#data types in java by deepak

[smartprogramming]

What is Data-Type ? The type of data that we are inserting into computer is data type for ex. 10 is integer type of data, 'a' is character type of data.

Type of Data Types : Two types of Data Types : 1. Primitive Data Type : 8 type of primitive data type examples are : boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, double 2. Non-Primitive Data Type : examples are : String, Arrays, Class, Structure, Stacks etc

Data Type  Default Value  Default size boolean   false   1 bit (but not preciously defined) char   '\u0000'  2 byte byte   0   1 byte short   0   2 byte int   0   4 byte long   0L   8 byte float   0.0f   4 byte double   0.0d   8 byte

The eight primitive data types supported by the Java programming language are:

byte: The byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of -128 and a maximum value of 127 (inclusive). The byte data type can be useful for saving memory in large arrays, where the memory savings actually matters. They can also be used in place of int where their limits help to clarify your code; the fact that a variable's range is limited can serve as a form of documentation.

short: The short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of -32,768 and a maximum value of 32,767 (inclusive). As with byte, the same guidelines apply: you can use a short to save memory in large arrays, in situations where the memory savings actually matters.

int: By default, the int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer, which has a minimum value of -231 and a maximum value of 231-1. In Java SE 8 and later, you can use the int data type to represent an unsigned 32-bit integer, which has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 232-1. Use the Integer class to use int data type as an unsigned integer. See the section The Number Classes for more information. Static methods like compareUnsigned, divideUnsigned etc have been added to the Integer class to support the arithmetic operations for unsigned integers.

long: The long data type is a 64-bit two's complement integer. The signed long has a minimum value of -263 and a maximum value of 263-1. In Java SE 8 and later, you can use the long data type to represent an unsigned 64-bit long, which has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 264-1. Use this data type when you need a range of values wider than those provided by int. The Long class also contains methods like compareUnsigned, divideUnsigned etc to support arithmetic operations for unsigned long.

float: The float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point. Its range of values is beyond the scope of this discussion, but is specified in the Floating-Point Types, Formats, and Values section of the Java Language Specification. As with the recommendations for byte and short, use a float (instead of double) if you need to save memory in large arrays of floating point numbers. This data type should never be used for precise values, such as currency. For that, you will need to use the java.math.BigDecimal class instead. Numbers and Strings covers BigDecimal and other useful classes provided by the Java platform.

double: The double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point. Its range of values is beyond the scope of this discussion, but is specified in the Floating-Point Types, Formats, and Values section of the Java Language Specification. For decimal values, this data type is generally the default choice. As mentioned above, this data type should never be used for precise values, such as currency.

boolean: The boolean data type has only two possible values: true and false. Use this data type for simple flags that track true/false conditions. This data type represents one bit of information, but its "size" isn't something that's precisely defined.

char: The char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character. It has a minimum value of '\u0000' (or 0) and a maximum value of '\uffff' (or 65,535 inclusive).

What is the default size of boolean? Boolean doesnt have any default size, JVM allocates the size at runtime.

Why char uses 2 byte in java and what is \u0000 ? It is because java uses Unicode system than ASCII code system. The \u0000 is the lowest range of Unicode system. To get detail explanation about Unicode visit next page.

[michellemagly]

History and Generations of Computers by Deepak (Hindi)

New Post has been published on https://computercoolingstore.com/history-and-generations-of-computers-by-deepak-hindi/

History and Generations of Computers by Deepak (Hindi)

#HistoryOfComputers #Deepak #DeepakPanwar visit my website to get all the java tutorials links (Chapter Wise) :

—————————————————————————————————- Contact to have all-in-one Java training with me. Contact No : +91 62838-30308 (Whats App Also Available) Email ID : smart.programming.2101@gmail.com —————————————————————————————————- History Of Computers:- before 18th century – Abacus, Slide Rule, Pascals Calculator, Leibnitz’s Calculator; in 18th century – Difference Engine, Analytical Engine; in 19th century – Five Generations Of Computers

Generations Of Computers :-

1. First Generation Of Computers (1942 – 1954) : The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford it. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language.

