#digitalcommunities

[aleyalea]

Fans Aren’t Weird, But Toxic Spaces Make It Hard to Love What You Love

MDA20009 Digital Communities

When you hear the word “fan,” you might picture someone in a superhero cape, screaming at a concert, or collecting rare merch. Media often portrays fandom as “weird” or over-the-top. But being a fan is simply about passion, whether it’s for a movie, TV show, band, or actor. It’s about loving something deeply and feeling connected to something bigger. So why are fans still seen as “overly emotional” or obsessive?

Inspired by: @arlnlms

The truth is, the stereotypes around fans are mostly media-driven. Movies and TV shows often portray fans as obsessive, spending all their time and money on their interests. (I can relate to this, where I'm willing to give my time to watch their movie/tv show/fangirling about them). While some fans do take their passion to the next level, most of us are just regular people who love something deeply. Some collect items, others binge-watch shows on lazy Sundays. There’s no “right” way to be a fan, and loving something intensely doesn’t make you “weird.”

But here’s the catch, while the general idea of being a fan isn’t strange, toxic online spaces can make it harder to embrace that love. Thanks to social media, fandoms have grown from small, niche communities into massive global networks. This has been amazing in many ways connecting people from different backgrounds and allowing them to share their love for something they’re passionate about. But with this growth comes a darker side. Toxic fans, who are often loud and aggressive, can make it tough to feel comfortable in fandom spaces. And that can really suck the fun out of being a fan.

If you’ve been on platforms like Twitter or Reddit, you’ve likely seen toxic fans who belittle, harass, or shame others for not sharing their opinions, liking the “right” thing, or being new. Their behavior, from petty arguments to outright bullying, often dominates discussions, making others feel excluded or “lesser” for not meeting their arbitrary standards of fandom.

For example, let’s take a look at Twitter, a platform that has become notorious for its fandom drama. You’ll often see threads where fans argue over the smallest details of a franchise, with insults flying left and right. It can get so intense that it feels more like a competition about who’s the “biggest fan” than a celebration of shared love. These heated arguments can scare people away from joining in or even sharing their own opinions. It’s like you have to prove yourself before you can truly belong, and which makes fandom way less fun.

No one should feel like they have to prove their worth to be a fan. Fandoms should be welcoming spaces where people share their love for something, not judged by how much they know or how long they've been a fan. Everyone connects with fandoms differently, and that’s what makes it special. But toxic fandoms don’t always allow for that, making you feel like an outsider if you don’t meet their standards.

This leads me to my own experience with fandom. I’ve been part of several fandoms over the years, and for the most part, I’ve had positive experiences. It’s been amazing to connect with others who love the same things and share in the excitement of new releases or events. But I’ve also encountered those toxic pockets where negativity seems to be the main focus. I remember getting involved in a popular TV show fandom once, and before I even had a chance to join in on the fun, I was criticized for not knowing every single detail of the show’s backstory, LMAO. It was disheartening to feel like I wasn’t “fan enough” just because I didn’t have the same level of knowledge as others. It made me question if I even wanted to be part of that fandom anymore.

Well, that experience taught me that I didn’t need to prove anything to anyone. I’m a fan because I love something, not because I can recite every line or know every little fact about it. Fandom should be about enjoyment, not exclusion.

So, while toxic fans and the media’s portrayal of fandoms as “weird” can make it harder to embrace your love for something, it’s important to remember that true fandom is about passion, connection, and community. Don’t let anyone make you feel like you’re not “fan enough” just because you love something differently. After all, fandom is for everyone whether you’ve been a fan for decades or just discovered something new. The joy of being a fan is in the love you share, not in meeting someone else’s standards.

Let’s keep it fun, friendly, and inclusive. Because fans aren’t weird. Toxic spaces are.

[sherlynnxy]

‘Do memes (as it is popular in Malaysian politics) provide a useful way of understanding politics?’

MDA 20009 Digital Communities

Hello everyone, today we are going to dive into a rather interesting topic in youth trends. Enjoy reading! <3

Whenever people chat, post videos or write blogs, they insert memes to add interest to the content. In recent years, memes have become popular not only in the social media culture but also in the political arena, and Malaysia is no exception. In fact, there has been a surge in the use of memes to convey complex political messages in the Malaysian political arena. But do these memes really help us understand politics better?

What’s Meme?

Before we delve into the meme culture in Malaysia and its impact on political participation, let's take a look at this video by BBC Ideas.

The video explores the history and definition of meme in depth. From the video, the interviewer defines meme in various ways:

“meme can say a lot more than one sentence as well” “A written joke that’s related to something that happens in real life” “links with ironic attitude to everything, where you can express your disdain, disappointment, a lack of trust in something”

The term ‘meme’ was first coined by biologist Richard Dawkins in 1976, in his book The Selfish Gene. Dawkins describes a meme as a unit of cultural transmission or mimicry, which can be an idea, behavior or style that spreads through a culture. Today, the concept has been applied to the digital age, where meme resonates with Internet users as a quick, shareable idea (BBC Ideas, 2020).

In simple terms, a meme is an expression of a person's opinion about something or a person's behavior using a combination between images, text, and video, which can take many forms such as a story, irony, or sarcasm. A meme politics is a meme that contains a political character (person/thing).

Memes: A Modern Political Tool

In Malaysia, young people discuss and display politics on social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and TikTok in a variety of ways that reflect public sentiments and criticisms, such as ‘meme politics’ (meme politics).

As refer to the study by Nizah et al. (2024), ‘memes’ are currently one of the newest forms of saturation communication. During the 2014 presidential election, a large number of ‘meme’ cartoons appeared on the Indonesian Internet and played an important role in the country's political discourse (Aminulloh et al.)

Another example is that during the 2018 general election, netizens created memes to mock and criticize the then-ruling BN party, and memes mocking government policies became viral, pushing the younger generation to engage in political discussions and even motivating voters to vote.

This illustrates how internet memes can be used as a tool for political education, especially among internet-savvy young Malaysians.

Are Memes Really Helping Us Understand Politics?

One of the main benefits of ‘memes’ in a political context is the ability to take issues that are usually complex, heavy, and difficult for the average person to engage with such topics as economic reform, election scandals, and government policies, and break them down into easily digestible forms that become more accessible when translated into shareable comedic images.

Political memes can indeed lower the barriers to political and the sense of humor displayed in political discourse through memes increases the public's willingness to discuss political issues, which is important in countries where politics can be sensitive. Furthermore, memes are easy to share, so anyone can join the conversation.

According to Walter et al. (2018), humor has a slight but significant effect on persuasion, a moderate effect on awareness, and a slight effect on attitudes and behavioral intentions. Humor was also more effective for individuals who were highly engaged in politics. For individuals who are less politically engaged and not interested in politics, presenting politics in an entertaining or humorous way may motivate them to acquire additional political information, which is known as the ‘gateway effect’. The most critical feature of humor is its ability to enhance the reputation of the source. Gruner (2017) has found that the ability of humor can enhance the source’s reputation as it allows people to equate a humorous source with strong credibility, even though it is unrelated. In addition, humor is associated with a latent effect, whereby humor is associated with low levels of source credibility, but steadily increases as the audience separates the source from the message (Kasmani, F. 2022). These findings suggest that humor is influential in persuasion and political communication.

Furthermore, memes are emotionally appealing and accessible, capitalizing on anti-establishment sentiments and discontent with the political class to evoke a sense of a positive future. Donald Trump's slogan ‘Make America Great Again’ (MAGA) became a memes after it was first coined during Ronald Reagan's 1980 campaign. Influenced by the catchphrase, citizens have worn ‘MAGA’ merchandise or vented their anger under the official hashtag #MAGA, expecting recognition from those who feel the same way. The hashtag not only provides an easy way for people to gain satisfaction and self-affirmation, but also allows users to incorporate the rebellious colours of heroism into their personal image (Helferich & Helferich, 2022).

Memes favor the rapid diffusion of ideas (Denisova, 2016) and can therefore enable online activists to quickly initiate and spread dialogue about neglected political issues (Moreno-Almeida, 2021). Plus, political memes do spread awareness of political issues (Miltner, 2018). Milner (2013) has also illustrated an example, the Occupy Wall Street memes disseminated information related to the movement and stimulated dialogue between social media users of different political stances (Helferich & Helferich, 2022).

“Memes can be a double-edged sword - on the one hand, memes make content more relatable and accessible, but on the other hand, memes can sometimes oversimplify complex issues or spread misinformation.”

While memes can draw attention to political issues, they have their limitations. One major problem is that humor or sarcasm in memes tends to oversimplify issues, which can lead to misunderstandings. The sharing of political memes without context can lead to the spread of misinformation or misinterpretation of political events. Additionally, the amplification of popular opinions in news phrases hinders nuanced political discussion. Studies have identified misinformation and low-level policy information in memes, indicating that they are unlikely to enhance political knowledge (Dupuis & Williams, 2019; McLoughlin & Southern, 2020) (Halversen & Weeks, 2023).

