#digitalcitizen

[marandsviet]

(via "Real News & Fake News" Pullover Sweatshirt for Sale by MarandSviet)

[lacombled]

Cyberguerre

L’Opinion, 24 septembre 2024 | Si, de tout temps, les guerres ont eu recours aux dernières technologies, désormais elles se mènent aussi en réseau.

>> Lire la chronique

[wengdotlam]

Week 9 Digital citizenship and software literacy: Instagram filters

Hey there, digital adventurers! As usual

Welcome to Lam’s Blog! 

Today, I'm talking about the magical world of Instagram filters and how they tie into digital citizenship and software literacy.

What is a filter, and why do people love to use filters?

A filter, particularly a beauty filter, is a feature available in certain apps that can modify photos or videos by overlaying a filter onto the image, altering the appearance of the person or people shown (Opitz 2020). Filters use Augmented Reality (AR) technology, combining virtual elements with real scenes, allowing users to experience a richer reality through devices such as smartphones and tablets. For example, AR technology can add virtual elements to real scenes through the mobile phone camera, allowing users to experience more realistic visual effects, such as selfies with Instagram filters that shape your face to look prettier or even face-swapping with your friends. This is why people say filters can ‘catfish’ others, meaning that people might think you look the same as in your picture, but in reality, you do not. Filters are not only a way for people to present themselves and the real world but also a means to construct themselves and the world (Constructing an imaginary self for others to see is like retouching the self) (Barker 2020).

According to Ryan-Mosley (2021), filters not only enhance the visual appeal of images but also integrate with location-based beautification, making the portrayal of an "ideal life" appear more authentic. People tend to present their best selves using filters, reflecting their desire to be admired. Over time, they become accustomed to these enhanced images, perceiving the illusions created by filters as reasonable and justified.

While filters can be fun, it's essential to remember the line between enhancing and misrepresenting reality. Always strive for authenticity, and be mindful of the message you're sending with heavily altered images. Research by Barker (2020) found that excessive use of beauty filters on platforms like Snapchat and Instagram can lead to unrealistic beauty standards and affect self-esteem and body image. As responsible digital citizens, users should also be aware that certain filters may unintentionally cross the line into cultural appropriation or sensitivity. Pick filters that won't affect or shade other people’s culture because non-verbal communication could misrepresent other cultures, especially in a country like Malaysia with rich cultural diversity.

Furthermore, filters that frequently use facial recognition technologies raise privacy concerns. Ensure you are satisfied with the permissions you are granting and are aware of the privacy consequences. Recent findings emphasize the risks, as hackers now have the capability to steal face scans through fake apps and AI-powered deepfakes. Cybercriminals can steal and misuse sensitive information by creating phony apps that require biometric data, according to Singular Security (2024). This can result in illegal access to secure apps and substantial financial loss.

But people use filters not just to become more beautiful. In an era of competition for attention and constant comparison, “beautification” helps to compete for limited resources such as attention and brings inner spiritual satisfaction and returns of social capital. Filters are a side profile of today’s accelerated society.

For Software Literacy:

Instagram lets users create their own filters by downloading Spark AR Studio. There was a craze for special effects photography. Spark AR Studio is Facebook's (Meta) new AR Studio, allowing you to design personalized AR filters that enhance content with distinctive visual experiences by adding interactive effects to your camera display. Download Spark AR Studio, familiarize yourself with its interface, and start adding and modifying items to get started. After testing your filter, send it to Spark AR Hub for assessment (Marriott 2019). Creating AR filters becomes interesting and approachable with tools like community assistance and introductory tutorials. Gaining proficiency with this tool will improve your social media presence and equip you with valuable AR development abilities that will be in high demand across a range of sectors as AR technology advances (Spark Meta n.d.). Craig (2013) stated that this will also let people learn more and improve their software literacy.

Instagram filters can be useful and a perfect tool to boost your confidence, but they also come with responsibilities. By being a mindful digital citizen and enhancing your software literacy, you can create your ideal filters yourself!

Comment and share what filters you have created and how obsessed you are with Instagram filters!

References 

Barker, J 2020, 'Making-up on mobile: The pretty filters and ugly implications of Snapchat',Intellect， vol. 7, no. 2-3, 2050-0726, pp. 207-221.

