#dtu azure calculator

[advaiya-solutions]

Microsoft Azure SQL Database is a managed cloud database (PaaS (Platform as a Service) service provided as part of Microsoft Azure which runs on a cloud computing platform, and access to it is provided as a service, i.e., PAAS (Platform as a Service). 

[inhandnetworks-blog]

Amazing Image Reveals Distribution of Aerosols in EarthR distribution Line Monitoring  17;s Atmosphere

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On August 23, 2018 the identification and distribution of aerosols in the Earth’s atmosphere is shown in this dramatic, planet-wide visualization. Produced in real time, the Goddard Earth Observing System Forward Processing (GEOS FP) model relies on a combination of Earth-observing satellite and ground-based data to calculate the presence of types of aerosols, tiny solid particles and liquid droplets, as they circulate above the entire planet.

This August 23rd model shows black carbon particles  Remote Diagnostics  in red from combustion processes, like smoke from the fi m2m connectivity  res in the United States and Canada, spreading across large stretches of North America and Africa. Sea salt aerosols are in blue, swirling above threatening typhoons near  industrial IoT Gateway  South Korea and Japan, and the hurricane looming near Hawaii. Dust shown in purple hues is blowing over African and Asian deserts. The location of cities and towns can be found from the concentrations of lights based on satellite image data of the Earth at night.

Credit: NASA Earth Observatory, GEOS FP, Joshua Stevens

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🤓 -> Calculating DTU's for Azure SQL Database https://t.co/lvFdTn6Ohm #SqlServer #Sql 🤓

— SQL Joker (@sql_joker) February 14, 2018

[deplloyer]

Benchmark: Data migration to Azure SQL Database using DMA 3.2

DMA 3.2 enables schema and data migration from an on-premises SQL Server database to an Azure SQL Database. The data migration pipeline is built atop the SQL bulk copy technology and lets you quickly and reliably move data from your source database into your target database. There are many variables that can affect the performance of this data migration: the number of cores on the machine running DMA, the speed of your internet connection, the size of the database you’re migrating, and more.

For now, let's focus on two variables: the target database's service objective (which can be set through the Azure portal, through PowerShell, or through SSMS) and the number of parallel tasks performed by the data movement pipeline (which can be set in DMA’s configuration file).

An Azure SQL Database’s service objective (e.g. S0, P1, P15) indicates the level of performance that the database is capable of. Generally speaking, you will get faster and more reliable data movement with higher service tiers and performance levels. We recommend that you set your target database to level P15, at least for the duration of the migration, to make it as quick and smooth as possible. For more information and instructions for changing your service objective, see here.

The number of parallel tasks used in data movement controls the number of batches of data that can be written in parallel to your target. The pipeline splits the rows of your source tables into batches in order to insert them into your target tables. With more batches being written in parallel, you increase the number of DTUs utilized on your target database, but you can sometimes get faster data movement.

By default, the number of parallel tasks is not static. It is calculated according to the following logic: if your target database is in the Basic or Standard service tiers (Basic, S0, S1, S2, S3), we will set this number to 4. Otherwise, we use this formula (where “cores” is the number of cores on the machine running DMA):

cores >= 8 ? cores * 4 : cores * 2

So, for a 4-core machine targeting a P15 database, we would use 8 parallel tasks. For a 16-core machine targeting a P15 database, we would use 64 tasks. For a machine of any size targeting S0, we would use 4 tasks.

However, if you would like to experiment, this logic can be overwritten to use a fixed number of your choosing. In DMA’s configuration file (Dma.exe.config, located in C:\Program Files\Microsoft Data Migration Assistant), you will see a line like this (commented-out by default):

<!--<add key=”QueryTableDataRangeTaskCount” value=”4”/>-->

You can un-comment this line and tweak the value to control the number of tasks done in parallel by the pipeline.

Following is some sample data illustrating the effects of service objective and parallel task count on migration duration. All of these migrations used the same 220gb source database and were run on a 16-core machine.

Note that these results were fairly specific to our database and our setup; with a different set of parameters, you may get different results. They are just meant to give you a rough idea of what the performance looks like. For example, our source database had only a small number of tables, but they were quite large. This meant that when we increased the number of tasks, we actually slowed things down a little overall, because we ended up parallelizing more within a table rather than across tables. In general, it's faster to do multiple tables in parallel than it is to do multiple batches from the same table in parallel. So, just keep that in mind if you're experimenting with these settings.

Miscellaneous notes

There are a few other things to take note of when migrating data to Azure SQL Database through DMA:

Migrating heaps

Tables without any indexes (heaps) will be slower to migrate than tables that have indexes. This is because the lack of indexes means we cannot query the data and split it into batches for processing as quickly.

Migrating to a Standard-tier target

When trying to migrate a medium-to-large source database to a Standard-tier Azure SQL DB (e.g. S0, S1), you may get better results if you decrease the maximum batch size in DMA's configuration file (Dma.exe.config). Look for this line:

<!--<add key="MaxBatchSizeKb" value="262144"/>-->

The default is 262,144 kilobytes, or 256 megabytes. You can try un-commenting this line and setting the value to 131072 (for 128 megabytes). In our testing, using a max batch size of 131072 and the default number of writers (4), we migrated our 220gb database to an S1 target in roughly 2 days and 17 hours. Doing the same with an S0 target took roughly 4 days and 10 hours. So it will work, but the process will be more efficient with a Premium-tier target.

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[advaiya-solutions]

Microsoft Azure SQL Database is a managed cloud database (PaaS (Platform as a Service) service provided as part of Microsoft Azure which runs on a cloud computing platform, and access to it is provided as a service, i.e., PAAS (Platform as a Service). 

[inhandnetworks-blog]

Physicists Discover the Temperature at Which Carbon Nanotubes B Smart Vending  ecome Superconductors

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This is the geometric structure ‘a carbon chain in a tube’ before and after optimization. Credit: Chi Ho Wong

Scientists from Ural Federal University (UrFU) together with their c remote secure networking  olleagues from Lomonosov Moscow State University found out the mathematical method to calculate the temperature at which single walled carbon nanotubes became superconductors and developed a way to increase it thus opening new prospects for superconductive materials application. The work was published in Carbon journal.