Conclusion

In summary, it seems fair to suggest that the meme is an interactive medium for citizens to comment on politics, and that it undoubtedly plays an important role in Malaysian politics. It has made political information more accessible and engaging, and they provide citizens with a platform to express their opinions and participate in political discussions, especially for those who may not be familiar with formal political debates. However, it is important to exercise caution when engaging with political memes. While they can be a useful tool for understanding politics, they may not always provide comprehensive or accurate information. To gain a deeper understanding of politics, it is essential to complement memes with more detailed, fact-based sources of information.

Well done!! You have reached the end of this blog ^^

What do you think? Are memes helping or hurting political discourse in Malaysia? For me, I think it does raise awareness of political participation. However, I think people should endeavour to address the cause of the problem itself instead of blaming others for their mistakes and avoid cyber-attacks to create a peaceful environment for digital platforms.

I hope you've gained something here and see ya in the next post <333

References:

BBC Ideas. (2020, September 24). A brief history of memes | BBC Ideas [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VS9cWmmu2k

Halversen, A., & Weeks, B. E. (2023). Memeing Politics: Understanding political meme creators, audiences, and consequences on social media. Social Media + Society, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231205588

Helferich, J., & Helferich, J. (2022, December 31). The power of memes in political campaigning | John Helferich | Oxford Political Review. Oxford Political Review. https://oxfordpoliticalreview.com/2021/07/11/the-power-of-memes-in-political-campaigning/

Kasmani, F. (2022). Persuasive political humour on social media: A study of Najib Razak's Facebook posts. 14. 1-17. Research Gate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360352838_Persuasive_political_humour_on_social_media_A_study_of_Najib_Razak's_Facebook_posts

Nizah, M. a. M., Bakar, A. R. A., Zahran, M. A., & Mokhtar, M. a. M. (2024). The influence of political memes on political marketing strategy in Malaysia. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 14(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v14i1.21881

[justacryingbaby]

How Tumblr’s Platform Vernacular Shapes Digital Activism and Micro-Publics

Tumblr isn’t just a relic of 2010s internet culture - It’s a living, breathing ecosystem where *platform vernacular* fuels niche communities and redefines digital activism. But how do Tumblr’s unique language and norms empower marginalized voices while navigating the paradoxes of the “public sphere”?

Micro-Publics and the Rise of Hashtag Vernacular

Habermas’s “public sphere” idealizes open, rational discourse, but Tumblr’s fragmented micro-publics - like LGBTQ+ blogs or fan communities - show how digital spaces operate differently (Simpson 2018). Here, hashtags like #BlackLivesMatter or #MeToo aren’t just metadata; they’re rallying cries that shape political discourse (Rho & Mazmanian 2020). 

For instance, the #bodypositive movement on Tumblr challenges beauty norms through user-generated selfies and essays, fostering a community-driven counter-narrative to mainstream media (Reif, Miller & Taddicken 2022). These hashtags act as vernacular glue, binding users through shared slang (e.g., “OTP” or “AU”), GIFs, and reblogs - a far cry from Habermas’s text-heavy ideal.  

Anonymity as a Double-Edged Sword

Tumblr’s lack of real-name policies creates safe spaces for marginalized groups, like LGBTQIA+ teens, to express themselves without fear of surveillance (Cavalcante 2018). Yet, this anonymity coexists with algorithmic biases. While Tumblr’s reverse-chronological feed *seems* democratic, studies show platforms like Twitter skew political discourse leftward, raising questions about whose voices get amplified (Huszár et al. 2021).  

Platform Vernacular in Action: Memes and Fandom 

Tumblr’s vernacular thrives on remix culture. Take TJLC (The Johnlock Conspiracy), a Sherlock fandom theory that spiralled into a meta-commentary on queer representation. To be more specific, the video of Sarah Z’s dissection of TJLC highlights how Tumblr’s “shitposting” and roleplay (RP) cultures blend humour with activism. Memes here aren’t just jokes - they’re resistance tools, as seen in political movements like #FreeHongKong, where absurdist humour critiques authoritarianism (Zheng & Li 2023).  

Challenges: Surveillance and Algorithmic Gatekeeping 

Despite its grassroots ethos, Tumblr isn’t immune to corporate or governmental surveillance. The Department of Homeland Security’s social media monitoring underscores how “safe spaces” can still be policed (Boyce 2016). Meanwhile, algorithmic curation risks homogenizing discourse - echoing Habermas’s fear of institutional influence.  

Conclusion: Tumblr as a Vernacular Public Sphere?  

Tumblr’s vernacular - reblogs, dashboards, and niche slang - creates a *participatory* public sphere where aesthetics and activism collide. Yet, its fragmented micro-publics remind us that the digital “public sphere” is plural, messy, and perpetually evolving. As platforms phase out hashtags, Tumblr’s survival hinges on balancing creativity with resistance to algorithmic control.  

Reference:

Anselmo, DW 2018, ‘Gender and Queer Fan Labor on Tumblr’, Feminist Media Histories, vol. 4, University of California Press, no. 1, pp. 84–114.

Boyce, GA 2015, ‘The rugged border: Surveillance, policing and the dynamic materiality of the US/Mexico frontier’, Environment and Planning D Society and Space, vol. 34, SAGE Publishing, no. 2, pp. 245–262.

Cavalcante, A 2018, ‘Tumbling Into Queer Utopias and Vortexes: Experiences of LGBTQ Social Media Users on Tumblr’, Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 66, Taylor & Francis, no. 12, pp. 1715–1735.‌

Huszár, F, Ktena, SI, O’Brien, C, Belli, L, Schlaikjer, A & Hardt, M 2021, ‘Algorithmic amplification of politics on Twitter’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 119, no. 1.

Reif, A, Miller, I & Taddicken, M 2022, ‘“Love the Skin You‘re In”: An Analysis of Women’s Self-Presentation and User Reactions to Selfies Using the Tumblr Hashtag #bodypositive’, Mass Communication & Society, vol. 26, Taylor & Francis, no. 6, pp. 1038–1061.

Rho, EH & Mazmanian, M 2020, ‘Political Hashtags & the Lost Art of Democratic Discourse’, pp. 1–13, viewed 16 February 2025.

Simpson, E 2018, ‘Integrated & Alone’, pp. 237–240.

Zheng, Q & Li, M 2024, ‘Foreign Movies and TV Dramas as the Source of Political Argot in an Authoritarian Context: Memes and Creative Resistance in Chinese Social Media’, Critical Arts, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1–19.

[vanillacreamcones]

Is there any place on the internet that fits the definition of an ideal public sphere? A nerdy discussion about Tumblr and its connection to digital activism.

"Gosh.."

Considering how much time we have invested in the internet today, it is hard to say if we have had a pleasant experience dealing with things that violate our rights, even if they do not violate or negatively impact others. We all need some place to raise our voices freely without any hindrance, and that may make us think about... Tumblr!

Tumblr has functioned as a digital public sphere where users engage in discussions on social issues, particularly feminism and body positivity. Hashtags like #bodypositive, #effyourbeautystandards, and #beautybeyondsize have created spaces where individuals can resist fat stigma and redefine beauty ideals​.

"Wait, what is a public sphere?"

A public sphere, well, is a space where individuals gather as public to engage in rational discussion aimed at enhancing critical knowledge, which then becomes political change.

To determine if something is an ideal public sphere, it has to include unlimited access to information, equal and protected participation, and the absence of institutional influence (Kruse et al., 2018).

Currently, most digital social media platforms only meet half of these requirements or even fewer. However, Tumblr stands out as having a strong resemblance in this regard!

"Tumblr, an ideal place to express yourself!"

Tumblr allows the user to be pseudonymous with usernames, and less date & time monitoring that effectively reduces institutional influence. Users also can control the content and the flow of followers of their blogs (McCracken, 2017). Thanks to that, many marginalized groups (Feminists, LGBTQ+, Indigenous peoples, etc.) can freely post their ideas while being protected. With Tumblr's implemented hashtag function (they are the first ones to do that!), their post can be seen widely and even publicly without the need for the intended audience to follow the author.

Furthermore, Tumblr works both as a blogging site and a social media platform to help user have extensive space and creative ways to express themselves and give context throughout their post.

This close fit of Tumblr as a public sphere makes it a standout choice for activists to participate in.

"Voice within a community can be heard!"

Take a break and look at these beautiful illustrations (by anahitacreates)

Hashtag activism, often associated with feminism, has allowed Tumblr users to form virtual communities advocating for gender equality and inclusivity. These online spaces provide solidarity across class, race, and sexuality while offering a refuge from mainstream media's restrictive beauty norms​.

The #bodypositive digital feminist movement, for example, is mostly led by women and emphasizes body positivity, self-acceptance, and fitness. Researchers discovered that it offers a supportive and encouraging environment where people can express themselves and discuss their journeys towards self-love (Reif et al., 2022). While sexualization and conventional self-presentation still exist within the community, making the mindset in #bodypositive difficult for many to achieve, the movement itself confirms that Tumblr provides a perfect place for communities to raise their voice confidently and create impact.