Marriott, B 2019, Create an Instagram Filter | Beginner Spark AR Tutorial, 17 October, viewed 6 June 2024, <https://youtu.be/_B0G1jIaxMA?si=2di7ckEH_TAtIp6x>

Opitz, S. C. 2020, ‘BEAUTY FILTERS WHEN BEAUTY IS STANDARDISED’, From Print to Pixel, 5 June, viewed 6 June2024 , <https://www.fromprinttopixel.ch/en/my-networked-images/beauty-filter>.

Ryan-Mosley, T 2021, Beauty Filters Are Changing the Way Young Girls See Themselves, MIT Technology Review, 2 April, viewed 6 June 2024, <https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/04/02/1021635/beauty-filters-young-girls-augmented-reality-social-media/.>

Singular Security 2024,Hackers Can Now Steal Face Scans, singularsecurity.com, 7May, viewed 6 June 2024, <https://www.singularsecurity.com/2024/05/07/hackers-can-now-steal-face-scans/>.

Spark.meta n.d.,  Meta Spark Studio - Create Immersive AR Experiences, spark.meta.com, viewed 6 June 2024,

<https://spark.meta.com/.>

‌PewDiePie 2019, We need to STOP INSTAGRAM Filters!, 31 October, viewed 6 June 2024,

<https://youtu.be/SsHGYhWpXZM?si=-lTv5_5NkoWHelj5>

[jessiejane123]

Anyone can be a Digital Citizen, It's your CHOICE to be a Responsible Digital Citizen.

As Digital Citizens, we are responsible for ourselves. We should be responsible enough to equip ourselves with the knowledge of how to conduct ourselves online. Responsible enough to equip ourselves with the knowledge on the etiquette. Responsible enough that we should not engage in practices that could harm or could negatively affect the person on the other end.

It is also through Education that we can observe social, ethical, and legal responsibilities online. When we have the knowledge of the positive and negative effects of the misuse of technology, we are able to think before we click. We are able to look into the potential effects of our actions on the other end.

[heeluhree]

Interacting in the Online World

1. What does it mean to be digital citizen?

Being a digital citizen means that an individual knows how to be responsible and accountable of their actions taken online or in the digital world. They just do not simply know their responsibilities but do take full understanding of both the pros and cons of interacting and sharing informations using their accounts in various social media platforms.

2. How can you observe social, ethical, and legal responsibilities in the use of technology tools and resources?

One can observe the social, ethical, and legal responsibilities in the use of technology tools and resources in a way that I utilize such opportunities without the intention to hurt or put something or someone in danger. Even though most of us are already digitally literate, still we cannot ignore the fact that when interacting online, we may tend to share information which should not be done in the first place. Oversharing may compromise ourselves and others’ privacy that could lead to a more serious problem over a period of time, and that single yet important fact must always be taken into consideration.

[reyamay]

A Rise as a Digital Citizen

A digital citizen has the knowledge to use technology effectively, the skills to engage in the digital environment, and knowledge of the ethics and responsibility of using technology.  Ways to observe social, ethical, and legal responsibilities in the use of technology tools and resources: first, cyber security protects sensitive information like accounts on social media. In addition to respecting privacy, storing necessary data, and having intellectual property, the author or someone else works to avoid privacy concerns when adding resources. Follow the regulations and laws using technology so that you know the positive and negative effects. Moreover, social responsibility requires that we be careful about our actions in the online creation of technologies in the public interest. Online and offline etiquette using technology and practicing good manners online and offline

[anashashimmohammad]

Connecting Minds: Celebrating World Telecommunications Day! 📱💡

Empowering Future Innovators: Technology & Telecommunications at Scholars Paradise!

On this World Telecommunications Day, a Muslim school in Lucknow recognizes the transformative power of technology in shaping our world. At Scholars Paradise International School, we believe in equipping our students with the tools they need to thrive in a digital age. Through innovative learning experiences, we foster their curiosity and provide opportunities to explore the vast realms of technology and telecommunications. From coding workshops to interactive virtual experiences, we empower our young scholars to become confident digital citizens. Together, let's celebrate the boundless possibilities technology brings and prepare our students to become the architects of tomorrow's interconnected world! 🌐📚

[writingwell]

This is amazing. What a lovely way to celebrate each other this year! Tap the link and help me decorate my tree!

Thanks to @randomfoggytiger for the tag.