Superconductivity is the basis of high-tech. Materials that are able to conduct electricity in full without any power losses due to the absence of resistance are used in cyclotrons, magnetic trains, power lines, and super-sensitive magnetometers (devices used to measure the Earth’s magnetic field). Still, the main issue with superconductivity is that it is expressed at temperatures slightly above absolute zero (-273°C). If a material is superconductive around -70°C, it is aiming at a record. The leader among all materials is hydrogen sulfide frozen under incredible pressure – it becomes a superconductor at -70°C.

“Room temperature superconductivity is the dream of humanity. For example, your mobile phone does not need to recharge anymore and the electricity can run forever,” says Dr. Chi Ho Wong, a postdoc of Ural Federal University and a co-a Industrial IoT  uthor of the work.

The ability of carbon to form flat, one atom thick graphene sheets (separate graphite layers) has been attracting the attention of scientists for a long time. If we roll such a sheet to make a tube, we will get another interesting structure – a single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT). These structures are highly tensile, refract light in an unusual manner and may be used in many areas from electronics to biomedicine. Atoms inserted in the walls of such tubes may change their properties, including conductivity. It may depend on the orientation of hexagons that form the carbon layer, on the filling of the tube, or on additionally inserted or attached atoms of other elements.

Single walled carbon nanotubes are b Intelligent Traffic Enforcement  eing actively studied as prospective superconductors. However, their diameter equals only 4 angstroms (four tenth of a nanometer), therefore they are close to 1D materials. At temperatures close to absolute zero the so-called Cooper pairs of electrons are formed in them. In the lack of curvature it prevents the formation of Cooper pairs, and no superconductivity is observed.

“Our task was to change the 1D structure in order to increase the temperature of superconductive transition” comments Anatoly Zatsepin, the head of a scientific research laboratory at Institute of Physics and Technology, UrFU. “It turned out that if you pile SWCNTs up, Cooper pairs stabilize, and a superconductor is formed.” Still, even such piles require quite low temperatures to exhibit superconductive properties – only 15 degrees above absolute zero.

Physicists found a solution for this issue as well. They added a one atom wide carbon “wire” inside SWCNTs. The chain itself does not form bonds with the atoms of the tube, but it makes the tube change its own geometry and flex.

When the team from UrFU changed the shape of the internal carbon chain from straight to zigzag-like, they managed to increase the temperature of superconductivity transition by 45 degrees. To achieve the best effect, the angles of zigzags were mathematically calculated, and the predictions proved to be correct.

“Nobody in the world could calculate the superconducting transition temperature of single walled carbon nanotube successfully since 2001. But we make it this year. Then based on our new method, we insert carbon chain inside the carbon nanotube to study the superconductivity” adds Dr. Chi Ho Wong.

Publication: C.H.Wong, et al., “Superconductivity in ultra-thin carbon nanotubes and carbyne-nanotube composites: An ab-initio approach,” carbon, 2017; doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2017.09.077

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Study Reveals Ancient smart vending machine   Impact of Massive Asteroid

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A graphical representation of the size of the asteroid thought to have killed the dinosaurs, and the crater it created, compared to an asteroid thought to have hit the Earth 3.26 billion years ago and the size of the crater it may have generated. A new study reveals the power and scale of the event some 3.26 billion years ago which scientists think created geological features found in a South African region known as the Barberton greenstone belt. Credit: American Geophysical Union

A newly published study reveals an ancient asteroid impact that left a crater nearly 500 kilometers across: up to two and a half times larger in diameter than the crater formed by the dinosaur-killing asteroid.

Washington, D.C. — Picture this: A massive asteroid almost as wide as Rhode Island and about three to five times larger than the rock thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs slams into Earth. The collision punches a crater into the planet’s crust that’s nearly 500 kilometers (about 300 miles) across: greater than the distance from Washington, D.C. to New York City, and up to two and a half times larger in diameter than the hole formed by the dinosaur-killing asteroid. Seismic waves bigger than any recorded earthquakes shake the planet for about half an hour at any one location – about six times longer than the huge earthquake that struck Japan three years ago. The impact also sets off tsunamis many times deeper than the one that followed the Japanese quake.

Although scientists had previously hypothesized enormous ancient impacts, much greater than the one that may have eliminated the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, now a new study reveals the power and scale of a cataclysmic event some 3.26 billion years ago which is thought to have created geological features found in a South African region known as the Barberton greenstone belt. The research is published in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, a journal of the American Geophysical Union.

The huge impactor – between 37 and 58 kilometers (23 to 36 miles) wide – collided with the planet at 20 kilometers per second (12 miles per second). The jolt, bigger than a 10.8 magnitude earthquake, propelled seismic waves hundreds of kilometers through the Earth, breaking rocks and setting off other large earthquakes. Tsunamis thousands of meters deep – far bigger than recent tsunamis generated by earthquakes — swept across the oceans that covered most of the Earth at that time.

“We knew it was big, but we didn’t know how big,” Donald Lowe, a geologist at Stanford University and a co-author of the study, said of th industrial m2m  e asteroid. A graphical representation of the size of the asteroid thought to have killed the dinosaurs, and the crater it created, compared to an asteroid thought to have hit the Earth 3.26 billion years ago and the size of the crater it may have generated. A new study reveals the power and scale of the event some 3.26 billion years ago which scientists think created geological features found in a South African region known as the Barberton greenstone belt.

Lowe, who discovered telltale rock formations in the Barberton greenstone a decade ago, thought their structure smacked of an asteroid impact. The new research models for the first time how big the asteroid was and the effect it had on the planet, including the possible initiation of a more modern plate tectonic system that is seen in the region, according to Lowe.

The study marks the first time scientists have mapped in this way an impact that occurred more than 3 billion years ago, Lowe added, and is likely one of the first times anyone has modeled any impact that occurred during this period of the Earth’s evolution.

