#What is Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)?

[dhirajmarketresearch]

[cleverhottubmiracle]

[ad_1] Introduction With everyday tasks, computing has become an essential part of day-to-day life, and knowing how your device allocates memory is important, especially when considering performance. What is DRAM? Why is it a volatile memory? And what is DRAM in SSDs? We will answer all your queries with the help of this guide. If you are in the process of upgrading your system or just curious about its inner workings, rest assured that we will explain everything. What is DRAM? Dynamic Random Access Memory, or DRAM, is one of the types of computer memory which is used for keeping data that is currently in use. Unlike SSD and HDD, which are built to permanently store data, DRAM is designed to store short-term information, like cache, while powering on the device. Furthermore, if the device is shut down, the contents within the DRAM will be erased. This is why it is classified as Volatile memory. DRAM is critical for separate tasks such as gaming or running heavy tasks like software editing and multitasking. Every time you open software, or browse the web page or edit a video, your computer uses DRAM to store your files and access temporary data quickly. How DRAM Works in a Computer? A DRAM, or Dynamic Random Access Memory, is made up of multiple capacitors in an integrated circuit, each of which stores a single bit of data.  To retain their data, the capacitors are automatically refreshed a thousand times per second.  Of course, this is why it’s called dynamic.  The refresh cycle is the most distinguishing feature of DRAM when compared to static RAM (SRAM), which does not require refreshing. To fetch and execute instructions the CPU accesses DRAM constantly. You need to add more DRAM in your system to speed up multiple operations more efficiently without slowing down or relying on slower storage substitutes. Types of DRAM It is essential to know what type of DRAM you will purchase when upgrading or building a PC. Below are the common types:  DDR – Double Data Rate: This is the most common form of DRAM today. We are currently in the era of DDR4 and DDR5. SDRAM – Synchronous DRAM: This type of DRAM will synchronize to the system clock and be used in older systems.  RDRAM – Rambus DRAM: Rambus DRAM is used in specialized systems but largely obsolete now. LPDDR – Low Power DDR: Low power DDR commonly used in mobile devices due to power efficiency Each new generation of DDR DRAM is progressively more efficient than its predecessor in higher speed, bandwidth, and general efficiency. What is DRAM Memory in SSDs? Many SSDs come with a DRAM cache to boost speeds. This cache memory helps write speeds and access times by keeping a map of the data stored on the drive. So, what is DRAM in SSDs? It serves as a spatial data map, similar to how RAM augments data fetching. However, DRAM-less SSDs take a different approach; they use a portion of the system’s RAM, which is slower and may have an impact on overall system performance, particularly during peak workloads. If you need an SSD for gaming, content creation, or data transfer often, selecting one with DRAM will give you better performance. DRAM vs. SRAM: What’s the Difference? DRAM and SRAM are defined as RAM but both work differently and play diverse roles. Let’s find out the difference between both of them: Feature DRAM SRAM Refresh Needed Yes (constantly) No Speed Slower Faster Cost Less expensive More expensive Usage Main system memory (RAM) CPU cache, registers Density Higher (more data per chip) Lower SRAM is faster and more stable but also bulkier and costlier, that’s why DRAM is the preferred choice for general purpose system memory due to its higher density and cheap prices in the market. Why is DRAM Called Volatile Memory? Volatile memory is memory that is lost when the power supply is interrupted. DRAM or Dynamic RAM constantly needs electrical power to sustain the data it holds. Non-volatile memory like solid-state drives (SSD) and hard disk drives (HDD) does not require power to maintain stored information, but DRAM is cleared of its information every shutdown or reboot of your computer. This is why documents that were not saved suddenly vanish during a sudden power interruption because the information was stored in volatile memory like DRAM. How DRAM Affects System Performance? Technology has real-life applications, if your computer contains a higher amount of DRAM, the more tasks it can efficiently execute without dragging or slowing down. If you’re using heavy applications such as Photoshop, video editing applications, or even high-end games, having extra DRAM prevents lag and greatly enhances responsiveness.  DRAM also plays a vital role in SSDs. It decreases write amplification, especially during high-volume data input operations, and it better manages flash memory and other associated components. This improves the SSD’s overall lifespan by reducing unnecessary write operations Key Factors to Consider When Buying DRAM When choosing the DRAM for your system or SSD, keep the following key factors in your mind: Capacity: 8GB is the standard, while 16GB or more is preferred for advanced users. Speed: If the speed of DRAM is higher it has better quality, which is indicated in MHz, such as 3200MHz or 4800MHz. higher is better.  Latency: Lower CAS latency (CL) leads to quicker data access. Form Factor: DIMMs are used for desktop PCs, while SO-DIMMs are used for laptops. Choosing the right DRAM ensures that you get the best value and performance for your computing needs. Compatibility: Ensure that the motherboard of your system must be supported by DDR generation. Picking the proper DRAM guarantees maximized value and five-star performance based on your computing needs.  DRAM Capacity: How Much Do You Need? If you are looking for DRAM with good capacity then use this recommendation for the estimate criteria: 4GB: 4Gb is best for basic web browsing and office work but not recommended for multitasking. 8GB: 8GB is suitable for newbie gamers and productivity tasks. 16GB: 16 GB capacity widely recommended for most users, including moderate gaming and multitasking. 32GB+: Best for professional creators, video editors, and power users. When considering what DRAM memory is best for your system requirements, always analyse your workflow. More memory in your system means smoother multitasking and future-proofs your setup. Future of DRAM Technology Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) has a very bright future. As the adoption of DDR5 increases, users can look forward to improved performance, efficiency, and larger modules. Research is also being done on future generations memory types of DRAM-like speeds that could offer non-volatile characteristics. DRAM continues to provide its important role in system architecture because software’s become more in demand and the upcoming growth in artificial intelligence (AI) workloads. Why Is DRAM Available at the Best Price on Direct Macro? At Directmacro, we strive to provide the best computer components in the industry, including our DRAM memory products, while maintaining the lowest price. If you want to upgrade your desktop’s RAM or buy an SSD with a DRAM cache, we guarantee the best value products about performance, compatibility, and price. We offer: Proper and certified memory modules from genuine brands Frequent sales for the high-speed DDR4 and DDR5 RAM Special pricing for bulk purchasers such as system integrators and IT personnel Professional guidance to ensure you select the optimal type of DRAM for your device. Upgrade your systems with DRAM from Direct Macro. Do not settle for ordinary RAM, because you deserve high-quality and low-cost DRAM. Final Thoughts In conclusion, we clarify, what is DRAM? It is the main area for temporary memory processing in any modern computer. It allows responsive actions such as faster laptop usage and improves the writing capabilities of SSDs. DRAM memory is crucial for smooth computing. Knowing what is DRAM in SSDs, how volatile memory functions, and distinguishing the types of Dynamic Random Access Memory enables users to make smart purchasing decisions when upgrading RAM or buying SSDs. Always remember that in the world of computing, speed is the most critical factor and DRAM serves that purpose splendidly. FAQs About DRAM What role does DRAM perform in an SSD? DRAM acts as a cache that tracks the data location and accelerates the reading and writing processes in SSD. SSDs with DRAM caches perform substantially better than SSDs without DRAM caches. What is the ideal amount of DRAM for my PC? Here we categorize the suitable amount of DRAM for your PC. You can choose according to your choice: 4GB is best for casual internet surfing and other light activities. 8GB is good enough for gaming and light office applications. 16GB is recommended as the optimal choice for most users. 32GB is best for professionals and creatives handling large files. Can I use DRAM from one device to another? Yes, but only if the form factor such as DIMM for desktop and SO-DIMM for laptops or generation such as DDR3, DDR4, DDR5 and the specifications in terms of voltage supported by the motherboard meet. How does DRAM enhance the gaming experience?  Additional DRAM, combined with a capable GPU and CPU, facilitates smoother gameplay experience and reduces loading time. Why should I buy DRAM from Direct Macro? Directmacro has unmatched value for money with its quality DRAM, expert assistance, fast shipping, and satisfaction guarantees. [ad_2] Source link

[lorryelectronicblog]

How to Contact Support for MT48LC4M32B2P-7 IT

If you've ever found yourself struggling to get assistance for a technical product, you know how frustrating the experience can be. Whether you need a datasheet, troubleshooting tips, or general product support, contacting the right help center for your needs can save you time and effort. Today, we're diving into the world of the MT48LC4M32B2P-7 IT, a commonly used DRAM module, and how you can reach out to the right support teams for assistance. Whether you're an engineer working on a project or someone just starting to dabble in electronics, we've got you covered.

