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#Vespa vulgaris
colorsoutofearth · 9 months
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Common wasp (Vespa vulgaris) caught in a Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
Photo by Chris Mattison
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jupiterswasphouse · 2 months
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WASP REVIEW - PARASITICA (TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES 2012)
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[Image ID: A screenshot from the 'Parasitica' episode of TMNT 2012, of the parasitic wasp, which is the focus of the episode, mid-flight /End ID.]
Now, for a change of pace, let's have a look at something that isn't from a video game for the first time in this review series! It tends to be harder to find wasps in TV in particular that are notable enough to properly review, which makes it all the more fortunate that I got this suggestion, as this mutant species of wasp is the entire focus of the episode!
Now, I've never been a TMNT enjoyer, I just didn't get into the franchise as a kid and have yet to look into it on a wider scale, however, I did enjoy this enjoy this episode. That's not to say it's without its inaccuracies, though, so let's get into it, starting with the wasp's general appearance!
Looking at it them, they have the shape and eyes of wasps of the family Vespidae, fairly standard fare for wasps in media, likely based on some black and yellow species of paper wasps, or otherwise yellowjackets. The latter would makes sense, given what appears to be an abundance of setae around the mesosoma especially, reminiscent of a fair number of yellowjackets, although of course the glowing lines across the wings, meso- and metasoma, and eyes aren't accurate, but they aren't meant to be. I have to say, props to the modeling crew for making a fairly detailed model with an appropriate amount of wings and legs.
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[Image Source: Wikimedia Commons | Image IDs: Two screenshots of the episode, showing one wasp standing and three wasps flying above the Ninja Turtles respectively, followed by a real photo of a common wasp, a type of Yellowjacket, also known as Vespula vulgaris /End IDs.]
They're also notably large, roughly the size of a medium breed of dog, having grown significantly from their mutation. Funnily enough, just before the first appearance of the original wasp, after being asked by Michaelangelo how big the arthropods in a set of photos are Donatello makes a statement I feel the need to comment on, that being "Well, a bee is about four millimeters, and a wasp would be six", which is an odd statement. For one, which species does he mean in particular, he gives an oddly specific measurement when the wall displays images of multiple different types of wasp, including fairyflies (or Mymarids), which can be as small as 0.127 millimeters (Dicopomorpha echmepterygis), and Vespids which can reach up to 45 millimeters (Vespa mandarinia). The western honey bee (Apis mellifera), the most likely candidate for the bee that Donatello is referring to given how common and well loved the species is, itself is 10 millimeters at minimum among the average worker.
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[Image ID: Another screenshot, showing the wall in question, which has 4 different papers pinned to it with multiple different species of wasp /End IDs.]
But anyway, with that side-tangent out of the way, let's get into the behavior of the wasps, starting with the first things we see. When the initial wasp appears, we hear vocalizations from it, which isn't necessarily unheard of, although these noises aren't quite the same as the vocalizations of some other types of animals, such as mammals or birds, as these aren't produced through complex vocal cords and structures, but they are created by vibrations in the wasp's body by stridulatory organs or other muscular structures. These are called stridulations, you may have heard of them in cicadas and Orthopterans, but they can also be observed in mud collecting and digging wasps such as potter wasps and Sphecids, as well as velvet ants, and sounds like a charming little squeak! The vocalizations in the wasps in this episode sound like processed sounds produced by birds like corvids or vultures, reminiscent of sounds associated with prehistoric dinosaurs in movies.
After this, we see the wasp start hunting the turtles. One could make the argument that the wasp is simy protecting its egg rather than hunting, but the events of this episode make it very clear that the wasp is hunting the turtles. While there are many social wasps that may forage for carrion or pieces of your barbeque dinner in order to feed their larvae, the specific targeting of a vertebrate species is highly unusual for a parasitic wasp, as they tend to only target other arthropods like their fellow insects or spiders. But it's likely that this particular behavior was onset by its implied genetic modification by Kraang, known enemy of the Ninja Turtles.
After a short chase around the room, the wasp stings Leonardo in the arm and promptly falls to the ground, dying immediately. This is most reminiscent of the worker honey bees, which have a barbed stinger that cannot be removed from a thick-skinned animal such as a mammal, thus taking parts of the abdomen and internal organs with it (including the still-pumping venom gland), killing the bee within minutes. It's a bit longer than the near instantaneous death we see in this wasp, but it is rather quick! The wasp in this episode appears to have a similarly barbed stinger, although it has only one barb, rather than the row of barbs honey bees have, being shaped almost like a fish hook. Other wasps, including parasitic wasps, have smooth stingers, and thus, can sting multiple times. Notably, worker honey bees are infertile females, as opposed to the stinging parasitic wasps, which are, of course, fertile, the stinger being a modified ovipositor in all wasps that have them (including bees and ants), only being found in females.
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[Image Source: PBS, Rose-Lynn Fisher | Image IDs: A screenshot of Donatello holding the stinger of the mutated wasp, and an extremely close up, colorless photo of a worker honey bee stinger /End IDs.]
We know that this wasp is a female due to its possession of a stinger, as well as being fertile due to the egg we see just a moment later. The sting does not kill, nor paralyze Leonardo, despite the size of the wasp, instead having a different, immediate effect in that Leonardo becomes extremely protective of the egg. Over the course of the episode we see that Leonardo appears, in a way, brainwashed to protect the egg, the eventual intention being that the egg would hatch safely and he would be consumed by the young wasp inside.
Shockingly, this does have parallels in the real world, first, and in possibly the more well known example, a form of direct brain change is induced by the emerald cockroach wasp (Ampulex compressa). It first delivers a sting to a thoracic ganglion of a cockroach, causing temporary paralysis in the forelegs, allowing the wasp to deliver a second sting to the head ganglia, inducing a zombie-like state, inhibiting its escape response and allowing the wasp to lead the roach by its antennae back to the wasp's burrow, where it lays an egg upon the roach, allowing its larvae to feed.
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[Image Source: iNaturalist, ravinaidu | Image ID: A photo of an emerald cockroach wasp leading a 'zombified' cockroach back to its burrow across dirt and rocks /End IDs.]