The impact would have been ca cashless vending  tastrophic to the surface environment. The smaller, dino-killing asteroid crash is estimated to have released more than a billion times more energy than the bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The more ancient hit now coming to light would have released much more energy, experts said.

The sky would have become red hot, the atmosphere would have been filled with dust and the tops of oceans would have boiled, the researchers said. The impact sent vaporized rock into the atmosphere, which encircled the globe and condensed into liquid droplets before solidifying and falling to the surface, according to the researchers.

The impact may have been one of dozens of huge asteroids that scientists think hit the Earth during the tail end of the Late Heavy Bombardment period, a major period of impacts that occurred early in the Earth’s history – around 3 billion to 4 billion years ago.

Many of the sites where these asteroids landed were destroyed by erosion, movement of the Earth’s crust and other forces as the Earth evolved, but geologists have found a handful of areas in South Africa, and Western Australia that still harbor evidence of these impacts that occurred between 3.23 billion and 3.47 billion years ago. The study’s co-authors think the asteroid hit the Earth thousands of kilometers away from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, although they can’t pinpoint the exact location.

“We can’t go to the impact sites. In order to better understand how big it was and its effect we need studies like this,” said Lowe. Scientists must use the geological evidence of these impacts to piece together what happened to the Earth during this time, he said.

The study’s findings have important implications for understanding the early Earth and how the planet formed. The impact may have disrupted the Earth’s crust and the tectonic regime that characterized the early planet, leading to the start of a more modern plate tectonic system, according to the paper’s co-authors.

The pummeling the planet endured was “much larger than any ordinary earthquake,” said Norman Sleep, a physicist at Stanford University and co-author of the study. He used physics, models, and knowledge about the formations in the Barberton greenstone belt, other earthquakes and other asteroid impact sites on the Earth and the moon to calculate the strength and duration of the shaking that the asteroid produced. Using this information, Sleep recreated how waves traveled from the impact site to the Barberton greenstone belt and caused the geological formations.

The geological evidence found in the Barberton that the paper investigates indicates that the asteroid was “far larger than anything in the last billion years,” said Jay Melosh, a professor at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, who was not involved in the research.

The Barberton greenstone belt is an area 100 kilometers (62 miles) long and 60 kilometers (37 miles) wide that sits east of Johannesburg near the border with Swaziland. It contains some of the oldest rocks on the planet.

The model provides evidence for the rock formations and crustal fractures that scientists have discovered in the Barberton greenstone belt, said Frank Kyte, a geologist at UCLA who was not involved in the study.

“This is providing significant support for the idea that the impact may have been responsible for this major shift in tectonics,” he said.

Reconstructing the asteroid’s impact could also help scientists better understand the conditions under which early life on the planet evolved, the paper’s authors said. Along with altering the Earth itself, the environmental changes triggered by the impact may have wiped out many microscopic organisms living on the developing planet, allowing other organisms to evolve, they said.

“We are trying to understand the forces that shaped our planet early in its evolution and the environments in which life evolved,” Lowe said.

Publication: Norman H. Sleep & Donald R. Lowe, “Physics of crustal fracturing and chert dike formation triggered by asteroid impact, ~3.26 Ga, Barberton  VPN routerIndustrial 3g router  greenstone belt, South Africa,” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2014; DOI: 10.1002/2014GC005229

Image: American Geophysical Union

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

New Method Speeds up Stabilization of Chaotic Syste ATM Remote Diagnostic  ms

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The new findings of the scientists in Göttingen suggest that the reaction times of the robot Amos can be significantly reduced. Credit: Poramate Manoonpong and Florentin Wörgötter, University of Göttingen and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen

A team of researchers has developed a new method to speed up the stabilization of chaotic systems.

When chaos threatens, speed is essential; for example, when a pacemaker needs to stabilize an irregular heartbeat or a robot has to react to the information received from its environment. Both cases require imposing a stable, organized state on a chaotic system. Scientists from the Max Planck Insti Industrial IoT Gateway  tute for Dynamics and Self-Organization in Göttingen, the Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen and the University of Göttingen have developed a method for accelerating control. The key to success: A less invasive approach that cleverly exploits the natural behavior of the system.

When the ground beneath Amos starts to rise, the insectoid robot can skilfully adapt to the changing conditions. After only a moment’s hesitation, he autonomously switches gait and selects a different movement pattern for his six legs, suitable for climbing the slope. To do this low-cost cellular router , Amos’ “brain”, a comparatively tiny network with few circuits, has to work at full tilt. Can this “thought process” be accelerated? Scientists in Göttingen think so. Their calculations show how Amos’ reaction times can be significantly reduced.

The autonomous six-legged robot was developed three years ago and subsequently optimized by a team led by theoretical physicist Marc Timme, who, together with his Research Group, works at the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization and headed the new study along with robotics expert Poramate Manoonpong from the University of Göttingen. However, the new method is not just suitable for robots such as Amos; basically, it can be applied to any chaotic system where a certain degree of control is required. “Every chaotic system is very susceptible to interference”, Marc Timme explains. Even the smallest external change may trigger a completely different behavior. In Amos’ case, chaos means that his “brain” would produce a chaotic activity pattern with signals flying in all directions.

Given the occasional nudge, a chaotic system will stabilize itself

In order to organise this chaotic pattern, the system requires help. Scientists speak of “chaos control”. The most common methods used begin by trying to calculate the behavior of the system in the near future. The second step is to transform this information into a control signal which is used to correct the development of the system – a gentle nudge to bring it back on track.

However, the Göttingen-based research team has demonstrated that less intervention can be more effective. “The trick is to limit the number of times we push the system towards the required stable state”, says Max Planck researcher Christian Bick. “By giving the system the freedom to develop on its own from time to time, we achieve the desired result faster.” Physicists call this a self-organized process.

“At first glance, this method may seem roundabout”, Bick admits. However, the self-stabilization of the system is actually very efficient and fast. Only occasional external interventions are required to make sure that the path chosen by the system does not deviate from the right track.