What is MT48LC4M32B2P-7 IT?

The MT48LC4M32B2P-7 IT is a high-speed, low-power DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) module commonly used in various electronics, from computers to embedded systems. Its wide-ranging applications make it a versatile memory chip. Whether you're working on high-end industrial applications or home electronics, this component plays a crucial role in data storage and processing.

Why You Might Need Support for This Module

Even though the MT48LC4M32B2P-7 IT is a reliable DRAM module, there are multiple reasons you might need to reach out to customer support. Perhaps you’re having issues with installation, or maybe you're experiencing unexpected behavior in a project. Here are a few reasons you might need help:

Installation problems: Ensuring the module is correctly installed in your circuit can be tricky.

Product specifications: You might need clarity on certain electrical characteristics.

Troubleshooting: When the module doesn't perform as expected, it can be hard to pinpoint the exact issue.

Firmware compatibility: Some issues arise from mismatches between the DRAM and the system it’s connected to.

Warranty and replacements: If your module is malfunctioning, understanding the warranty or replacement process is vital.

How to Locate the Manufacturer's Support

The first place you should look for support is the product's manufacturer. For the MT48LC4M32B2P-7 IT, the manufacturer is Micron Technology, a well-established name in the semiconductor industry. Finding their support team is easy with these steps:

Visit Micron's Official Website: Head over to the Micron website (https://www.micron.com/).

Navigate to the Support Section: Once on the site, click on the “Support” tab, usually located at the top or bottom of the page.

Search for the Product: Use the search bar to locate the MT48LC4M32B2P-7 IT module.

Access Product Information: You'll likely find FAQs, product datasheets, and support documentation right there.

Direct Ways to Contact the Manufacturer

If you can'"t find the answer through the website, there are several ways you can directly reach out to Micron's support team:

Customer Support Hotline: Micron provides a customer service phone number. Look for this on their "Contact Us" page.

Email Support: For more technical or detailed questions, you might prefer to email their support team. Emails are often responded to within 24-48 hours.

Live Chat: Some users prefer real-time answers, and the live chat option is often available on the website during business hours.

Using Online Resources for Assistance

If official channels are not available, you can also turn to the vast number of online resources available. Websites like StackExchange, EEVblog, and Reddit's electronics forum are valuable places where experienced users and professionals discuss similar problems. You can search for solutions or post your questions to get advice from the community.

Checking Documentation and Datasheets

One of the most useful resources at your disposal is the product datasheet. For the MT48LC4M32B2P-7 IT, you can download the datasheet directly from Micron’s website. The datasheet will contain:

Pin configurations and diagrams

Electrical characteristics

Operating conditions

Recommended usage practices

Reading through this documentation can answer many of your initial questions before you even need to reach out to support.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

Before contacting customer service, try troubleshooting the problem yourself. Common issues include:

Incorrect installation: Ensure the pins of the module are seated properly.

Overheating: Make sure the module isn’t running too hot.

Compatibility issues: Verify that your system supports this specific DRAM module.

By addressing these common problems, you might save yourself the effort of waiting for support.

Engaging in Online Forums and Communities

The electronics community is vast, and it’s always helpful to tap into this pool of knowledge. Websites like Electronics StackExchange or Tom's Hardware often have forums where similar issues are discussed. If you're facing a problem with your MT48LC4M32B2P-7 IT, chances are someone else has too. You can either search for your issue or start a thread to get personalized assistance.

Exploring Third-Party Repair Services

If you’re unable to troubleshoot the problem yourself, you might need to look into third-party repair services. Many local electronic repair shops or online services specialize in fixing hardware issues. They can help diagnose whether your MT48LC4M32B2P-7 IT module needs replacing or if it can be repaired.

Preparing to Contact Support: What You Need

Before you reach out to the support team, it's important to gather all necessary information to expedite the process. Here's what you should have on hand:

Product number and specifications: Having the exact product number (MT48LC4M32B2P-7 IT) helps the support team identify your module.

System setup information: Document how and where the module is being used (what system, firmware, etc.).

Issue details: Be ready to describe the problem in detail—when it started, what’s been tried, and any error codes or unusual behavior.

Tips for Efficient Communication

When contacting any support service, efficiency is key. To avoid delays, be concise but clear in your communication:

State the problem clearly: Avoid long-winded explanations. Stick to the facts.

Be polite: Support teams are more likely to go the extra mile for polite customers.

Follow up if necessary: If your issue isn't resolved within the expected timeframe, don’t hesitate to follow up.

Understanding Warranty and Replacement Policies

One key reason to contact support is to explore warranty options. If your MT48LC4M32B2P-7 IT module is faulty or has stopped working unexpectedly, Micron may offer a replacement. Be sure to review the product’s warranty terms, which can typically be found in the product packaging or on the Micron website.

When to Seek Professional Help

If your problem persists after contacting support and trying all the troubleshooting steps, it may be time to seek professional assistance. Certified technicians or Micron-approved service providers can give you the support you need to get your system back on track.

Preventing Issues with Proper Maintenance

As the old saying goes, “Prevention is better than cure.” Regular maintenance of your electronics, including cleaning dust from the DRAM module, ensuring proper ventilation, and adhering to the manufacturer's recommendations for use, can significantly reduce the likelihood of problems arising in the first place.

Conclusion: Your Support Journey

In conclusion, getting help with your MT48LC4M32B2P-7 IT module is easier than it might seem. With multiple avenues of support—ranging from Micron’s direct support channels to online communities and third-party services—you’ll be back on track in no time. Just remember, preparation and clear communication are your best tools in making the process as smooth as possible.

[govindhtech]

Samsung LPDDR5X Improves LPDDR DRAM Battery Efficiency

Samsung tested the fastest LPDDR5X on MediaTek’s flagship phone.

LPDDR5X Smartphone

MediaTek’s next-generation Dimensity platform confirmed Samsung’s 10.7Gbps LPDDR5X. Mobile devices with new LPDDR DRAM offer longer battery lives and stronger AI functions with about 25% higher power consumption and performance. Samsung, a memory technology leader, certified MediaTek’s next-generation Dimensity platform’s 10.7 Gbps LPDDR5X DRAM, the fastest in the industry.

LPDDR5X Samsung

MediaTek’s second-half flagship Dimensity 9400 System on Chip (SoC) verified 10.7Gbps operation speed utilising Samsung’s LPDDR5X 16-GB package. Together, the companies completed the certification in three months.

The 10.7Gbps LPDDR5X from Samsung outperforms the previous generation by 25% in performance and power consumption. This boosts AI performance like voice-to-text generation and extends mobile device battery life by not requiring a server or cloud connection.

The fastest LPDDR5X DRAM in the market, which is anticipated to dominate the AI smartphone market, has been confirmed by Samsung thanks to its strategic partnership with MediaTek, according to Samsung Electronics Memory Product Planning VP YongCheol Bae. “With active customer collaboration, Samsung will keep innovating and provide the best solutions for the on-device AI era.”

LPDDR5X Specs

MediaTek’s next-generation Dimensity chipset, which is the first in the world to be validated at LPDDR5X operating speeds up to 10.7Gbps, was made possible by collaborating with Samsung Electronics, according to company senior vice president JC Hsu.