@daphnebeauty @happyveganvampire @justwanted2dance @jstar1382 @digitalcitizen @odakota-rose @hopealope @caskettforever @lounytoone @huffle-puffen @her-pegship @blastedbastion @brighteyes01 @hopefearlovefaith @chaosncoffees @copop83 @lordofkavaka @dmarx @do-it-for-the-fandom @katiehoughton @kimchristie32 @nikki457 @laeveart @iamclystanieves

[debbieitaliasworld]

༺𝗤𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 ༻

1.What does it mean to be a digital citizen?

A digital citizen promotes inclusivity in technological world. They respect and know their boundaries every time they are interacting in online platforms. Not only that, as a digital citizen they know early pitfalls and what is the appropriate thing to share on digital world.

2.How can you observe social, ethical, and legal responsibilities in the use of technology tools and resources?

For me, if you would like to observe responsibilities, then go to a social media site and see how people are interacting over the internet. If you want to adhere to the rules, then you need to know the terms and conditions of the site. Then, you will know what morals and ethics to apply.

#DigitalCitizen #Technology #Edtecl23z

[manelynmarquez]

What does it mean to be a digital citizen?

A digital citizen is a person who is known to use digital technologies appropriately and responsibly. They are having good manners whenever dealing with people online then, know to avoid using hateful speech with others and most importantly respect others opinions and ideas. Also, a digital citizen should think deeply before posting something because nowadays everyone can access it on different devices especially the kids today that's why we need to be careful about what we post online. Let's use our platform in social media in a positive and meaningful way.

How can you observe social, ethical, and legal responsibilities in the use of technology tools and resources?

In the use of technology tools and resources in terms of social, ethical and legal responsibilities, we should protect our reputation because once we posted something in public which is everyone can view, they have the right to give their opinions about it. That's why protecting self-image is important. Then, always give credit to the source if there's something that we wanted to repost don't forget to give credit to the owner to prevent copyright infringement because it is the right of the owner. Therefore, to be knowledgeable in the copyright laws and others are crucial to teach everyone and to be aware of those responsibilities whenever getting information from different resources online. In addition, promoting for everyone to be responsible in social interaction and how to use technologies in a good way is helpful for us to be careful and think about what we post, want to share and say something online.

[gabsfabblog]

How digital citizenship and political engagement spark discussions (w5)

In the digital age, we live in now almost anyone can be classed as a ‘digital citizen.’ Digital citizens have a strong influence within the public sphere, shaping their skills and knowledge surrounding digital technology in a positive way to participate with the rest of society, whilst creating, consuming and sharing digital content. There are three main areas of participation in society which are to do with economical opportunities, democratic participation and inclusion in prevailing forms of communication. (Mossberger, 2008)

As mentioned in this week’s reading, it’s important to understand the mainstream influence Australian politics has on its audiences. (Vromen, 2017) Understanding these effects and tactics through digital technology/media is what helps a wide audience of Australians become familiar with “major changes in citizen-based politics in the digital age,” (vromen, 2017) this is especially prominent in advanced democracies. 

Nowadays most citizens engage with politics in “individualised” ways this can be done through online or offline forums such as “online petitioning, donating money, ad hoc volunteering of time, and boycotting…” (Vromen, 2017) Many citizens also used “digitally-based mechanisms” (Vromen, 2017) to engage audiences in politics, enabling them to have the ability to express their point of view through the public sphere. 

The use of hashtags has had a huge part in shaping the public through the use of social channels relating to politics and pressing social justice issues. Hashtags such as;

#Auspol

#MeToo

#ClimateChange

#ImWithHer

#ecofashion

#March4Justice

#BlackLivesMatter

#FreeBritney

These all demonstrate a call to action, engaging citizens and making them more aware of the effects these topics have. Platformization can also be considered a result of the transformation of social networks into social media platforms. Which is relevant to the ways digital citizens engage with content online or offline sparking discussions surrounding these issues.

Bibliography:

Mossberger, 2008, ‘Institution, Policy Innovation, and E-Government in the American states’, Wiley online library, URL: 

Vromen, 2017, 'Intro  Download Intro', 'Digital Citizenship and Political Engagement The Challenge from Online Campaigning and Advocacy Organisations' London : Palgrave Macmillan

[digitaldiscussions]

Social Media: A cause for political engagement? (Week 5)

Social media is known to foster communication between people. Considered as a forum to post interesting photos of yourself/others or what you are doing/interested in, social media is not often associated with the world of politics and activism. However, with the increased use of social media and recent “advances” (Law et al 2018) in “digital communication platforms” (Law et al 2018), social media has transformed into a digital infrastructure aiding political engagement. Social media allows for the “distribution of ideas” (Law et al 2018) and “public deliberation” (Law et al 2018). Through this, social media inherently promotes the sharing of political ideas and political discussion

