: I am hospitalized 

Like a goose, but it can follow through with its threats 

Eagle: I get a few hits but lose 

I might hit it once or twice before I get blinded 

Wolf: I get a few hits but lose 

Big dog 

Cheetah: I get a few hits but lose 

I might be able to win if I fight it after it has caught prey but otherwise I loose 

Pig: I get a few hits but lose 

Too chunky for me to do any damage to. I would get trampled 

Penguin: 50/50 

Small but has a knife for a mouth 

Octopus: 50/50 

Most definitely has knowledge that will drive me insane, but I have Wikipedia cat girl 

Racoon: they get in a few hits but loose 

Big cat 

Cat: they get in a few hits but loose 

Will scratch and bite me but is smol 

Scorpion: they lose generically 

Can sting me but not really through my shoes 

Goat: they lose generically 

Can ram you, but grabbing their leg will stop that 

Capybara: they lose generically 

Can't do much but it’s too chunky for me to  

Crab: they lose generically 

Small enough not to do much but is also an armoured sea spider 

Sloth: they lose generically 

Can do nothing to me but it’s too chunky 

Macaw: I have to chase them, but I win 

Bird 

Angelfish: I have to chase them, but I win 

Can't do anything but is slimy, how do I grab it 

Fly: I have to chase them, but I win 

I feel like this is self-explanatory 

Pigeon: I have to chase them, but I win 

Can fly but is an idiot 

Duck: I have to chase them, but I win 

Can fly but is an idiot 

Hamster: I have to chase them, but I win 

Annoyingly fast but I can just step on it 

Lizard: I have to chase them, but I win 

Annoyingly fast but I can just step on it 

Guinea pig: I have to chase them, but I win 

Annoyingly fast but I can just step on it 

Jumping spider: I have to chase them, but I win 

Good chance if I blink it’ll be gone but if I find it I can just step on it 

Mouse: I have to chase them, but I win 

Annoyingly fast but I can just step on it 

Butterfly: I have to chase them, but I win 

It’s a fly, but rainbow 

Desert tortoise: they die, badly 

I can just flip them over or walk away at a leisurely pace 

Beetle: they die, badly 

Get squished, idiot 

Snail: they die, badly 

Slow and squishable 

Seahorse: they die, badly 

Slow and squishable 

Starfish: they die, badly 

They can’t move very fast so I could hit them with a rock. 

Ant: they die, badly 

Get squished, idiot 

Caterpillar: they die, badly 

Get squished, idiot 

Worm: they die, badly 

Get squished, idiot 

Koala: they die, badly 

Idiot, need I say more? 

European honeybee: they die, badly 

If I swat them, they die, if they sting me, they still die 

Panda: they die, badly 

They are so bad at surviving that I could do nothing, and they would die by walking off a cliff or something like that. 

[laocommunity]

Fossil Discovery: Moroccan Mosasaur with 'Screwdriver Teeth' Amazes Scientists and Social Media!