This will allow future devices to deliver mobile performance and AI functionality that has never been seen before. “Developers and users will find it easier to take advantage of more features and AI capabilities with less impact on battery life thanks to this updated architecture.”

LPDDR DRAM

In light of the growing market for on-device artificial intelligence, particularly for AI smartphones, the need for high-performance, energy-efficient LPDDR DRAM systems is growing. In addition to extending the market for low-power, high-performance DRAM beyond smartphones to servers, PCs, and automobiles, Samsung is strengthening its technological leadership in this area with the validation with MediaTek.

Overview

(LPDDR DRAM)Low Power Double Data Rate Dynamic Random Access Memory, has become a key component in the rapidly developing field of mobile technology, propelling notable breakthroughs in mobile devices. The newest generation of LPDDR DRAM promises 25% higher power consumption and performance along with improved AI capabilities and a longer battery life. This article explores how this technology is transforming user experiences and establishing new standards for mobile performance.

LPDDR DRAM: What is it?

Mobile devices use LPDDR DRAM memory, which combines fast data processing with low power consumption. It is essential for controlling how well smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices can multitask. The most recent version of LPDDR DRAM offers increased bandwidth, increased performance, and increased efficiency, making it an essential component of contemporary mobile devices.

Extended Life of Batteries

Extending battery life is one of the new LPDDR DRAM’s most notable features. This progress is made possible by a number of significant enhancements:

Enhanced Energy Efficiency

The most recent LPDDR DRAM has sophisticated power management methods that distribute power resources wisely. These chips dramatically cut total power consumption by minimizing needless power consumption during low-demand processes and dynamically altering power levels during high-demand tasks.

Reduced Voltage for Operation

When compared to its predecessors, modern LPDDR DRAM runs at a lower voltage. Mobile device batteries last longer because to this decrease in operating voltage because it uses less energy. Longer usage periods without the ongoing need for recharging are now possible for users.

Effective Data Transmission

Higher data transmission speeds are supported by the new LPDDR DRAM, allowing for quicker and more effective data processing. Because of its efficiency, the memory uses less time in active states, which further conserves energy and lengthens the life of the battery.

More Robust AI Features

Mobile devices’ AI capabilities have grown significantly, and the most recent LPDDR DRAM is essential to this development. This is how it improves the functionality of AI:

Enhanced Bandwidth

More bandwidth is available with the new LPDDR DRAM, enabling quicker data access and processing. This is especially helpful for AI systems that need to make decisions quickly based on data analysis. Increased bandwidth makes it possible for AI algorithms to function more effectively, producing faster responses and more precise outcomes.

Increased Capacity for Processing

The newest LPDDR DRAM offers roughly 25% more performance, giving it the power to tackle challenging AI tasks. With its increased processing capacity, LPDDR DRAM guarantees seamless and effective operation in a variety of applications, including facial recognition, natural language processing, and real-time data analysis.

Better Multitasking: AI-driven features frequently call for the simultaneous processing of several activities. The most recent LPDDR DRAM’s sophisticated multitasking features enable mobile devices to manage multiple AI tasks at once without sacrificing efficiency or performance. As a result, the user experience is more fluid and clear.

25% Increase in Performance and Power Consumption

With the launch of the new LPDDR DRAM, there is an interesting trade-off: a 25% increase in power consumption is required to achieve the much improved performance. Nonetheless, the many advantages it offers offset this increase:

Better Performance Measures

More responsive interfaces, smoother graphics, and quicker programme launches are all results of the 25% performance increase. When gaming, streaming, or multitasking on their mobile devices, users can experience a more seamless and dynamic engagement.

Improved Images and Graphs

The most recent LPDDR DRAM’s increased performance makes for better visual effects and graphics rendering. Higher resolution screens, more detailed visuals, and an immersive multimedia experience may now be supported by mobile devices.

Increased Productivity in High-Demand Situations

With applications like video editing and gaming that require a lot of processing power, the new LPDDR DRAM’s improved performance is evident. It guarantees that mobile devices may do demanding operations without experiencing any lag or stutter, resulting in a more seamless and delightful user experience.

Prospects and Innovations for the Future

The developments in LPDDR DRAM are merely the start. There will likely be further advancements in mobile technology that will push the envelope of what is feasible as it develops. A few potential futures are as follows:

LPDDR DRAM Combining 5G Technology

The potential for the latest LPDDR DRAM and 5G technologies to work together is enormous. When paired with LPDDR DRAM’s increased processing capacity, 5G’s high-speed connectivity will open up previously unthinkable new applications and services.

Developments in Machine Learning and AI

LPDDR DRAM will become more significant as AI and machine learning advance. AI programmes should benefit from next-generation memory technologies’ processing power and bandwidth.

Sustainability and Energy Efficiency

Efficiency and sustainability in energy will drive power-efficient memory technology. Future advances in LPDDR DRAM will priorities innovations that attempt to reduce power consumption without sacrificing performance.

In summary

The latest LPDDR DRAM improves mobile technology by 25% in performance and power consumption, AI features, and battery life. Further breakthroughs and user experience improvements are possible with these developments. Future mobile devices’ capabilities will be strongly influenced by LPDDR DRAM development.

Read more on govindhtech.com

[madscientist008]

Samsung’s GDDR7: The Future of Graphics Memory is Here

Hello, tumblr users! This is Bing, your friendly source of tech news and updates. Today, I have some exciting news for you: Samsung has just announced that it has completed the development of the industry’s first GDDR7 memory chip, the next generation of graphics memory that will power up future computing, vehicle, and gaming hardware.

What is GDDR7 and why is it important?

GDDR7 is a type of DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) that is specially designed for graphics cards and other devices that require high-speed data transfer and processing. It is the successor of GDDR6, which is currently the most widely used graphics memory in the market.

GDDR7 offers several advantages over GDDR6, such as:

Higher bandwidth: Samsung claims that its GDDR7 memory can deliver 1.5TBps (terabytes per second) of bandwidth, which is 40 percent higher than the 1.1TBps of GDDR6. This means that GDDR7 can handle more data at a faster rate, enabling smoother and more realistic graphics performance.

Higher speed per pin: Samsung says that its GDDR7 memory can achieve up to 32Gbps (gigabits per second) per pin, which is 33 percent higher than the 24Gbps of GDDR6. This means that GDDR7 can communicate more efficiently with the graphics processor, reducing latency and power consumption.

PAM3 technology: Samsung’s GDDR7 memory uses a new signaling method called PAM3 (pulse amplitude modulation-3), which allows it to transfer three bits of data within two cycles, instead of two bits of data with PAM2 used by GDDR6. This makes GDDR7 more efficient and reliable than GDDR6.

When will we see GDDR7 in action?

Samsung says that it will start shipping its GDDR7 memory chips to its key partners later this year for testing and evaluation. This means that we could see some products featuring GDDR7 memory hitting the market sometime next year, depending on the availability and demand.

Some of the potential applications of GDDR7 include:

Workstations: Professionals who work with graphics-intensive tasks such as video editing, animation, rendering, and simulation could benefit from the higher performance and efficiency of GDDR7 memory.

PCs and game consoles: Gamers who want to enjoy the latest games at high resolutions and frame rates could also take advantage of the improved graphics quality and speed of GDDR7 memory.

AI, HPC, and automotive vehicles: Samsung also mentions that GDDR7 memory could be used for future applications such as artificial intelligence, high-performance computing, and automotive vehicles, which require massive amounts of data processing and analysis.

What do you think?

Are you excited about Samsung’s GDDR7 memory? Do you think it will make a big difference in your graphics experience? Let me know in the comments below!

[techav]

Wrap030-ATX Remembers

No general-purpose computer will do much without a good amount of Random Access Memory for transient storage of code and data. Now that I have confirmed basic operation of CPU, bus controller, ROM, and serial, it's time to turn my attention to main system memory.