The unique feature of hashtags, or specifically hashtag publics further helps social media facilitate political engagement. Hashtags use specific words or abbreviations to connect or “affiliate” (Zappavigna) different posts together. Through different themes and keywords, ideas and discussions can instantly be connected. Additionally, whilst hashtags generate “ambient affiliation” (Zappavigna) between those who use them within a post, other users who merely wish to engage with the content of a specific hashtag public can search for that hashtag whereby all posts that have used it are coordinated. Hence, hashtags can help to coordinate political ideas, events and experiences and allow those interested in those ideas to engage with them. Ultimately, hashtags “aid the formation and coordination of ‘ad hoc issue publics’” (Bruns & Burgess; Rambukkana). Users of social media who wish to express a political opinion, idea or experience can use a specific hashtag whereby any experiences similar to can also be coordinated. 

Ultimately social media, whilst often considered a mundane digital infrastructure, has become a forum to promote and engage issues of politics and activism. Political engagement within “advanced democracies” (Vromen 2017, p.2) has “changed” (Vromen 2017, p.2) within the last few years. No longer do citizens solely align with “traditional, dutiful allegiances” (Vromen 2017, p.2) of politics, such as political parties and trade unions, to engage with political issues. More often, citizens are now engaging with politics in a more “individualised” (Vromen 2017, p.3) way, specifically using “everyday digitally based mechanisms” (Vromen 2017, p.3) to “engage in politics” (Vromen 2017, p.3) and “express points of view” (Vromen 2017, p.3). This is due to the connectivity and availability social media affords its users. 

Moreover, within the modern era, many people are digitally literate. They can understand how internet applications work, and can communicate effectively using different social media platforms. Hence, many generations today represent ‘digital citizens’. The concept of a digital citizen can be used to articulate how social media can be used to foster political engagement. A digital citizen is a person who has the “skills and knowledge” (Office of the eSaftey Commissioner, NSW Department of Education) to “effectively use digital technologies” (Office of the eSaftey Commissioner, NSW Department of Education). Moreover, a digital citizen uses these skills to “positively participate in society and communicate with others”  (Office of the eSaftey Commissioner, NSW Department of Education). Through using social media applications, people can effectively share their political opinions/ideas/experiences within one another. Additionally, social media can be used as a forum for political discussion, whereby different people can discuss different political events or efforts that require more attention from the public. 

Ultimately, the advances of social media coupled with its increased use and literacy means that everyday citizens can use social media to engage in politics, outside the constraints of traditional and formal political engagement. 

References:

Ariadne Vromen (2017) Intro, Digital Citizenship and Political Engagement The Challenge from Online Campaigning and Advocacy Organisations London : Palgrave Macmillan

[lacombled]

Médias : du droit d’inventaire au devoir d’invention

L’Opinion, 17 septembre 2024 | S’ils veulent se développer, les médias doivent unir leurs forces pour se réinventer et imaginer de nouveaux modèles à un moment où l’Etat ne peut pas tout, loin s’en faut.

>> Lire la chronique

[soonmaamkaula]

What a digital citizen means is when a person has enough knowledge and ability to communicate with others without hurting or not doing any other way to insult someone and not cheat on another person. To be a good digital citizen we must treat other people with respect for each other because if we insult, bully and lose to other people, nothing good will happen but it will only cause harm. To be a good digital citizen we must be aware of what we post through online because not only one person can read then but many people can see and read and sometimes this will be one of the reasons to damage the personality of a citizen. Above all, so that we are not deceived by swindlers, we should avoid posting our personal information because that way we can secure privacy and we should only keep things that should be only for ourselves.

I will observe the social, ethical, and legal responsibilities in the use of technology tools and resources by applying the five tenents of global digital citizenship because by using these five in the observation I can say that one will be a great global digital citizen people. Personal Responsibility, it includes on how we manage ourselves along the lines of ethical, moral boundaries, personal health and our relationship with others. Global Citizenship, it understands that technology has dissolved boundaries, between all the world people can communicate and also can collaborate to others. Digital Citizenship, it covers appropriate and exemplary behavior that can protect our safety and security. Altruistic Service, it embracing opportunity to exercise charity that we can share to other people. Environmental Stewardship, we practice about the common sense values ​​that we need care what's around with us even if local or international.