The new method can be a thousand times faster

Depending on the system, the new method may easily be 100 or 1000 times faster, and requires significantly fewer interventions. “What’s more, theoretically this would permit stabilization of very complex movement patterns for Amos”, Timme adds. Until now, the more complex the string of movements and thereby the respective activity pattern are, the harder the pattern to stabil Cost effective  ize. “Our method implies that Amos can select new gaits which were not feasible before.”

So far, the new method is only a theoretical concept. However, the next step is to try it out on Amos behaving in the real world. Other applications are also plausible, for example, where chaos control is used to stabilize cardiac rhythms or to operate chaotic lasers.

Publication: Christian Bick, et al., “Stalling chaos control accelerates convergence,” 2013, New J. Phys., 15, 063038; doi:10.1088/1367-2630/15/6/063038

Image: Poramate Manoonpong and Florentin Wörgötter, University of Göttingen and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen

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New Cell-Wei inhand networks  ghing Technique Could Help Doctors Choose Cancer Drugs

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Cells pass through an sSMR device, which consists of multiple sensors that are fluidically connected in series and separated by delay channels (not all is shown). This design enables a stream of cells to flow through the device such that different sensors can concurrently weigh flowing cells in the stream.

Doctors have many drugs available to treat multiple myeloma, a type of blood cancer. However, there is no way to predict, by genetic markers or other means, how a patient will respond to a particular drug. This can lead to months of treatment with a drug that isn’t working.

Researchers at MIT have now shown that they can use a new type of measurement to predict how drugs will affect cancer cells taken from multiple-myeloma patients. Furthermore, they showed that their predictions correlated with how those patients actually fared when treated with those drugs.

This type of testing could help doctors predict drug responses based on measurements of cancer cell growth rates after drug exposure, says Scott Manalis, the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Professor in the MIT departments of Biological Engineering and Mechanical Engineering and a member of MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research.

“For infectious diseases, antibiotic susceptibility testing based on cell proliferation has been extremely effective for many decades,” Manalis says. “Unlike bacteria, analogous tests for tumor cells have been challenging, in part because the cells don’t always proliferate upon removal from the patient. The measurement we developed doesn’t require proliferation.”

Manalis is the senior author of the study, which appears in the Nov. 20 issue ofNature Communications. The paper’s lead authors are Mark Stevens, a visiting scientist at the Koch Institute and research scientist at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Arif Cetin, a former MIT postdoc.

An animation of how a serial suspended micro channel resonator functions with car router   cells flowing through the device. Cells pass over 10 cantilever mass sensors to have their mass weighed over a 15 minute interval, with measurements spaced by delay channels. Multiple measurements allow the researchers to capture changes in mass over time, a metric called mass accumulation rate (MAR).

Predicting response

The researchers’ new strategy is based on technology that Manalis and others in his lab have developed over the past several years to weigh cells. Their device, known as a suspended microchannel resonator (SMR), can measure cell masses 10 to 100 times more accurately than any other technique, allowing the researchers to precisely calculate growth rates of single cells over short periods of time.

The latest version of the device, which can measure 50 to 100 cells Industrial 3G Router   per hour, consists of a series of SMR sensors that weigh cells as they flow through tiny channels. Over a 20-minute period, each cell is weighed 10 times, which is enough to get an accurate MAR measurement.

A few years ago, Manalis and colleagues set out to adapt this technique to predict how cancer drugs affect tumor cell growth. They showed last year that the mass accumulation rate (MAR), a measurement of the rate at which the cells gain mass, can reveal drug susceptibility. A decrease in MAR following drug treatment means the cells are sensitive to the drug, but if they are resistant, there is no change in MAR.

In the new study, the researchers teamed up with Nikhil Munshi at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute to test a variety of drugs on tumor cells from multiple-myeloma patients. They then compared the results to what happened when the patients were treated with those drugs. For each patient, they tracked the cells’ response to three different drugs, plus several combinations of those drugs. They found that in all nine cases, their data matched the outcomes seen in patients, as measured by clinical protein biomarkers found in the bloodstream, which are used by doctors to determine whether a drug is killing the tumor cells.

“When the clinical biomarkers showed that the patients should be sensitive to a drug, we also saw sensitivity by our measurement. Whereas in cases where the patients were resistant, we saw that in the clinical biomarkers as well as our measurement,” Stevens says.

Personalized medicine

One of the difficulties in treating multiple myeloma is choosing among the many drugs available. Patients usually respond well to the f wireless networking  irst round of treatment but eventually relapse, at which point doctors must choose another drug. However, there is no way to predict which drug would be best for that particular patient at that time.

In one scenario, the researchers envision that their sensor would be used at the time of disease relapse, when the tumor may have developed resistance to specific therapies.

“At this time of relapse, we would take a bone marrow biopsy from a patient, and we would test each therapy individually or in combinations that are typically used in the clinic. At that point we’d be able to inform the clinician as to which therapy or combinations of therapies this patient seems to be most sensitive or most resistant to,” Stevens says.

The new test holds “great promise” to screen myeloma cells for drug susceptibility, says Kenneth Anderson, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, who was not involved in the research.

“This assay may fast-forward personalized medical care and the choice of effective therapies for myeloma both at diagnosis and at relapse,” Anderson says.“It may also be useful to profile susceptibility of minimal residual disease in order to further inform therapy and improve patient outcome.”

Bone marrow biopsies often produce limited numbers of tumor cells to test — as few as 50,000 tumor cells in this study — but for this technique that is enough to test many different drugs and drug combinations. The MIT researchers have started a company to begin a larger clinical study for validating this approach, and they plan to investigate the possibility of using this technology for other types of cancer.

The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, the Koch Institute’s Cancer Center Support (core) Grant from the National Cancer Institute, the Department of Veterans Affairs, a Koch Institute Quinquennial Cancer Research Fellowship, and the Bridge Project of the Koch Institute and Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center.