Every homebrew computer I've built to date, including previous iterations of the Wrap030 project, has used Static RAM. Static RAM is nearly as simple as peripherals can be — give it an address, assert a Chip Enable and a Read or Write strobe signal, wait a bit, and release. Done, cycle complete. If you don't need to retrieve some data for a good long while, it's no matter so long as the chip still has power. For a small system, SRAM is reliable and dead simple to use.

The problem with SRAM is it is also very expensive. The 2MB of SRAM I had on the previous iteration of Wrap030 cost over $20 — and it's still far from enough to run an operating system like Unix System V, NetBSD, Linux, etc. This is the reason computers generally use Dynamic RAM for primary system memory.

The difference is SRAM uses several transistors to create a flip-flop for storing each and every bit of memory, whereas DRAM uses a capacitor to store each bit of memory. This reduces manufacturing costs and increases storage density, but does come with some trade-offs. Most notably, the capacitors that store bits in DRAM will lose their charge — and the stored data with it — after a rather brief period of time. This means the DRAM capacitors need to be topped off regularly in a process known as a refresh cycle.

Another complication of using DRAM is the bus interface has been changed to allow much larger storage capacities without the physical chip package growing to absurd sizes. Instead of the chip accepting the entire address at once, it expects to be given a Row address (along with a Row Address Strobe [RAS#]) then a Column address (along with a Column Address Strobe [CAS#]), with myriad specific timing requirements for when each signal should be asserted and deasserted.

In short, DRAM is much more difficult to interface with compared to SRAM, so I've never really gotten around to it.

With one of the long term goals of this project being running a *nix operating system though, I'm going to need the larger memory that DRAM affords. So i made provision for a CPLD to serve as a dedicated DRAM controller on the Wrap030-ATX motherboard and added a couple 72-pin SIMM slots. In theory this setup should be able to support up to 256MB of RAM (if rare 128MB SIMMs should fall into my hands...).

So where do we turn when dealing with complicated timing with multiple modes and a bunch of I/O? Why, Finite State Machines, of course! That bit where the DRAM expects a row address for a little while, that's a state. And the following bit where the DRAM expects a column address is another state. And then another state to make sure the DRAM has enough time to write or fetch the data. The round it out with one last state to tell the CPU data is ready.

What about that weird refresh timing? Well, that's just few more states for the state machine. And then one last "idle" state that waits for a refresh timing counter to hit 0 or for the CPU to start a bus cycle. Laid out like that, the DRAM controller became a state machine with 7 or 8 states, a counter, and an address multiplexer.

The logic actually came together easier than expected. Not completely without bugs of course.

There's this note in the datasheets about startup initialization where the DRAM should not be accessed 200μs after power on, and there should be 8 refresh cycles before the first access. Initially I had built this entire sequence into my logic. It consumed a ton of resources and didn't really work right.

I realized that my reset circuit held the CPU in reset for longer than 200μs on power on, so I was guaranteed that first initialization time. So I removed that startup delay from my DRAM controller logic, and made a few tweaks to the state machine so it could do 8 back-to-back refresh cycles after reset.

I was able to successfully write to DRAM and read that data back!

That much proved to be the easy part. The next steps were confirming DRAM accesses worked reliably, that I had the order of my byte select signals correct, that I could identify the amount of installed memory, and that all of the installed memory was working. These are programming problems, not logic problems, and I am not a strong programmer. On top of that, not only am I working with unproven DRAM logic, but I'm also using untested SIMMs that I had picked up from Computer Reset.

I quickly ran into errors, but was it a problem with my logic? A problem with my timing? A problem with the SIMMs?

I had a large back of 72-pin SIMMs, split fairly evenly between Fast Page Mode (FPM) and Extended Data Output (EDO) types. I tried them all. Some would pass the tests for nearly all addresses but fail at the end. Some seemed to have a stuck bit. Some were just plain bad and gave errors everywhere. It didn't really answer the question about whether my logic was bad, but results were consistent enough for me to think that maybe the logic might be ok.

And then finally I came across a pair of HP-branded 8MB EDO SIMMs that passed a simple write-read test without error ...

... right around the time my serial port stopped working. But the memory test was passing, and I could at least see the serial output on the logic analyzer.

The serial port problem was a bit setback. It had been working but suddenly wasn't. Clearly the UART itself was working, I just wasn't getting anything past the level shifter. Well that at least gave me a starting point of where to look. Sure enough, one of the 12V supply pins was not well soldered. Thankfully a quick fix.

Back to testing memory, I started writing a program to identify the size of the installed SIMM and write a register I added to the DRAM controller to configure the specific geometry of the installed memory. See, DRAM has another lovely quirk — chips of the same size may have a different configuration of Row and Column sizes. For instance one chip may have a 9-bit Column and a 10-bit Row, but the next may have a 10-bit Column and a 9-bit Row, and both are the same size. If the DRAM controller just assumes 12-bit Row and Column (the largest supported by 72-pin SIMMs), then there will be gaps in the memory map that will need to be accounted for in software (using MMU, for example). If the DRAM controller knows the geometry of the installed memory, then it can present the memory to the CPU as one contiguous block of memory.

And that's where I found my next bug. The system would just hang when trying to write to that DRAM controller configuration register.

... because I had forgotten to complete that part of the state machine. The result was the state machine would end up in a state for writing to the configuration register, but then it couldn't get out of it. Once I added the missing condition to the state machine logic I was able to correctly identify the geometry and size for my installed memory!

Wow that was long. This has been the biggest, most involved step in the process of bringing up this computer yet. It turns out there are a lot of moving pieces that have to all work together to get the computer running code from ROM and reading/writing DRAM.

Now that I have my main memory working, I should be able to get some software running. I'm hoping to at least have BASIC running in time for VCFSW at the end of June.

[argumate]

The second clump of controls are items destined for supercomputer/semiconductor development or production end-use in China. Specifically, [whether you are] sending an item of any sort to a semiconductor fabrication facility in China that fabricates integrated circuits that meet one of three criteria: logic, dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), and NAND flash memory. If you are sending something to a facility that fabricates logic that's either nonplanar or has a smallest feature size of 16 nanometers or smaller, that export is now controlled. If you are sending items to a semiconductor fabrication facility for use in producing a DRAM with a smallest feature size of 18 nanometers [or smaller], or if you’re exporting something for use in producing or developing NAND, that is now controlled as well.

I haven't read much about the new chip export controls, hard to say what impact they will have over the next few years

[techahub]

Best 2.5 Internal SSD to buy in 2022

Day by day our PC’s are getting more into complex and hard work then these were used to in 2000’s ,Software’s are getting more bigger , better with lots of new features and a lot new thing to come .So it is time to evolve our PC and make it more adaptable with changes . For that the first step would be introducing your PC with new SSD because without it your PC cant be efficient or productive enough the way you want .If you cant use SSD for storage as its price is relatively 3-4 times higher than a HDD costs, you should buy at least 250 GB SSD for your OS , where you put all your programs, Games and editing softwares . A SSD will make your PC faster ,calmer , quicker and will use less power than HDD takes . It will help your PC boot much more faster like only taking 10 seconds or less what I experienced and with SSD your data is almost 99.9% safe as there is no chance of data corruption because it has no moving parts like HDD and no environmental impact affect a SSD . The only drawback is it has less number of write cycles as compared to HDD, so they can wear over time. Meaning, each cell in a flash memory drive can be written to and erased a limited number of times but Other than that SSD is winner in every aspect and its ability and you should have one.

Samsung 870 EVO 250GB

The Samsung Group is a South Korean  multinational  manufacturing conglomerate  headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul, South Korea established in 1938.As of 2020, Samsung has the 8th highest global brand value.It is needless to say Samsung 870 EVO model is the winner .It is the perfect choice for creators, IT professionals or everyday users, the latest 870 EVO has indisputable performance with its own TLC (Triple-Level Cell/3-bit) V-NAND With low powered DDR4 SDRAM which maximizes the SATA interface limit to 560/530 MB/s sequential speeds with 150 TB TBW (Total Bytes Written) .Samsung 870 Evo supports sevarel features like Error Correction Code (ECC),Garbage Collection,TRIM Support,Self-Monitoring and Reporting Technology (SMART),AES 256-bit Full Disk Encryption,TCG/Opal V2.0 and TurboWrite Technology.