However, there's another genus of wasps that I believe is the one they took inspiration from here, that being Glyptapanteles, a genus of Braconid wasps that deposit their eggs directly into Lepidopteran hosts, specifically caterpillars. The eggs hatch, and the larvae of the wasps feed on the caterpillar's bodily fluids from the inside, specifically avoiding the vital organs as the caterpillar appears to continue to behave and grow normally despite the parasite inside them. Then, they emerge and pupate, spinning a silk cocoon for themselves, at which point the caterpillar stops moving much or feeding. It only moves then to add its own silk to the pile of pupal cocoons, and, should it be disturbed, thrash around in order to protect the pupae, serving as a bodyguard until it eventually starves to death.
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[Image Sources: Wikimedia Commons, José Lino-Neto, and ResearchGate | Image IDs: A photo of a brown Geometrid moth caterpillar looking over Glyptapanteles wasp papae, followed by an image containing several photos of a brown and black Glyptapanteles wasp adult /End IDs.]
There are a few differences, however, evident in the fact that the egg has already been oviposited externally a considerable amount of time before even having a host. This is, of course, understandable given the fact that, if they were to make it more accurate, then this episode would look less like a PG iteration of zombie media and more like an Alien film.
Speaking of the zombie media comparisons, while the change in behavior is down to a direct sting to the brain in the case of emerald cockroach wasps or a chemical concoction in the case of Glyptapanteles wasps, it's described in the episode as being a virus. This virus takes hold and darkens Leonardo's eyes, his mouth producing a viscous fluid, which is eventually spread to all of the other turtles via bite, until Michaelangelo creates an antidote by Donatello's instructions. Obviously, this part is not true of real parasitic wasps.
While Donatello and Michaelangelo are researching the wasp, looking at an article describing its non-mutated equivalent, several photos are shown, and it's here we start to see a couple more inconsistencies and inaccuracies. For one, Donatello refers to a single species as "The Parasitic Wasp", but in reality, there are estimated to be hundreds of thousands of different parasitic wasps, none specifically referred to as being the parasitic wasp. Secondly, at the start of the article, we see an adult of the species, which appears to resemble some form of black and yellow ichneumon wasp, much different from what we've seen thus far.
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[Image Source: BugGuide.net, James Reben | Image IDs: A screenshot showing the image of the supposed species, followed by a photo of a real black and yellow species of ichneumon wasp /End IDs.]
After this, we see images of the species emerging from the egg, coming out as a full-fledged, winged adult, more like the wasps we've seen thus far, oddly skipping the larval and pupal stage entirely. This is especially odd considering the fact that adult wasps cannot eat meat, only the larvae, and, as mentioned, the wasps feed on their host after hatc
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[Image IDs: Two screenshots of the aforementioned images, showing the wasp emerging and then crawling over its host caterpillar to consume it /End IDs.]
This is later confirmed to be the case in the mutated wasps, which not only emerge from their eggs as adults, but also emerge in a group of three. It is seemingly not unheard if that one single insect egg could produce multiple offspring, but it is exceedingly rare and hard to find information on. In any case, wasp eggs, more often than not, only hatch singular individuals.
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[Image ID: A screenshot of the three hatchling wasps above the unconscious Leonardo and Donatello /End IDs.]
As a final note on these wasps, as they go straight for the Ninja Turtles before promptly being taken out by Michaelangelo (with a cannon no less), it seems as though these wasps are all females. It can be inferred from this that this egg was fertilized, as opposed to the males that would come from unfertilized eggs, implying that there was either already more than one of these flying around, or that the female had already mated before becoming mutated, potentially by Mutagen.
All in all, there are many inaccuracies throughout this episode, though I do have to give points for the interesting choice of inspiration! In terms of rating, the episode itself was entertaining and interesting, but it doesn't have much in the way of accuracy to any one specific wasp species.
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Overall: 4 or 5/10
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This wasp review was suggested by @kernelbastard ! Leave your wasp review suggestion in the replies, tags, or askbox!
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marcelwasp · 15 days
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Roblox wasp varcity jackets
Will be going on sale in hopefully 10 days
Comes in yellow (vespula vulgaris) white (dolichovespula maculata) green (ampulex compressa) and orange (vespa mandarinia)
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Any hate towards vespa mandarinia will be blocked, every animal is native somewhere and can be appreciated in their home regions (I feel like I shouldn't need to say this but because I'm posting outside of my usual audience I will say it)
+ Original idea
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msexcelfractal · 2 months
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Kitty asked for food in the middle of the night and, half asleep, I forgot to wash the container. Woe, 10,000 ants upon me!
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I set it outside and within 30 seconds the Vespa vulgaris were on it! So that will be my new routine for midnight feedings - placate the cat, toss the can out the door.
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nettlestingsoup · 2 years
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they might be uncharismatic organisms to OTHER PEOPLE. to me they are my husband and my wife and my best friend and the love of my life <3
(do you have a top ten uncharismatic organisms? i'd LOVE to know)
GOD you're so right. and i have MANY uncharismatic organisms that i would love to share with you!!! this list will not be in order of preference it's just gonna be Cool Things.
1: naked mole rats!!! it's kind of in the name! they're naked rats that live underground! a lot of people think they're really gross but they have an absolutely fascinating and very complex social structure that's almost similar to bees, are the only cold-blooded (or mostly cold-blooded) mammal, and are resistant to cancer. it's insane.
2: the suriname toad! the female rears her young in hollows in her back! it's extraordinary, but don't google it if you have trypophobia.
3: earthworms. i think it would be an honour to be reborn as an earthworm. they're fantastic ecosystem engineers, and so much of the soil depends on their ability to break down leaf litter and aerate the earth. they are humble, but mighty, and i think they're very beautiful.
4: vespa vulgaris, the common wasp. i know people hate wasps, i do, but if you stay still they will not sting you, and they're capable of wonderful feats of architecture. they're also incredibly important for maintaining and managing populations of other invertebrates. i think the key theme of a lot of uncharismatic species is that people underestimate their importance within an ecosystem, and vespa vulgaris is certainly one of those.
