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drwcn · 5 years ago

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@cloudyfromoobsession

Hi! :)

On the topic of talking in third person when referring to yourself, it is actually quite prevalent in cdrama, especially the historical ones, but it never shows up in translation because well... it sounds really weird in English and often there is no direct translation. So most translators just do away with it.

In modern spoken Chinese, third person speech is no longer used (in fact it would be very weird if you did), so below is only pertaining to historical or fantasy dramas.

If I could insert my personal opinion on the matter: there’s no need to use third person speech in English. Chinese third person speech is incredibly nuanced depending on context and person, and it is incredibly easy to misuse it in English. Writers end up not conveying their intentions and actually making things really awkward. As someone who is fully bilingual, I personally find that third person speech, when used in excess, makes the writing stilted. Another example is Lan Wangji’s “concise speech” which I see very often. It does not work in English. It makes him sound like he doesn’t know how to speak properly and is grammatically incorrect. Chinese is a language that is designed to be able to be shortened in certain ways and still follow all its grammatical rules. English’s syntax does not work the same way at all. Speech is a major contributor to a fictional character’s personality. Sometimes those subtleties cannot be transposed directly from Chinese to English. To still capture the character when writing in English, each writer has different ways of doing this, but personally I like to keep Lan Wangji’s speech - for the most part - simple and concise. No complex or compound sentences but all his sentences should still obey the grammatical rules of English.

Okay, onto third person speech, since I find it interesting and it’s like a cool language quirk.

NOTE: below is about referring to oneself in the third person. Referring to someone else in the third person is a whole thing on its own.

The “talking in third” person you’re probably referring to stems from the episode when LWJ got drunk with One Braincell Trio, and the next morning he went to his uncle and said 忘机知错 or 忘机有错. I can’t remember specifically which one he said, but essentially it means “Wangji knows his faults” or “Wangji is at fault”. Using one’s own name to speak in third person is actually less common than some of the other examples I will explain below. There are many ways to speak in third person depending on the situation, your position and the person you are talking to.

Before I do that, I’d that to point out that the pronoun “I” 我 is seen as rude or not following etiquette if you use it inappropriately with people who you shouldn’t be using “I” with. For example, a girl entering the palace to serve as a maid will be trained to stop using “I” when she is speaking with nobility, royalty and anyone of higher rank than he. She will in fact be verbally corrected by her supervisor (and may even be punished) if she used “I” inappropriately. A palace maid’s “noun” that she will use in place of “I” is nubi 奴婢. Instead of saying 我不知到 “I don’t know”, she will say 奴婢不知 “nubi does not know.”

Notice the grammar issue that we’re presented with. Because there are no verb conjugation changes in Chinese, substituting “I” with another noun doesn’t change what happens to the verb in Chinese, but in English, you have to make conjugation changes. This makes dialogues sound even more weird in English.

“I” can be used amongst friends, close siblings, family (with exceptions) individuals or colleagues of relatively equal ranking or (sometimes) strangers on the street. Children, especially civilian children, almost always use “I”. As a general rule, civilians mostly use “I” with each other, it’s only when they speak to someone of rank that they switch their pronoun to a "non-I” noun. Also! Chinese doesn’t differentiate between the subject ‘I’ and the object ‘me’. They are both 我 “wo”, so both “I” and “me” are affected in the same way when switching to a ‘non-I’ noun.

So now I will list some of the “nouns” that are used in place of “I” in c-dramas. They will be listed in categories based on people’s station in life.

It’s important to note that Chinese can and is spoken passively, especially in old speech and in dramas. You won’t get the same flack for not using “active tone” the way you do in English. In fact, using “I” or “you” in old Chinese speech actually makes it sound informal. However, this again is one of those language quirks that doesn’t translate and can’t really be transposed. When writing in English, when in doubt, always follow English’s grammatical rules and syntax practices.

I have no degree in Chinese history or even East Asian studies. These are just some of the commonly used terms I’ve seen over many, many years of drama watching. Sometimes, drama gets it wrong, and these misconceptions will get passed to the audience, but it’s not like we’re submitting manuscripts for academic publication, so does it really matter if it’s slightly inaccurate?

Citizens, when talking to Officials, Royalty or the Emperor:

1) cao min 草民 - “grass” “citizen” 2) min nv 民女 - “citizen” “woman” 3) min fu 民妇 - “citizen” “married woman”

An average jo farmer when speaking with any government official or nobility or royalty including the Emperor will use cao’min to refer to themselves. Cao’min is gender neutral, so both men and women, old or young can use it. For example: “M’lord, I didn’t kill anyone!” -> “大人，草民没有杀人!”

“min’nv” on the other hand is used exclusively by women, usually younger women, while “min’fu” is used exclusively by older married women. The context of their usage is the same as cao’min. Both married and unmarried women can use cao’min as well. (nv is a weird word isn’t it? It’s because there is literally no alphabet to make the 女 sound. The closest we can get is nu, but that’s actually another word, so pinyin uses nv to as substitution.)

Notice, all three of these nouns are actually more... “formal”, as in these are the nouns people will know to use when they are being brought before a local judiciary court, or being called to testify before the Emperor himself. In a street setting, nouns #4 and #5 are usually used.

Sidenote: da’ren 大人 is an honorific that can be used for any government official that holds some kind of public office or police status. A citizen can use “da’ren” with officials as high as the prime minister all the way down to their local mayor or even just the guards patrolling town. A lower official refers to his superior as {Last-name-da’ren}, and a higher official ALSO refers to their subordinates (who are not close friends of his) as {Last-name da’ren}. More nuances apply but generally these are the rules.

Worker/Trades person/Citizen, when talking to someone of higher class and wealth:

4) xiao de 小的 - “of little” 5) xiao ren 小人 - “little” “person”

Example: Wei Wuxian and Lan Wangji walks into an inn, the busboy greets them and says: Chinese: “二位公子，[小的]是这里的小二，二位打尖还是住店？” English: “Young masters, [xiao’de] is the busboy/waiter of this place. Would you like to take your meal here or check in for the night?” or basically “Hi! I am your waiter and I’ll be helping you today. Are we eating or checking in?”

Adults of Scholar/Gentries Status/Martial Artists in Pugilist Society/Cultivators:

6) zai xia 在下 - “is here” “lower” 7) wan bei 晚辈 - “later” “generation” 8) di zi 弟子 - disciple 9) lao sheng 老身 - “old” “body”

zai xia - The thing with old Chinese speech is that it inherently is overly politely. In many many cases, you always put yourself in the lower status when speaking to a stranger of unknown status because you don’t want offend the person you don’t know. Zaixia can be used by men, women, usually not too old. If you’re a senior man or woman you usually default to 9). Example: two cultivators who’ve never met fought off a ghoul together. After the fact, they introduce themselves. One of them says: “在下云梦江氏魏无羡，多谢仙友相助。” Meaning translation: “I am Wei Wuxian of the Yunmeng Jiang Clan. Thank you so much for your help.” Literal translation： “[zai’xia] Yunmeng Jiang Clan Wei Wuxian. Much thanks cultivator friend for help.” This entire sentence contains neither ”I” nor “you”. But that’s just not... feasible to talk like that in English.

wan bei is used in CQL. Ex: A disciple of Yunmeng Jiang may refer to themselves as wan bei when speaking to a senior of another sect. When a disciple is speaking to a senior of their own sect, they will use “di zi” (disciple).