Publication: Arif E. Cetin, et al., “Determining therapeutic susceptibility in multiple myeloma by single-cell mass accumulation,” Nature Communications 8, Article number: 1613 (2017) doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01593-2

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New Calculations Challenge Assumptio Industrial 3G Router  ns about Rigid Lithosphere

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A map produced by scientists at the University of Nevada, Reno, and Rice University shows predicted velocities for sectors of the Pacific tectonic plate relative to points near the Pacific-Antarctic ridge, which lies in the South Pacific ocean. The researchers show the Pacific plate is contracting as younger sections of the lithosphere cool. Credit: Corné Kreemer and Richard Gordon

A newly published study from geophysicists Rice University and the University of Nevada challenge assumptions about a rigid lithosphere, revealing that the Pacific plate is shrinking as it cools.

Houston – The tectonic plate that dominates the Pacific “Ring of Fire” is not as rigid as many scientists assume, according to researchers at Rice University and the University of Nevada.

Rice geophysicist Richard Gordon and his colleague, Corné Kreemer, an associate professor at the University of Nevada, Reno, ha Industrial IoT Gateway  ve determined that cooling of the lithosphere — the outermost layer of Earth — makes some sections of the Pacific plate contract horizontally at faster rates than others and cause the plate to deform.

Gordon said the effect detailed this month in Geology is most pronounced in the youngest parts of the lithosphere — about 2 million years old or less — that make up some the Pacific Ocean’s floor. They predict the rate of contraction to be 10 times faster than older parts of the plate that were created about 20 million years ago and 80 times faster than very old parts of the plate that were created about 160 million years ago.

The tectonic plates that cover Earth’s surface, including both land and seafloor, are in constant motion; they imperceptibly surf the viscous mantle below. Over time, the plates scrape against and collide into each other, forming mountains, trenches and other geological features.

On the local scale, these movements cover only inches per year and are hard to see. The same goes for deformations of the type described in the new paper, but when summed over an area the size of the Pacific plate, they become statistically significant, Gordon said.

The new calculations showed the Pacific plate is pulling away from the North American plate a little more — approximately 2 millimeters a year — than the rigid-plate theory would account for, he said. Overall, the plate is moving northwest about 50 millimeters a year.

“The central assumption in plate tectonics is that the plates are rigid, but the studies that my colleagues and I have been doing for the past few decades show that this central assumption is merely an approximation — that is, the plates are not rigid,” Gordon said. “Our latest contribution is to specify or predict the nature and rate of deformation over the entire Pacific plate.”

The researchers already suspected cooling had a role from their observation that the 25 large and small plates that make up Earth’s shell do not fit together as well as the “rigid model” assumption would have it. They also knew that lithosphere as young as 2 million years was more malleable than hardened lithosphere as old as 170 million years.

“We first showed five years ago that the rate of horizontal contraction is inversely proportional to the age of the seafloor,” he said. “So it’s in the youngest lithosphere (toward the east side of the Pacific plate) where you get the biggest effects.”

The researchers saw hints of deformation in a metric called plate circuit closure, which describes the relative motions where at least three plates meet. If the plates were rigid, their angular velocities at the triple junction would have a sum of zero. But where the Pacific, Nazca and Cocos plates meet west of the Galápagos Islands, the nonclosure velocity is 14 millimeters a year, enough to suggest that all three plates are deforming.

“When we did our first global model in 1990, we said to ourselves that maybe when we get new data, this issue will go away,Power Fault Detection” Gordon said. “But when we updated our model a few years ago, all the places that didn’t have plate circuit closure 20 years ago still didn’t have it.”

There had to be a reason, and it began to become clear when Gordon and his colleagues looked beneath the seafloor. “It’s long been understood that the ocean floor increases in depth with age due to cooling and thermal contraction. But if something cools, it doesn’t just cool in one direction. It’s going to be at least approximately isotropic. It should shrink the same in all directions, not just vertically,” he said.

A previous study by Gordon and former Rice graduate student Ravi Kumar calculated the effect of thermal contraction on vertical columns of oceanic lithosphere and determined its impact on the horizontal plane, but viewing the plate as a whole demanded a different approach. “We thought about the vertically integrated properties of the lithosphere, but once we did that, we realized Earth’s surface is still a two-dimensional problem,” he said.

For the new study, Gordon and Kreemer started by determining how much the contractions would, on average, strain the horizontal surface. They divided the Pacific plate into a grid and calculated the strain on each of the nearly 198,000 squares based on their age, as determined by the seafloor age model published by the National Geophysical Data Center.

“That we could calculate on a laptop,” Gordon said. &ldquo goose-messaging-  ;If we tried to do it in three dimensions, it would take a high-powered computer cluster.”

The surface calculations were enough to show likely strain fields across the Pacific plate that, when summed, accounted for the deformation. As further proof, the distribution of recent earthquakes in the Pacific plate, which also relieve the strain, showed a greater number occurring in the plate’s younger lithosphere. “In the Earth, those strains are either accommodated by elastic deformation or by little earthquakes that adjust it,” he said.

“The central assumption of plate tectonics assumes the plates are rigid, and this is what we make predictions from,” said Gordon, who was recently honored by the American Geophysical Union for writing two papers about plate movements that are among the top 40 papers ever to appear in one of the organization’s top journals. “Up until now, it’s worked really well.”

“The big picture is that we now have, subject to experimental and observational tests, the first realistic, quantitative estimate of how the biggest oceanic plate departs from that rigid-plate assumption.”

The National Science Foundation supported the research. Gordon is the Keck Professor of Geophysics and chairman of the Earth Science Department at Rice.

Publication: Corné Kreemer and Richard G. Gordon, “Pacific plate deformation from horizontal thermal contraction,” Geology, 2014; doi: 10.1130/G35874.1

Image: Corné Kreemer and Richard Gordon

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Physicists  Touchscreen & Vending PC  Use Atom Interferometry to Directly Measure Gravity’s Curvature

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(a) Scheme of the experiment. Rb87 atoms are trapped and cooled in a MOT. Three atomic clouds are launched in rapid sequence along the vertical direction with a moving optical molasses. Near the apogees of the atomic trajectories, a measurement of the vertical acceleration sensed by the three clouds is performed by Raman interferometry. External source masses are positioned in order to maximize the average gravity curvature at the three clouds’ positions. (b) Gravitational acceleration along the symmetry axis (az) produced by the source masses and the Earth’s gravity gradient; a constant value accounting for the Earth’s gravitational acceleration was subtracted. The spatial regions of the three atom interferometers are indicated by the thick red lines.