Some computers of this generation were − ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC IBM-701 IBM-650

2. Second Generation Of Computers (1952 – 1964) : In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system.

Some computers of this generation were − IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108

3. Third Generation Of Computers (1964 – 1962) :- The computers of third generation used SSI and MSI Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.

Some computers of this generation were −

IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series PDP (Personal Data Processor) IBM-370/168 TDC-316

4. Fourth Generation Of Computers (1972-1989) : Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.

Some computers of this generation were − DEC 10 STAR 1000 PDP 11 CRAY-1(Super Computer) CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

5. Fifth Generation Of Computers (1989 – Present) : In the fifth generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.

Some computer types of this generation are – Desktop Laptop NoteBook UltraBook ChromeBook

Visit My Website : n

[pumpkinqueen-bonecollector]

History and Generations of Computers by Deepak (Hindi)

New Post has been published on https://computercoolingstore.com/history-and-generations-of-computers-by-deepak-hindi/

History and Generations of Computers by Deepak (Hindi)

#HistoryOfComputers #Deepak #DeepakPanwar visit my website to get all the java tutorials links (Chapter Wise) :

—————————————————————————————————- Contact to have all-in-one Java training with me. Contact No : +91 62838-30308 (Whats App Also Available) Email ID : smart.programming.2101@gmail.com —————————————————————————————————- History Of Computers:- before 18th century – Abacus, Slide Rule, Pascals Calculator, Leibnitz’s Calculator; in 18th century – Difference Engine, Analytical Engine; in 19th century – Five Generations Of Computers

Generations Of Computers :-

1. First Generation Of Computers (1942 – 1954) : The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford it. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language.

Some computers of this generation were − ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC IBM-701 IBM-650

2. Second Generation Of Computers (1952 – 1964) : In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system.

Some computers of this generation were − IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108

3. Third Generation Of Computers (1964 – 1962) :- The computers of third generation used SSI and MSI Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.

Some computers of this generation were −

IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series PDP (Personal Data Processor) IBM-370/168 TDC-316

4. Fourth Generation Of Computers (1972-1989) : Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.

Some computers of this generation were − DEC 10 STAR 1000 PDP 11 CRAY-1(Super Computer) CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

5. Fifth Generation Of Computers (1989 – Present) : In the fifth generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.

Some computer types of this generation are – Desktop Laptop NoteBook UltraBook ChromeBook

Visit My Website : n

[the-etranger]

History and Generations of Computers by Deepak (Hindi)

New Post has been published on https://computercoolingstore.com/history-and-generations-of-computers-by-deepak-hindi/

History and Generations of Computers by Deepak (Hindi)

#HistoryOfComputers #Deepak #DeepakPanwar visit my website to get all the java tutorials links (Chapter Wise) :

—————————————————————————————————- Contact to have all-in-one Java training with me. Contact No : +91 62838-30308 (Whats App Also Available) Email ID : smart.programming.2101@gmail.com —————————————————————————————————- History Of Computers:- before 18th century – Abacus, Slide Rule, Pascals Calculator, Leibnitz’s Calculator; in 18th century – Difference Engine, Analytical Engine; in 19th century – Five Generations Of Computers

Generations Of Computers :-

1. First Generation Of Computers (1942 – 1954) : The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford it. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language.

Some computers of this generation were − ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC IBM-701 IBM-650

2. Second Generation Of Computers (1952 – 1964) : In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system.

Some computers of this generation were − IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108

3. Third Generation Of Computers (1964 – 1962) :- The computers of third generation used SSI and MSI Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.

Some computers of this generation were −

IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series PDP (Personal Data Processor) IBM-370/168 TDC-316

4. Fourth Generation Of Computers (1972-1989) : Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.

Some computers of this generation were − DEC 10 STAR 1000 PDP 11 CRAY-1(Super Computer) CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

5. Fifth Generation Of Computers (1989 – Present) : In the fifth generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.