References:

Kruse, L. M., Norris, D. R., & Flinchum, J. R. (2018). Social Media as a Public Sphere? Politics on Social Media. The Sociological Quarterly, 59(1), 62–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2017.1383143

McCracken, A. (2017). Tumblr Youth Subcultures and Media Engagement. Cinema Journal, 57(1), 151–161. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44867867

Reif, A., Miller, I., & Taddicken, M. (2022). “Love the Skin You‘re In”: An Analysis of Women’s Self-Presentation and User Reactions to Selfies Using the Tumblr Hashtag #bodypositive. Mass Communication and Society, 26(6), 4–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2022.2138442

[meyornee]

✨ Welcome to My Digital Space! ✨

I am so excited because this is my FIRST EVER Tumblr post!! I’m Thanh Mai, a.k.a Mei Hoang, a final-year Social Media student at Swinburne University. This blog is strictly for academic purposes—specifically for my current course, MDA20009 - Digital Communities. So if you’re here, expect a lot of thoughts, discussions, and insights about the digital world!

This is me

A little about me: - Age: 21 | Star Sign: Capricorn - Born & raised in Northern Vietnam, now navigating life in Saigon. - Eldest of three (aka the responsible sibling™). - Freelance video editor by day, indie artist by night—vocalist & songwriter for a local band. -Obsessed with Japanese culture, especially anime and music. -Coffee enthusiast on a mission to uncover every hidden café in Saigon.

I’m excited to share my journey in digital communities with you all! Any support, thoughts, or interactions on my upcoming posts would mean the world.

Let’s connect and explore this ever-evolving digital landscape together!

[purechaoswitch]

Digital Community: A Case Study in Enchantment – The World of Tumblr

Welcome, wanderers of the mystical web. As you step into the crimson glow of this space, I—the Pure Chaos Witch—invite you to unravel the threads of an enchanting digital realm: Tumblr.

Tumblr is a unique platform, like a cauldron filled with creativity, individuality, and community. It is considered a place where creators and dreamers come together to share their work, spark ideas, and form unbreakable bonds that go beyond the ordinary.

After centuries of living and a lifetime of mastering chaos magic, I have gathered some valuable insights about the world and the community on Tumblr, which I have summarized in this post. So, what are you waiting for? Grab your spellbook and start taking notes, people ~~

The Veil of Anonymity: Pros and Cons

Anonymity on Tumblr serves as a double-edged sword. On one hand, it allows users to express themselves freely without fear of judgment, fostering honest feedback and reducing social pressure on various topics. This veil can be empowering, enabling individuals to share their deepest thoughts and creations without revealing their true identities (Metraux, 2022).

However, this cloak of invisibility can also be misused and enable harmful behaviors. The option to send anonymous messages, for instance, has sometimes been abused, leading to instances of cyberbullying, trolling and spreading misinformation (Omernick and Sood, 2013). Moreover, artists may find their work stolen or republished without due credit, as anonymity can obscure the trail back to the original creator.

Casting the Circle: The Power of Digital Communities

A digital community is not unlike a coven - a sacred space where like-minded individuals gather, united by shared purpose and passion. The magic of Tumblr lies in how it brings together diverse voices into one single vibrant and creative community. From fan art to political discussions, it offers a safe space for us to create our own personal havens within the vast expanse of the internet (McCracken, 2017).

But the real question is: What makes Tumblr so distinct from other platforms? It must be the ethos of co-creation. Unlike traditional social media platforms like Facebook or Instagram, Tumblr encourages reblogging, remixing, and reimagining content - an infinite loop of shared spells that amplify their power (Katrin Tiidenberg, Natalie Ann Hendry and Abidin, 2021).

The Evolution of Tumblr

Since its launch in 2007, Tumblr has evolved significantly. It began as a platform for microblogging and sharing multimedia, fostering a distinctive culture centered on creativity and fandoms. Over the years, features like reblogging and tagging were introduced, making it easier for users to engage and explore content. A major turning point in its evolution came with the rise of fandom culture, where Tumblr became the go-to hub for fan communities to thrive, collaborate, and share their passions.

(e.g., Supernatural, Sherlock, or Harry Potter fanbases).

However, policy changes, such as the 2018 ban on adult content, led to shifts in user dynamics and community structures (Sybert, 2021). Despite these changes, Tumblr continues to be a vibrant tapestry of diverse communities, adapting and evolving with the digital tides.

The Scarlet Insight

As a witch, I see Tumblr as a grimoire - each post a spell and each tag a rune. The platform thrives on the interplay of voices, where one person’s musings become the spark for another’s inspiration. Here, collaboration becomes empowerment, and anonymity offers great safety to express the unspoken (Nixon and Düsterhöft, 2018).

In this sacred digital space, the balance between individual expression and communal engagement fosters a unique kind of energy - a reminder that in unity, there is strength.

#BlackLivesMatter campaign or LGBTQ+ representation.

And, here are some notes and tips for our brilliant Tumblr creators (only if you are ready to start practicing magic on this platform *wink):

Tags: Think of tags as sigils. They guide others to your posts and make your content discoverable. You shall use them wisely.

Visuals: A picture paints a thousand spells. Accompany your words with captivating images or gifs to evoke a mood :)

Community: Engage, reblog, and interact as much as you can!!! The more you weave into the tapestry, the brighter your thread will shine.

As we walk hand in hand on this treacherous road, let us remember the core of Tumblr’s enchantment: the celebration of diversity, creativity, and unbridled passion. This is a space where magic thrives, and each of us is a sorcerer of our own making.

Until next time, or next week, my fellow mystics.

Your beloved chaos witch.

References

Katrin Tiidenberg, Natalie Ann Hendry and Abidin, C. (2021). Tumblr. Cambridge Medford, Ma Polity.

McCracken, A. (2017). Tumblr Youth Subcultures and Media Engagement. Cinema Journal, [online] 57(1), pp.151–161. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/44867867.

Metraux, J. (2022). How Tumblr Helps Youth Continue to Be Seen and Heard - JSTOR Daily. [online] JSTOR Daily. Available at: https://daily.jstor.org/how-tumblr-helps-youth-continue-to-be-seen-and-heard/?utm_source=chatgpt.com [Accessed 20 Jan. 2025].

Nixon, P.G. and DüsterhöftI.K. (2018). Sex in the Digital Age. London ; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

Omernick, E. and Sood, S.O. (2013). The Impact of Anonymity in Online Communities. 2013 International Conference on Social Computing. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/socialcom.2013.80.

Sybert, J. (2021). The Demise of #NSFW: Contested Platform Governance and Tumblr’s 2018 Adult Content Ban. New Media & Society, p.146144482199671. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444821996715.

[aobalh-blog]

Gaming Communities: More Than Just Playing Together 🎮

So today in my Digital Communities class, we had this super interesting lecture about gaming communities and how they've evolved. You know what's fascinating? Gaming isn't just about playing anymore - it's this whole ecosystem of communities that we flow between, depending on what we're doing.

As someone who spends way too much time in HoYoverse games (yes, I'm that guy who plays Genshin, Star Rail, AND ZZZ), I totally get what the lecturer meant about knowledge communities. Like, one minute I'm in the Genshin Discord checking team comps, the next I'm watching Twitch streams of Star Rail whale pulls (pain 😭), and then I'm on Reddit discussing ZZZ impressions with other players.

The lecture talked about how gaming communities are traditionally seen as dominated by young Asian or white men, but honestly? My experience in HoYo games shows such a diverse community. Playing from Da Nang, I've met people from literally everywhere through co-op domains and team raids.

What really hit home was the part about how communities form around shared knowledge and emotional investment. Like, remember when Furina dropped in Genshin? The amount of theory-crafting, fan art, and guide-sharing that happened was INSANE. We weren't just players - we were lore enthusiasts, strategists, and content creators all at once.

Also shoutout to modding communities - while we can't mod HoYo games, seeing how other gaming communities create and share content really shows how gaming has become this collaborative creative space.

Studying at Swinburne while being part of these global gaming communities really puts into perspective how games have become more than just entertainment - they're platforms for connection, creativity, and community.

[dearsuzenblog]

Instagram Filters with Selena Gomez🤳🏼

WEEK 9 - Software Literacy: Instagram Filters

Hey hey hey, my fellow bloggie peeps ✨

Guess who's back with another blog post? That's right, it's me! 🩷

I’m back with another fabulous blog post, and today, we’re diving into the world of digital citizenship and software literacy through the lens of none other than the Instagram Queen herself—Selena Gomez!

𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐀𝐍 𝐈𝐍𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐆𝐑𝐀𝐌 𝐐𝐔𝐄𝐄𝐍

Selena Gomez isn’t just a superstar in the music and film industry; she’s also a powerhouse on social media, particularly Instagram. With millions of followers hanging on to her every post, Selena has mastered the art of digital citizenship and software literacy, especially when it comes to using Instagram filters to enhance her influence.

Selena Gomez has been in the public eye since her Disney days, but her reign as the Instagram Queen truly began when she embraced the platform to connect with her fans in a more personal and authentic way. Her posts are a blend of professional shots, candid moments, and everything in between, showing her versatility and relatability (Joyce 2023).

But what makes Selena’s Instagram presence so impactful? A big part of it is her savvy use of Instagram filters. These filters aren’t just fun; they’re powerful tools that can shape perceptions, set trends, and boost engagement.