To sum up everything that has been stated, we must aware to know everything that we can not hurt the feelings of other people. Also, THINK before you CLICK to secure the privacy of ourselves.

[ricaworldsblog]

What does it mean to be a digital citizen?

Digital citizen refers to a person who utilizes information technology in order to involve in different kinds of activities happens in our society. Everyone in the society can become a digital citizen, as long you participate and do an internet activity, you absolutely a digital citizen. As a citizen we should be responsible, respectful and behave appropriately in an online world. We must know our limitations on how to use the Internet without harming the other people perspective.

How can you observe social, ethical, and legal responsibilities in the use of technology tools and resources?

Let's keep our mind that as a person responsibility first come for ourselves. Right now there are no rules on how people use technology. There should be an ethical responsibility of using the technology. We live in a free world everyone can use technology for some good or evil purposes. Some people uses for scam, dispersion of fake news, and using of fake identity. Technology is a tool for making people lives easier impart of communication. The manner on how you use it is your own responsibility too.

[taylorafergus]

Girls Just Wanna have Fun-damental Rights! - Week 9

Activism is broadly defined as a “process by which groups of people exert pressure on organizations or other institutions to change policies, practices, or conditions the activists find problematic”, and the digitisation of this process refers to digital, or internet activism (cited in Chon and Park 2020, pg. 73).

The proliferation of social media and its accompanying technological developments has fundamentally altered how individuals, groups and institutions advocate for social and political change (cited in Glenn 2015, pg. 81). The introduction of social networking sites, microblogging platforms, and content-sharing services institute for the opportunity of wide-scale online and virtual participation in utilising the platforms as a ‘public sphere’ (Rotman et al. 2011, pg. 819). Habermas "defines the public sphere as a place where 'private people come together as a public' for the purpose of using reason to further critical knowledge which, in turn, leads to political change" (Kruse et al. 2018, pg. 62/63). This technology-mediated exchange affords users with the ability to contribute to, and participate in, the visibility of "national and international priorities such as public health, political unrest, disaster relief and climate change" from their computer and mobile device without even leaving their living room (Rotman et al. 2011, pg, 819).

Figure 1. Marching Women’s March GIF. Source; Rosanne-esme c. 2020.

Recent decades have seen the shift towards the use of these commercial platforms of communication for the purpose of pursuing activist campaigns and movements. This change not only belies practical motives in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of their messages, "but also reflects a different world view than the one pervading radical politics in previous decades" (Gerbaudo 2014, pg. 1). Activists, much like organisations, use social media to foster relationships and accumulate followers (Swan 2014, pg. 227). Further, social media is a central component of the success of “contemporary social activism as advanced tools of communication and inform” (Chon and Park 2020, pg. 75). Additional research asserts that the use of social media within the activist and political agenda can influence collective action in several ways, such as providing for the mobilisation of information and news that are not readily available through traditional media, the facilitation, orchestration and coordination of demonstrations, allowing users to join civic and political causes, and ultimately creating an opportunity for the exchange of opinions and open debate (Valenzuela 2013, pg. 921). Social media also promotes "personal and group identity construction... by allowing multiple channels for interpersonal feedback, peer acceptance, and reinforcement of group norms" (cited in Valenzuela 2013, pg. 922).

On the 24th of May 2014, the hashtag #yesallwomen emerged on Twitter’s platform in response to a killing spree that had occurred in Isla Vista, California. The gunman had left behind a series of bathetic youtube videos and a hundred-and-thirty-seven-page autobiographical ‘manifesto’ which were quickly circulated by the public, in which he claimed that his hatred of women had spurred his murderous rampage. A day later, users took to Twitter to engage in what has come to be known as ‘hashtag activism’ - “the attempt to use Twitter’s hashtags to incite social change” (Dadas 2017, pg. 17). Through the hashtags rapid dissemination and adoption, the “resulting hashtag #yesallwomen sought to call attention to the misogynist roots of the Isla Vista tragedy, emphasizing that yes, all women suffer from a culture that rewards men’s aggressive behaviour toward them” (Dadas 2017, pg. 17). The #Yesallwomen hashtag illustrates one example within a broader political and social movement that uses hashtags and hashtag activism as a strategy for directing attention to social and political causes and bringing them to the forefront of everyone's mind (figure 2, and figure 3). Other examples of similar altitude include #FreeTheNipple, #MeToo, #BlackLivesmatter and #IllRideWithYou.