Some computer types of this generation are – Desktop Laptop NoteBook UltraBook ChromeBook

Visit My Website : n

[fandomstuckdiversity]

History and Generations of Computers by Deepak (Hindi)

New Post has been published on https://computercoolingstore.com/history-and-generations-of-computers-by-deepak-hindi/

History and Generations of Computers by Deepak (Hindi)

#HistoryOfComputers #Deepak #DeepakPanwar visit my website to get all the java tutorials links (Chapter Wise) :

—————————————————————————————————- Contact to have all-in-one Java training with me. Contact No : +91 62838-30308 (Whats App Also Available) Email ID : smart.programming.2101@gmail.com —————————————————————————————————- History Of Computers:- before 18th century – Abacus, Slide Rule, Pascals Calculator, Leibnitz’s Calculator; in 18th century – Difference Engine, Analytical Engine; in 19th century – Five Generations Of Computers

Generations Of Computers :-

1. First Generation Of Computers (1942 – 1954) : The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford it. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language.

Some computers of this generation were − ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC IBM-701 IBM-650

2. Second Generation Of Computers (1952 – 1964) : In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system.

Some computers of this generation were − IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108

3. Third Generation Of Computers (1964 – 1962) :- The computers of third generation used SSI and MSI Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.

Some computers of this generation were −

IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series PDP (Personal Data Processor) IBM-370/168 TDC-316

4. Fourth Generation Of Computers (1972-1989) : Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.

Some computers of this generation were − DEC 10 STAR 1000 PDP 11 CRAY-1(Super Computer) CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

5. Fifth Generation Of Computers (1989 – Present) : In the fifth generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.

Some computer types of this generation are – Desktop Laptop NoteBook UltraBook ChromeBook

Visit My Website : n

[acid-bvrn]

History and Generations of Computers by Deepak (Hindi)

New Post has been published on https://computercoolingstore.com/history-and-generations-of-computers-by-deepak-hindi/

History and Generations of Computers by Deepak (Hindi)

#HistoryOfComputers #Deepak #DeepakPanwar visit my website to get all the java tutorials links (Chapter Wise) :

—————————————————————————————————- Contact to have all-in-one Java training with me. Contact No : +91 62838-30308 (Whats App Also Available) Email ID : smart.programming.2101@gmail.com —————————————————————————————————- History Of Computers:- before 18th century – Abacus, Slide Rule, Pascals Calculator, Leibnitz’s Calculator; in 18th century – Difference Engine, Analytical Engine; in 19th century – Five Generations Of Computers

Generations Of Computers :-

1. First Generation Of Computers (1942 – 1954) : The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford it. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language.

Some computers of this generation were − ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC IBM-701 IBM-650

2. Second Generation Of Computers (1952 – 1964) : In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system.

Some computers of this generation were − IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108

3. Third Generation Of Computers (1964 – 1962) :- The computers of third generation used SSI and MSI Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.

Some computers of this generation were −

IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series PDP (Personal Data Processor) IBM-370/168 TDC-316

4. Fourth Generation Of Computers (1972-1989) : Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.

Some computers of this generation were − DEC 10 STAR 1000 PDP 11 CRAY-1(Super Computer) CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

5. Fifth Generation Of Computers (1989 – Present) : In the fifth generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.

Some computer types of this generation are – Desktop Laptop NoteBook UltraBook ChromeBook

Visit My Website : n

[java5e-blog]

5 Easy Facts About online programming project help Described

Make my C programming job I am really brand-new to C programs and also I was wondering if any person had any great ideas for a great project for institution. I am looking for something that a beginner might do however would additionally be a little a challenge. I have browse as well as found some very amazing ideas yet they were to complicated for my knowledge of C. Incidentally I have actually just been programming for the last 4 months. Thanks! That stated, I can still recommend a generic method of locating task concepts in any type of programming language of your option. C programming language has actually been around for several decades now and a HEAP of programs have actually been written in it. This programming language stays a preferred option for small jobs. Exactly what makes C a recommended selection by design trainees is that it's extremely simple to learn and also master (you simply need to be interested in it).