A newly published study details how a team of physicists simultaneously measured gravity with cold atoms at three different heights to achieve the first direct measurement of the gravity-field curvature.

Earth’s gravitational pull gradually decreases with increasing altitude, and researchers have detected the differences even over several vertical feet within a lab, using the extreme sensitivity of cold atoms. Now a team has taken the next step by measuring the change in this gravity gradient produced by a large mass, using measurements at three different heights. They say their technique could improve gravity-based mapping of variations in rock density in geology and prospecting, and it could also boost the precision of tests of general relativity and measurements of the gravitational constant.

The technique of atom interferometry enables distance measurements with extremely high precision, by exploiting the atoms’ quantum-mechanical wavelike nature. It has been used previously to measure the strength of gravitational fields and also the  industrial wireless modem  rate of change in those fields over some distance (the gradient). Together such measurements permit Newton’s gravitational constant G to be determined [1, 2]. It is currently known to within about 100 parts per million, a much lower precisio VPN gateway  n than other fundamental constants. More accurate measurements would allow higher-precision tests of the theory of general relativity.

Measuring gravity at two close locations gives the gradient as the difference between the two divided by their separation distance; measuring at three locations gives the rate of change of the gradient, which is also called the curvature of the field. This experiment was proposed in 2002 [3], and now a team in Italy, led by Guglielmo Tino of the University of Florence and the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), has carried it out. Previously, Tino and his colleagues determined G by measuring gravity at two different heights with a similar experiment [4].

To measure gravity at three locations simultaneously, the team launched three clouds of ultracold atoms to three different heights inside a m InHandGo  eter-long vertical pipe. Surrounding the top half of the pipe was 516kg of tungsten alloy weights, to increase the variation in the gravitational field. Near the peaks of their trajectories, the atoms were irradiated with a rapid series of laser pulses from the top and bottom of the pipe.

In the team’s technique, the first pulse separates each cloud into two populations—one that absorbs two photons, sending it into an excited state and also providing a momentum boost, and a second population that remains in the ground state. The extra momentum causes the first population to fall a different distance during a fixed time, which leads to a gravity-dependent difference in the number of quantum wave cycles that elapse, compared with the ground-state population. Two more wave pulses recombine the populations, allowing them to interfere. From the interference effects the researchers can calculate the difference in the lengths of the two populations’ trajectories, a difference that depends on the gravitational acceleration. The team measured variations in the gravitational acceleration of a few millionths of a percent and calculated the average curvature to be 1.4×10−5s−2m−1, which is virtually identical to the value they predicted.

Measuring the curvature of a gravitational field could improve the measurement of G, says Tino. A common method involves measuring the field strength and gradient as a heavy mass is moved between one detector and another. But by making two separate measurements of the gradient at different positions simultaneously, the new technique could eliminate systematic sources of error without having to move the mass, which can introduce errors from shifts of the apparatus.

The curvature could also be useful for mapping gravity changes in the earth, which are used to deduce buried geological structures and to find oil reservoirs. Even if the density changes are small, the curvature can alter dramatically if the density change is abrupt, like a step edge. So measuring gravity curvature could improve the spatial resolution of such density maps.

“Measuring the gravitational force is sensitive to everything underground,” says Holger Müller of the University of California at Berkeley, who uses atom interferometry to make ultraprecise measurements for probing fundamental physics. “Measuring the gravity gradient enhances the sensitivity to nearby objects, and measuring the [curvature] does so even more.” A practical, curvature-measuring device would be “a great achievement,” Müller says.

Publication: G. Rosi, L. Cacciapuoti, F. Sorrentino, M. Menchetti, M. Prevedelli, and G. M. Tino, “Measurement of the Gravity-Field Curvature by Atom Interferometry,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 013001, 2015; doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.013001

PDF Copy of the Study: Measurement of the Gravity-Field Curvature by Atom Interferometry

Image: American Physical Society, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.013001

References

J. B. Fixler, G. T. Foster, J. M. McGuirk, and M. A. Kasevich, “Atom Interferometer Measurement of the Newtonian Constant of Gravity,” Science 315, 74 (2007).

G. Lamporesi, A. Bertoldi, L. Cacciapuoti, M. Prevedelli, and G. M. Tino, “Determination of the Newtonian Gravitational Constant Using Atom Interferometry,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 050801 (2008).

J. M. McGuirk, G. T. Foster, J. B. Fixler, M. J. Snadden, and M. A. Kasevich, “Sensitive Absolute-Gravity Gradiometry Using Atom Interferometry,” Phys. Rev. A 65, 033608 (2002).

G. Rosi, F. Sorrentino, L. Cacciapuoti, M. Prevedelli, and G. M. Tino, “Precision Measurement of the Newtonian Gravitational Constant Using Cold Atoms,” Nature 510, 518 (2014)

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New Measurements Show 2014  Entry level Industrial Router  Arctic Sea Ice Minimum Sixth Lowest on Record

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New data from Japan’s GCOM-W1 satellite show that the 2014 Arctic sea ice minimum is the sixth lowest minimum sea ice extent recorded in the satellite era. A short animation shows the daily Arctic sea ice extent from March 21, 2014 to September 17, 2014.

An animation of daily Arctic sea ice extent from March 21 to September 17 – when the ice appeared to reach it’s minimum extent for the year. It’s the sixth lowest minimum sea ice extent in the satellite era. The data was provided by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Credit: NASA Goddard’s Scientific Visualization Studio/Trent Schindler

Arctic sea ice coverage continued its below-average trend this year as the ice declined to its annual minimum on Sept. 17, according to the NASA-supported National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) at the University of Colorado, Boulder.