Family:

10). xiao xu 小婿 - “little” “son in law” 11). hai er 孩儿 - “child” 12). sun nv 孙女， sun er 孙儿 - “granddaughter” , “grandson” *there are more, but I’m use putting these up for examples*

In most families, there’s no need to refer to yourself in the third person. You’re family, just use “I”. But! In certain high society families, the rules are stricter and etiquette is everything. For example, places like Cloud Recesses with a stick up its collective butt would probably follow these rules. If Lan Wangji’s parents were still alive, he’d refer to himself as “hai er” to his parents. He would also refer to himself as “xiao xu” to Cangse and Wei Changze if they were alive. In Story of Minglan, Minglan refer to herself as “sun nv” when she’s speaking with her grandmother.

Government Officials

13). bei zhi 卑职 14). xia guan 下官 both of these mean the same thing “subordinate”. People use it when speaking to their superiors. Foot soldiers in the military will use 13, not 14.

15). wei chen 微臣 {wei chen} is used SOLELY with the royal family. If you are a government official of ANY rank, when speaking to the emperor, empress, dowager empress, you must use wei chen in formal settings. To a prince or princess or a royal concubine, government official can use 14 xia guan. Using “I” in front of royalty is very disrespectful. Exceptions do apply, but this is the overarching rule.

臣 - the word “chen” means subject. The term 君臣 refers to the special relationship of respect that exists between 君 the emperor, and 臣 the people who work on his behalf and whom he rules.

Royalty 16). zhen 朕 - no translation This is a special pronoun used ONLY by the Emperor and he uses zhen a lot. Like, there is no need for him to be humble or whatever and avoid using pronouns. It is his “I” and he can use it as freely as he likes.

17). ben gong 本宫 - “self” “palace” An Empress or a concubine of higher status (ie. a Noble Consort) use this to refer to themselves when they are talking to anyone of lower rank: citizens, servants, a government official, or a lower concubine. This places them in a position of power. Everyone who they’re using ben gong with should be lower than them in ranking. Remember when I said using “I” is rude, well in this case, a noble consort will not use “I” with a servant because she is more noble them, and they not “noble enough” for her to use “I” with. If it’s her close servants, her confidants, she can and often do use “I”, as a sign of familiarity.

18). pin qie 嫔妾, chen qie 臣妾 Lower concubines use “pin qie” and higher concubines use “chen qie” when speaking to the Emperor, Empress or Dowager Empress. The Empress uses “chen qie” when speaking to the Emperor or Dowager Empress. When chen qie or pin qie is used, the speaker is in a lower position than the person they’re speaking to.

19). er chen 儿臣 Princes and Princesses will use “er chen” with their fathers (the Emperor). In front of their mothers (Empress or concubine) and grandmothers, they usually use “I” or 11 “hai er”. If it’s a formal situation, they will switch to “er chen”. An Emperor will also refer to himself as “er chen” when speaking to his mother the Empress Dowager.

20). ben wang 本王 - “self” “lord/duke” An Emperor’s sons, brothers or male cousins are often qinwangs or junwangs (princes, lords, dukes). They will use “ben wang” to refer to themselves in formal settings to any one who is lower than them. In informal settings, they will use “I”. In formal setting when they’re talking to the Emperor, sons of the Emperors will use 19 “er chen”, brothers of Emperors may use “chen di” 臣弟, and cousins or more distant relatives will be simply “chen” or 15 “wei chen”.

21). ai jia 哀家 - “sad” “family” Empress Dowagers: literally the most respected and highest ranking person in any Chinese dynasty. She might not have any real power, but by rank she kneels to absolutely no one. No exceptions. Not even to her son who is the Emperor. He kneels to her. An Empress Dowager will use “ai jia” when she wants to be more formal, but to her family with whom she is close, she can and do use “I”.

Lastly, Jiang Cheng gets a special mention:

When Lan Wangji and Lan Xichen bring Wei Wuxian to Jinlintai at around ep 41, Jiang Cheng, being a total shit disturber says, “不知是那位名士大能，可否为江某引荐一番？”

Translation: “Who is this famous and talented cultivator? Could you introduce him to me?”

But lemme break that sentence down for you.

可否 = can or not 为 = for 江某 = Jiang “mou” 引荐一番 = make introduction.

He does not make use of “him” “you” or “me”. In English, when speaking in the imperative mood, aka, “put the dishes in the dish washer”, it is implied that ‘you’ are the person putting the dishes in the dish washer. Similarly, the ‘him’ and ‘you’ are implied in Jiang Cheng’s sentence, and the only “pronoun” he uses when referring to himself is “jiang mou”. If Jiang Cheng had used “you” or “him” in his sentence, it would’ve been ruder. As is, his sentence was still (albeit falsely) courteous.

The ‘third person’ speech in this context is the use of 江某 “jiang mou”. It is a fairly neutral third person noun. Unlike the above 21 examples, ‘mou’ doesn’t place a person in a position higher or lower than the person they’re talking to. They’re just saying “hey I am a person with the last name Jiang”. It is gender neutral and can be used by both men and women. It’s not limited to cultivators. Scholars can use it, nobility can use it, government officials can use it. (Your average farmer... probably doesn’t use it, because it’s just... not used.)

So that’s it.

There are definitely MORE nouns that are used in third person. These are some of the commonly seen ones. I hope it helps.

Again, this word vomit I just wrote is for general interest. It is absolutely not necessary to use it when writing fics in English. When in doubt, stick to using pronouns the way we would normally.

#language #cql #the untamed #cql reference #master list

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vanessakirbyfans · 4 years ago

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Ignore the cringeworthy title, which brings to mind several lives’ worth of Lifetime movies — Pieces of a Woman, a portrait of personal disintegration and the from-the-ashes process of piecing things back together, gives you three distinct reasons to pay attention to this late-breaking entry in the seasonal Pretty People in Pain sweepstakes. (It hit theaters on December 30th for a qualifying run; it starts streaming on Netflix on January 7th.) The first is The Shot, a set piece that kickstarts the drama in motion. We’ve already briefly met Martha (Vanessa Kirby), an expectant mother days away from her due date. And we’ve been introduced to her partner Sean (Shia LaBeouf), a construction worker who’s building a bridge in Boston. She is warm, witty, nurturing; he is rough-hewn, earthy and, per his own description, boorish (“now there’s a Scrabble word,” he adds). Martha’s middle-class family, especially her brittle and controlling mother (Ellen Burstyn), doesn’t much care for this blue-collar dude, but the couple love each other. They’re ready to eagerly embrace parenthood.

So when Martha’s water breaks, Sean distracts her with dumb jokes — already with the dad humor! — and places a call to their midwife. The woman they’ve prepped with, who the two have trusted to guide them through a home birth, is unavailable. A substitute named Eva (Molly Parker) will be assisting them in her stead. She shows up, helps with what turns out to be a somewhat fraught delivery … and then things suddenly, inexplicably take a turn for the worse.