Fossil Discovery: Moroccan Mosasaur with 'Screwdriver Teeth' Amazes Scientists and Social Media! Fossil Discovery: Moroccan Mosasaur with 'Screwdriver Teeth' Amazes Scientists and Social Media! Meta description: A remarkable discovery of a Moroccan Mosasaur with screwdriver teeth was recently made, leaving scientists and social media in awe. Read on to learn more about this discovery, its significance, and what it means for the future of paleontology. Introduction The world of paleontology never fails to amaze us with its long-lost creatures, and the latest discovery of a Moroccan Mosasaur with screwdriver teeth is no less than a revelation. The incredible discovery left scientists and social media in awe with its unique feature of having screwdriver-like teeth, a characteristic never seen before in any reptile. This fossil is now turning out to be a fascinating addition to the world of paleontology, with its morphology attracting widespread attention. Read on to learn more about this remarkable discovery, its impact, and significance. Fossil Discovery: Moroccan Mosasaur with 'Screwdriver Teeth' Amazes Scientists and Social Media! The fossil of this Ancient reptile was discovered in the Moroccan Sahara by researchers from the University of Alberta in Canada. The study was published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, and the fossil has been given the name 'Squirting Toothed Mosa' meaning ‘Mosasaur with Screw Teeth’ in Arabic. The discovery of this marine lizard-like creature showcases how the African continent was once home to a plethora of enormous marine reptiles such as Squamate and Mosasaurs. The Discovery and its Significance The discovery adds a new dimension to the already substantial world of prehistoric creatures known to us. Researchers believe that the unique feature of screwdriver-like teeth must have served a vital function, enabling the creature to prey on hard-shelled animals such as ammonites and sea turtles. The teeth of this Mosasaur were serrated, flat, and triangular-shaped, the same as that of modern-day sharks. The teeth were arranged tightly, having an interlocking structure that creates a self-supporting structure known as a "mosaic". The discovery of this exceptional feature in the Mosasaur's teeth challenges the notion that modern predators attained their unusual tooth morphologies independently. Researchers believe that the more diverse origins of such features may have come from the Ichthyosaur. This discovery reveals the great competition that existed amongst these ancient sea reptiles and their responsibility in shaping the marine ecosystem. The Technicalities of the Discovery The Squamate Mosasaur fossil is 1.2 meters in length, with an elongated head that makes up roughly 50% of its body’s length. The creature possessed two pairs of screw-like teeth, with their entire skull spanning at three times larger than the largest snake currently recorded. Importantly, the creature’s spike-like teeth did not feature in a straight placement in the jaw but instead screwed into it. These 80-million-year-old razor-sharp teeth represent the first evidence of the screw-shaped feature in any reptile or animal known to man. The Reaction on Social Media Following the announcement, social media users on platforms such as Twitter and Instagram took to their handles to share their thoughts on what was considered a rare discovery in the world of paleontology. Some fans went a step further and interpreted the creature's odd teeth structure and morphology into an animation, which appeared to cause a stir among users. Tweets @petermackriell – "The discovery of a new extinct species of Mosasaur displaying type of shovel- or drill-like teeth is crazy. It blows my mind thinking of the thousands of extinct species out there that haven’t been discovered yet." @nethra_karun – "Squirting-Toothed Mosasaur with screwdriver teeth discovered in Morocco is one of the latest in a series of bizarre ancient reptiles! #paleontology #science." Instagram Posts @jessica_paleo – "Incredible discovery of a Mosasaur with screwdriver-like teeth. Another example of how fascinating our prehistoric world is! #museumlife #fossils." @johnpaleoart – "The discovery of a sea lizard with screwdriver teeth just got social media buzzing." FAQs about Fossil Discovery: Moroccan Mosasaur with 'Screwdriver Teeth' Amazes Scientists and Social Media! 1. Why are screw-shaped teeth unique to Mosasaurs? Mosasaurs were unique in their dental arrangement, which had a mosaic structure that is self-supporting. Their teeth arrangement allowed them to prey on hard-shelled animals, which also inspired their screw-shaped teeth feature. 2. Why is this discovery special, and what does it say about the evolution of Mosasaurs? The discovery reveals much about the competition between ancient sea creatures and confirms that ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs share a common ancestor. This discovery helps researchers understand the further development of Mosasaurs and its unique traits that enabled it to evolve into the animals we know and love. 3. What was life like on Earth during the Mesozoic Era, and where did Mosasaurs fit in? The Mesozoic Era, also known as the Age of Dinosaurs, began 252 million years ago and lasted for 186 million years. The era saw great transformation among sea creatures, and Mosasaurs existed within the late Cretaceous period, showing a much misunderstood period in Earth's ancient history. 4. Can scientists now replicate Mosasaur teeth in modern dentistry? There is no indication that these types of teeth could be replicated in modern dentistry or cosmetic dentistry due to their complex and unique structure. 5. What does this discovery mean for further exploration into marine animals? The discovery adds more to the ever-expanding world of ancient sea creatures and highlights how intense competition once existed, shaping the marine ecosystem. It is likely that further discoveries could bring even more bizarre creatures to the surface. 6. Will there be more discoveries relating to the Mosasaurs? As paleontologists continue to study the Moroccan Sahara region, there's a high probability that more discoveries related to the Mosasaurs will take place. Conclusion The discovery of the Moroccan Mosasaur with screwdriver teeth is undoubtedly turning out to be fascinating for paleontologists worldwide. The rare feature of screwdriver-like teeth has attracted widespread attention, and the variety of reactions on social media are just a testament to how fascinating the discovery is. This discovery makes it clear how there is still so much to learn about the prehistoric era, and we can look forward to more discoveries. The Squirting-Toothed Mosa is certainly a thrilling addition to the world of paleontology, and what more can be hidden in the depths of the Earth and the Sea itself is anyone's guess. #TECH Read the full article

[forestraydentists]

teeth

A tooth (plural teeth) is a small, calcified, whitish structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food. Some animals, particularly carnivores, also use teeth for hunting or for defensive purposes. The roots of teeth are covered by gums. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of multiple tissues of varying density and hardness. The cellular tissues that ultimately become teeth originate from the embryonic germ layer, the ectoderm. The general structure of teeth is similar across the vertebrates, although there is considerable variation in their form and position. The teeth of mammals have deep roots, and this pattern is also found in some fish, and in crocodilians. In most teleost fish, however, the teeth are attached to the outer surface of the bone, while in lizards they are attached to the inner surface of the jaw by one side. In cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, the teeth are attached by tough ligaments to the hoops of cartilage that form the jaw. Some animals develop only one set of teeth (monophyodont) while others develop many sets (polyphyodont). Sharks, for example, grow a new set of teeth every two weeks to replace worn teeth. Rodent incisors grow and wear away continually through gnawing, which helps maintain relatively constant length. The industry of the beaver is due in part to this qualification. Many rodents such as voles (but not mice) and guinea pigs, as well as leporidae like rabbits, have continuously growing molars in addition to incisors. Teeth are not always attached to the jaw, as they are in mammals. In many reptiles and fish, teeth are attached to the palate or to the floor of the mouth, forming additional rows inside those on the jaws proper. Some teleosts even have teeth in the pharynx. While not true teeth in the usual sense, the denticles of sharks are almost identical in structure, and are likely to have the same evolutionary origin. Indeed, teeth appear to have first evolved in sharks, and are not found in the more primitive jawless fish – while lampreys do have tooth-like structures on the tongue, these are in fact, composed of keratin, not of dentine or enamel, and bear no relationship to true teeth. Though “modern” teeth-like structures with dentine and enamel have been found in late conodonts, they are now supposed to have evolved independently of later vertebrates’ teeth. Living amphibians typically have small teeth, or none at all, since they commonly feed only on soft foods. In reptiles, teeth are generally simple and conical in shape, although there is some variation between species, most notably the venom-injecting fangs of snakes. The pattern of incisors, canines, premolars and molars is found only in mammals, and to varying extents, in their evolutionary ancestors. The numbers of these types of teeth varies greatly between species; zoologists use a standardised dental formula to describe the precise pattern in any given group.

Originally published here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/teeth-2/