5: woodlice! i'm very familiar with these little beasts, and i think of them as friends. i grew up in a very old house, and it was very common to see them in corners or behind furniture. they're actually crustaceans, not insects, and they can only survive in damp or submerged areas (except for one species, which lives in the desert!!!)
i'll stop here for now with detail because i have things to do but i also adore vultures (beautiful, beautiful creatures that, like earthworms, do their ecosystem and incredible service by breaking down the dead), hagfish (which have a skull but no spine and are slimy beyond belief), great crested newts, aye-ayes, and ants (again, fascinating social structure, and some species such as leafcutters actively farm fungi that can't be found in the wild)!
i hope that was educational!!! they are all my nearest and dearest, especially the earthworms and the woodlice <3
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macropixels · 9 months
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Vespa vulgaris
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Classification:
Règne: Animalia
Embranchement: Arthropoda
Classe: Insecta
Ordre: Hymenoptera
Famille: Vespidae
Genre: Vespula
Espèce: Vespula vulgaris
La guêpe commune, ou Vespula vulgaris, est une espèce répandue en Europe et en Amérique du Nord. Cet insecte social est facilement reconnaissable à ses marques jaunes et noires distinctives, qui servent d'avertissement aux prédateurs potentiels de sa capacité à piquer.
Cette macro nous donne un aperçu détaillé de la tête de la guêpe, avec ses mandibules robustes utilisées pour mâcher de la nourriture ou manipuler des matériaux pour construire son nid. Ses antennes, qui semblent émerger du centre de son front, sont essentielles à la communication et à la détection de l'environnement.
Les yeux composés, bien visibles ici, offrent une vision large, un avantage pour un prédateur et un collecteur de ressources. La guêpe utilise également ces yeux pour naviguer et retourner à son nid après la recherche de nourriture.
Les guêpes communes jouent un rôle écologique important en contrôlant les populations d'insectes, qui sont leur principale source de nourriture. Elles sont également des pollinisatrices, bien qu'elles soient moins efficaces que les abeilles en raison de leur corps moins poilu.
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firewalker · 2 years
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Api, vespe, calabroni e un sacco d'altra gente
Ispirato dal post sulle pere di @kon-igi, faccio una piccola dissertazione su alcune caratteristiche di queste bestie, per quanto le mie conoscenze lo permettano. Preciso subito che sono aperto a correzioni da parte di chi ne sa più di me.
Cominciamo dalle api, ovvero Apis mellifera.
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(fonte immagine: wikipedia)
È un imenottero abbastanza comune, e ha due caratteristiche che lo rendono unico nel panorama degli insetti (almeno finché non cominceremo seriamente a mangiarli): è carino e coccoloso e è allevato da cani e porci. Già, perché questa bestia è un animale da allevamento, curato, gestito e propagato nel mondo dall'essere umano, come una pecora o una gallina. Anzi, visti i danni che sta procurando in giro per il mondo, forse potrei paragonare le api ai gatti. Non ve l'aspettavate, eh?
Ma Einstein diceva che dopo due anni senza api saremmo morti tutti, dobbiamo proteggerle!
Einstein ha pure detto di non dare retta alle frescacce che leggete su di lui sui social. Le api da miele, allevate, coccolate, protette dagli esseri umani come fossero dei cani, stanno in perfetta salute, il numero di favi in giro per il mondo continua a crescere nonostante parassiti, malattie e insulti vari, naturali o no.
Quelle a cui ci si riferisce quando si dice di preservare le api, o almeno quello a cui si riferiscono gli studiosi, sono le api selvatiche, ad esempio quella più citata è del genere Osmia
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(fonte immagine: wikipedia - Osmia rufa)
In realtà, a quanto ho capito, pure Osmia spp. è utile per l'agricoltura, quindi un po' di persone si sono messe in testa di aiutare pure lei, per quanto possibile. Ancora non ho trovato nessuno, però, che voglia prendere le difese di Xylocopa violacea
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(fonte immagine: wikipedia)
E come X. violacea tantissime altre api selvatiche, ben più efficienti nell'impollinazione di A. mellifera, rischiano di soffrire della sua presenza. E ovviamente soffrono per l'uso di alcuni pesticidi e altri interventi umani, la retorica del "salviamo le api" non è del tutto sbagliata, solo che è indirizzata verso le api sbagliate.
Sappiate che quando qualcuno vi chiede soldi per sostenere l'apicoltura, non state sostenendo le api o l'ambiente, state sostenendo gli apicoltori. Potete anche farlo, figuriamoci, ma se lo fate, fatelo almeno con cognizione di causa.
In fine, da quanto ho capito, il veleno delle api è più tossico di quello dei calabroni, a parità di quantità.
Passiamo a quelle che chiamiamo vespe. In questo gruppo ce ne sono di diverse, alcune sono addirittura Apoideae, quindi tecnicamente delle api (cfr: Sceliphron spp. o vespa muratrice). Per amore di semplicità, parlerò di soli due generi, cominciando da Vespula
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(fonte immagine: wikipedia - Vespula germanica)
Ne conosco due specie, che sono quelle in cui mi imbatto più spesso (e che ho difficoltà a distinguere, perché tocca vedere che disegno c'hanno sull'addome: la V. germanica ha quegli specie di triangoli al centro, mentre la V vulgaris è più a forma di onde appuntite... e comunque spesso non mi avvicino abbastanza per poter distinguere o far foto decenti) e sono una scocciatura. Insistenti, curiose, non si fermano a nulla di fronte a una fonte di cibo. Sono le tipiche vespe che vengono a disturbare durante il picnic per avere un pezzo del panino, o che magari si annegano nella coca cola, e non c'è verso di schiodarle.
Sono insetti impollinatori e cacciatori, perché le larve sono carnivore, quindi o gli date quel pezzo di prosciutto o continueranno a rompervi le scatole. Essendo carnivore, hanno un ruolo molto importante nella lotta biologica ai parassiti, quindi non lamentatevi - almeno finché non calpestate un nido. Già, perché queste bestiole hanno l'abitudine di fare nidi sotto terra (non ricordo se lo fanno entrambe le specie o solo una... in ogni caso le chiamano vespe di terra per questo), e avendo questa abitudine sono abituate al fatto che ci si possa camminare sopra.
Ora, se tu abitassi in un condominio abitato solo da soldati, esperti di arti marziali, ninja e campioni mondiali di vale tudo, e un tizio sbadatamente passasse sopra il condominio rischiando di danneggiarlo... cosa faresti? Ovviamente attacco globale nucleare senza sosta finché la minaccia non è passata. Ecco, Vespula spp. è un po' così: carogna infame che attacca chi ha la sventura di imbattersi in un nido, e l'unico modo per cavarsela è correre a perdifiato. State lontani dai nidi di Vespula, se potete. Per fortuna, lontano dal nido non è così aggressiva e si limita a rubarvi il prosciutto del panino.