The fact that the Hungarian filmmaker Kornél Mundruczó presents this entire sequence of events in what’s designed to resemble a continuous 24-minute shot sounds, on paper, like just another virtuoso move designed to induce a “how’d they do that?” shock and awe more characteristic of magic shows. Yet the director, making his English-language debut, isn’t indulging in hollow, look-ma-no-cuts showing off for its own sake; by letting viewers experience these wrong turns in real time, he’s both establishing your bond with these characters and letting his actors dictate the scene’s free fall from joy to tragedy. Cowritten by his longtime collaborator Kata Wéber, Pieces draws from her play of the same name (along with a very personal experience), and you can see the theatrical origins in this extended set-up. But that aspect works in the movie’s favor here. It’s not the fluid, snaking and craning camera that draws you in but Kirby’s animalistic grunts and cries, LaBeouf’s manic running around and tender encouragement, Parker’s authoritative earth-mother commandeering that slowly turn hesitant as the situation spirals out of everyone’s control. The “single” take is not the showcase itself so much as the stage for it.

Mundruczó’s breakthrough film, the 2014 Cannes prizewinner/canine-payback parable White God, proved he could meld feeling onto feats of incredible technical prowess — just try to direct an actual pack of 30 dogs to behave like an organized, vengeful army. Displaying your chops while also giving your performers room to do their best work, especially in a story that threatens to tiptoe into maudlin territory at any moment, is far more impressive then how much you can whip a Panaflex around. Not to mention that he’s marshaling a truly odd and unique cast: Name another drama that features LaBeouf, Burstyn, one of the Safdie brothers, Succession‘s Sarah Snook and stand-up comic Iliza Schlesinger in the same scene, much less the same movie. It’s a delicate balance, and this is where the second and third stand-out aspects enter the picture.

Everyone deals with the tragedy in their own way, from chilly disassociation to bad-habit relapses to furtive stabs at fucking the grief away. (To say that a sequence involving LaBeouf aggressively pursuing sex with Kirby before angrily storming away plays … incredibly uncomfortably in light of recent news is to put it mildly. There’s a fury in his work here that makes you feels like a voyeur, and not in a good way.) Martha’s mother chooses to pursue her catharsis by holding Eva accountable via legal means. Cue: The Monologue.

The matriarch has gathered the family together for dinner, in the hopes of, among other things, convincing Martha to go forward with a lawsuit. There is resistance. So Mom recounts the story of how sheer luck saved her as a baby, at which point Burstyn hand-delivers an elderly woman reopening a decades-old wound. There is so much kindness and sorrow, survivalist grit and a pleading sense of grace in the reading; Burstyn herself has said that she improvised part of the speech as the cameras were rolling. No one needs convincing that she’s a national treasure, yet to observe the veteran Oscar-winner elevating what could’ve been a clichéd exercise in pushing emotional pressure points is to observe the power of acting. It’s a showstopping turn in miniature, from someone with a career already bursting with them.

Pieces of a Woman largely belongs to the woman on the verge of a nervous breakdown at its center, however, and it’s Vanessa Kirby who gifts the film with The Performance. London theatergoers were lucky enough to catch the 32-year-old on stage, doing Shakespeare and Chekhov; the rest of us have been content to watch her flex as a clutch supporting player (The Crown) and action-movie femme fatale/hero (Mission: Impossible — Fallout, Hobbs & Shaw). But her profoundly traumatized Martha is something unique, a fully formed and in-focus picture of someone falling apart. She is a walking, talking, dead-eyed raw nerve, and after being partially responsible for the most realistic screen labors in recent memory, Kirby plays the bulk of her scenes in the key of shellshocked. It’s less a performance of repression than recession, as Martha keeps drawing back into herself or numbly shuffling through her interactions and routines. When she does occasionally lash out, it’s like the flailing gestures of a drowning person.

This is an extraordinary example of how to craft an empathetic take on psychic agony bit by bit, piece by piece, and without pandering for easy points. And it’s the sort of achievement that doubles as a coronation of Kirby as a first-rate actor, that next-gen star willing to crack herself open for a role. She’s a much-needed anchor here as well, notably when Weber’s script and Mundruczó’s conceptual choices veer off into shaky territory. There’s surely a way to express the ginger process of healing other than the heavy-handed visual metaphor of a bridge that, as we see the dates go by, slowly comes together as a solid structure; should you think you’re imagining some of those Biblical signifiers that pop up, an ambiguous Garden-of-Eden coda lets you know you’re not losing your mind. Not even Kirby can keep a late-act courtroom address from collapsing under its own weight.

But riding shotgun with her maternal phoenix makes up for a lot, and out of the trio of reasons to seek this work out, it’s the experience of shuffling miles in Martha’s blood-flecked boots that compels you to stay with it. So many movies deal with grief, anguish and personal reformation as little more than a chance for performative grandstanding. Pieces of a Woman has some of those moments, too. What’s fueling it, however, is a very real sense of what’s happens underneath all of the things we associate with melodrama — the tiny implosions beneath the surfaces. You merely see the impact instead of the demolition itself, but you see the damage done nonetheless. And when it’s all over, you see the hard work of someone succeeding in, hopefully, becoming whole again.

#Vanessa Kirby #Pieces of a Woman #Articles #Review

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biointernet · 5 years ago

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The History of Bioelectrography

Kirlian photograph of the electromagnetic discharge between two fingertips.

The Bioelectrography History

Since 500BC HISTORY OF GDV/EPI BIOELECTROGRAPHY KIRLIANGRAPHY, ELECTROPHOTONICS see more about Different names of Bioelectrography 500BC – Testing of genuine amber by static process in China 1541-1603 – Electroscope, William Gilbert

William Gilbert William Gilbert, also known as ‘Gilberd’, was a famous researcher in magnetism. He was famous during the time of Queen Elizabeth I and is best known for his publication, ‘De Magnete’. Credited as one of the originators of the term of electricity, William Gilbert is also known as the father of electricity, magnetism and electrical engineering. He travelled extensively and wrote many publications such as ‘Magnetisque Corporibus’ and ‘ET de Magno Magnete Tellure’ during his lifetime. Apart from being a scientist, Gilbert led a parallel career as an astronomer. He studied the moon’s surface without a telescope and concluded that the craters were in fact land, and the white patches on the moon’s surface were water bodies. One of his other significant contributions was when he pointed out that the motion of the skies occurred due to the rotation of the earth. One of the first people to try to map the markings of the moon’s surface, Gilbert was a celebrated astronomer and scientist. His theories on magnetism and electricity had also been the subject of controversy for many of his successors.

electroscope An electroscope is an early scientific instrument that is used to detect the presence and magnitude of electric charge on a body. It was the first electrical measuring instrument. The first electroscope, a pivoted needle called the versorium, was invented by British physician William Gilbert around 1600. The pith-ball electroscope and the gold-leaf electroscope are two classical types of electroscope that are still used in physics education to demonstrate the principles of electrostatics. A type of electroscope is also used in the quartz fiber radiation dosimeter. Electroscopes were used by the Austrian scientist Victor Hess in the discovery of cosmic rays. Electroscopes detect electric charge by the motion of a test object due to the Coulomb electrostatic force. Since the electric potential or voltage of an object with respect to ground equals its charge divided by its capacitance to ground, an electroscope can be regarded as a crude voltmeter. However, the accumulation of enough charge to detect with an electroscope requires hundreds or thousands of volts, so electroscopes are only used with high-voltage sources such as static electricity and electrostatic machines. Electroscopes generally give only a rough, qualitative indication of the magnitude of the charge. An instrument that measures charge quantitatively is called an electrometer. 1602-1686 – Electrostatic machine, Otto von Guerricke & Hauksbee