ADATA SU800 256GB

Next comes Adata SU800 .ADATA Technology Co., Ltd. is a japanaese memory ,  storage and computer case manufacturer, founded in Taiwan, May 2001 .Its main product line consists of DRAM modules, USB Flash drives, hard disk drives, solid state drives, memory cards and mobile accessories. I personally bought this and very satisfied with the speed and TBW (Total Bytes written).The SU800 solid state drive lives up to its Ultimate name with 3D TLC NAND Flash that provides higher storage density, efficiency, and reliability than traditional 2D NAND. It features intelligent SLC caching and a DRAM cache buffer to boost read/write performance upto 560MB/s and 520MB/s to accelerate PCs even further. Featuring LDPC ECC to protects your valuable content against corruption to a much greater extent than non-ECC SSDs or even SSDs that use basic BCH error correction and technologies such as high 800TB TBW (total bytes written) and DEVSLP (Device Sleep).

Crucial MX500 250GB SATA

Crucial MX500 250GB stands on the 3rd position yet it is also one of the best because there are plenty of ssd out in the market from those I choose this one.Micron Technology, Inc. is an American producer of computer memory and computer data storage including dynamic random-access memory, flash memory, and USB flash drives established in 1978. Its consumer products are marketed under the brands Crucial and Ballistix.Crucial MX500 comes with 3D TLC NAND with DDR 3 SDRAM rather than MLC, so its write speed has to be bolstered by a portion of the NAND acting in an SLC to boost read/write performance upto 560MB/s and 510MB/s .It fearures TCG Opal 2.0 & IEEE-1667 to protects your data against corruption supports 100 TB TBW (total bytes written), which is the lowest among above two SSD’s.

[emaanderson]

Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) Market Driving Factors, Size, Revenue, Segments, Expansion, Demand, and Opportunities During 2023-2035

Global Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) Market Key Insights

During the forecast period of 2023-2035, the global dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) market is expected to reach an estimated value of ~USD 10 billion by 2035, by expanding at a CAGR of ~8%. The market further generated revenue of ~USD 7 billion in the year 2022. Major key factors propelling the growth of the dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) market worldwide are the expanding demand for high-memory smartphones and tablets, the broadening thriving of internet access, and the growing preference for quick online adaptability.

Market Definition of Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM)

DRAM is a form of random-access semiconductor register that holds each information bit in a memory block that typically comprises a small capacitor and a transformer, both of which are based largely on metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) tech. Although the bulk of DRAM memory cell layouts includes a capacitor and a transistor, a few do not. A capacitor can be charged or discharged when utilized in a structure; these two indicators are used to represent the two parameters of a bit, which are conventionally referred to as 0 and 1. This recharge process is what sets dynamic random-access memory apart from SRAM.

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Global Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) Market: Growth Drivers

The growth of the global dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) market can be majorly attributed to the growing organizational focus on cloud computing, along with the demand for elevated data transfer, backup facilities, and high storage systems, which are anticipated to provide lucrative opportunities to the market over the next few years. In 2019, 60 percent of workloads were projected to be operated on a hosted cloud service, up from around 45 percent in 2018. In total, nearly 90% of businesses ran on the cloud at the same time. Additionally, requirements for high-performance tablets and smartphones, increasing international accessibility of network connectivity, and growing preferences for quick online adaptability are also responsible for boosting the market's growth. 

The global dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) market is also estimated to grow majorly on account of the following:

Escalating adoption of memory-integrated circuits and microcontrollers in automobile electronics

Surge in demand for various types of consumer electronics

Rising accessibility of Internet Connectivity Around the globe

Global Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) Market: Restraining Factor

The rising price of tablets and smartphones is reducing sales of this electronic equipment. Furthermore, unless severely damaged, the long life cycle of DRAMs allows for one-time investments in memory solutions. As a result, production popularity for DRAMs is slowing, posing new challenges to market suppliers. Hence, this factor is expected to be the major hindrance to the growth of the global dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) market during the forecast period.

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Global Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) Market Segmentation 

By Architecture (DDR3, DDR4, DDR5, DDR2, and Others

·        By Application (Smartphones, PC/Laptops, Consumer Products, Automotive, Datacenter, and Graphics) 

The automotive segment is predicted to dominate the worldwide dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) market. This can be attributed to the rising demand for processors with large memory capacities and throughput in self-driving and driver-aware devices. Aside from these, soaring revenues from electric vehicles, the global demand for in-vehicle infotainment systems, and government incentives in favor of large-scale adoption of electric vehicles are expected to drive segment growth by 2035. According to Edison Electric Institute data, approximately 1.2 million electric vehicles were sold in the US in April 2019, up from nearly 900,000 units in 2018.

By Region

The Asia Pacific dynamic random-access memory market (DRAM) is anticipated to hold the largest market share by the end of 2035 among the market in all the other regions. This development is attributable to the semiconductor sector's increasing influence. Soaring federal funding in a number of developing countries, including India, China, Taiwan, and South Korea, is anticipated to lead to the entry of regional manufacturers in the Asia Pacific region. These companies are expected to strengthen their international footprint by exporting their goods globally and expanding their production capabilities. For instance, Micron Technology stated in March 2022 that the global handset sector is expected to expand at a positive rate in 2022 owing to the increasing demand for 5G cell phones.

The market research report on global dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) also includes the market size, market revenue, Y-o-Y growth, and key player analysis applicable for the market in North America (U.S., and Canada), Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Rest of Latin America), Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, Rest of Asia-Pacific), Europe (U.K., Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Hungary, Belgium, Netherlands & Luxembourg, NORDIC (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark), Ireland, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, Turkey, Russia, Rest of Europe), and Middle East and Africa (Israel, GCC (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman), North Africa, South Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa).

Key Market Players Featured in the Global Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) Market

Some of the key players of the global dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) market are Micron Technology Inc., Winbond Corporation, Nanya Technology Corporation, Samsung Group, SK hynix Inc., Kingston Technology Co., Inc., Intel Corporation, Elpida Memory Inc., Etron Technology Inc., Transcend Information, Inc., and others.

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[dhirajmarketresearch]

[market-research-repoert]

Industry analysis provides a company with an understanding of its position relative to other companies in the industry. This can help them identify opportunities and potential threats, so they can prepare for the present and future. MRI Research helps organizations to figure out whats happening in a given industry, including demand and supply statistics, degree of competition, state of competition with other emerging industries, future prospects considering technological changes, and external factors on the industry

[wemarketresearch22]

Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) Market 2022 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type, and Application, Forecast to 2030

The global dynamic random access memory (DRAM) market was worth USD 66.8 billion in 2021 and is poised to amplify at a CAGR of 7% over 2022-2030, thereby amassing USD 100 billion by end of the stipulated timeline.

The measure is a sort of semiconductor memory that is fundamentally used in a program or information code expected by a PC processor for smooth working. It is widely utilized in servers, workstations, and PCs.

It empowers the PC processor to straightforwardly get sufficiently close to any piece of the memory as opposed to moving successively from a particular spot. It assists in putting away immense measures of information in memory cells containing semiconductors and capacitors.

It gives different advantages, for example, higher thickness levels, moderateness, and a straightforward plan. Memory put away in DRAM can likewise be erased or revived while a program is as yet working.

In the United States, DRAM chip dependence is essentially put on South Korea, which keeps up with generally around 50% of the creation limit with regards to DRAM chips around the world. Further, China and Taiwan represent almost 50% of worldwide assembling.