“Arctic sea ice coverage in 2014 is the sixth lowest recorded since 1978,” said Walter Meier, a research scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

Over the 2014 summer, Arctic sea ice melted back from its maximum extent reached in March to a coverage area of 1.94 million square miles (5.02 million square kilometers), according to analysis from NASA and NSIDC scientists. This year’s minimum extent is similar to last year’s and below the 1981-2010 average of 2.40 million square miles (6.22 million square km).

“The summe remote connectivity  r started off relatively cool, and lacked the big storms or persistent winds that can break up ice and increase melting,” said Meier. Nevertheless, the season ended with below-average sea ice. “Even with a relatively cool year, the ice is so much thinner than it used to be. It is more susceptible to melting,” he explained.

This summer, the Northwest Passage above Canada and Alaska remained ice-bound. A finger of open water stretched north of Siberia in the Laptev Sea, reaching beyond 85 degrees north, which is the farthest north open ocean has reached since the late 1970s, according to Meier.

While summer sea ice has  prestashop 多语商城 covered more of the Arctic in the last two years than in 2012’s record low summer, this is not an indication that the Arctic is returning to average conditions, Meier said. This year’s minimum extent remains in line with a downward trend; the Arctic Ocean is losing about 13 percent of its sea ice per decade.

To measure sea ice extent, scientists include areas that are at least 15 percent ice-covered. The NASA-developed computer analysis, which is one of several methods scientists use to calculate extent, is based on data from NASA’s Nimbus 7 satellite, which operated from 1978 to 1987, and the U.S. Department of Defense’s Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, which has provided information since 1987.

In addition to monitoring sea ice from space, NASA is conducting airborne field campaigns to track changes in Arctic sea ice and its impact on climate. Operation IceBridge flights have been measuring Arctic sea ice and ice sheets for the past several years during the spring. A new field experiment, the Arctic R industrial M2M router adiation – IceBridge Sea and Ice Experiment (ARISE) started this month to explore the relationship between retreating sea ice and the Arctic climate.

For more information on sea ice observations from space, visit data/seaice/

Image: NASA Goddard’s Scientific Visualization Studio/Trent Schindler

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Astronomers Reveal Evidence for Higher gateway   Black Hole Spin in Radio-Loud Quasars

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Figure: Artist’s conception of the accretion disk around a spinning super-massive black hole. The rotation of the black hole may cause the high-speed jet which makes the object radio-loud.

Statistical analysis of supermassive black holes suggests that the spin of the black hole may play a role in the generation of powerful high-speed jets blasting radio waves and other radiation across the Universe.

Black holes absorb light and all other forms of radiation, making them impossible to detect directly. But the effects of black holes, in particular accretion disks where matter is shredded and superheated as it spirals down  distribution automation  into the black hole, can release enormous amounts of energy. The accretion disks around supermassive black holes (black holes with masses millions of times that of the Sun) are some of the brightest objects in the Universe. These objects are called “quasi-stellar radio sources” or “quasars,” but actually this is a misnomer; only about 10% of quasars emit strong radio waves. We now know that “radio loud” quasars occur when a fraction of the matter in the accretion disk avoids the final fate of falling into the black hole and comes blasting back out into space in high-speed jets emitted from the poles of the black hole. But we still don’t understand why jets form some times and not other times.

A team led by Dr. Andreas Schulze at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan investigated the possibility that the spin of the supermassive black hole might play a role in determining if the high-speed jets form. Because black holes cannot be observed directly, Schulze’s team instead measured emissions from oxygen ions [O III] around the black hole and accretion disk to determine the radiative efficiency; i.e. how much energy matter releases as it falls into the black hole. From the radiative efficiency they were able to calculate the spin of the black hole at the center.

By analyzing nearly 8000 quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Schulze’s team found that on average the O III oxygen emissions are 1.5 times stronger in radio  Distribution Power Line Monitoring System  loud quasars than in radio quiet quasars. This implies that spin is an important factor in the generation of jets.

Schulze cautions, “Our approach, like others, relies on a number of key assumptions. Our results certainly don’t mean that spin must be the only factor fAdvanced Grid Analyticsor differentiation between radio-loud and radio-quiet quasars. The results do suggest, however, that we shouldn’t count spin out of the game. It might be determining the loudness of these distant accreting monsters.”

Publication: Andreas Schulze, et a., “Evidence for Higher Black Hole Spin in Radio-loud Quasars,” ApJ, 2017; doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa9181

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Hubb ethernet  le 25th Anniversary Video – Meet Edwin Hubble

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The Hubble Space Telescope is named after one of the preeminent astronomers of the last century, Edwin Hubble. This six minute video takes us on a journey through the life and times of the namesake of one of the most significant scientific instruments ever built.

The famous Hubble Space Telescope marks 25 years of observations in April 2015, and that anniversary is in part being celebrated in a new series of educational videos created by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) of Baltimore, Maryland, who manages Hubble on behalf of NASA. The second video in the series is called “The Original Hubble.”

The “Original Hubble” video provides a quick glimpse at the life of Edwin Hubble, the astronomer the famous telescope is named after. The video provides an overview of Edwin Hubble’s life from his birth in 1889 in Missouri to his education and transformation in his career path that led to a fascination with the cosmos.

While pursuing his doctorate, Hubble gained employment at the Mount Wilson Observatory, the world’s largest telescope at the time. Don Nicholson, a 94-year-old docent at the Mt. Wilson Observatory met the famous scientist when his father worked at the observatory in the 1930s and 1940s. Nicholson spoke about meeting Hubble. “He saw the changes that were going on in astronomy and that opened his eyes,” Nicholson said. “He got interested in it and the interest became pretty con grid fault location suming.”

The video covers Hubble’s focus on interstellar clouds of dust and glowing gasses, and his 1923 discovery of the first variable star in the Andromeda Nebula, now known as the Andromeda galaxy, and that the star could be used to calculate its distance from Earth. He applied the same technique to other spiral nebulae and discovered that our universe extends far beyond our local Milky Way. Hubble also found the universe was expanding and the rate in which it is occurring, was later coined “the Hubble Constant.” That expansion became the foundation of the “Big Bang.”