Otto Von Guerickes Sulphur Ball Otto von Guericke's electrostatic machine evolved into increasingly improved instruments in the hands of later scientists. Otto von Querricke (1602-1686), the Burgomeister of Magdeburg best known for his demonstration of the effect of atmospheric pressure on evacuated bodies (the Magdeburg Hemispheres), also showed the electrical effects were obtained by rubbing glass. Originally, he used a globe of sulphur mounted on a shaft, with the hand rubbing the rotating sphere. The sulphur was cast in a spherical shell of glass that was subsequently broken away; soon it was discovered that glass, and not sulphur, was the key ingredient of the demonstration. About 1700 Francis Hauksbee the Elder suggested that a glass cylinder be used in place of the sphere. In the early 1700s, Francis Hauksbee designed his own electrostatic generator, a feat stemming from his studies of mercury. 1661-1713 - Resulted in the reproduction of electrical phenomena in the laboratory 1622 – Magnetic declination varies with time, Edmund Gunter 1671 – Electric organ of torpedo fish studied, Francesco Redi 1672 – Living tissues react to environment, Francis Glisson 1702 – Air at low pressure glows during an electrical discharge, Hauksbee 1704 – Electrons, particles, wave forms. Newton 1729 – Photometry, Pierre Bouger 1729 – Electric current, Stephen Gray 1731 – Anything can be charged with static electricity if isolated by non conductive materials, Stephen Gray 1733 – Two types of static electric charge, like charges repel whilst unlike charges attract, (later opposed by Benjamin Franklin), Charles Francois de Cistemay 1746 – Leyden Jar (Leiden) for storing static electricity Pieter Van Musschenbrooek & E G Pieter got a shock when using it suggesting a connection between lightning, VonKleist 1747 – A pointed conductor draws off an electric charge from a charged body, Benjamin Franklin 1747 – First electrometers, Abbe Jean-Antoine Nollet (Paris) 1756 – Electricity and the origin of light and the wave theory, Mikhail Valilievich Lomonosov 1766 – That all nerves follow a path through the spinal column to the brain and that the nerves stimulate the muscles, A Von Haller 1766 – Improved electrometer, Horace Benedict de Saussure (Suisse) 1766 – Chart of magnetic inclination, Johna Wicke (German) 1766 - Joseph Priestley, English explorer, registered the colored circles which are obtained by electrical discharge on a metal surface («Priestly's rings»). 1771 – Tissue conduction of electricity, Luigi Galvani 1775 – Early electrical condensers, Alessandro Volta 1777 – Electrographic images, G C Lichtenberg 1777 – GERMANY GEORGE CRHISTOPHER LICHTEMBERG

GEORGE CRHISTOPHER LICHTEMBERG Georg Christoph Lichtenberg was a German physicist, satirist, and Anglophile. As a scientist, he was the first to hold a professorship explicitly dedicated to experimental physics in Germany. He obtained, with dust particles, under Statics Electricity, anything that we can consider as being primitive “Bioelectrographic Images” and those primitive images, in electrified dust were named, by him, as Electro-graphics”. In 1777 a German physicist George Lichtenberg touched a metal electrode covered with glass and connected to voltage with his finger while experimenting with the electrical machine. And suddenly a burst of sparkles flew all around. This was magically beautiful, although a little bit frightening. Lichtenberg jerked back the finger and then repeated the experiment. The finger placed on the electrode was shining with bright blue light and treelike sparkles dispersed from it. Lichtenberg, being a real academic scientist, investigated the behavior of this fluorescence in detail, although he substituted a grounded wire for a finger. The effect was the same, which later suggested an idea that some special energy exists in the body, and first electrical then torsion properties were attributed to it. Articles by Lichtenberg, masterfully done in German, are still cited in books on gas discharge. Further research demonstrated that electrical fluorescence was not so rarely met in nature.

Lichtenberg figures 1777-Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph. De Nova Methodo Naturam Ac Motum Fluidi Electrici Investigandi (Concerning the New Method Of Investigating the Nature and Movement of Electric Fluid). Göttinger Novi Commentarii, Göttingen, 1777. 11 1778-Lichtenberg, G.C. "Super nova methodo motum ac naturum fluidi electrici investigandi," Soc. Reg. Sc. Gottingensis, 1778, T.8, p.168-180. 1779-Lichtenberg, G.C. Commentatio posterior. Commentationes Soc. Reg. Sc. Gott. Glassis mathematicae T.1. p.65-79. 1779. 1779-G.C. Lichtenberg. Zweite Abhandlung uber eine neue Methode, die Natur und die Bewegung der elektrischen Materie zu erforschen. Ebd., Class. Math. tom. I, ad annum 1778, S.65 (1779) (Pup 56). The effect of discharge in the high voltage field observed in the experiments Tesla, Rengo and D'Arsonval, at voltages above 30 kV (especially good discharge visible after a 100kV). Two major invention that allowed to implement a method of photographing images of various objects in the high-frequency field: 1839 - invention of photography Daguerre, 1851 - creation Ruhmkorff coil. 1839-Jacques Daguerre, a French researcher, has published a method for producing an image on a copper plate covered with silver. 1842-G. Karsten, Berlin. Germany. He put a coin on a glass plate and gave it a few sparks from the electric machine. If you then breathe on the glass, it was seen the image of the coin. He called these figures «electrical breath figures». 1851-Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff, German inventor. In 1851, he patented the first version of its induction coil. This further coil is widely used for electrophotographic images.