The very best way to obtain a suggestion is to discover easy issues and afterwards aiming to automate them. Let me offer a couple of jobs you can experiment with on your own--. 1. 1. Job: 'C' Programs (CPG 102) Student ID: 1801T3090164 'C' Programs Task ON Pupil Management SystemProject Title: PUPIL MONITORING SYSTEMStudent Name: Navin ThapaStudent ID: 1801T3090164Country: NEPALCourse Code: CPG102Subject name:' C' ProgrammingClass Code: IDITCCenter Code: 1801Lecturer: DEEPAK KUMAR KARNATABLE OF CONTENTS: Call: Navin Thapa Page 1. 2. 2. Task: 'C' Programming (CPG 102) Trainee ID: 1801T3090164 S.NO. TITLE WEB PAGE NO. 1 Introduction 3 2 Current System 4 3 Proposed System and Goals 5 4 Program Requirements 6 4.1 Input Spec 6 4.2 Data Requirements 7 4.3 Screen Style 8-18 4.4 Processing and Recognition 19-20 5 Program design as well as Pseudocode 21-27 6 Program Listing 28-63 7 Program Examining 64 7.1 Test Plan 64-65 7.2 Examination and Results 65-73 8 Application 74 9 User Hands-on 75-83 10 Conclusion 84 10.1 Program Weak point 84 10.2 Program Toughness 84 10.3 Program Enhancement 84 11 Acknowledgement 85 12 References 86 13 Turnitin Report 87 1) Introduction: In today's globe, the method of working and handling the system has actually been totallychanged. There is an abrupt and also quantum leaps in the framework, upkeep andmodification, taking care of, leveling inside every system. Without managing system throughcomputer applications and also programs, the advancement of facilities are incomplete. Oracle data source advancement began in 1977, and also its code was revised from assembly to C in 1983. It turned into one of one of the most preferred databases in the world. In 1985 Windows 1.0 was released. Although Windows source code is not openly readily available, it's been mentioned that its kernel is primarily composed in C, with some components in assembly. Linux kernel development started in 1991, as well as it is additionally composed in C. The next year, it was launched under the GNU certificate and was used as part of the GNU Operating System. The GNU os itself was started making use of C as well as Lisp programming languages, so several of its parts are composed in C. C programming isn't really limited to tasks that started years ago, when there just weren't as several programs languages as today. Many C jobs are still begun today; there are some excellent reasons for that. C is a powerful general-purpose programming language. It is quickly, mobile and also offered in all systems. If you are new to shows, C is a great selection to start your shows journey. This is a detailed guide on just how to get begun in C programming language, why you ought to learn it as well as how you can. The C shows incorporated development environment Code:: Blocks arranges its projects into folders. The primary folder is provided the task's name, such as ex0201. Within that folder, you'll locate all data related to the task, including the resource code, item code, and also executable program. Here's a breakdown of just what's what, assuming that the job is named ex0201:. *. c-- The resource code files. Source code files are stored in the job's main folder. *. cbp-- The Code:: Blocks task data, named after the task. You could open this file to run Code:: Blocks and also work with the task. This area covers the listing of topics for C shows examples. These C examples cover a variety of programming areas in Computer technology. Every instance program consists of the description of the program, C code as well as output of the program. All instances are put together and also tested on a Linux system. These examples could be as easy and also basic as "Hello World" program to exceptionally tough and advanced C programs. So, they appropriate for any user (dummies, novices or innovative users). Below is the listing of C programming Subjects. 