𝐌𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐈𝐍𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐆𝐑𝐀𝐌 𝐅𝐈𝐋𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐒

Selena uses Instagram filters to their full potential, creating visually stunning and cohesive feeds that keep her followers coming back for more. Whether it’s the dreamy glow of a vintage filter, the vibrant pop of color from a high-contrast filter, or the subtle enhancements of a natural filter, Selena knows exactly how to make her photos stand out.

Filters can do more than just beautify an image—they can convey a mood, tell a story, and even create a brand identity. Selena’s consistent filter choices help her maintain a recognizable and appealing aesthetic that resonates with her audience (Rees 2017).

𝐈𝐍𝐅𝐋𝐔𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐄𝐃𝐈𝐀 𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐘

Selena Gomez’s mastery of Instagram filters isn’t just about looking good; it’s about influencing the media industry in a big way. By setting trends with her filtered photos, she’s able to guide her followers’ tastes and preferences. Brands and influencers often look to her for inspiration, mimicking her style to tap into her massive appeal.

Her influence extends beyond Instagram, affecting how visual media is consumed and created. The filters she uses can inspire entire marketing campaigns, product launches, and fashion trends. When Selena posts, the world listens—and they learn (Powell 2016).

Selena Gomez is a shining example of how to harness the power of Instagram filters to build a personal brand, influence the media industry, and connect with a global audience. Her savvy use of these tools showcases the importance of digital citizenship and software literacy in today’s social media-driven world (Brown & Tiggemann 2020).

𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐎𝐖𝐄𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐀𝐔𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐓𝐘

One of the most powerful aspects of Selena’s Instagram presence is her authenticity. She doesn’t just use filters to hide flaws; she uses them to enhance her reality. By sharing moments of vulnerability alongside her polished posts, she creates a genuine connection with her audience. This balance of authenticity and artistry is what makes her a true digital citizen and a role model in software literacy.

In summary, I personally feel that Selena Gomez is a shining example of how to harness the power of Instagram filters to build a personal brand, influence the media industry, and connect with a global audience. Her savvy use of these tools showcases the importance of digital citizenship and software literacy in today’s social media-driven world.

So, next time you’re scrolling through Instagram and come across one of Selena’s perfectly filtered posts, remember that there’s more to it than meets the eye. It’s a masterclass in digital influence, brought to you by the one and only Instagram Queen.

Keep snapping, filtering, and shining, my peeps! 💖

Stay tuned for more insightful posts, and as always, keep expressing yourself and exploring the digital world! ✨

Love, Zen 🌸

REFERENCES

Brown, Z & Tiggemann, M 2020, ‘A picture is worth a thousand words: The effect of viewing celebrity Instagram images with disclaimer and body positive captions on women’s body image’, Body Image, vol. 33, no. 33, pp. 190–198.

Joyce, JA 2023, The Social Protests of 2020: Visceral Responses to Police Brutality, COVID-19, and Circumscribed Sexuality, Google Books, Rowman & Littlefield, viewed 17 June 2024, https://books.google.com.my/books?hl=en&lr=&id=F83DEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA125&dq=selena+gomez+instagram+filters+&ots=UEFsnkJjNj&sig=Vd4LPWUBfzx9yfxji7C19OtswOE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false.

Powell, M 2016, ‘A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words: A Content Analysis of Self-Inflicted Face-ism on Instagram’.

‌Rees, J 2017, An examination of ways that three self-identified feminists feel empowered through Instagram, www.ideals.illinois.edu, viewed 17 June 2024, <https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/106965>.

[haphuongswh00091]

WEEK 6: Does "sustainable fashion" really exist?

According to Domingos et al (2022), a fashion label is perceived as "slow/sustainable" when it follows the principles relating to quality-based production, ethical attitudes, and well-made and long-lasting products. However, an ideal story in which both the economic and ethical concerns are prioritized is relatively rare to happen in the fashion industry. Even Uniqlo, a top global brand that is known for its timeless designs, is still not categorized as a slow-fashion company but instead a "sustainable fast-fashion brand" because of its mass production. (Danziger, 2021) So the question is, in which way sustainability is demonstrated in the current fashion landscape?

Firstly, we must look straightforward into the reality that thanks to media in general and social media in particular, slow fashion nowadays has become a movement that every brand is following to make themselves more ethical and favorable in the consumers' eyes. Browsing on H&M, Zara, or Uniqlo's websites, it is observed that they have exclusive sections where they clarify their efforts in maintaining sustainability, with identical terms such as "net-zero impact", "reducing the footprints", "environmental-friendly materials"... However, it seems like their practical outcomes do not align with the missions they set for themselves, based on annual reports and news indicating the great amount of solid waste and CO2 emissions from their factories, how they exploit their labor resources, and how fast can they catch up with the trends and produce collections constantly. (Shedlock and Feldstein, 2023)

Since the "slow" factor still needs a very long time to be clearly visible through the manufacturing process, it is suggested that we should shift the attention to the customers' - our mindsets when purchasing and consuming clothes. You can buy a $4 T-shirt from SHEIN but wear it for 4 years, that is when you practice sustainable fashion, focusing on the clothes' lifespan and number of usages, even though your piece comes from an unsustainable brand.

In 2023, the fashion industry witnessed the rise of "capsule wardrobe" and "quiet luxury". Although these trends did encounter certain unknowledgeable followers, they contributed significantly to educating consumers to prioritize clothes' quality in materials, forms, and seams over logos or trendiness; and to only buy the "hero" pieces that can match well together. On Instagram and TikTok, some popular fashionistas like Tim Dessaint and Daniel Simmons have succeeded in inspiring their communities to repeat outfits, proving that simplicity and efficiency should be the new trend.

REFERENCES

Danziger, P. N. (2021). Uniqlo Intends To Become The World’s Top Fashion Retailer By Distancing From H&M And Zara. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/pamdanziger/2021/02/17/uniqlo-intends-to-become-the-worlds-top-fashion-retailer-by-distancing-from-hm-and-zara/?sh=70d9bb076d9a

Domingos, M., Vale, V. T., & Faria, S. (2022). Slow Fashion Consumer Behavior: A Literature Review. Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland), 14(5), 2860-. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052860

Shedlock, K., & Feldstein, S. (2023). UNRAVELLING THE HARMS OF THE FAST FASHION INDUSTRY AT WHAT COST? Center for Biological Diversity. https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/population_and_sustainability/pdfs/Unravelling-Harms-of-Fast-Fashion-Full-Report-2023-02.pdf

[viviangohcn]

Crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing is the process of using social media, the internet, and smartphone apps to gather work, information, or views from a huge number of individuals (Pratt & Gonsalves, 2023).

Crowdsourcing is predicated on the assumption that a heterogeneous and dispersed group might produce novel concepts, insightful observations, and solutions that might not be achievable through conventional channels. Through the utilization of crowdsourcing, both individuals and organizations can access an extensive range of resources, expertise, and viewpoints.

3 Examples of Crowdsourcing Campaigns in Malaysia

Tabung Harapan Malaysia (Malaysia Hope Fund)

The Malaysian government started the Tabung Harapan Malaysia (Malaysia Hope Fund) campaign in 2018 to solicit public donations in an effort to lower the nation's debt. Support for the campaign was tremendous, with money coming in from Malaysians all around the nation and even outside (Chan, 2018).

Projek57

Source: https://youtu.be/UabNP7QaaU4?si=N0JExhlzK2PB92IA

Malaysia's Projek57 is a social business with the mission of fostering nationalism and unity. They started a crowdsourcing initiative to collect designs, ideas, and narratives in order to produce a product that is exclusively Malaysian. People responded quite well to the campaign, sharing their experiences and submitting their drawings, which were turned into a variety of items (Projek, 2023).

Citizen Engagement

The government of Malaysia has aggressively started a number of initiatives to crowdsource ideas and solutions from its citizens. Numerous regional organizations have taken the lead and started crowdsourcing projects (Zahari, 2016).

How is crowdsourcing used by communities during disasters?

Gathering information: Information on the disaster, including its location and extent of damage, the number of people impacted, and the resources required to respond to it, can be gathered through crowdsourcing (Crowdsourcing - PrepareCenter, 2023).

Mapping: Maps of the disaster region made via crowdsourcing can be used to assist responders in planning their actions and identifying places that require assistance (Tavra et al., 2021).

Resource allocation: Resources like food, water, and medical supplies can be found and distributed to the communities that need them the most using crowdsourcing (Crowdsourcing - PrepareCenter, 2023).

Volunteer coordination: Organizing volunteers who wish to assist with the disaster response effort can be done using crowdsourcing. Volunteers can be paired with projects based on their availability and skill set (Crowdsourcing Toolkit for Emergency Management - Integrating Crowdsourcing, n.d.).

Situational awareness: Real-time updates on the catastrophe situation, such as the whereabouts of emergency responders, the condition of vital infrastructure, and the requirements of impacted communities, can be obtained through crowdsourcing (Crowdsourcing - PrepareCenter, 2023).

Can crowdfunding build a community for creatives?

YES, crowdsourcing may help creatives form communities. Independent artists and small groups can use crowdfunding, a popular new internet fundraising method, to reach a much wider audience. In addition to being a helpful tool for marketing, crowdfunding websites like Kickstarter, IndieGogo, and GoFundMe may be used to earn money for artistic endeavors (Crowdfunding Arts Projects, 2017). For artists, crowdfunding may be a useful and somewhat easy method of directly raising funds and building a more intimate relationship with their fans (WomenArts, n.d.).