The History of Bioelectrography - Coil Ruhmkorff

Coil Ruhmkorff - The History of Bioelectrography The device Ruhmkorff coil. The primary winding of the coil, consists of several tens of turns of thick wire wound around the core, and is energized through the electrochemical cell (chemical current source). An important element of the chopper coil is in the form of a hammer, which is attracted by the core to create the primary winding of the magnetic field due to flow through it from the DC power source. Thus, the hammer breaks the circuit and the magnetic field disappears, the hammer returns to its original state, closing the circuit again. The change in the magnetic field reacts secondary winding consisting of thousands of turns of a thin wire, is wound over the primary winding. This leads to a second winding of high instantaneous currents of different directions (closing / opening). Due to a member of the condenser coil, the coil stores energy in a magnetic field, which further increases the currents in both windings, and allows the air gap between the punch pin of the secondary winding. 1876 - I. Goldstein Gittorfor (1850-1931), German physicist, received a specially designed discharge tube coin image using it as a cathode. These experiments were carried out under reduced pressure of the gaseous medium. Relief cathode (coins) was seen in the light of the cathode-ray fluorescence on the opposite wall of the cathode of the discharge tube. 1871 - Cromwell Fleetwood Varley (1828-1883), English engineer-electrician. The interrelation of the phenomena of electricity and spiritualism, studied electrical discharge in gases. 1877 - Lachinov Dmitry Alexandrovich (1842-1902), Russian physicist and electrical engineer, SPGU, Professor of Forest Institute, St. Petersburg. Since 1877 Lachinov worked on the gas discharge visualization. Building on its cycle of meteorological research, continuing to work on the study of the electric arc and pictures in the late 1870s and early 1880s Lachinov published in the "Russian Invalid" a number of articles dealing with different aspects of the research programs, their complex application. In the summer and autumn of 1887 in the physics laboratory of the Forest Institute Lachinov simulated form of atmospheric electricity, differentiation electrodischarges in a gaseous environment. With the assistance of the photographer V.Monyushko photographed or recorded on the plate bromzhelatinovoy direct impact sparks. During the first experiments filmed bright discharge (spark induction coil connected to a capacitor) or dim when entered in a long chain of the resistance gave a discharge discharge. The second and third series of experiments was carried out without a camera, the category of sliding along the surface of the dry bromzhelatinovoy plate and left her a trail that the manifestation is made visible, nothing else, as one of the first examples of the so-called gas discharge visualization. On the progress and results of the experiments reported in V.Monyushko V (photographic) department Russian Technical Society (St. Petersburg Engineering Society) October 9, 1887. He spoke about the possibility of photographing using a variety of metal objects spark. October 27, 1887 Lachinov posts made in Russian Physical and Chemical Society (RFHO). Lachinov DA He invented a device for detecting defects of electrical insulation. 1878 DA Lachinov A new way of photographing. Russian invalid. 1878. №14. 1879 DA Lachinov Electrophotography. Russian invalid. 1879. №98. 1880 DA Lachinov Phosphorescence and its application to the photos. Russian invalid. 1880. №331. 1880 – UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NIKOLA TESLA

Nikola Tesla He showed, in a public presentation, a luminous halo around human body and another objects while exposed to a strong electromagnetic field with high A.C. voltage and high frequency. But he considered this subject only as a scientific curiosity that received the general name of “Corona Effect”. In the Nineteenth century enigmas of electricity were opening to people. One of the great inventors was Nicola Tesla, from whom we now have lamps and television sets. He invented the generator of alternating current. However, if it had not been him, somebody else would have done it. Inventions come to life when a social need for them appears. Then different people simultaneously and independently start arriving at the same ideas. This is connected with the fact that the ideas have their logic of development, and the developers shall only intuitively feel this logic. After raising good money with his patents, Nikola Tesla began the mysterious experiments on energy transfer without wires. He did not finish his developments and died in destitution, but up to now enthusiasts have been trying to investigate his ideas. We get used to our technical progress and reap its fruits with pleasure, but is it the only possible way of development? At the peak of his career Tesla liked to give public lectures and impress the audience with the following experience. The light was turned off in the room, Tesla turned on the generator of his own design, stood on the platform-electrode, and his body got wrapped in the glow. The hair stood on end, glowing rays of light radiated in the space. The experiment was very effective, though not all those who wished managed to repeat it: as a matter of fact, their glow was much less and for some people even missing. Not in vain was it said that Nikola Tesla had special energy state. Further research did not go much beyond investigations of the glow of fingers, sometimes ears, nose and other prominent parts of the body. Is it possible to reproduce Tesla’s experiments and make all the body glow? Yes, it is. But is it necessary? Powerful equipment, which is not safe if not handled properly, is required for such an experiment. Moreover, the stronger electrical glow, the more ozone is generated in the air. A high concentration of ozone is far from being healthy. 1887 - DA Lachinov "Russian Invalid". 1887, №220, №225. November 26th 1887 - DA Lachinov On studies of electrical discharges through photography. ZhRFKhO. 1887, issue 8. s.438. 1888 DA Lachinov On studies of electrical discharges through the photos. Journal of Russian PhysicoChemical Society. 1888 of the Financials. vol.3. s.44-49. 1888 DA Lachinov "Electricity". 1888, №1-2. s.1-7. 1888 DA Lachinov "Yearbook of the St. Petersburg Forestry Institute." 1888 vol.3. s.169-179. 1888 ZRTO. 1888, Issue 1. s.42-48. 1902 DA Lachinov (Obituary). Herald of experimental physics and elementary mathematics. 1889, Czech B. Navratil coined the word "electrography" 1896, a French experimenter, H. Baraduc, created electrographs of hands and leaves Hippolyte Ferdinand Baraduc (1850 - 1909) was a French physician and magnetist parapsychologist, and highly recognized for photographing thought and feelings with iconographies. 1892 – RUSSIA Jakob. J. NARKIEVITCH-JODKO

J. J. NARKIEVITCH-JODKO On an electricized plate, he obtained a type of photo that he simply named Electric Photography, in black and white colors, and started to investigate, through this technique, the human potencialities, but he did not continue his work. Later on, already during the middle of XXth Century, his work was taken back by M. Pogorelski, in Russia, and by B. J. Navratil, in Czechoslovakia, but with no other significative consequence. A significant contribution to the study of these photographs was made by a talented Byelorussian scientist Jacob Narkevich-Yodko in the end of the Nineteenth century. He was an independent landowner and spent most of his time on his estate above the river Neman. There he actively experimented with electricity, applying it in agriculture and medicine. A straight parallel with modern medicine can be drawn from the description of experiments on the stimulation of plants with electrical current, on electrotherapy, and magnetism by J. Narkevich-Yodko. But the scientific achievements of our time are not just “the new as a well-lost old”. This is a new convolution of perception. 1893 - Russia “Electrophotosphenes and energography as a proof of existence of the physiological polar energy”. This was the name of a small book by a doctor from St. Petersburg, Messira Pogorelsky, where he described his experiments in bioelectrography. Book, published in 1893. Many photographs of the glow of fingers and toes, ears and nose show how the pattern of fluorescence varies when the psychic state of a person changes. However, this work was far from being the first one. 1865 - Narkevitch-Yodko finished Minsk provincial classical gymnasium and went abroad. 1869 - entered the medical faculty of the University of Paris. He studied in Vienna, Paris, Florence. 1872 - he returned home, he conducts scientific experiments. 1888 - Metoostantsiya transferred to the estate of over-Neman (80km south-west of Minsk). 1902. Issue 335. s.259. http: /www.vofem.ru/ru/cat/113/ (Russian) 1904 – BRAZIL Father Roberto Landell de Morua (A Brazilian Jesuit Catholic Priest)