1. Basic C Programs. The adhering to area provides a collection of Simple C Programs which are classified into various Categories like Programs on Integers, Programs on Number Conversion, Programs on Recursion, Programs on Special Numbers, Programs illustrating the functions of a Computer system, Programs on everyday activities, Programs on Unions, Programs to show Unique Patterns, Programs to illustrate Call By Value and Call by Referral and Programs to highlight making use of Disagreements. The web link listed below consists of Programs for all the categories mentioned above. In this task I found that designating structures in different orders consumes various amounts of space in memory. This was not my expectation. I presumed that the sizeof() feature would return the same value for each and every structure. When looking more detailed, it appears that types that have an also amount of bytes could only be stored at even locations. This develops spaces when utilizing sorts of various dimensions. For circumstances, if you create a char after that an int it will appear in memory as the char followed by a void of 3 bytes and after that the int. I presume that when you develop variables beyond a structure the compiler is smart enough to team variables with the same kinds therefore lowering the amount of voids (and saving memory). I have no evidence to back this up. Learning how to program in C is important to any kind of career in used maths, clinical computer, or computational scientific research as well as design. This book supplies a quick- begin guide for composing and assembling programs and has tasks that can be picked inning accordance with the reader's interest. Like discovering how to own a stick change, scientific programming in C is a life time ability that will enable the viewers to 'get around' in a range of atmospheres.". -- Tamara G. Kolda, Sandia National Laboratories. The key audience of this book is college students in maths, engineering, and the sciences. Guide will certainly likewise be of passion to advanced undergraduates and also functioning experts that want to work out as well as sharpen their skills in programming mathematical algorithms in C. A functioning understanding of the C programs language is thought. C is a natural option to program in on the Raspberry Pi. It's extremely effective, useful on essentially all equipment platforms as well as actually much like lots of other shows languages such as Java, PHP, C# and unbiased C. As preferred programs languages go its as effective as it obtains, with only assembler beating it in. Previously, lots of embedded applications were developed utilizing setting up level programs. Nevertheless, they did not offer transportability. This drawback was gotten rid of by the advent of various high level languages like C, Pascal, and also COBOL. However, it was the C language that obtained substantial acceptance for ingrained systems, and it continuouslies do urgent programming assignment help so. The C code created is a lot more reliable, scalable, as well as portable; and actually, a lot easier to understand. C language was established by Dennis Ritchie in 1969. It is a collection of one or even more features, as well as every feature is a collection of statements carrying out a certain task. C language is a middle-level language as it supports top-level applications and also low-level applications. Prior to entering into the details of embedded C programs, we must recognize concerning RAM memory company. C Programs for Embedded Solution offers a total, intermediate-level discussion of microcontroller programming using the C programming language. Guide covers the adjustments to C that are needed for an ingrained atmosphere and also the common parts of an effective development job. Developers who have decided to make use of 8-bit controllers have usually resorted to hand coding in assembly language. Hand-operated setting up programs for precise control might never go out of design. Nevertheless, C is the language of choice for programming bigger microcontrollers (MCU), which are based upon 32-bit cores. And also there are benefits in putting together top-level C language to also the limited resources of an 8-bit MCU.