Here are some examples of how crowdsourcing may foster a creative community:

Engaging with supporters

Through crowdfunding, artists may interact more personally with their followers. Contributors, no matter how tiny, feel invested in the project and are more inclined to tell their own networks about it (WomenArts, n.d.).

Building an audience

Creatives can use crowdfunding to expand their audience for their work. A successful campaign can inspire interest in the undertaking and draw in new followers and backers (Crowdfunding for Artists, n.d.).

Networking

Creatives can network with other artists and organizations in their sector by using crowdfunding. With the social networking tools included into many crowdfunding platforms, creatives may interact with other users and share their work (Berman, n.d.).

Feedback

Crowdfunding can give artists insightful criticism of their work. On the campaign website, supporters can provide feedback and recommendations, which can assist artists in refining their work and strengthening the community surrounding their initiatives (Crowdfunding for Artists, n.d.).

References

Pratt, M. K., & Gonsalves, C. (2023, March 31). crowdsourcing. CIO. https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/crowdsourcing

Chan, T. F. (2018, June 1). Malaysia has so much debt it launched a crowdfunding campaign — and it raised $1.8 million in 24 hours. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/malaysia-started-a-crowdfunding-campaign-to-pay-off-debt-2018-6

Projek. (2023, September 3). HOME - PROJEK57. PROJEK57 - a MOVEMENT OF HOPE. https://www.projek57.com/

Zahari, A. (2016, January 23). Public sector crowdsourcing in Malaysia – Citizen engagement. Crowdsourcing Week. https://crowdsourcingweek.com/blog/public-sector-crowdsourcing-in-malaysia-citizen-engagement/

Crowdsourcing - PrepareCenter. (2023, February 4). PrepareCenter. https://preparecenter.org/topic/crowdsourcing/

Tavra, M., Racetin, I., & Peroš, J. (2021). The role of crowdsourcing and social media in crisis mapping: a case study of a wildfire reaching Croatian City of Split. Geoenvironmental Disasters, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-021-00181-3

Crowdsourcing Toolkit for Emergency Management - Integrating Crowdsourcing. (n.d.). https://www.crowdsourceem.org/integrating-crowdsourcing

Crowdfunding arts projects. (2017, January 20). Crowdfunding Arts Projects | Wired Canvas. https://wiredcanvas.com/marketing-ideas-generator/crowdfunding-arts-projects

WomenArts. (n.d.). Introduction to crowdfunding - WomenArts. https://www.womenarts.org/skills/crowdfunding/

Crowdfunding for artists. (n.d.). Artquest. https://artquest.org.uk/how-to-articles/crowdfunding/

Berman, N. (n.d.). Best Crowdfunding Platforms for Artists. https://blog.fracturedatlas.org/best-crowdfunding-platforms-artists

[haleetaaa]

Digital Citizenship and Conflict: Social Media Governance and Online Harassment

Social media platforms are often portrayed as spaces of connection, community building, and democratic participation. But what happens when these digital spaces become sites of conflict and harassment? Week 10 of our digital communities journey explores the complex terrain of digital citizenship within contested online environments.

Let's consider a recent example: In January 2022, Australia implemented the Online Safety Act 2021, empowering authorities to compel social media platforms to remove seriously harmful content within 24 hours of receiving formal notice. This legislation represents a significant shift in how we govern digital spaces, recognizing that platforms must bear responsibility for the environments they create.

The concept of digital citizenship extends far beyond simply using technology responsibly. As Mossberger et al. (2008: 1) describe, digital citizenship involves "the membership and participation of individuals within society" through digital means. However, this participation is often complicated by power dynamics that determine who gets to speak and who is silenced through harassment.

Marwick and Caplan (2018) demonstrate that online harassment isn't merely individual bad behavior but often organized and networked action. Their research on "networked harassment" reveals how coordinated attacks using techniques like doxxing, image-based abuse, and intimidation have been refined through controversies such as Gamergate, disproportionately targeting marginalized groups.

The research is clear about who bears the brunt of online harassment. Plan International's 'Free To Be Online' report (2020) found that 59% of girls across 31 countries had experienced abusive language online. Similarly, Haslop, O'Rourke & Southern (2021) documented how women and transgender individuals face significantly higher rates of harassment. These findings were reinforced by The Guardian's analysis of 70 million comment threads, which found that of the 10 writers receiving the most abuse, eight were women (Gardiner et al., 2016).

When it comes to addressing these issues, multiple approaches exist. Legal remedies like Australia's Online Safety Act provide regulatory frameworks, but these must be complemented by platform-level content moderation, advocacy groups, and corporate social responsibility initiatives. As Vitis and Gilmour (2016) note, "women are also using online platforms as a way of engaging, resisting and responding to harassment," demonstrating how digital citizenship involves claiming space despite opposition.

Social media governance happens at both macro and micro levels - from international legislation to community moderation in Facebook Groups and subreddits. This multi-layered governance structure raises important questions about who controls online spaces and whose interests are served in their regulation.

What does true digital citizenship look like in environments where harassment is normalized? Can we create digital communities that foster inclusive participation while effectively addressing harmful behavior? And what responsibility do platforms, users, and governments each bear in creating healthier online spaces?

References

Gardiner, B., Mansfield, M., Anderson, I., Holder, J., Louter, D. & Ulmanu, M. 2016, 'The dark side of Guardian comments', The Guardian, viewed 20 March 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/apr/12/the-dark-side-of-guardian-comments.

Haslop, C., O'Rourke, F. & Southern, R. 2021, '#NoMorePage3: Feminist activism for media reform', Digital Journalism, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 812-830.

Marwick, A.E. & Caplan, R. 2018, 'Drinking male tears: language, the manosphere, and networked harassment', Feminist Media Studies, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 543-559.

Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C.J. & McNeal, R.S. 2008, Digital citizenship: The internet, society, and participation, MIT Press, Cambridge.

Plan International 2020, Free to be online? Girls' and young women's experiences of online harassment, Plan International, Surrey.

Vitis, L. & Gilmour, F. 2017, 'Dick pics on blast: A woman's resistance to online sexual harassment using humour, art and Instagram', Crime Media Culture, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 335-355.

[aleyalea]

Gaming Together, Growing Together

MDA20009 Digital Communities

Gaming has come a long way from the days of solo play in your living room. Now, it’s all about social gaming, connecting with friends, meeting new people, and having a good time in a virtual world. Whether you're building massive structures in Minecraft, trying to figure out who’s lying in Among Us, or battling it out in Valorant, these games have become more than just fun, they've become a way to hang out and build communities.

ps: this is me with my friends playing games (when it was just Minecraft).

One of the coolest things about social gaming is how it connects people. Remember when you used to play Minecraft and share creations with friends? Now, Minecraft servers have evolved into vibrant communities where players build, collaborate, and explore together. No matter where you are, a click of a button lets you join a global group, all sharing the same passion.

Next, Among Us took social gaming to new heights during the pandemic. With its "Who's the imposter?" gameplay, it’s not just about completing tasks, but reading people, forming alliances, and tossing your friends under the bus. If you've seen Sidemen play on YouTube, you know it's more than just a game; it's an experience full of banter, teamwork, and betrayal. Among Us is about the laughs, strategy, and friendships that form along the way.

Then there’s Valorant. If you’ve played, you know it’s a mix of strategy and fun. It’s a game where teamwork, communication, and trust are key. The Valorant community has grown fast, becoming a place to connect with others who share that competitive drive. Whether with friends or strangers, there’s a strong sense of camaraderie in working toward a shared goal.

But here’s the thing, it’s not just about the game itself it’s about the people you play with. Social gaming provides an opportunity to build bonds that go beyond the game. It’s where you can chat with people from all over the world, learn new things, and find a sense of belonging. Let’s be honest, how many of us have made lifelong friends or found our "gaming crew" through these spaces?

Take Minecraft, for instance. Sure, you’re building blocks and surviving the night, but it’s more than just gameplay. People bond over shared projects, like creating entire cities or discovering secrets together. According to (Ringland, 2020), Minecraft communities often have dedicated servers where people share their ideas, build together, and sometimes even organize in-game events, further strengthening those bonds. It’s like being part of a team or a guild, but without all the pressure.

ps: this is me building a cake on the block with my boyfriend (while im figure it out what should i do with the cake lol)

In Among Us, the social aspect is key (Writer, 2024). You’re not just playing a game, you’re reading people’s reactions, forming alliances, and sometimes even making new friends based on how well you can work together (or deceive each other). The best part is that the fun doesn’t stop when the game ends. Conversations continue, jokes are shared, and new friendships are made because of the connections created during those intense, funny moments.

And with Valorant, it’s all about teamwork (Newton, 2023). Whether you’re defusing a bomb or securing a site, the game relies on you and your teammates being on the same page. This kind of collaboration often spills over into real-life friendships. You get to know your teammates, celebrate wins together, and strategize your next match. Plus, the friendly rivalry that builds between squads adds a personal touch to every match.