Father Roberto Landell de Morua Besides to be a priest, he was a Physicist too and, in Porto Alegre (RS), he invented an engine that he named “Bioelectrographic Machine”. He did take some hundreds of photos and named the halo around the human body as “Perianto”. He researched on this subject during 8 (eight) years, until 1912, when he was obliged by Catholic Church to stop those researches. In Brazil, very similar experiments were performed by a Catholic monk, padre Landell de Morua. A monk’s life left a lot of free time, after reading prayers and performing rituals. Padre de Morua invented the technique of photoregistration of electrical glow and started giving lectures and writing to social leaders in order to attract attention to his offspring. Invention of padre de Morua produced much rapt attention, congratulations, banquets, but was not widespread. Then the little priest invented the radio (practically simultaneously with Popov and Markoni), but again he was unable to draw in large crowds. Even the military. FIRST SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL In the beginning of the Twentieth century nobody even recalled the mysterious glow. There were many other problems: wars, revolutions, breakthroughs in physics, discovery of antibiotics and roentgen rays – everybody was sure that it was very close to the outright victory. Only by 1930’s the life more or less came right. And here appeared the mysterious glow again. And, as if by chance, it was discovered anew, but there is a rule behind every chance. 1904/12 – BRAZIL We can consider that Fr. Landell was the pioneer of the first scientific and systematic researches on the Bioelectrography field, during 8 years, at worldwide level. However, Catholic Church, in that period, did not allow he continued his researches because of purely doctrinary reasons and confiscated almost all of his notes, but many of those reports escaped and are in a safe place, the current Fr. Roberto Landell de Moura Museum, in Porto Alegre (RS) – Brazil. 1939 - Around the World In 1939, two Czechs S. Pratt and J. Schlemmer. published photographs showing a curious glow or aura around leaves. The same year, the Russian electrical engineer Semyon Kirlian and his wife Valentina developed their own technique after observing a patient who was receiving medical treatment from a high-frequency electrical generator. Electrotherapy was popular at the time and they had noticed that when the electrodes were brought near the patient’s skin, there was a glow similar to that seen in an electrified tube filled with neon. Kirlian photography consisted of placing photographic film on top of a conducting plate, and attaching another conductor to a hand, leaf, or other part of a plant. When the conductors were energized by a high frequency high voltage power source, the resulting image showed a silhouette of the object surrounded by an aura of light. 1939 - Experiments in psychics Practical studies in direct writing (automatic) supernormal photography and other phenomena by F. W. Warrick Golinger, Skotographs, Nengraphy, Nensha, Thoughtography, Spirit Photography, Themography, ectoplasm

Semyon & Valentina Kirlian Semyon & Valentina Kirlian 1939 – RUSSIA Semyon and Valentina Kirlian In Krasnodar, former URSS, he re-invented the Bioelectrographic Camera, now renamed as Kirlian Camera, and started systematic and scientific researches, helped by several Soviet Scientists. Those researches were revealed to the rest of the world only in 1960, during a Congress on Parapsychology. Semyon Kirlian spent most part of his life with his wife Valentina in a poor two-room apartment at the corner of Gorky and Kirov streets in Krasnodar. The wooden two-story house where they had started their family life was swept away by progress – a building program turned the small provincial town on the banks of the Kuban river into an industrial center. Kirlians were deeply carried away with the experiments with auras of live subjects, and since 1939 they had worked hard. The only rest they could afford was walking hand in hand under the trees and along blossoming fields so typical of the South Russian cities. The Kirlians published the results of their experiments for the first time in 1958, and in 1961 reported that the characteristics of fingertip auras not only varied in different people, but was also affected by their emotional status. If someone felt very anxious or was in an opposite state of deep relaxation during meditation, there was a corresponding change in the size and intensity of the glow. Their work was virtually unknown in the West until 1970, when two Americans, Lynn Schroeder and Sheila Ostrander published their book, “Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain”. Russian books about Bioelectrography 1967 – BRAZIL Prof. Newton Milhomens

Prof. Newton Milhomens At the end of 1967, in Brasilia (DF), he built his first Kirlian Camera, based on a Soviet electronic scheme, starting his scientific researches in Psychological Clinics, in 1968, and, later on, in Hospitals. Moving to Rio de Janeiro (RJ), in 1981, in that city he continued his researches. Currently, he is living in Curitiba (PR), ever since 1983. Professor Newton Milhomens books 1969 – GERMANY

Dr. Peter Mandel Dr. Peter Mandel YEARS 1970s It was published the book “Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain” that was writen by the American press-women Sheyla Strander and Lynn Schroeder, that popularized worldwide the Semyon Kirlian researches. So, hundreds of persons, in all countries, started to build Kirlian Cameras and began to research with this new device, some of them in an amateur manner but another persons used a systematic and scientific manner. Unfortunately, this subject was divulged by International Press with sensationalism considering the Kirlian Photo as a mystic and supernatural subject. 1970 – BRAZIL Dr. Paulo de Castro Teixeira, a Homeopathic Pharmaceut from do Rio Preto (SP), built his Kirlian Camera and take hundreds of Kirlian Photos of several persons, before and at each 15 minutes, after those persons had ingested any homeopathic remedy, and he found several types of modifications, in the Kirlian Photos. He published several books, in Portuguese, all about his researches in this field and, till today, he is living in S?o Jos? do Rio Preto (SP), where he is the owner of a Pharmaceutic Industry that produces Homeopathic remedies. 1972 – BRAZIL Dr. Hernani G. Andrade He always was considered the greatest divulger of Spiritism in Brazil. He built his Kirlian Camera, in San Paulo (SP), and took many hundreds of Kirlian Photos of plants and human beings intending to prove the existence of Spirit with them, not only in human beings, but even in bacteria too. He only divulged his researches in Spiritist Magazines and Congresses mainly at the State of S?o Paulo (SP) where is considered the greatest one. 1974 - IKRA IKRA – The International Kirlian Research Association 1974 scientists from different countries came together in an international association for the study of Kirlian effect (The International Kirlian Research Association, IKRA) (Drexel University). The organization was formed in December 1974 at a seminar in the Community Hospital in Brooklyn, NY for the purpose of standardization and assistance at all stages of research into the Kirlian phenomenon. Dr. Benjamin Shafiroff, New York College of Medicine, USA President of the Association IKRA.

1974 – UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Dr. Stanley Krippner, PhD Psychologist and Parapsychologist, published the book “The Kirlian Aura” in which he described all that was known in that period, about Kirlian Photos, under a scientific approach.

The Probability Of The Impossible: Scientific Discoveries and Explorations of the Psychic World 1974 - The Probability Of The Impossible: Scientific Discoveries and Explorations of the Psychic World by Thelma Moss. In The Probability of the Impossible, Dr. Thelma Moss presents a rare picture of a parapsychologist at work in her laboratory and in the field. She explores the seemingly incredible assumptions of parapsychologists and carefully shows how the scientific psychical researcher attempts to recreate, capture, and analyze the elusive phenomena of the paranormal. Step by step, she leads the reader along a continuum from everyday experiences through events that happen only rarely and under "special" circumstances on to the extraordinary, indeed the seemingly impossible, experiences of both well-known and little-heralded psychics. She convincingly presents arguments for a psychic world as "real" as the material one.

Dr. Thelma Moss 1975 – UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Dr. Thelma Moss, PhD Psychologist and Professor of University of California, she started her researches on Kirlian Photos and published the book “The Probability of the Impossible”, where she reported her initial researches. Later on, she published another book “The Electric Body” in which she described her last researches in that University and showed to all, the reasons which provoked her removal, all of them were the result of pure preconception.