The Examined C study job is exploring ways to expand the C shows language to make sure that designers could write extra safe and also reputable C programs. The project is developing an expansion to C called Checked C that adds examining to C to discover or protect against typical programming mistakes such as buffer overruns, out-of-bounds memory gain access to, and also inaccurate type casts. The extension is designed to be utilized for existing system software program created in C. Are you looking for an excellent C developer? Despite its age, C remains among one of the most prominent programs languages worldwide, yet finding the best programmer can be difficult. C has been used to compose a vast array of software application, including operating systems, device motorists, financial software program, video games, as well as GPU-based understanding algorithms. The large series of tasks that C has actually been utilized for methods you should discover a designer that recognizes.

[smartprogramming]

What is variable ?

1. Variable is a name of memory location where data is stored. 2. The value of variable can vary, means value can be changed. There are three types of variables : 1. Local Variables : 1.1 DECLARED : inside methods, constructors or blocks. 1.2 SCOPE : within the methods, constructors or blocks but not outside of them. 1.3 MEMORY ALLOCATION : when method, constructor or block is invoked variable is allocated; when exits, variable gets destroyed. 1.4 STORED MEMORY : stack memory 1.5 DEFAULT VALUES : doesnt have any default value, so it should be assigned before use. 1.6 ACCESS MODIFIERS : public, private or protected access specifier cannot be used. 2. Instance Variable : 2.1 DECLARED : in a class but outside methods, constructors or blocks. 2.2 SCOPE : inside the class, within all methods, constructors or blocks. 2.3 MEMORY ALLOCATION : when object is created, variable allocated memory; when object destroyed, memory releases. 2.4 STORED MEMORY : heap memory 2.5 DEFAULT VALUES : have default values eg. int has 0 value, boolean false, String null etc. 2.6 ACCESS MODIFIERS : any access modifiers can be used. 2.7 HOW TO ACCESS : a) can be accessed directly by calling the variable name inside the class.       b) in static methods they should be called using the fully qualified name, ie objectRefName.variable_name. 3. static variable : 3.1 DECLARED : with static keyword in a class but outside methods, constructors or blocks. 3.2 SCOPE : similar to instance variable ie inside the class, within all methods, constructors or blocks including static part 3.3 MEMORY ALLOCATION : when we run program and .class file is loaded, variable allocated; when class file unload, variable gets destroyed. 3.4 STORED MEMORY : non-heap memory or static memory 3.5 DEFAULT VALUES : have default values eg. int has 0 value, boolean false, String null etc. 3.6 ACCESS MODIFIERS : any access modifiers can be used. 3.7 HOW TO ACCESS : a) directly       b) by using class name       b) by using object reference name

[smartprogramming]

What is variable ? 1. Variable is a name of memory location where data is stored. 2. The value of variable can vary, means value can be changed.

There are three types of variables : 1. Local Variables : 1.1 DECLARED : inside methods, constructors or blocks. 1.2 SCOPE : within the methods, constructors or blocks but not outside of them. 1.3 MEMORY ALLOCATION : when method, constructor or block is invoked variable is allocated; when exits, variable gets destroyed. 1.4 STORED MEMORY : stack memory 1.5 DEFAULT VALUES : doesnt have any default value, so it should be assigned before use. 1.6 ACCESS MODIFIERS : public, private or protected access specifier cannot be used.

2. Instance Variable : 2.1 DECLARED : in a class but outside methods, constructors or blocks. 2.2 SCOPE : inside the class, within all methods, constructors or blocks. 2.3 MEMORY ALLOCATION : when object is created, variable allocated memory; when object destroyed, memory releases. 2.4 STORED MEMORY : heap memory 2.5 DEFAULT VALUES : have default values eg. int has 0 value, boolean false, String null etc. 2.6 ACCESS MODIFIERS : any access modifiers can be used. 2.7 HOW TO ACCESS : a) can be accessed directly by calling the variable name inside the class.       b) in static methods they should be called using the fully qualified name, ie objectRefName.variable_name.

3. static variable : 3.1 DECLARED : with static keyword in a class but outside methods, constructors or blocks. 3.2 SCOPE : similar to instance variable ie inside the class, within all methods, constructors or blocks including static part 3.3 MEMORY ALLOCATION : when we run program and .class file is loaded, variable allocated; when class file unload, variable gets destroyed. 3.4 STORED MEMORY : non-heap memory or static memory 3.5 DEFAULT VALUES : have default values eg. int has 0 value, boolean false, String null etc. 3.6 ACCESS MODIFIERS : any access modifiers can be used. 3.7 HOW TO ACCESS : a) directly       b) by using class name       b) by using object reference name

[smartprogramming]

History Of Programming Languages :-

1. First Generation Programming Languages : Introduced in the 1940's.

Sometimes referred as Binary Language, Machine Language, Very Low Level Language, Machine Code or Object Code.

It is a language made up of entirely 1s and 0s.

Programmers have to design their code by hand then transfer it to a computer by using a punch card, punch tape or flicking switches.

It is the only language a computer is capable of understanding without using a translation program.

Close to machines.

Modern day programmers still occasionally use machine level code, especially when programming lower level functions of the system, such as drivers, interfaces with firmware and hardware devices.

2. Second Generation Programming Languages : Introduced in the 1950's.

Sometimes referred as Assembly Language or Low Level Language.

Programmes are in the form of Alphanumeric Symbols (or Mnemonic Codes) instead of 0’s and l’s.

These alphanumeric symbols can have maximum up to 5 letter combinations e.g. ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, START LABEL  etc. because of this feature it is also known as “Symbolic Programming Language”.

Close to machine.

Programmes are translated into machine language using Assemblers.