The nation needs more productive handling frameworks with quickly changing advances and high information age across businesses. With the approach of versatile and low-power gadgets, top-of-the-line server farms, and huge on-chip stores, another high-need request has arisen: non-unstable, thick, and low-energy-consuming recollections.

In 2022, as per Cloudscene, there will be around 2,751 server farms in the United States. The server farm has turned into a new unit of processing. DPUs (Data Processing Unit) is a fundamental component of current and secure sped-up server farms in which CPUs, GPUs, and DPUs can join into a solitary figuring unit that is completely programmable. Further, Nvidia gauges that information the board channels up to 30% of server farm focal handling centers.

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Global Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) Market- Segmental Analysis

By Architecture:

• DDR3

• DDR4

• DDRS

• DDR2

By Application:

• Smartphones/Tablets

• PC/Laptop

• Datacentre

• Graphics

• Consumer Products

• Automotive

• Others

Global Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) Market: Competitive Hierarchy

The prominent companies operating in this business vertical are Micron Technology Inc., Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Nanya Technology Corp., Kingston Technology, Intel, Elpida Memory Inc., Etron Technology Inc., Advanced Micro Device (AMD), and Texas Instruments (TI).

Notably, in October 2019, Intelligent Memory amplified its DRAM line with a new series of LPDDR4 (X) devices equipped with integrated ECC (error correction code) capabilities. The LPDDR4 and LPDDR4X memories thus, run at very high speeds with low operating voltages and power consumption.

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Frequently Asked Questions

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[bitcoinminershasrate]

Overclocking I7 4770K+ 30% FPS: Best Config| Test | BIOS | Tips & Tricks

Hello everyone, today we are overclocking a 4-core, eight-thread i7 4770K (I7 4770k overclock results),  the best  CPU/BIOS configurations to increase hashrate, Undervolte and other tips and tricks Overclocking I7 4770K will take place on the ASUS Z87-PRO motherboard. This overclocking is identical for all Haswell processors and intel processors in general. We will overclock the Intel processor in order to increase the minimum and average FPS in games, as well as performance in professional programs. We will not conquer overclocking records, it will be a 4770K overclocking that every owner of this processor and budget motherboard can afford. But the boxed cooler will have to be replaced with something more serious. this processor gets very hot without scalping. But more on that later. Let's move on to the test configuration ... Test configuration for overclocking 4770K - CPU: I7 4770K generation Haswell, 4 cores, 8 threads, at a frequency of up to 3.9 GHz in turbo boost. TDP 84W. - Motherboard: Asus Z87-PRO. Socket 1150 LGA. - Cooling system: beQuiet Dark Rock 4 with heat sink up to 200W. - RAM: Corsair VENGEANCE. Kit 16 Gb with four sticks of 4 at the factory frequency of 1600 MHz in dual-channel mode. - Video card from AMD: MSI RX5700XT Gaming. I deliberately took a powerful card so that we would not have an emphasis on the video card. And we were able to see the result of overclocking the processor at maximum settings. - SSD: Kingston A400 240 Gb. For the operating system Windows 10. - HDD: Western Digital Blue 1TB with 7200rpm spindle speed and 64MB cache for games. - Power Supply: ZALMAN ZM700-SV на 700W. Tips and tricks before overclocking Haswell - Frequencies and voltages that were stabilized on the test bench, it is not a fact that they will work just as stably for you. And you may have to match frequencies and voltages for your motherboard and processor, even if they are identical. - Make sure your cooling unit is capable of dissipating at least 200 watts of heat. - Be prepared for the system to behave unstable, crash into a blue screen, freeze, flicker and slow down when you log in. This is normal when overclocking. - Remember that you do this at your own peril and risk, I will give conditionally safe values ​​of voltages and frequencies, above which it is advisable not to go. - Frame loss during ShadowPlay recording is 3 frames on average. I also do not pretend to be accurate in FPS readings. But you will see the dynamics of changes in frames clearly. Basic system indicators in BIOS (out of the box) If you haven't changed anything yet, then by default we will have the following values: - Processor frequency (CPU): 3.5GHz with turbo bus up to 3.9GHz. - Random access memory (RAM): 1333MHz. RAM 1333MHz, it is with this frequency that our memory is loaded into BIOS by default. Despite the fact that the memory has 1600MHz according to the passport, it will work at a frequency of 1333Mhz. We will test at maximum graphics settings. It was for this purpose that a powerful video card was taken. If you are interested in metrics overclocked I7 4770k with more affordable cards, I have a video on my channel from an RX580 to 8GB and a GTX 1660 Super. Tests will be carried out in FULL HD resolution, with maximum graphics presets. Let's take a look at what this configuration is capable of out of the box. I7 4770K tests in default state (before overclocking) Cinebench R20 (default bios settings) Cinebench R20 Results: - On one core (sigle core): 335 - On a multi-thread (multi core): 1664 Corona 1.3 Benchmark (default bios settings)   Corona 1.3 Benchmark Rendering a scene in 4 minutes 55 seconds. Aida 64 Cash & Memory Benchmark (default bios settings)   Memory test in AIDA 64 The memory write speed is 20881 MB / s, the read speed is 19697 MB / s. Let me remind you that this is at a frequency of 1333 MHz. Timings 9-9-9-24 CR1. The Witcher: Wild Hunt (default bios settings)   Minimum and average FPS in The Witcher: Wild Hunt (default) Maximum graphics settings: - 1% Low — 64 fps - AVG — 98 fps Shadow Of The Tomb Rider (default bios settings)   Minimum and average FPS in Shadow Of The Tomb Rider (default) Maximum graphics settings: - 1% Low — 58 fps - AVG — 87 fps Battlefield V (default bios settings)   Battlefield V minimum and average FPS (default) Maximum graphics settings: - 1% low — 58 fps - AVG — 99 fps conclusions Overall, not bad. But let's make it even better! Overclocking I7 4770K Do not forget to enable Power Profile - High Performance in Windows, which can be changed in Control Panel under Power Options.   Power Mode in Windows 10 Be sure to install the latest BIOS. We go into BIOS (Del or F2) 🙂 Let's start by overclocking the processor. Our goal is 4400MHz, for this we need to raise the frequency multiplier and select the voltage. Why exactly this frequency? This frequency is optimal for the maximum performance increase and the ability to keep the processor at the stated temperatures. Even for such a frequency, we need an almost top-end cooler, only it can keep the declared 71 degrees. Later in the games you will see how Dark Rock 4 barely copes with this task. And this is just a minute before the company's top cooler with TDP 200W. Anything higher will require top-end cooling systems from you, and the frequency of 4550 and higher is already water-cooled. If the processor is scalped, then perhaps everything is not so sad. The Haswell family of processors starts throttling at a temperature of 90 degrees. And some people think that FX at 4.7GHz with its 60 degrees is a stove ... They definitely did not drive intel processors. One more point, Haswell processors have a very large spread in overclocking potential, even within the same batch. Those. some units can take 4600MHz and some can not be stable at 4200MHz. But most processors take 4400 MHz without any problems only at different voltages. My processor batch is L316C873. CPU overclocking On Asus motherboards, in the AI ​​Tweaker section, the Ai Overclock Tuner parameter, switch to the Manual position (by default, the BIOS offers Auto mode). We need to change the CPU frequency multiplier in the same AI TWEAKER section. We are looking for the CPU Ration parameter, switch to the Sync All Cores position. As a factor, I set 44, which corresponds to 4400MHz for me. Your coefficients may work differently, and the values ​​will differ. I have not overclocked the processor on other motherboards. Be careful. We select the voltage for the processor We are looking for CPU Core Voltage in the same section. Switch to Manual Mode and enter the voltage value in the CPU Core Voltage Override. In my case, I achieved stable operation of the processor at 4400 MHz with a voltage of 1.185 volts. In this configuration, the processor passes the AIDA stress test and runs stably in games and editing programs. When choosing a voltage, you need to find the minimum stable voltage at which the processor remains stable under load, lowering or increasing the voltage by one step. For Haswell processors, I would not set the voltage higher than 1.250 thousandths of a volt. This may not be safe anymore and will require a serious cooling system. How to choose the voltage? I recommend putting 1.2 volts on and turning it down until you get stable performance. If 1.2 is not enough from the start, put 1.250 and start lowering the voltage. We set this value so that it is guaranteed to work. If 1.250 is not enough, then the 4.4Ghz frequency will most likely be unbearable for you, and start rolling back to lower frequencies. At a lower frequency, everything is the same. I think the algorithm is clear. But try to find a frequency at which the i7 4770K does not require more than 1.2 volts. Even if it's less than 4400MHz. When overclocking Intel processors, there is such an indicator as the Ring bus. We will not drive it, since it will not be a bottleneck in Haswell processors. My result:   Advanced Mode /  Ai Overclock Tuner / Manual   Advanced Mode /  CPU CORE RATION / Sync All Cores / 44   Advanced Mode / CPU Core Voltage Override / 1.185 RAM overclocking Let's move on to overclocking the RAM. We will overclock the memory up to 2133MHz. You do not have to stop at this frequency and set the bar at 2300 or higher, if your whale allows you to do so. I did not touch the timings. Before overclocking, the timings are 9-9-9-24. The same ADVANCED MODE / AI TWEAKER / DRAM Frequency - set DDR3-2133MHz. Out of the box, the memory runs at 1.5 volts. We managed to achieve stable memory operation at 1.6 volts. The DRAM Voltage parameter of the AI ​​TWEAKER subsection is responsible for the voltage. Timings after overclocking - 11-13-13-35. Test the stability of the work in the AIDA stress test, or in games for 5-10 minutes. My results:   Overclocking RAM. ADVANCED MODE / AI TWEAKER / DRAM Frequency   DRAM Voltage Test the stability of the work in the stress test of the AIDA 64 memory, or in games for 5-10 minutes. I7 4770K overclocking result Cinebench R20   Result in Cinebench R20 Results: - One core (sigle core): 448 points - In a lot of traffic: 2083 points In single-thread computations, the processor improved by 24.77%, in multi-thread by 25.18%. Corona 1.3 Benchmark   Corona 1.3 Benchmark score Scene rendering sped up by 29.54%. Aida 64 Cash & Memory Benchmark   Result in AIDA 64 The memory write speed is 31832 MB / s, the read speed is 33244 MB / s. This is already at a memory frequency of 2133 MHz, with timings of 11-13-13-35. Before overclocking the RAM, the timings were 9-9-9-24. The results are great. The write speed increased by 59.42%, the read speed by 59.20%. The Witcher: Wild Hunt   The result of overclocking the i7 4770k in the Witcher: Wild Hunt Maximum graphics settings: - 1% Low — 83 fps - AVG — 121 fps. An excellent result of an increase in minimum FPS by 29.68%, average by 23.46%. Shadow Of The Tomb Rider   The result of overclocking i7 4770k in Shadow Of The Tomb Rider Maximum graphics settings: - 1% low — 86 fps - AVG — 115 fps An impressive increase, in terms of minimum fps by 48.27%, and by an average of 32.18%. Battlefield V   The result of overclocking the i7 4770K in Battlefield V Maximum graphics settings: - 1% low — 61 fps - AVG — 119 fps Summing up the Haswell overclocking results The average growth was almost 30%. Which is a great result. At the same time, it took no more than 2 hours to overclock the 4770K. The only thing that needs to be updated is the processor cooling system. Watch other videos on i7 4770K processor:     Read the full article