Gaming communities don’t just help us pass time, they allow us to create lasting connections, laugh at shared experiences, and grow together as players and friends. And with platforms like YouTube and Twitch, watching others play has become just as much a social activity as playing itself. Sidemen’s Among Us videos are a perfect example. Watching them play is like hanging out with friends you’ve never met, jokes, tricks, and moments of pure chaos that remind us why gaming is so fun in the first place.

In the end, social gaming isn’t just about playing games, it’s about the connections we build, the fun we share, and the friendships that last. Whether it’s through Minecraft, Among Us, or Valorant, these games offer more than just entertainment, they create communities where we can grow together, have a laugh, and make lasting memories. 

So, next time you log in, remember it’s not just the game that makes it special, it’s the people you play with.

References

Newton, M. (2023, September 12). How to be a good teammate in Valorant. Red Bull; Red Bull. https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/valorant-tips-guide

Ringland, K. (2020, September 18). Equitable Minecraft Virtual Playgrounds. Medium. https://kateringland.medium.com/equitable-minecraft-virtual-playgrounds-f817ad6781ad

Writer, S. (2024, March 19). The Social Aspect of Among Us: Building Connections in an Online Setting. Ask.com; amg. https://www.ask.com/culture/social-aspect-among-us-building-connections-online-setting

[sherlynnxy]

 ‘Is blogging still relevant in the age of TikToks and Instagram?’

MDA 20009 Digital Communities

Hello and welcome to my blog, I hope you all had a great weekend :)

In today's “gen-z” era, media platforms like Tiktok and Instagram are becoming a frequent trend. As new forms of content such as videos, podcasts and social media platforms continue to dominate, some believe that the era of the traditional blog is coming to an end. One of the questions that is constantly being explored is, “In the age of TikToks and Instagram, is there still a point to blogging? However, based on my observations, I don't think blogging is dead, there is still a market for blogging, rather it has evolved and adapted to the changing digital landscape and can be differentiated from the audience of social media platforms. A closer look reveals that blogging will still have considerable value in 2024, for both individuals and businesses.

Before we dive into this topic, let's define Blog, Tiktok and Instagram.

Background: What is Blog, TikTok and Instagram?

According to Dennis, M.A. (2024), blog is an online journal in which an individual, group, or company presents a record of activities, thoughts, or beliefs. A blog consists of more than just words and pictures, and it can't be just words. Instead, it's a sum of text, layout, connections and links, and posting speed (Blogging, n.d.). Examples include blogger.com and wordpress.com, as well as Tumblr, which is the application you are now using to view this post :3

In addition, Herring et al.'s 2004 study showed that not only did personal blogs reveal their feelings and experiences, but that the mainstream media considered blogs to be newsworthy or relevant to current events, calling them “a new genre of journalism” (Filloux, 2009; Hermida, 2010), and that professional journalists were adopting the blog format as well.

Social media has been defined by Obar and Wildman (2015) that it is a mobile and internet-based platforms used to facilitate various forms of communication, social interaction, marketing and knowledge sharing (Hovestadt et al., 2021). Also, others define the term as ‘a web-based service or platform based on web 2.0 technology that enables sharing, co-creation, discussion and modification of user-generated content’ (Werder et al. 2014). Famous social media include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and TikTok.  

TikTok is a relatively new social media platform that allows users to create and share short videos of up to 15 seconds in length. As a user-generated content (UGC) platform, it has become a popular application for sharing videos (Feldkamp, 2021)

While research by Larson & Draper (2017), Instagram is a mobile application that allows users to instantly transform mobile phone snapshots into visually appealing images that can then be shared with others on the web Van Dijck (2013). TikTok and Instagram have become popular platforms for marketing campaigns because the content shared on these platforms is short, fun, trendy, creative and interactive (Zhang, 2020).

Do Blogging still holds significant value?

There is a perception that blogging may be seen as a dying industry.

Source: HubSpot

The data shows that 73% of respondents admit to skimming blog posts, while 27% read them carefully. Teicher (2020) has stated that 75% of the public prefers reading articles under 1,000 words. Teicher (2020) states that 75% of the public prefers to read articles of less than 1000 words.

Due to shifting consumption patterns and a culture of ‘instant gratification’ - in this age of instant information and short attention spans - a comprehensive and detailed approach to blog writing may seem somewhat outdated and unnecessary. Infographics and visualizations are designed to be visually appealing and interactive, which helps to capture the attention of the target audience more effectively than a lot of text (Blogging, n.d.).

However, in my opinion, blogging is not a dying industry. Even in the age of TikTok and Instagram, blogging is still relevant because of its unique capabilities, especially when it comes to deep content, personal expression, and fostering community engagement. Here are some statistics that prove that blogging is still significant.

Source: Statista

Source: Social Media Today

Evidently, there are 1.8 billion websites in the digital ecosystem and more than 600 million blogs worldwide (Armstrong 2021). Accordingly, 77% of internet users still read blogs. (Walker-Ford, 2017) which reveals that blogging is still incredibly valuable. 

Source: HubSpot

On top of that, this survey results that show that blogging is still alive and well. The findings show that people enjoy reading blogs that teach them how to do new things, solve problems, and learn about new trends related to their career or industry.

Personally, I also like to use blogs when I'm learning something new, as it's perfect for providing in-depth tutorials, comprehensive guides or sharing personal experiences rather than short descriptions.

Additionally, blogs can be used not only for the purpose of sharing one's thoughts, but also as an educational tool. Oravec states that blogging is appropriate for students and helps to encourage participation in the classroom. According to Alsareef (2013), students are generally satisfied with taking courses online through social networks because it is easy to use, classes become more interesting, it provides more flexibility for extracurricular activities, and they are able to feel well educated.

Here's the end...

In short, blogging is still relevant in the age of TikTok and Instagram, and both platforms clearly have their own unique strengths and nuances. Blogging allows for in-depth content creation, while Instagram focuses on visual storytelling. However, blogs can continue to fulfill different social and informational needs, making them adaptable and relevant in the broader digital landscape. For example, blogs can also embrace the power of multimedia, and bloggers can consider incorporating images, infographics, and GIFs to enhance the visual appeal of their content and help segment text. According to a survey by Bump (2024), 32% of respondents said that videos, images, or other multimedia are the elements that interest them most when reading blog content.

Thank you for reading! See ya in next post ;)

Reference:

Alshareef, M. A. (2013). Evaluate student satisfaction for social learning network at King Abdulaziz University. Advances in Internet of Things, 03(03), 41–44. https://doi.org/10.4236/ait.2013.33006

Armstrong, M. (2021, August 6). How many websites are there? Statista Daily Data. https://www.statista.com/chart/19058/number-of-websites-online/

Blogging. (n.d.). Google Books. https://books.google.com.my/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VrhvqxjhSaEC&oi=fnd&pg=PP5&dq=blog&ots=JCUTMzaBSN&sig=aHWVbBua_dTSGpcZFQ4ctnfubOA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=blog&f=false

Bump, P. (2024, January 2). The Top 3 Reasons consumers read blogs & How to attract them in 2024 [New data]. HubSpot. https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/why-do-people-read-blogs#:~:text=In%20this%20blog%20post,%20I%E2%80%98ll%20walk%20you%20through#:~:text=In%20this%20blog%20post,%20I%E2%80%98ll%20walk%20you%20through

Dennis, M. Aaron (2024, September 17). blog. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/blog

Feldkamp, J. (2021). The rise of TikTok: the evolution of a social media platform during COVID-19. In SpringerBriefs in information systems (pp. 73–85). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66611-8_6

Hovestadt, C., Recker, J., Richter, J., & Werder, K. (2021). Digital responses to COvid-19. In SpringerBriefs in information systems. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66611-8

Teicher, J. (2020, August 19). The lost art of the Mid-Range blog post. Contently. https://contently.com/2019/01/14/mid-range-blog-post/

Walker-Ford, M. (2017, December 4). The benefits of Blogging: 20+ stats Business owners need to know [Infographic]. Social Media Today. https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/the-benefits-of-blogging-20-stats-business-owners-need-to-know-infograph/511816/

Van Dijck, J. (2013). Social media platforms as producers. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263565270_Social_Media_Platforms_as_Producers#:~:text=With%20the%20prolific%20use%20of%20social%20media%20platforms,

Zhang, J. (2020). Study on social media marketing campaign strategy -- TikTok and Instagram. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/127010

[happytogether23]

🎮 The Evolution of Social Gaming, Communities, and Live Streaming

👾 What Is Social Gaming?

Social gaming is defined as integrating networked technologies into gameplay to create virtual spaces for players to interact, collaborate, and compete together (Hardwick, 2020). These spaces aren't just about playing games—they're about building relationships and communities. Whether it’s teaming up in World of Warcraft or competing in esports tournaments, social gaming brings people together in a way that traditional single-player games never could.

Critical Engagement: Initially, gaming was an isolated activity; players enjoyed the thrill of personal achievement. However, the rise of social gaming challenges that narrative by emphasizing interaction, collaboration, and shared goals. As Hardwick (2020) notes, the nature of gaming has drastically changed with the increase of multiplayer formats, where social connections take precedence. Gaming communities are no longer small, insular groups but expansive networks that include people from around the world.