The living aura - Radiation field photography and the Kirlian effect 1975 - The living aura: Radiation field photography and the Kirlian effect by Kendall L Johnson 1978 - IUMAB IUMAB – International Union of Medical and Applied Bioelectrography, the maximum and the greatest Organization, at worldwide level, on Bioelectrography. Today, IUMAB is recognized by UNO/WHO and is considered by this UNO’s Organization as the maximum Bioelectrographic Organization on world whose rules, recommendations, directives and other acts are valid and must be observed in Bioelectrographic researches, courses, standards, etc. The International Union of Medical and Applied Bio-Electrography was formed in 1978 to help standardize equipment, research methods, and data acquisition. Researchers such as German naturopath and acupuncturist Peter Mandel and Newton Milhomens in Brazil developed their own way of interpretation of Kirlian photography of human fingers and toes. Peter Mandel was one of the first, who energized certain acupuncture points by using different colored lights to achieve a desired response. Mandel's Energy Analysis Emission diagnostic system utilized Kirlian photography and his Esogetic Colorpuncture therapy is believed to restore yin and yang equilibrium. All of these modalities, as well as non-invasive laser acupoint stimulation, have been used with varying degrees of success in thousands of patients over the years.

1979 - USA The Body Electric: A Personal Journey into the Mysteries of Parapsychological Research, Bioenergy and Kirlian Photography by Dr. Thelma Moss The Body Electric tells the fascinating story of our bioelectric selves. Robert O. Becker, a pioneer in the filed of regeneration and its relationship to electrical currents in living things, challenges the established mechanistic understanding of the body. He found clues to the healing process in the long-discarded theory that electricity is vital to life. But as exciting as Becker’s discoveries are, pointing to the day when human limbs, spinal cords, and organs may be regenerated after they have been damaged, equally fascinating is the story of Becker’s struggle to do such original work. The Body Electric explores new pathways in our understanding of evolution, acupuncture, psychic phenomena, and healing. 1983 – BRAZIL It was published, in Brazil, the book “Kirlian Photos – How to Interpret”, in Portuguese, whose author was Prof. Newton Milhomens, the first, on world, to teach how to diagnose almost all about the main problems of organic and psychic health using Kirlian Photos, where he described in details the way and the results of his researches, since 1968. 1983 – BRAZIL Newton Milhomens founded at Curitiba (PR) , his Industry and started to produce his first models of Kirlian Cameras which were initially sold to Brazilian doctors, psychologists and therapeuts.

Electrographic Imaging in Medicine & Biology by Ion Dumitrescu 1983 - Romania Electrographic Imaging in Medicine & Biology by Ion Dumitrescu 1985 – RUSSIA Dr. Konstantin Korotkov, PhD Physicist, Professor of the University of Saint Petersburg, after innumerable researches with a team of scientists of that University, he discovered that Kirlian Effect is the result of the ionization of gases and vapors exhaled by our skin, through the pores. He named this model GDV (Gas Discharge Visualization) or, simply, GDV Technique, Electrophotonic Imaging, EPI. 1986 – BRAZIL At Curitiba (PR), the Ist Brazilian Congress on Kirliangraphy was realized with more than 250 Brazilian researchers on Kirliangraphy that came from all Brazil. During this Congress, it was approved by unanimous decision the “Newton Milhomens Standard” as the Brazilian Official Standard of Kirliangraphy. 1987 – BRAZIL It was published (in Portuguese) in Revista do Hospital das Foras Armadas (Magazine of the Brazilian Armed Forces Hospital), a scientific magazine on Military Medical Area, a Scientific Article entitled “Kirliangraphic Diagnosis on Oncology” that was written by two military doctors from Curitiba (PR): – Drs. J?lio Grott and H?lio Grott Filho. They discovered a sign that they named “fracture”, which is the sign able to diagnose cancer in human beings. 1987 – ARGENTINA Prof. Newton Milhomens was invited to dictate some lectures at Buenos Aires to hundreds of persons. By this way, Kirliangraphy with a scientific approach was introduced in that South American country. AROUND THE WORLD – YEARS 1987/95 During this period of 8 years, hundreds of articles, theses of post-graduation, and several books using Kirlian Photos, were published at several countries on world, including Brazil. Some of those books were written in an amateuristic manner but other ones, however, were written seriously with many scientific and systematic foundation and accurate statistic treatment. Thus, the scientific phase of Kirliangraphy was starting. 1989 – PORTUGAL Prof. Newton Milhomens was invited to dictate a lecture on Kirliangraphy at Lisbon, Portugal, during a Congress on Parapsychology, sponsored by Escola Superior de Biologia e Sa? de (Superior School of Biology and Health) and so, he introduced Kirliangraphy with a scientific approach in Portugal. During this period, he taught Kirliangraphy as an official matter subject of the course of Naturopatic Medicine in that Portuguese University. 1990 – PORTUGAL Prof. Newton Milhomens returned to Portugal to teach Kirliangraphy in Superior School of Biology and Health, at Lisbon, Portugal. This event was noticed by several local newspaper and the Tass TV Agency, from Russia, asked for him an interview that would be shown to all the russian territory to demonstrate that a Brazilian was teaching in Europe a Russian technique based on an engine that was invented by a Russian, Semyon Kirlian.

Dr. Konstantin Korotkov and GDVCAMERA 1995 – RUSSIA After many years of researches, he was succeeded to build a new Kirlian Camera which declines the photographic film and puts the GDV image directly at a computer’s screen. It was a new milestone in the History of Bioelectrography. First GDVCAMERA by Dr. Konstantin Korotkov on Saint-Petersburg, Russia created. More details on Bio-Well History. The GDV camera is based on the stimulation of photon and electron emissions from an object when it is placed in an electromagnetic field and subjected to brief electrical pulses. This process is called ‘photo-electron emission’ and has been thoroughly studied with cutting edge electronic techniques. The emitted particles accelerate in the electromagnetic field, generating electronic avalanches on the surface of the dielectric (glass) plate in a process called ‘sliding gas discharge. The discharge causes a glow from the excitement of molecules in the surrounding gas which is constantly measured. Voltage pulses stimulate optoelectronic emissions that are amplified in the gas discharge, and light produced by this process is recorded by a sensitive CCD (charge coupled device) camera that converts it into a colored computer image, or BIO-gram. Data obtained from the fingers of both hands are converted into a Human Energy Field image using proprietary sophisticated software. Russian books about Bioelectrography. 1996 – THE “WAVE” Induced by the success of the researches on Kirlian field, radiotechnicians on all countries around the world started to produce Kirlian Cameras from “backyard”. It was the radiotechnicians worldwide “wave”… As their unique intention was merely commercial, they never were interested in a standard and these “backyard standard” Kirlian Cameras never had a good quality and no stability but were enormously cheap, because they used the worse electronic components and also because anyone of these “producers” never made or had any participation in any kind of scientific experiment on Kirlian field and no one of them had any universitary education and the outsiders of Kirlian researches started to use the Kirlian Camera searching Mysticism and Supernatural exploring this new “commercial mystic field” in Fairs and Parks what was again divulged by International Press with much more sensacionalism and the name “Kirlian” lost credibility. Any samples of “backyard standards” around the world. 1998 – THE INTERNET When the Internet becomes firm and trustable, the informations become much more easy to be interchangeable at world wide level and the Kirlian subject appeared in several homepages. Many of them were only showing interest in commercial sales and another ones, on mysticism and supernaturalism. However, many serious homepages were taking aim at scientific publications or at a simple change of scientific informations were beginning to appear as the case of Prof. Newton Milhomens, in Brazil, Dr. Korotkov, in Russia, Dr. Peter Mandel, in Germany. Dr. Tom Chalko in Australia. IUMAB.org, GDVPLANET.com, GDVCAMERA.com, Kirlian.ru, GDVSOFTWARE.com, GDVsputnik.com and many other homepages from serious researchers around the world. 1998 – NEW ZEALAND Prof. Newton Milhomens was invited by Dr. Robert Beasley (center) to dictate a lecture on Kirliangraphy in a Congress at Auckland, New Zealand, where he knew Dr. Tom Chalko (right) that was researching on Kirliangraphy at Melbourne, Australia. 1998 - IUMAB Review IUMAB Review - Annual Digest Established by Professor Pavel Bundzen and Kirill Korotkov in 1998