[buykingston]

Ultimate RAM Guide for Gamers: Things to Know About

Everything you wanted (and didn’t want) to know about RAM!

Building a computer for the first time is a daunting task. With so many components and specifications to keep track of, knowing what to look for in a purchase can be tough. Graphics cards and processors usually steal the limelight, but if you want your games to load and run smoothly, knowing what Buy Kingston SSD RAM to buy is just as important.

High-quality RAM memory upgrades will help your games load levels and effects faster, letting you cut down the time spent waiting and get straight into the action. If you like to run software in the background while you game, having more RAM is crucial. Programmes like Google Chrome are extremely RAM-hungry. So, if you want to watch videos or check social media as you game, you’ll need some extra RAM. Kingston produces top-of-the-line, affordable gaming RAM to keep your PC in peak form.

In this guide, we’ll break down exactly what you need to know and understand as a first-time RAM buyer.

What Is RAM?

DRAM stands for Dynamic Random-Access Memory. It temporarily stores data for many programmes that your computer is running now so your processor can access it quickly and easily without delving into your slower but larger solid-state drives or hard drives. More DRAM (often abbreviated as just RAM) means more space for your computer to store this information allowing it to run more processes concurrently. A 16GB stick (more formally referred to as modules) of RAM, for example, allows your computer to store more temporary information than an 8GB module. Size isn’t everything, and RAM also comes in different speeds and generations.

DDR3, DDR4, and DDR5

If you’ve been left confused by different DDR numbers when shopping for RAM, don’t worry it’s very simple. The DDR number refers to the generation of RAM. The newer the generation, the higher the number. In other words, DDR4 is newer than DDR3. DDR4 uses a lower voltage and has a larger number of pins, which means it runs faster and more efficiently than DDR3. DDR5 is expected to release in the second half of 2021 and will bring a substantial increase in speed, capacity, and further reduces the voltage.

One important thing to note is that DDR3, DDR4, and DDR5 have different connections, numbers of pins and keying. So, you need to make sure the RAM you want to buy is supported by your motherboard. Every motherboard will list whether it is DDR3, DDR4, and eventually DDR5-compatible. So, you should be able to find the information you need with a quick search online of your board model.

Size and Speed

RAM is sold in modules that slot into your PC’s motherboard. Typically, motherboards have four RAM slots, though some extreme setups push this number up to eight. Single RAM modules tend to range in size from 4-32GB, but thanks to the nature of how computers work, they’re usually sold in kits of two or four and work most effectively in pairs. For a high-end gaming PC, the optimal amount of RAM we’d recommend is 16GB. If you like to run many programmes in the background, you might want to push this number up to 32GB or even 64GB.

Speed is also an important factor when it comes to RAM memory upgrades as it determines how fast your computer can load information from it. This speed is largely dependent on the DDR generation you purchase. The higher the speed, the better the performance and the higher the price.

Laptops and SODIMM RAM

Laptops and notebooks differ in design from PCs, and that means you need to purchase a different type of RAM as well. Most PC RAM is known as UDIMM, while laptops, notebooks and NUCs use SODIMM. RAM for laptops will typically be marked clearly as SODIMM making it easy to spot. However, you’ll still need to check for your notebook’s motherboard to make sure it’s compatible with the RAM memory upgrades.

Buy Kingston SSD offers various speeds and sizes for all budgets and systems with our different memory product lines. Each RAM type can be purchased as individual modules or in kits of up to eight. Get the RAM that best suits your needs by checking your system requirements and making sure everything is compatible to use.

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[xtruss]

America Makes Aircraft Carriers, China Makes Money

— Fred Reed | Anti-Empire | May 20, 2021

First, America increasingly relies on strong-arm tactics instead of competence. For example, in the de facto 5G competition, Washington cannot offer Europe a better product at a better price, so it forbids European countries to buy from China. The US cannot compete with China in manufacturing, so it resorts to a trade war. The US cannot make the crucial EUV lithography equipment to make advanced semiconductors, as neither can China, but it can forbid ASML, the Dutch company, from selling to China. Similarly, the US cannot compete with Russia in the price of natural gas to Europe, so by means of sanctions it seeks to keep Europe from buying from Russia. This is not reassuring.

Second, the Chinese are a commercial people, agile, fast to market, cutthroat, known for this throughout Asia. America is a bureaucratized military empire, torpid by comparison. America has legacy control over a few important technologies, most notably the crucial semiconductor field and the international financial system. Washington is using these to try to cripple China’s advance.