🌍 A Quick History of Games: From Arcade to Streaming

Hardwick (2020) walks us through the evolution of gaming platforms—from arcade games to online multiplayerexperiences and finally, to live-streamed games. In just a few decades, gaming has evolved from being a localized activity to becoming a global phenomenon. The introduction of networked games and the rise of live streamingplatforms like Twitch and YouTube Gaming have allowed players to share their experiences with a global audience.

Critical Engagement: The transition from arcade gaming to streaming games highlights a major shift in how gaming is consumed. Players are no longer just participants; they are now both performers and spectators. This raises interesting questions about the role of content creators in the gaming community. Streaming has blurred the line between viewersand players, allowing for a dynamic and interactive relationship. Streaming platforms have fostered vibrant communities that rely on collaboration, not only competition.

💥 Games Culture and Identity: Who Is a Gamer?

Gaming has long been associated with a certain stereotype: the young, white, male gamer. Hardwick (2020) addresses how these stereotypes shaped gaming culture, which has often been criticized for being exclusive. However, gaming culture is increasingly becoming more inclusive, with greater participation from diverse racial, gender, and age groups.

Critical Engagement: The increasing diversity in gaming communities is both a product of the industry's efforts to be more inclusive and a response to changing cultural attitudes. Platforms like Twitch have helped democratize gaming by allowing streamers of all backgrounds to find an audience. Moreover, games themselves are becoming more inclusive, allowing players to create and personalize their avatars in ways that reflect their identities. This shift challenges the historical notion of the “gamer” and opens the door to a more varied and inclusive community.

🎮 Live Streaming and the Gaming Economy: The New Frontier

One of the most transformative developments in gaming culture is the rise of live streaming platforms like Twitch, YouTube Gaming, and Facebook Gaming. These platforms have not only changed how games are consumed but also created a new economic model for gamers. Streamers can now monetize their gameplay through donations, subscriptions, and sponsorships, turning gaming into a viable career.

Critical Engagement: The shift to live streaming is not just about watching others play—it's about fostering community engagement. As viewers interact with streamers, they become part of a digital ecosystem where gaming is a shared experience. The growth of esports and live-streamed competitions has turned gaming into a legitimate form of entertainment, with professional players and organizations now competing in front of thousands of viewers. This has brought capital investment into the industry, further legitimizing gaming as both a sport and an economic powerhouse.

🌟 Modding and Community Engagement

One of the most unique aspects of modern gaming is the modding community. Players now have the opportunity to modify games—creating new content, enhancing graphics, and even developing entirely new game modes. This fan-driven creativity has led to the rise of independent game development, where mods sometimes evolve into full-fledged commercial products.

Critical Engagement: The modding community plays a crucial role in the evolution of gaming culture. It represents a shift away from traditional game design, where players are no longer just consumers, but also producers. Modding encourages collaboration and fosters a sense of ownership among players, who are deeply involved in the development process. This kind of fan involvement has revolutionized how games are made, breaking down barriers between developers and players.

🎯 The Future of Gaming Communities

As Hardwick (2020) notes, modern games are as much about the communities around them as the games themselves. Whether it’s through streaming, modding, or just playing together in multiplayer games, gaming is increasingly becoming a social activity that brings people from all walks of life together.

Critical Engagement: The future of gaming communities is likely to see even greater integration of social features. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are poised to revolutionize the way we experience games, creating immersive social environments. As gaming continues to evolve, the concept of community will expand beyond current technological limitations and include even more diverse and global audiences.

📚 References

Hardwick, T. (2020). Social Gaming, Gaming Communities, and Live Streaming. MDA20009 Lecture Slides, Week 9, 2023.

Suits, B. (1978). The Grasshopper: Games, Life and Utopia. Temple University Press.

Järvinen, A. (2011). Social Games: Online games that adapt your friendship ties for play purposes.

Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York University Press. https://nyupress.org/

Sotamaa, O. (2010). Modding: Devoted followings and fan enthusiasm.

[hayzelnothazel]

Week 10: Online harassment

The internet has changed from being a place for empowerment and connection to becoming a haven for online harassment, a widespread issue  that affects millions of people globally through a variety of harmful behaviors, such as being called derogatory names, threatened, sexually harassed, impersonated, or having rumors about oneself spread (Willard et al., 2007).

Some of the people who commit such crimes do so for "fun" or amusement, but many do so for darker motives like political agendas or personal disputes.   The global crisis reflects and exacerbates societal inequalities by disproportionately affecting marginalized groups.

The amount of online harassment is alarming. According to Plan International (2020), 59% of girls in 31 countries have encountered abusive language online, highlighting the fact that this is a global problem rather than a local one. Haslop et al. (2021) found that targeted individuals are more likely to be women and transgender, reflecting broader societal prejudices where sexism, racism, and transphobia manifest both offline and online. Furthermore, The Guardian (2016) reported that 8 out of 10 of the most abused writers were women, half of whom were non-white, demonstrating how intersecting identities increase the likelihood of harassment.

The consequences of online harassment are severe and long-term.  Victims frequently experience emotional trauma, anxiety, and depression (Lindsay et al. 2016).  For example, women in the gaming industry experienced social shaming, threats, and doxing during the Gamergate controversy, which led many of them to quit the industry entirely (Thiago Alves-Pinto, 2014).   In addition to silencing individuals, such harassment exacerbates structural obstacles that keep underrepresented groups from fully engaging in digital spaces.  The Economist Intelligence Unit (2021) discovered that more than one-third of women worldwide have experienced online abuse, with nearly half of younger women reporting such incidents.

Thus, a variety of solutions have been proposed to combat online harassment, and one of the most effective solutions to combat online harassment is to use "humor." Comedians Amy Schumer and Hannah Gadsby have used humor to address harassment, turning traumatic events into moving stories that promote awareness and unity (Leng, K., 2020). Social media platforms like Twitter (X) or Tumblr have also become hubs for collective resistance. As people shared their stories online, the #MeToo movement gained popularity and support from people all over the world (Suk et al., 2019). Besides, TikTok trends have empowered users to reclaim control of their stories by utilizing humor and creativity to combat harassment and foster resilience.

REFERENCES

Haslop, C., O’Rourke, F., & Southern, R. (2021). #NoSnowflakes: The toleration of harassment and an emergent gender-related digital divide, in a UK student online culture. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 27(5), 1418–1438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856521989270

Leng, K. (2020). Uproarious: How Feminists and Other Subversive Comics Speak Truth by Cynthia Willett and Julie Willett (review). Studies in American Humor, 6(2), 364–367. 

Lindsay, M., Booth, J. M., Messing, J. T., & Thaller, J. (2016). Experiences of Online Harassment Among Emerging Adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(19), 3174–3195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515584344

Suk, J., Abhishek, A., Zhang, Y., Ahn, S. Y., Correa, T., Garlough, C., & Shah, D. V. (2019). #MeToo, Networked Acknowledgment, and Connective Action: How “Empowerment Through Empathy” Launched a Social Movement. Social Science Computer Review, 39(2), 089443931986488. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439319864882

Thiago Alves-Pinto. (2014). “GamerGate” and Gendered Hate Speech | OHRH. Oxford Human Rights Hub. https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/gamergate-and-gendered-hate-speech/

Willard, N. E., & Crowell, C. R. (2007). Cyberbullying and cyberthreats: responding to the challenge of online social cruelty, threats and distress [Review of Cyberbullying and cyberthreats: responding to the challenge of online social cruelty, threats and distress]. Journal of Moral Education, 36(4), 527–527.  

[meyornee]

#NoSnowflakes: The Reality of Online Harassment in Student Culture

The term "Snowflake Generation" has been widely used to criticize young people, particularly university students, for being overly sensitive and unable to handle opposing viewpoints. Critics argue that this generation is too emotionally fragile, often seeking "safe spaces" and "trigger warnings" to shield themselves from discomfort (Keaveney, 2016). However, this stereotype is challenged by recent research.

A study by Haslop et al. reveals that university students actually tolerate high levels of online harassment, contradicting the notion that they are easily offended (Haslop et al., 2021). This research highlights that online harassment is pervasive and often normalized among students, with significant gendered implications (Haslop et al., 2021). Women and transgender students, in particular, face higher rates of online abuse, which can have severe impacts on their mental health and academic performance (Haslop et al., 2021)

This blog post will explore the prevalence, gendered nature, and impact of online harassment on students and why it should be taken seriously. 

The Myth of the "Snowflake Generation"

In recent years, media and political discourse have frequently labeled university students as the "Snowflake Generation," criticizing them for being overly sensitive and unable to handle opposing viewpoints. This narrative suggests that young people are emotionally fragile, often seeking "safe spaces" and "trigger warnings" to avoid discomfort. Such portrayals have been used to mock students' perceived intolerance and hypersensitivity (Haslop et al., 2021).

However, this "snowflake" narrative overlooks significant issues of digital abuse and harassment that students face. Research by Haslop et al. reveals that online harassment is pervasive among university students, with many tolerating high levels of abuse (Regehr & Ringrose, 2018). This harassment is often gendered, disproportionately affecting women and transgender students (Regehr & Ringrose, 2018). By focusing on the "snowflake" stereotype, the media and political discourse divert attention from these serious issues, undermining the real challenges students encounter in digital spaces (Regehr & Ringrose, 2018).  