Passiamo alle vespe più fraintese del mondo: le Polistes spp.
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(fonte: wikipedia - Polistes dominula)
Si distinguono dalle Vespula spp. quando sono in volo perché le Polistes spp. sembrano un po' ubriache, al confronto, e hanno sempre le zampe penzoloni. Le prime sono decisamente più eleganti. Dette anche vespe cartonaie, impollinano e non rompono le scatole, non fanno nulla di male, anzi addirittura possono produrre pure un po' di miele (mai quanto A. mellifera, ma se uno le alleva - sì, c'è chi alleva Polistes spp - può assaggiarlo). Queste vespe sono decisamente bonarie: una volta sono stato punto, tre punture da due operaie, ma stavo facendo giardinaggio e inavvertitamente ho dato un pugno al nido, non sapendo che ci fosse.
Mi è capitato un sacco di volte di camminare a meno di 20 cm da un nido senza problemi, nei gruppi di entomologi su facebook ci sono addirittura video degli allevatori che vanno a toccare le operaie sul nido, senza alcuna conseguenza. Queste sono le vespe più tranquille, rilassate e amichevoli che esistano, non gliene frega niente di quello che fai, basta che non attenti al nido o alla loro vita, e loro non ti pungeranno. Ne esistono varie specie, io sento spesso parlare di P. dominula e P. gallicus, ma non chiedetemi come distinguerle, non lo so.
Una curiosità: su youtube trovate un pazzo sclerato di nome Coyote Peterson che ha girato il mondo per sperimentare le punture di vari insetti, per vedere quale fosse la più dolorosa. Ebbene, ho visto tutti i video di puntura e a giudicare dalla sua reazione, la peggiore in assoluto è quella di una Polistes non presente in Italia, più che altro in America centrale e zone tropicali: P. carnifex, o vespa boia (che in inglese è executioner wasp, come la chiama Coyote)
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(fonte: wikipedia)
C'è da dire che, anche questo caso, nonostante la puntura sia poco raccomandabile, la vespa mi è sembrata piuttosto tranquilla e per niente aggressiva. Ma non la conosco.
E ora passiamo ai miei imenotteri preferiti, i calabroni. In particolare Vespa crabro.
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(fonte: wikipedia inglese)
Esiste un gruppo, su facebook, che si intitola Quelli che non hanno prove, ma sono certi di aver visto una crabro da 5 cm, gestito da entomologi, in cui si parla di insetti (ma non solo) in maniera ironica, e si mettono alla berlina le idiozie dette dalle persone per ignoranza e sentito dire (un po' come faccio io con le diete). Attenzione: si attacca sempre il messaggio, mai il messaggero, i nomi vengono sempre oscurati. Detto questo, ho imparato più da questo gruppo ironico che da altri gruppi entomologici seri, che sono spesso molto rigidi e non permettono, né stimolano, un dialogo volto all'aumento della conoscenza. Ma torniamo a noi.
V. crabro è lunga al massimo 3.5 cm, non esiste un calabrone di 5 cm (ecco perché il titolo del gruppo), e quella misura è raggiunta solo dalle regine, le operaie sono più piccole. Il veleno è meno potente di quello di A. mellifera, ma in caso di attacco rilascia feromoni che richiamano altri calabroni, quindi la quantità di punture può essere molto pericolosa.
Per fortuna è un animale abbastanza tranquillo, e attacca solo se minacciato o se si minaccia il nido (sconsiglio di avvicinarsi a meno di un metro da esso). In particolare, sono sensibili alla concentrazione di anidride carbonica, quindi se soffiate contro di loro non fate altro che farli incavolare di più, e tenetene conto anche se vi avvicinate a un nido (ad esempio, a me è capitato di rimanere a osservarne uno in un tronco). Non sono un pericolo per le api da miele, le mangiano solo occasionalmente (le loro larve, gli adulti sono vegetariani e impollinano), generalmente si dedicano ad altri insetti. Sono la mia seconda specie di Vespa preferita.
La prima è Vespa orientalis, della quale so davvero poco, se non che è bellissima e che attacca occasionalmente, ma non raramente come le V. crabro, le api da miele
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(fonte: wikipedia)
È salita agli onori della cronaca recentemente, perché col riscaldamento globale si sta spostando un po' più verso nord e ora è presente anche a Roma, oltre al sud Italia, zona Trieste e zona ligure. Spero di beccarla presto, non vedo l'ora di avere una foto di V. orientalis.
La mia Vespa schiferita invece è la Vespa velutina, che non solo è una piaga per apicoltori, perché è capace di distruggere interi allevamenti in poco tempo, ma è pure brutta come la fame.
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(fonte: wikipedia)
Credo sia abbastanza aggressiva, è una vespa alloctona, ovvero non originaria dell'Italia, quindi non ha controllo diretto della popolazione in natura. Esiste un'associazione che si occupa di contrastare l'avanzata di questa vespa: Stop Velutina, se la vedete segnalatela.
Ecco, questo è tutto quello che avevo da dire, sono aperto a correzioni da chi ne sa più di me. Mi raccomando, trattate con rispetto le bestie con i pungiglioni.