Figure 2. #YesAllWomen [image]. Source. Pantozzi 2014.

Figure 3. #YesAllWomen [image]. Source. Girl Talk HQ 2014.

Brooke Foucault Welles, the assistant professor of online activism, explains her perspective on the use of ‘hashtag activism’ describing it as a strategy wherein which people can “use hashtags in order to denote things or issues of political or personal meaning in order to gain traction in the mainstream” (Foucault Welles 2019). The use of social media in this process, however, is often criticised and denoted 'slacktivism'. The term ‘slacktivism’ conjoins the two terms of 'slacker' and 'activism' to describe the 'feel-good' measures taken by online users to illustrate "token support for social or political causes through online means" (Chandler and Munday 201).

Figure 4. Feminism Justice GIF. Source; Giphy c. 2020.

There is undoubtedly a significant and substantial “relationship between social media and social protest” (York 2014, p. 5). However, the lexicon relating to the digital activist sphere establishes a series of polarizing perspectives on the validity and efficacy of digital activism as a means of pursuing political and social action.

References:

Chandler, D, Munday, R 2016, A dictionary of social media, Oxford: Oxford University Press (Oxford Reference Premium Collection)

Chon, MG, Park, H 2020, 'Social Media Activism in the Digital Age: Testing an Integrative Model of Activism on Contentious Issues', Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, March 2020, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 72-97

Dadas, C c. 2017, 'HASHTAG ACTIVISM: THE PROMISE AND RISK OF “ATTENTION”, in Vie, S, Walls, D (eds), Social Writing/Social Media: Pedagogy, Presentation, and Publics, WAC Clearinghouse: Perspectives on Writing

'Feminism Justice GIF' [GIF], in Giphy c. 2020, Protest, Giphy, viewed the 19th of May 2020, <https://giphy.com/gifs/feminism-feminist-girl-power-xUA7bjwn4QH5i0XbWw>

Foucault Welles, B 2019, Researching online activism using social network analysis, SAGE Publications Ltd, London, viewed the 19th of May 2020, <https://methods-sagepub-com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/video/researching-online-activism-using-social-network-analysis>

Gerbaudo, P 2014, 'Populism 2.0: Social Media Activism, the Generic Internet User, and Interactive Direct Democracy', Social Media, Politics and the State: Protests, Revolutions, Riots, Crime and Policing in the Age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, vol. 16, pp. 1-67

Glenn, C 2015, 'Activism or “Slacktivism?”: Digital Media and Organizing for Social Change', Communication Teacher, 03 April 2015, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 81-85

Kruse, L, Norris, D, Flinchum, J 2018, 'Social Media as a Public Sphere? Politics on Social Media', The Sociological Quarterly, 02 January 2018, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 62-84

'Marching Women’s March GIF' [GIF], in Tumblr: roseanne-esme c. 2020, Tumblr, viewed the 19th of May 2020, <https://rosanne-esme.tumblr.com/post/158320356530/womens-march-amsterdam-11-march-2017>

Rotman, D, Vieweg, S, Yardi, S, Chi, E, Preece, J, Shneiderman, B, Pirolli, P, Glaisyer, T 2011, 'From slacktivism to activism: participatory culture in the age of social media', CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on human factors in computing systems, 07 May 2011, pp. 819-822

Swan, P 2015, Cases in Public Relations Management: The Rise of Social Media and Activism, 2nd edn, London: Routledge, 2014, Ebook Central (ProQuest)

Valenzuela, S 2013, 'Unpacking the Use of Social Media for Protest Behavior: The Roles of Information, Opinion Expression, and Activism', American Behavioral Scientist, July 2013, vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 920-942

York, J, 2014, ‘Social Media & Social Activism’, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 3-5

'#YesAllWomen' [image], In Girls Talk HQ 2014, '#YesALLWomen Hashtag Sparking Gender Violence Conversations', Girls Talk HQ, May 28th, viewed the 19th of May 2020, <https://www.girltalkhq.com/yesallwomen-hashtag-sparking-gender-violence-conversations/>

'#YesAllWomen' [image], in Pantozzi, J 2014, 'Things We Saw Today: #YesAllWomen', The Mary Sue, May 26th, viewed the 19th of MY 2020, <https://www.themarysue.com/things-we-saw-today-556/>