Understanding Online Harassment

Online harassment, as defined by Haslop et al., involves threats or other offensive unwanted behaviors targeted directly at individuals through digital channels such as the internet and text messaging (Haslop et al., 2021)

This form of harassment can take many shapes, each with its own unique impact on the victim.

Different types of online harassment include:

Abusive Messages: These are hostile or threatening communications sent to an individual, often intended to intimidate or cause emotional distress (Hoyt, 2015).

Cyberbullying: This involves repeated, willful harm inflicted through electronic means, such as social media or messaging platforms (Impactly, n.d.).

Doxxing: The act of publicly revealing private information about an individual without their consent, often to incite harassment (Hoyt, 2015).

Sexual Harassment: Unwanted and inappropriate sexual remarks or advances made through digital channels (Impactly, n.d.).

Hate Crimes: Online actions that target individuals or groups based on race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or other protected characteristics (Hoyt, 2015).

The study by Haslop et al. provides several poignant examples of online harassment experienced by students. For instance, some students reported the non-consensual use of their phones, where their personal information was accessed and misused (Haslop et al., 2021). Others received unsolicited explicit images, which caused significant distress and discomfort (Haslop et al., 2021). These examples highlight the pervasive and harmful nature of online harassment, underscoring the need for serious attention and action.

The Gendered Digital Divide

Women and transgender students are disproportionately affected by online harassment, facing higher rates of abuse compared to their male counterparts (United Nations, 2024). This harassment often includes gender-based hate speech, sexual harassment, and cyberstalking, which can have severe psychological and emotional impacts (Anindita Shome, 2022). The pervasive nature of this abuse creates a hostile online environment, particularly for those who challenge traditional gender norms (Anindita Shome, 2022).

The impact of online harassment extends beyond immediate emotional distress. Many victims resort to self-censorship and withdrawal from online spaces to avoid further abuse . This self-censorship limits their participation in digital discussions and reduces their visibility online, reinforcing existing digital inequalities (Chadha et al., 2020). For instance, women and transgender students may avoid sharing their opinions or engaging in debates, fearing backlash and harassment (Chadha et al., 2020).

Data from the study by Haslop et al. highlights the significant impact of online harassment on students' motivation to engage in online discussions. Many students reported feeling demotivated and anxious about participating in digital forums due to the fear of being targeted (Marzouk Alghahoory, 2024). This withdrawal not only affects their academic performance but also their overall digital presence, further marginalizing already vulnerable groups (Marzouk Alghahoory, 2024).

Why Students Don't Report Online Harassment

Despite the severity of online harassment, many students are hesitant to report it. Findings from various studies indicate that students often choose to handle harassment themselves rather than report it to their institution, friends, family, or law enforcement (Gierdowski & Brooks, 2020). This hesitancy stems from several factors, including fear of not being taken seriously, concerns about retaliation, and a lack of trust in the reporting mechanisms (Gierdowski & Brooks, 2020).

One significant reason for this reluctance is that many students perceive online harassment as the "norm" in digital spaces (Haslop et al., 2021). This normalization of harassment leads to a culture of tolerance, where students feel that enduring such behavior is just part of being online (Haslop et al., 2021). This perception needs to change, as it undermines the seriousness of the issue and prevents effective action against perpetrators.

The rhetoric of freedom of speech is often used to justify online harassment, complicating efforts to address it (George Wright, 2024). While freedom of speech is a fundamental right, it does not protect harmful or abusive behavior. Harassment involves targeted and persistent actions that infringe upon the rights and well-being of others (Greer, 2023). Therefore, it is crucial to distinguish between legitimate free speech and actions that constitute harassment, ensuring that the latter is not excused under the guise of protecting expression (Greer, 2023).

Moving Forward – What Can Be Done?

To effectively combat online harassment, universities must take the issue seriously and implement robust reporting mechanisms. These mechanisms should be easily accessible, user-friendly, and ensure confidentiality to encourage students to report incidents without fear of retaliation (PennState, 2025). Universities should also provide clear guidelines on how to report harassment and ensure that all reports are thoroughly investigated and addressed promptly.

Educational interventions are crucial in fostering a culture of respect and responsibility online. Universities should incorporate digital ethics, consent, and respectful online behavior into their curricula (Team, 2024). Teaching students about the importance of digital citizenship, the impact of their online actions, and how to engage respectfully in digital spaces can help reduce instances of harassment (David, 2023). Workshops, seminars, and online courses can be effective tools in promoting these values (Team, 2024).

Students can also play a vital role in creating safer online spaces by supporting each other and fostering a sense of community. Here are some ways students can contribute:

Peer Support Networks: Establishing peer support groups where students can share their experiences and offer advice can create a supportive environment (Petkov, 2024).

Active Bystander Intervention: Encouraging students to speak up and intervene when they witness harassment can help deter abusive behavior (HogoNext, 2024).

Promoting Positive Online Behavior: Students can lead by example by promoting respectful communication and challenging harmful behaviors in online spaces (HogoNext, 2024).

Creating Safe Spaces: Developing online communities that prioritize safety, respect, and inclusivity can provide a refuge for those affected by harassment (Petkov, 2024).

By taking these steps, universities and students can work together to create a safer and more inclusive digital environment.

In conclusion, the stereotype of the "Snowflake Generation" fails to recognize the real and pervasive issue of online harassment faced by students. Rather than being overly sensitive, students are navigating a hostile digital environment that demands serious attention and action. By raising awareness, implementing better reporting mechanisms, and fostering a culture of respect and support, we can create safer online spaces for everyone. I encourage you to share your experiences or thoughts in the comments, as your voice is crucial in this ongoing conversation.

References

Anindita Shome. (2022). Gendered Experiences in the Virtual World: Online Harassment of Women and LGBTQI. 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0460-8_7

Chadha, K., Steiner, L., Vitak, J., & Zahra Ashktorab. (2020). Women’s Responses to Online Harassment. International Journal of Communication, 14(1), 239–257. https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/womens-responses-to-online-harassment

David, P. (2023, August 15). Digital Citizenship: Empowering Students for Responsible Online Behavior - Eduzoid | Education Blog Website. Eduzoid. https://eduzoid.com/education/digital-citizenship-empowering-students-for-responsible-online-behavior/

George Wright, R. (2024). Cyber Harassment and the Scope of Freedom of Speech | UC Davis Law Review. Ucdavis.edu. https://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/archives/53/online/cyber-harassment-and-scope-freedom-speech

Gierdowski, D. C., & Brooks, D. C. (2020). Online Harassment (J. Galanek, Ed.). Www.educause.edu. https://www.educause.edu/ecar/research-publications/student-technology-report-supporting-the-whole-student/2020/online-harassment

Greer, J. B. (2023, November 26). Exploring the Boundaries: Is Harassment Free Speech? - Politic Sphere. Politic Sphere. https://www.politicsphere.com/exploring-the-boundaries-is-harassment-free-speech/

Haslop, C., O’Rourke, F., & Southern, R. (2021). #NoSnowflakes: The toleration of harassment and an emergent gender-related digital divide, in a UK student online culture. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 27(5), 1418–1438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856521989270

HogoNext. (2024, October 6). How to Create a Safe and Respectful Online Learning Environment - HogoNext. HogoNext. https://hogonext.com/how-to-create-a-safe-and-respectful-online-learning-environment/

Hoyt, A. (2015, May 18). 10 Forms of Online Harassment. HowStuffWorks. https://computer.howstuffworks.com/10-forms-online-harassment.htm

Impactly. (n.d.). Social Media Harassment: 4 Types You Should Know. Getimpactly.com. https://www.getimpactly.com/post/social-media-harassment

Keaveney, S. (2016, December 19). Should You Go To Grad School? A Conversation About Higher Education. The James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal. https://jamesgmartin.center/2016/12/snowflake-generation-real-imagined/

Marzouk Alghahoory, N. (2024). Exploring the Impact of Online Learning on Student Engagement and Academic Performance. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 13(11), 835–838. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr241113214901

PennState. (2025). Guide to Managing Online Harassment. Office of the Executive Vice President and Provost. https://provost.psu.edu/guide-to-managing-online-harassment/

Petkov, A. (2024, July 29). Creating Safe Spaces in Your Online Community: Building a Supportive Environment - StellarUp. StellarUp -. https://www.stellarup.io/blog-articles/creating-safe-spaces-in-your-online-community-building-a-supportive-environment/

Regehr, K., & Ringrose, J. (2018). Celebrity Victims and Wimpy Snowflakes: Using Personal Narratives to Challenge Digitally Mediated Rape Culture. Springer EBooks, 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72917-6_18

Team, L. (2024, October). 10 Principles for Courteous Online Behavior for Students | Learning.com. Learning. https://www.learning.com/blog/principles-online-behavior/

United Nations. (2024, December 5). Cyberviolence Against Women and Girls: The Growing Threat of the Digital Age. United Nations Western Europe. https://unric.org/en/cyberviolence-against-women-and-girls-the-growing-threat-of-the-digital-age/