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beast-feast · 4 years
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I spent all day going through bugs by country (not every one I'd be here for longer, but quite a fair bit) and I think
I'm finally done with my chaos; I realized very early on that trying to go "national insect" route wasn't working, and also that common names weren't the best (but there are a few listed here), so without further ado, here is my pog list of a metric fuckton of countries for that bug AU I was talking about
Belarus: Cantharis fusca
Ukraine: Spotted Asparagus Beetle
Russia: Menesia flavotecta
Poland: Salticus scenicus
Germany: Megalodontes cephalotes
Ame: Monarch Butterfly
Mexico: Tarantula Hawk Wasp
Canada: White Admiral Butterfly
Britain: Dasysyrphus tricinctus
Denmark: Small Tortoiseshell
Finland: Seven-spotted Ladybird
Latvia: Two-spotted Ladybird
Norway: Eurasian Bee Beetle
Scotland: Aglais io
Italy: European Dwarf Mantis
Japan: Milesia undulata
Philippines: Lyssa zampa
Brazil: Scolopendra gigantea
Argentina: Macrondyla chorista
Malaysia: Heterometrus spinifer
Singapore: Gollumiella ochreata
India: Unicorn Boxer Mantis
China: Taeinodera zebraea
Pakistan: White-spotted Red Cuckoo Bee
Zimbabwe: Tragocephala variegata
Morocco: Megachile chacilcodoma
Cuba: Urania boisduvalii
New Zealand: Deinacrida heteracantha
Australia: Atrax robustus
France: Ordalus decorus
Greece: Cicada orni
Peru: Scaralis neotropicalis
Wales: Cyanopion gyllenhalii
Ireland: Emperor Dragonfly
Sweden: Southern Hawker
Israel: Nemoptera aegyptiaca
South Korea: Naxa seriaria
North Korea: Lucanus prosopocoilus
Nepal: Crimson Marsh Glider
Bangladesh: Giant Golden Orb-weaver
Laos: Erianthus versicolor
Indonesia: Bregmatomyrma carnosa
Turkey: Nemoptera sinuata
Vietnam: Sanaa intermedia
Saudi Arabia: Blepharopsis mendica
Chad: Pseudimbrasia deyrollei
Madagascar: Elliptorhina javanica
Ethiopia: Phyllocrania paradoxa
Uganda: Sternotomis pulchra
Somalia: Prosopocera lactator
Sudan: Pterinochilus chordatus
Kenya: Pseudocreobotra wahlbergii
Comoros: Eudocima phalonia
Egypt: Sympetrum fonscolombii
Botswana: Heniocha dyops
Libya: Vanessa cardui
Nigeria: Kapala ivorensis
Caribbean: Anopheles albimanus
Chile: Ceroglossus ochsenii
Ecuador: Diactor bilineatus
Paraguay: Micrathena nigrichelis
Uruguay: Euscorpius flavicaudis
Venezuela: Cyphonia trifida
Colombia: Dynastes hercules
Puerto Rico: Micrathena militaris
Costa Rica: Taeniopoda reticulata
Nicaragua: Plecia nearctica
Panama: Baleja flavoguttata
Jamaica: Microcentrum retinerve
Guatemala: Moncheca pretiosa
Thailand: Eupatorus gracilicornis
TR: Ixodes ricinus
USSR: Lactrodectus tredecimguttatus
SR: Aedes albopictus
JE: Vespa mandarinia
FI: Euscorpius italicus
Prussia: Panorpa vulgaris
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demi-shoggoth · 4 years
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COVID-19 Reading Log, part 2
I figured I’d split this up into smaller, less dashboard consuming chunks from now on. Five books at a time.
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11. The Rise of Reptiles by Hans-Dieter Sues. This is essentially a 300 page literature review about reptile diversity and phylogenetics. Most of the text is long lists of clades and their unifying characteristics. The book is amply illustrated with diagrams and color photographs of both fossils and living species. Something that struck me as weird was the varying coverage given to different alternate hypotheses of evolutionary relationships. The resolution of squamates, specifically where to put snakes and mosasaurs, gets paragraphs of coverage. The re-arrangement of dinosaurs in the “Ornithoscelida hypothesis” gets two sentences. The idea that marine reptiles are united with turtles into the Pan-Testudines isn’t mentioned at all. I initially thought that this lack of coverage was due to the author’s research focus, but I looked it up—Sues was co-author on the paper proposing the Pan-Testudines! This book is an excellent resource for active research scientists, but is a slog to read. I do not recommend it as a book to curl up with for recreational purposes, but I’m glad it exists.
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12. Fairies: A Dangerous History by Richard Sugg. This is an odd one. The overall thesis of the book is one I can get behind—faerie beliefs in the British Isles are and were more complicated and more important than they are often dismissed as in the modern era. But Sugg appears to genuinely believe that faeries literally exist, along with poltergeists, psychic healing and other paranormal bits. He admits that, as a folklorist and historian, he puts great credence to stories. The text of the book meanders frequently. There are digressions about the history of child actors, how horny the author is for the work of Keats, and plenty of Christianity bashing. Some of the best material is the collection of stories of faerie sightings, both in the past (the oldest are Elizabethan) and in the present day.
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13. The Vulgar Wasp by Phil Lester. The titular vulgar wasp is Vespa vulgaris, the common wasp of Europe, and it is an invasive species in much of the world. This book is focused on New Zealand specifically, but it does discuss the biology of social wasps in general, the biochemistry of wasp venom and the debate in the scientific community over what it means to be an “invasive” species. In this book, I learned about the honeydew beech forests of New  Zealand, a unique ecology endangered by the wasps—and in its natural state it is pure Ghibli. The writing is light and often funny, and Lester clearly has both a love for his work and a sense of humor. The book is short at 169 pages with ample color photographs.
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14. Outbreak! by Beth Skwarecki. This subtitle of the book is “fifty tales of epidemics that terrorized the world”, the most recent being the Ebola epidemic of 2014. Each chapter is short, about three or four pages. Some diseases are repeated, so malaria, smallpox and influenza get more detail than, say, sleeping sickness or dengue. Unusually for pop-science books about disease, this also covered several nutrient deficiencies—scurvy, beriberi and pellagra. The last paragraph of chapter 49 has aged either very poorly, or very well, depending on how you look at it. “SARS cases are now gone from the world, but public health officials still worry about the potential for a fatal, highly contagious coronavirus to star in another epidemic.”
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15. Monster Masterworks by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby et. al. This is a collection of 18 Marvel Comics’ stories from the 50s, featuring monsters. Most Marvel Monsters, for those unaware, are between 15 and 30 feet tall, narrate their actions, and wear little shorts. A surprising number of them are created accidentally by artists or other creative types. They’re all ridiculous, in a fun way. The collection starts and ends with the most famous of the Marvel Monsters. Groot is first, Fin Fang Foom is last. Also collected here is “Titan, The Amphibian from Atlantis!”, which must have been on Alan Moore’s mind when he wrote Watchmen. Somewhat disappointing is the image quality in the book. Several pages are much blurrier than the rest. This was published in the tail end of 1989—perhaps it was a printing error in the earlier days of digital printing, or their archives were missing some pages.
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tapchidangnho · 5 years
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Ong bắp cày giết người trong nháy mắt, sao gọi chúng là ong diệt chủng?
Ong bắp cày khổng lồ thực sự là cơn ác mộng khủng khiếp đối với con người bởi khả năng giết người trong nháy mắt. Nổi tiếng với biệt danh "ong sát thủ" bởi nọc độc và sự hung dữ, loại này còn có một tập tính khiến giới khoa học gọi chúng là ong diệt chủng.