“I think having the Hubble Space Telescope really seals the fame for Edwin Hubble. It does keep his name in the forefront and it helps him to be one of those people that really gets remembered from the 20th Century,” said Owen Ginger industrial automation  ich, Professor Emeritus of Astronomy and of the History of Science at Harvard University and a senior astronomer emeritus at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

This segment looks at the state of astronomy before Hubble and the difficulties of observing from the ground that drove Vending Telemeter   the need for a space telescope. Astronomers instrumental in the Hubble project in the 60s and 70s reflect on how the design of the telescope was forced to evolve because methods used by ground-based observatories weren’t practical in space.

Image: STScI

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Eocene Fossil Data Suggest Future Polar modem   Warming Could Be Greater Than Expected

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Tanzania has exceptionally well-preserved foram specimens. The outer pattern on this fossil matches its mesh-like internal structure. Photo courtesy of Laura Cotton

A new international analysis of marine fossils shows that warming of the polar oceans during the Eocene, a greenhouse period that provides a glimpse of Earth’s potential future climate, was greater than previously thought.

By studying the chemical composition of fossilized foraminifera, tiny single-celled animals that lived in shallow tropical waters, a team of researchers generated precise estimates of tropical sea surface temperatures and seawater chemistry during the Eocene Epoch, 56-34 million years ago. Using these data, researchers fine-tuned estimates from previous foram studies that captured polar conditions to show tropical oceans warmed substantially in the Eocene, but not as much as polar oceans.

Importantly, when modern climate models – the same as those used in the United Nations’ recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports – were run under Eocene conditions, many could not replicate these findings. Instead, the models consistently underestimated polar ocean warming in the Eocene.

This discrepancy may result from a gap in our understanding of the climate system or from what we know about the Eocene, said David Evans, the study’s lead author and Leverhulme Research Fellow at the University of St Andrews’ School of Earth and Environmental Sciences. If it does indeed relate to the climate system, it raises the possibility that predictions of future polar warming are also too low.

Forams were abundant in the Eocene. These large forams are embedded in limestone in Tanzania. Photo courtesy of Laura Cotton

“Yes, the tropics are warming but nowhere near to the same degree as the polar regions,” Evans said. “That’s something we really need to be able to understand and replicate in climate models. The fact that many models are unable to do that at the moment is worrying.”

The researchers published their findings this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Scientists frequently look to the Eocene to understand how the Earth responds to higher levels of carbon dioxide. During the Eocene, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was more than 560 parts per million, at least twice preindustrial levels, and the epoc remote monitoring  h kicked off with a global average temperature more than 8 degrees Celsius – about 14 degrees Fahrenheit – warmer than today, gradually cooling over the next 22 million years. These characteristics make the Eocene a good period on which to test our understanding of the climate system, said Laura Cotton, study co-author and curator of micropaleo branch networking  ntology at the Florida Museum of Natural History.

One of the challenges has been accurately determining the difference between sea surface temperatures at the poles and the equator during the Eocene, with models predicting greater differences than data suggested.

The research team used large bottom-dwelling forams as “paleothermometers” to gain a more precise temperature reading. Forams have an exceptionally long fossil record, spanning more than 540 million years, and they are often well-preserved in ocean sediments. Most are small enough to fit into the eye of a needle – Cotton describes them as “an amoeba with a shell” – but they were so abundant during the Eocene that there are entire rocks composed of them.

“If you look at the pyramids, they’re full of these tiny little lentil-like things – those are forams,” Cotton said. “The ancient Greeks thought the pyramids were made from the fossilized lentils of slaves, but it’s just the limestone from one of these deposits that is absolutely filled with them.”

This large bottom-dwelling foram has been sectioned to show its spiral-shaped internal structure. These structures are key to identifying large foram species. Florida Museum photo by Natalie van Hoose

Forams form their shells in concert with ocean temperatures and chemistry, acting as miniscule time capsules, each containing a precise record of the temperature and ocean chemistry during its lifetime. Their shells are primarily made of calcium, carbon and oxygen. Heavy isotopes of carbon and oxygen bond together as a foram makes its shell – the cooler the temperature, the more they bond to each other.

By analyzing these clumped isotopes from fossil specimens found in India, Indonesia and Tanzania, the researchers could get an accurate reading of sea surface temperature across the tropics in the Eocene. They also lasered a small hole in each specimen to measure the amount of magnesium and calcium that vaporized, revealing the seawater chemistry.

They found that tropical sea surface temperature in the Eocene was about 6 degrees Celsius – about 10 degrees Fahrenheit – warmer than today.

“This was the first time we had samples that were good enough and this method was well-known enough that it could all come together,” Cotton said.

The team then used their dataset from the tropics to back-calculate the temperature and chemistry of polar oceans, relying on previous studies of forams that captured the conditions of those regions.

With this correction factor in place, they investigated the degree to which polar oceans warmed more than the tropics, a feature of the climate system known as polar amplification. Their data showed that the difference between polar and equatorial sea surface temperatures in the Eocene was an estimated 20 degrees Celsius, about 36 degrees Fahrenheit. Today the difference is 28 degrees Celsius, indicating that polar regions are more sensitive to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide than the tropics.

Troublingly, said Evans, when the team compared their data with various modern climate models under Eocene conditions, most models underestimated polar amplification by about 50 percent.

Th modem  e two models that came closest to reproducing the team’s data had one key aspect in common – they modified the way they accounted for cloud formation and the longevity of clouds in the atmosphere, particularly in the polar regions.

“To us, that looks like a promising research direction,” he said. “If – and it’s a big if – that turns out to be the right avenue to go down, that could play into the models we use for our future climate predictions.”

Publication: David Evans, et al., “Eocene greenhouse climate revealed by coupled clumped isotope-Mg/Ca thermometry,” PNAS, 2018; doi: 10.1073/pnas.1714744115

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