A consequence has been a realization by the Chinese that America is not a competitor but an enemy, and a subsequent explosion of investment and R&D aimed at reducing dependence on American technology. There is the well-known 1.4 trillion-dollar five-year plan to this end. One now encounters a flood of stories about advances in tech “to which China has intellectual-property rights” or similar wording.

They seem deadly serious about this. Given that Biden couldn’t tell a transistor from an ox cart, I wonder whether he realizes that every time the US pushes China to become independent in x, American firms lose the Chinese market for X, and later get to compete with Chinese X in the international market. Anyway, give Trump his due. He lit this fuse.

A few snippets

Prototype of China’s 385 mph maglev train

The above beast, developed entirely in China, is the first to use high-temperature superconducting magnets to keep the train floating just above the rails. HTSC magnets are a Big Deal because they can achieve superconductivity using liquid nitrogen as coolant instead of liquid helium for classic superconductivity, this costing, say the Chinese, a fiftieth of the price of using helium. The use of HTSC is very, very slick. The train will extensively use carbon-fiber materials to keep weight down, suggesting that the Chinese cannot distinguish between a train and an airplane.

Asia Times “China’s Hydrogen Dream is taking Shape in Shandong”

“A detailed pilot plan being worked out to transform Shandong, a regional industrial powerhouse, into a “hydrogen society” holds out much hope of delivering on the green promise.”

The article, hard to summarize in a sentence, is worth reading. As so often, the Chinese do things, try things, while the US talks, riots, imposes sanctions, sucks its thumb, and spends grimly on intercontinental nuclear bombers.

“Huawei is Developing Smart Roads Instead of Smart Cars”

“Multiple sensors, cameras, and radars embedded in the road, traffic lights, and street signs help the bus to drive safely, while it in turn transmits information back to this network-“

“Quantum Cryptography Network Spans 4,600 Km in China”

Quantum Key Distribution, QKD, allows unhackable communications. China read Ed Snowden’s book on NSA’s snooping, realized it had a problem, and set out to correct it. If this spreads to other countries—see below—much of the world could go black to American intel agencies.

The Chinese may have thought of this.

“…colleagues will further expand the network by working with partners in Austria, Italy, Russia and Canada. The team is also developing low-cost satellites and ground stations for QKD.”

The last sentence is interesting. If China begins selling genuinely secure commo gear abroad, it is going to make a lot of intel agencies very unhappy. Did I mention that the Chinese are a commercial people?

Further:

“Chinese scientists achieve quantum information masking, paving way for encrypted communication application.”

My knowledge of this might rise to the level of blank ignorance after a good night’s sleep and three cups of coffee. However, the achievement made the American technical press, and suggests Chinese seriousness about gaining privacy.

The video below shows how China constructs high-speed rail lines as if painting a stripe on a highway. Since they can’t innovate, they have to get by with inventing things.

China to Europe rail freight: “Over 10,000 trains and 927,000 containers were forwarded via the China-EU-China route in 2020, China Railways has announced. The current volume of traffic has grown by 98.3% year-to-year, covering 21 countries and 92 cities in Europe.”

America makes aircraft carriers. China sells stuff.

NikkeiAsia: “What China’s Rapidly Expanding Nuclear Industry Means for the West”

One Chinese reactor in Pakistan just went live, with another expected in a few months. Says Nikkei, “The Karachi reactor is just the latest of these to come onstream, with the World Nuclear Organization listing a dozen different projects at the development or planning stage across a dozen countries from Argentina to Egypt in its recent survey. Many more are under discussion.”

In addition, says Nikkei, China intends to have the whole industry from technology to materials indigenous to China and outside of American sanctions. See above, about driving China to make things.

First China-Built DRAM Chip Reaches Market DRAM, dynamic random-access memory, appears in almost everything electronic and is a juicy market. Chang Xin Memory, which makes it, redesigned it slightly to remove American technology. If Chang Sin can ramp up volume, which has yet to be established, guess what foreign companies won’t sell much of in China any more.

Pingtang Bridge, recently opened. Well over a thousand feet high

Even in my short two weeks recently in China, I saw that the Chinese do not believe in vertical motion. An American, encountering a mountain, would, sensibly enough, go up and over. This is not the Chinese way. They go through. Similarly, on finding a valley, they do not go down and up. They go across. There may be some genetic abnormality behind this, or maybe interbreeding with space aliens. But it results in hellacious bridges.

“Is China Emerging as the World Leader in AI?”

“Summary. China is quickly closing the once formidable lead the U.S. maintained on AI research. Chinese researchers now publish more papers on AI and secure more patents than U.S. researchers do. The country seems poised to become a leader in AI-empowered…”

Some argue that Chinese patents are of low quality. Maybe so. But don’t bet the college funds.

“China begins construction of world’s longest superconducting cable project”

“China’s first 35 kV high-temperature superconducting cable demonstration project has started construction by State Grid in Shanghai and it is expected to be completed by the end of the year. This is the world’s largest transmission capacity, the longest distance, 2000A current the highest commercial 35 kV superconducting cable project.”

Regarding the 5G War Trump could have bought 5G from Huawei, gotten a sweetheart deal, great prices, factories in America, and so on. Instead he banned Huawei from the US and then twisted arms of the vassal states of Europe. Thus neither America or Europe has the service, but China is rolling it out fast. Brilliant, Don. This gives China a running start on smart factories, smart cities, autonomous vehicles, and the like.

“An almost entirely automated port in China, during unload of a container ship.“

America talks about 5G, China uses it.

NikkeiAsia: “The port is an example of how operator China Merchants Group has been working to automate and mechanize more operations using ultrafast fifth-generation wireless technology. By developing innovative ways to run the port as efficiently as possible, the company aims to accelerate overseas expansion.”

Aviation Week “Face It: The J-20 is a Fifth Generation Fighter”

Says AvWeek: “Clearly, Chengdu’s engineers understand the foundation of fifth-generation design: the ability to attain situational awareness through advanced fused sensors while denying situational awareness to the adversary through stealth and electronic warfare. The J-20 features an ambitious integrated avionics suite consisting of multispectral sensors that provide 360-deg. coverage. This includes a large active, electronically scanned array radar designed by the 14th Research Institute, electro-optical distributed aperture system, electro-optical targeting system, electronic support measures system and possibly side-array radars.

“In a 2017 CNTV interview, J-20 pilot Zhang Hao said: “Thanks to the multiple sensors onboard the aircraft and the very advanced data fusion, the level of automation of J-20 is very high. . . . The battlefield has become more and more transparent for us.”

Most of the story is visible only if you have a subscription to AvWeek.

Asia Times: Tesla loses lead to local upstart in China’s EV market .

The headline is kidding. The car that is outselling Tesla is a $4,200 el cheapo for short-haul shopping and picking up the kids in the city.

Sexy as a truss ad, but…useful. I’m telling you, put the college funds in this company, not truss ads. Made by an SAIC-GM partnership, majority owned by China, where it was designed and made. Will be sold internationally.

“Unlike Tesla, which requires purpose-built charging stations, the Mini can be plugged into a home power system to charge, which takes about nine hours. It has a range of about 120 kilometers and a top speed of 100 kilometers per hour, according to the carmaker’s promotional materials.” Designed and put into production in one year. (Did I mention that the Chinese are a commercial people?)

China’s Y-20 strategic transport aircraft gets key indigenous engine: reports Chinese design. How close it is to being ready for prime time is not clear, but it is flying. An inability to make high-end engines has been a problem for China.

The WS’20 is a high-bypass turbofan of Chinese design.

Finally, Global Times”, Beijing’s news site: “China’s trade volume increases 37% y-o-y in April, marking 11 consecutive months of positive growth”

Nuff said.

— Source: The Unz Review

[dhirajmarketresearch]