Trên thế giới, có một loài ong mà chỉ cần nghe thấy tên, con người đã rùng mình lo sợ, đó là loài ong bắp cày khổng lồ châu Á. Tên khoa học Vespa mandarinia, là một loài côn trùng bản địa khu vực ôn đới và nhiệt đới Đông Á, nổi tiếng với biệt danh "ong sát thủ" bởi nọc độc và sự hung dữ của mình.Ong bắp cày khổng lồ châu Á có chiều dài lên đến gần 5cm, được xem là loài ong lớn nhất và loài ong nguy hiểm nhất thế giới. Theo nghiên cứu, nọc độc của chúng tấn công vào hệ thần kinh và đe dọa tính mạng của nạn nhân nếu họ không được điều trị kịp thời sau khi bị chúng đốt.Ở Nhật Bản, ong bắp cày khổng lồ châu Á được gọi là osuzumebachi, trong tiếng Nhật có nghĩa là "ong chim sẻ", sở dĩ được gọi như vậy bởi với kích thước khổng lồ của mình, ong bắp cày không thèm để ý đến phấn hoa, mật cỏ, chúng nghiền nát cả những con bọ ngựa và một số côn trùng lớn khác làm thức ăn.
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Thậm chí, loài ong này còn ăn thịt cả những con ong bắp cày khác nên chúng bị gọi là ong diệt chủng. Tiếng xấu của loài ong này khiến nhiều loài động vật ghê sợ và ghét cay ghét đắng chúng.Đối với loài người, ong bắp cảy khổng lồ châu Á cũng bị liệt vào danh sách những động vật sát thủ khi nó là nguyên nhân gây ra cái chết của ít nhất sáu nạn nhân ở Pháp.Vết chích của con quái vật ong bắp cày khổng lồ dài khoảng 6mm và vết chích này cũng được ghi nhận đã giết chết 41 người và khiến hàng trăm người khác bị thương ở tỉnh Thiểm Tây, Trung Quốc vào năm 2013. Tuy nhiên theo thống kê của tỉnh Thiểm Tây, Trung Quốc số lượng nạn nhân bị loài ong bắp cày khổng lồ tấn công đã lên đến hàng ngàn người.Không chỉ gây ra sự ám ảnh ghê rợn, ong bắp cày khổng lồ châu Á còn đe dọa cân bằng sinh thái khi chúng có khả năng xóa sổ hoàn toàn những tổ ong hàng ngàn con bằng cách ăn cắp mật ong và nhộng ong.Với khả năng bay 100 km một ngày và tốc độ bay khoảng 40 km/h, ong bắp cày khổng lồ hoàn toàn có thể săn giết rất nhiều côn trùng nhỏ. Trong ảnh là cảnh tượng hãi hùng khi ong bắp cày khổng lồ chuẩn bị xé xác con mồi.
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Ong bắp cày truyền tin cho nhau như thế nào?Khoa học từng nhiều lần chứng minh rằng những con ong bắp cày (tên khoa học Vespula vulgaris) không hề biết truyền tin cho nhau, nhưng chúng lại có thể cùng nhau xây dựng và duy trì được một cái tổ phức tạp, bền vững qua nhiều thế hệ.Trong một nghiên cứu gần đây, nhà sinh vật học Istvan Karsai, thuộc Trường ĐH Đông Tennessee, Johnson, bang Tennessee (Mỹ) và các cộng sự cho biết: loài ong này đã thực hiện nhiệm vụ của chúng căn cứ vào lượng nước có trong tổ.Nhóm chuyên gia nhận định: ở đa số loài côn trùng có tập tính xã hội bầy đàn (như loài ong, kiến, mối...), mỗi thành viên trong tổ đều có mối liên hệ nào đó với nhau, theo cách này hay cách khác, để truyền tin cho nhau về nơi có thức ăn, báo động khi có kẻ thù hay khi xảy ra sự cố, ví dụ như bằng những vũ điệu phức tạp hay chất pheromone...Song, loài ong bắp cày vốn kém thông minh hơn, chúng không thể nào truyền tin cho nhau theo cả hai cách trên mà chỉ thực hiện việc thay đổi hành vi của mình bằng cách theo dõi lượng nước tồn tại trong tổ. Để nhận biết lượng nước ấy, chúng sẽ trao đổi chất lỏng cho nhau qua mỗi lần chạm vào các thành viên khác sống chung trong tổ.Ong bắp cày có nhiều tên gọi khác như ong bò, ong nghệ...Chúng xuất hiện nhiều nhất ở các nước Châu Á và Châu Âu, Bắc Á. Kích thước trung bình của loài ong này khoảng từ 2,5 đến 3,5 cm, thậm chí có con lên tới 5,5cm.Không chỉ có kích thước khác biệt, hình dạng của chúng cũng độc đáo không kém với phần bụng và ngực được kết nối với nhau biệt bằng một " vòng eo" siêu nhỏ. Phần bụng của chúng thuôn nhọn về cuối tại nên một thân hình riêng biệt dễ nhận dạng.Loài ong này thường có màu vàng đậm rực rỡ xen kẽ với màu nâu hoặc có cả loại ong bắp cày xanh kim loại, có loài còn có màu đỏ tươi, ong bắp cày đen khá đa dạng. Ong bắp cày thường đi săn riêng lẻ, tuy vậy chỉ có ong cái mới có ngòi độc để hạ gục đối thủ. Khi gặp nguy hiểm chúng mới tiết ra các hoocmon để kêu cứu những con ong gần đấy đến tấn công nạn nhân.
Clip nguồn: Youtube.
https://dangnho.com/giai-tri/la/ong-bap-cay-giet-nguoi-trong-nhay-mat-sao-goi-chung-la-ong-diet-chung.html
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flordeumbuzeiroblog · 6 years
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Polinização é ameaçada por desmatamento e agrotóxicos no Brasil
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Das 191 plantas cultivadas ou silvestres utilizadas para a produção de alimentos no Brasil, com processo de polinização conhecido, 114 (60%) dependem da visita de polinizadores, como as abelhas, para se reproduzir. Entre esses cultivos estão alguns de grande importância para a agricultura brasileira, como a soja (Glycine max), o café (Coffea), o feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e a laranja (Citrus sinensis).