Not portable. Used in kernels and hardware driver, but more often find use in extremely intensive processing such as games, video editing, graphic manipulation/rendering.

Examples are :  RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

CISC(Complex Instruction Set Computer)

x86 as that is what our embedded systems and desktop computers use.

3. Third Generation Of Programming Languages : Introduced in the 1950's.

Purpose of developing High-Level Languages was to enable people to write programs easily, in their own native language environment (English).

These are Symbolic languages that use English words and/or mathematical symbols rather than mnemonic codes.

Close to humans.

Compiler (which converts the language into machine code automatically) was developed

First compiled high level programming language : in 1952 for the Mark 1 computer at the University of Manchester.

In 1954, FORTRAN was invented at IBM by John Backus. It was the first widely used high level general purpose programming language to have a functional implementation.

1) Algebraic Formula-Type Processing :- These languages are oriented towards the computational procedures for solving mathematical and statistical problems.    Examples include:

  • BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

  • FORTRAN (Formula Translation)

  • PL/I (Programming Language, Version 1)

  • ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)

  • APL (A Programming Language)

2) Business Data Processing :- These languages are best able to maintain data processing procedures and problems involved in handling files.

  Some examples include:

  • COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)

  • RPG (Report Program Generator)

3) String and List Processing :- These are used for string manipulation, including search patterns and inserting and deleting characters.

  Examples are:

  • LISP (List Processing)

  • Prolog (Program in Logic)

4) Programming Languages (Approx 50 types in wikipedia) :- In OOP, the computer program is divided into objects.

  Examples are:

  • C++

  • Java

  • Objective C or C#

5) Visual Programming Language :- These programming languages are designed for building Windows-based applications.

  Examples are:

  • Visual Basic

  • Visual Java

  • Visual C

4. Fourth Generation Programming Languages : 1970s through the 1990s.

Also known as Very High Level Language or Non-Procedural Language.

It is Application Specific.

Close to natural language.

Closer to the domain, Further from the machine.

Fourth generation languages need approximately one tenth the number of statements that a high level languages needs to achieve the same results.

Non-computer professionals can develop software.

Examples are :  1. Query languages (SQL)

2. Report Programer Generators (RPG by IBM) : created for punched card machines.

 3. Applications generators

4. MATLAB

5. Some minicomputer applications eg PowerBuilder, FOCUS, Infotrieve-4GL, Progress 4GL etc

5. Fifth Generation Programming Languages : It is based on solving using constraints given to the program rahter than using an algorithm written by a programmer.

Introduced around 1990's.

Very closely resembles human speech.

Examples are : Prolog, Mercury, OPS5, AI etc.

These languages are also designed to make the computer "smarter".

Mainly used in artificial intelligence research.

Natural languages already available for microcomputers include Clout, Q&A, and Savvy Retriever (for use with databases) and HAL (Human Access Language).

[smartprogramming]

History Of Computers:- before 18th century - Abacus, Slide Rule, Pascals Calculator, Leibnitz's Calculator; in 18th century - Difference Engine, Analytical Engine; in 19th century - Five Generations Of Computers Generations Of Computers :- 1. First Generation Of Computers (1942 - 1954) : The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford it. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language. Some computers of this generation were −    ENIAC    EDVAC    UNIVAC    IBM-701    IBM-650 2. Second Generation Of Computers (1952 - 1964) : In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system. Some computers of this generation were −    IBM 1620    IBM 7094    CDC 1604    CDC 3600    UNIVAC 1108 3. Third Generation Of Computers (1964 - 1962) :- The computers of third generation used SSI and MSI Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation. Some computers of this generation were −    IBM-360 series    Honeywell-6000 series    PDP (Personal Data Processor)    IBM-370/168    TDC-316 4. Fourth Generation Of Computers (1972-1989) : Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation. Some computers of this generation were −    DEC 10    STAR 1000    PDP 11    CRAY-1(Super Computer)    CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer) 5. Fifth Generation Of Computers (1989 - Present) : In the fifth generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation. Some computer types of this generation are -    Desktop    Laptop    NoteBook    UltraBook    ChromeBook