Esse serviço ambiental (ecossistêmico), estimado em R$ 43 bilhões anuais, fundamental para garantir a segurança alimentar da população e a renda dos agricultores brasileiros, tem sido ameaçado por fatores como o desmatamento, as mudanças climáticas e o uso de agrotóxicos. A fim de combater essas ameaças, que colocam em risco a produção de alimentos e a conservação da biodiversidade brasileira, são necessárias políticas públicas que integrem ações em diversas áreas, como a do meio ambiente, da agricultura e da ciência e tecnologia.
O alerta foi feito por um grupo de pesquisadores autores do 1º Relatório Temático de Polinização, Polinizadores e Produção de Alimentos no Brasil e de seu respectivo “Sumário para Tomadores de Decisão”, lançados quarta-feira (06/02), durante evento na FAPESP.
Resultado de uma parceria entre a Plataforma Brasileira de Biodiversidade e Serviços Ecossistêmicos (BPBES, da sigla em inglês), apoiada pelo Programa BIOTA-FAPESP, e a Rede Brasileira de Interações Planta-Polinizador (REBIPP), o relatório foi elaborado nos últimos dois anos por um grupo de 12 pesquisadores e revisado por 11 especialistas.
O grupo de pesquisadores fez uma revisão sistemática de mais de 400 publicações de modo a sintetizar o conhecimento atual e os fatores de risco que afetam a polinização, os polinizadores e a produção de alimentos no Brasil, e apontar medidas para preservá-los.
“O relatório aponta que o serviço ecossistêmico de polinização tem uma importância não só do ponto de vista biológico, da conservação das espécies em si, como também econômica. É essa mensagem que pretendemos fazer chegar a quem toma decisões no agronegócio, no que se refere ao uso de substâncias de controle de pragas ou de uso da terra no país”, disse Carlos Joly, professor da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), coordenador do programa BIOTA-FAPESP e membro da coordenação da BPBES, durante o evento.
O relatório indica que a lista de “visitantes” das culturas agrícolas supera 600 animais, dos quais, no mínimo, 250 têm potencial de polinizador. Entre eles estão borboletas, vespas, morcegos, percevejos e lagartos.
As abelhas predominam, participando da polinização de 91 (80%) das 114 culturas agrícolas que dependem da visita de polinizadores e são responsáveis pela polinização exclusiva de 74 (65%) delas.
Algumas plantas cultivadas ou silvestres dependem, contudo, exclusivamente ou primordialmente de outros animais para a realização desse serviço, como é o caso da polinização de flores de bacuri (Platonia insignis) por aves. Outros exemplos são da polinização de flores de pinha (Annona squamosa) e araticum (Annona montana) por besouros, de flores de mangaba (Hancornia speciosa) por mariposas e de flores de cacau (Theobroma cacao) por moscas.
“As plantas cultivadas ou silvestres visitadas por esses animais polinizadores enriquecem a nossa dieta ao prover frutas e vegetais que fornecem uma série de nutrientes importantes”, disse Marina Wolowski, professora da Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal) e coordenadora do relatório. “Outras plantas cultivadas pelo vento, como o trigo e o arroz, por exemplo, estão mais na base da dieta”, comparou.
Os pesquisadores avaliaram o grau de dependência da polinização por animais de 91 plantas para a produção de frutas, hortaliças, legumes, grãos, oleaginosas e de outras partes dos cultivos usadas para consumo humano, como o palmito (Euterpe edulis) e a erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
As análises revelaram que, para 76% delas (69), a ação desses polinizadores aumenta a quantidade ou a qualidade da produção agrícola. Nesse grupo de plantas, a dependência da polinização é essencial para 35% (32), alta para 24% (22), modesta para 10% (9) e pouca para 7% (6).
A partir das taxas de dependência de polinização dessas 69 plantas, os pesquisadores estimaram o valor econômico do serviço ecossistêmico de polinização para a produção de alimentos no Brasil. O cálculo foi feito por meio da multiplicação da taxa de dependência de polinização por animais pela produção anual do cultivo.
Os resultados indicaram que o valor do serviço ecossistêmico de polinização para a produção de alimentos no país girou em torno de R$ 43 bilhões em 2018. Cerca de 80% desse valor está relacionado a quatro cultivos de grande importância agrícola: a soja, o café, a laranja e a maçã (Malus domestica).
“Esse valor ainda está subestimado, uma vez que esses 69 cultivos representam apenas 30% das plantas cultivadas ou silvestres usadas para produção de alimentos no Brasil”, ressaltou Wolowski.
Fatores de risco
O relatório também destaca que o serviço ecossistêmico de polinização no Brasil tem sido ameaçado por diversos fatores, tais como desmatamento, mudanças climáticas, poluição ambiental, agrotóxicos, espécies invasoras, doenças e patógenos.
O desmatamento leva à perda e à substituição de hábitats naturais por áreas urbanas. Essas alterações diminuem a oferta de locais para a construção de ninhos e reduzem os recursos alimentares utilizados por polinizadores.
Já as mudanças climáticas podem modificar o padrão de distribuição das espécies, a época de floração e o comportamento dos polinizadores. Também são capazes de ocasionar alterações nas interações, invasões biológicas, declínio e extinção de espécies de plantas das quais os polinizadores dependem como fonte alimentar e para construção de ninhos, e o surgimento de doenças e patógenos.
Por sua vez, a aplicação de agrotóxicos para controle de pragas e patógenos, com alta toxicidade para polinizadores e sem observar seus padrões e horários de visitas, pode provocar a morte, atuar como repelente e também causar efeitos tóxicos subletais, como desorientação do voo e redução na produção de prole. Além disso, o uso de pesticidas tende a suprimir ou encolher a produção de néctar e pólen em algumas plantas, restringindo a oferta de alimentos para polinizadores, ressaltam os autores do relatório.
“Como esses fatores de risco que ameaçam os polinizadores não ocorrem de maneira isolada é difícil atribuir o peso de cada um deles separadamente na questão da redução das populações de polinizadores que tem sido observada no mundo”, disse Wolowski.
Na avaliação dos pesquisadores, apesar do cenário adverso, há diversas oportunidades disponíveis para melhorar o serviço ecossistêmico de polinização, diminuir as ameaças aos polinizadores e aumentar o valor agregado dos produtos agrícolas associados a eles no Brasil.
Entre as ações voltadas à conservação e ao manejo do serviço ecossistêmico de polinização estão a intensificação ecológica da paisagem agrícola, formas alternativas de controle e manejo integrado de pragas e doenças, redução do deslocamento de agrotóxicos para fora das plantações, produção orgânica e certificação ambiental.
Uma política pública destinada aos polinizadores, à polinização e à produção de alimentos beneficiaria a conservação desse serviço ecossistêmico e promoveria a agricultura sustentável no país, estimam os pesquisadores.
“Esperamos que o relatório ajude a estabelecer planos estratégicos e políticas públicas voltadas à polinização, polinizadores e produção de alimentos em diferentes regiões do país”, afirmou Kayna Agostini, professora da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) e também coordenadora do estudo.
Na avaliação de Marco Antonio Zago, presidente da FAPESP, o relatório incorpora várias atividades que o programa BIOTA tem feito ao longo dos seus 20 anos de existência. Entre elas, a de fornecer subsídios para políticas públicas.
“O BIOTA-FAPESP participa ativamente da vida do Estado de São Paulo e do país ao fornecer subsídios científicos para as decisões governamentais e, ao mesmo tempo, realizar atividade de pesquisa da maior qualidade em uma área vital”, disse Zago na abertura do evento.
Também esteve presente na abertura do evento Fernando Dias Menezes de Almeida, diretor administrativo da FAPESP.
Texto: Elton Alisson |  Agência FAPESP
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jupiterswasphouse · 3 months
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WASP REVIEW - ZINGER (DONKEY KONG SERIES)
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[Image IDs: Two renders of the Zinger from DK: Jungle Climber and the original Donkey Kong Country respectively /End IDs.]
and were back to the wasps based entirely on eusocial species! This time, the basic Zingers (although having a few different recolored iterations) look the most like some black and yellow species of paper wasp or yellowjackets. Given Rareware's home of operations and the homeland of designer Steve Mayles, being England, I feel like it's fairly safe to assume that they're based on one of three species of wasp: the common wasp (Vespula vulgaris), the European wasp/German yellowjacket (Vespula germanica), or the European paper wasp (Polistes dominula)!
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[Image Sources: Wildlife Insight, and Wikimedia Commons, Sharp Photography | Image IDs: Two photos of yellow and black wasp species, the former being the common wasp, a type of yellowjacket, on a grey wood surface, and the latter being the European paper wasp on a stone or concrete surface /End IDs.]
They're not entirely accurate; the markings aren't too precise, they only have two wings as opposed to the four on a real wasp (Although the DK: Jungle Climber iteration changes their shape to at least imply a second pair), and obviously real wasps don't have a trail of spines/stingers running down their metasoma nor a pair of signature Rareware cartoon eyes. However, the original model especially is surprisingly accurate for being based on an animal that the designer himself said he was scared by! I especially appreciate the original's fairly accurate legs and addition of setae!
It's in the games themselves where we run into more inaccuracies to these particular species, however. In the original DKC, the queen of the Zingers is named Queen B. and is fought on the boss stage titled 'Bumble B. Rumble', clearly being a direct reference to real world bees, which are several familial branches away in the wasp subclade Aculeata from the previously listed Vespids. This is honestly, while a little frustrating, not a big deal. But, when we get into the second game in the DKC line, we discover their hives.
The Zinger hives throw a major spanner in the works. The wasps mentioned make paper nests, with the yellowjackets nests having a round, closed structure, some yellowjackets building inside of trees or in dirt burrows, and the paper wasps having an open, umbrella-like structure both including cells built in hexagonal shapes, built to contain their larvae and often having silk caps covering them. Meanwhile, the Zingers have nests that match the hexagonal cells, caps, and larvae of these wasps, but are clearly made of yellow wax and contain honey, like that of honey bees.
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[Image Sources: Carolina Honey Bees, and Wikimedia Commons, Dicklyon | Image IDs: Two photos showing the nests of the western honey bee and the european paper wasp, followed by a screenshot of one of the Zinger's hives /End IDs.]
Honey bees will also cap their honey and larvae with wax, and while a few notable species of Vespid wasps do, in fact, produce honey, the european paper wasps and yellowjackets are not a part of that particular set of species! Oddly, some of the cells appear to contain notably smaller adults as opposed to other cells that contain larvae. To add further confusion, one of these hive levels is titled 'Hornet Hole', hornets being another completely different genus within Vespidae (Vespa).
On top of all that, at the end of the area that contains the hive levels, Krazy Kremland, you fight another Zinger boss, this time named King Zing. As you may know, no wasps have a 'King', solely having a Queen, with hives having both Kings and Queens among eusocial insects being moreso found in termites, belonging to a completely different order (Blattodea).
Outside of their nesting behavior and hierarchy, their behavior is generally unremarkable for platformer enemies, with amped up aggression from that of a real world wasp (although admittedly not nearly as aggressive as a real world wasp would be if you were a monkey with a baseball cap and an unquenchable thirst for bananas invading their nest, as you play in DKC2) to give the player an obstacle to overcome in these levels. It is, at least, implied that these wasps would collect nectar from flowers to turn into the honey found in their nest.
Plus, as I wondered in my review of Fallout: New Vegas' Cazadores, I have to question what exactly a wasp of such a size hunts to bring back to its young! Hopefully Donkey or Diddy Kong wouldn't find themselves on the menu!
All in all, these wasps get a few things right, but are quite the mixed bag of confused species with a couple outright inaccuracies not found in Hymenoptera in general thrown in there. Though I can commend the effort by the designer!
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Overall: 4.5/10
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Leave your wasp review suggestion in the replies, tags, or askbox!
Make sure to tune in next week when we cover the Circuit Bees and Mask Hornets from Lethal Company!
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msexcelfractal · 3 months
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Fierce competition for the Fancy Feast in my backyard today!
I saw the tiny ants from the bedroom, vespa vulgaris <3, big carpenter ants, and medium size red ants.
tw bug death
while i was watching, a red ant came into the bowl, ripped off a tiny ant’s head, dropped the head in the bowl and ran away!
looking closer there are several severed limbs in the bowl. So… operation ant relocation is no longer bloodless. on the bright side, the new food tray i built is working :) and nobody was dumb enough to get stuck on the tape trap. the ants have left the house!
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modernizor · 10 years
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Vespa Vulgaris
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