IUMAB Review 2012 The International Union of Medical and Applied Bioelectrography publishes the IUMAB Review one time per year, and is free to all Regular Members. It contains original articles, news and book reviews. Current and past editions of IUMAB Review are ready for download as PDF files for IUMAB Regular Members. 1999 – RUSSIA In the beginning of this year, Ministry of Health, in Russia, declared that Kirliangraphy was Officially Admitted as a Scientific Fact and its main appliance was recommended in Medical Practice. In September, the Russian Academy of Sciences, during a Congress in Moscow, with more than 300 of the most renown russian scientists, officially admitted Kirliangraphy as a SCIENTIFIC FACT. 1999 – BRAZIL In April, at Curitiba (PR), occurred the IVth Brazilian Congress of Kirliangraphy, with the presence of more than 200 persons and the Russian Physicist, Dr. Konstantin Korotkov, PhD, was invited to be the special international invited lecturer. 2000 – RUSSIA Prof. Newton Milhomens was invited as Honor Invited Lecturer to a Congress that occurred at Saint Petersburg. During a certain night, inside a ship on Ladoga Lake, he was honored because he was the first researcher on world to have discovered how to diagnose problems of psychic and organic health using Kirlian Photos. 2000 – BRAZIL Sponsored by IUMAB it was realized, at Curitiba (PR), the Vth Worldwide Conference on Kirliangraphy-2000, with the presence of 350 persons, where 45 of them were europeans. There were 5 lecturers from several European countries and 5 ones from Brazil. During the Vth Worldwide Conference on Kirliangraphy-2000, were presented two new discoveries on organic health area: – The signs that shows Allergic process, by Dra. Celia Cruz, from St Paulo, and the scientific proof of Flower therapy efficiency, by Prof. Rodrigo Campos, from Minas Gerais, a meeting of IUMAB Directory occurred and the executives deliberated that, on all the world, would be valid only 3 (three) OFFICIAL WORLDWIDE STANDARDS of Kirlian Cameras (in alphabetic order): Brazil – Newton Milhomens Standard Germany – Peter Mandel Standard Russia – Konstantin Korotkov Standard

Konstantin Korotkov, Rosemary Steel, Peter Mandel 2000 – BRAZIL (THE 3 OFFICIAL STANDARDS) Left – Camera and Kirlian Photo of “Newton Milhomens Standard” – Brazil Center – Camera and Kirlian Photo of “Peter Mandel Standard” – Germany Right – Camera and Kirlian Image of “Konstantin Korotkov” – Russia During the same Vth Worldwide Conference on Kirliangraphy – 2000’s meeting, Dr. Konstantin Korotkov was elected by unanimous decision the President of IUMAB. Prof. Newton Milhomens was elected the Vice-President of IUMAB on Brazil, and also the IUMAB’s Official Plenipotentiary Representative on Brazil. Yet during the same Vth Worldwide Conference on Kirliangraphy-2000, the Rector of UNESC – Universidade do Extremo Sul de Santa Catarina (University of the Extreme South of Saint Katherine), Brazil, officially informed that Kirliangraphy would be introduced in that University, as official subject Matter in the Courses of Medicine and Psychcology, with official authorization from Brazilian Ministry of Education. Yet during the same Vth Worldwide Conference on Kirliangraphy-2000’s meeting, the IUMAB’s Directory deliberated by unanimous decision to change, from day 12/01/2000 toward, the name Kirliangraphy to Bioelectrography, in honor to Fr. Roberto Landell de Moura, the first researcher on world to use this name and to research on this subject during the period from 1904 to 1912. It happened a ceremony of homage to Fr.Landell symbolized by the delivery of a bust of him to Dr. Korotkov by Profa Vania Abatte, Curator of the Landell de Moura’s Museum, at Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil. 2000 – RUSSIA/BRAZIL The letter from Dr. Korotkov, as IUMAB’s President, confirming to exhibit the bust of Fr. Landell in Kirliangraphy Museum, in Russia, what really came to be true. 2000 – RUSSIA The Fr. Roberto Landell de Moura’s bust is in exhibition in the Kirliangraphy Museum, in Russia, beside the busts of Kirlian couple together a book which tells, in Portuguese, the Biography of this Brazilian eminent scientist and another book, in Russian, with the Biography of the Russian couple. 2001 – BRAZIL The Bioelectrography is taught as official subject of the Course of Holistic Terapies, at University Est?cio de S?, in Rio de Janeiro (RJ), where the first course of How to Interpret Kirlian Photos, was taught in official manner, by Prof. Newton Milhomens, to the first graduating class in that University. 2001/2002 – AROUND THE WORLD Dr. Konstantin Korotkov, PhD During this period, Dr. Korotkov was travelling to U.S.A., Europe and another countries to divulge Bioelectrography. Prof. Newton Milhomens also was traveling to several South America countries and to all the Brazil to do the same. 2002 – BRAZIL Several theses of Graduation and Post-Graduation, including theses of Post-PhD, were presented in several Brazilian Universities, for example, USP, UNICAMP and UFSC, in several Post-Graduation Courses of these Universities, all of them using the Bioelectrography as an auxiliary researches’ instrument. Several Professors from USP and from another Brazilian Universities are purchasing Kirlian Cameras and realizing serious researches, on several areas of human and vegetable health using the Bioelectrography as an auxiliary instrument in their researches. Also many of these Professors are coming to Curitiba (PR) to learn How to Interpret Kirlian Photos with Prof. Newton Milhomens. It was officially and legally founded, at Santo Paulo (SP) , the UBBA – Unio Brasileira de Bioeletrografia Aplicada (Brazilian Union of Applied Bioelectrography) that is recognized by IUMAB and is the greatest directive Oranization in Brazil on the Bioelectrographic field. Its current President of Honor is Prof. Newton Milhomens and the current Executive President is Dr. Celia Cruz. 2003 - BRAZIL Dr. Selma Milhomens Psychologist and wife of Prof.. Newton Milhomens, began teaching in Bioelectrography UNIABEL - Open University of Educational Freedom in Curitiba (PR), as a discipline curriculum for the courses that University ofBiotherapy curitibana. 2004 - COLOMBIA Dr. Edith Torres Noboa, Ecuador Medical, based in Cali, Colombia, degenerative disease specialist and former student of Professor. Newton Milhomens, is using the Bioelectrography as an aid to diagnosis in their patients with great success. RUSSIA – 2002-2012 Dr. Konstantin Korotkov Dr. Korotkov is using GDV CAMERA for sport research. He is Professor, PhD, Deputy Director of Saint-Petersburg Federal Research Institute of Physical Culture. Dr. Korotkov’s Laboratory creates new GDV Software and GDV Cameras. Every year International Bioelectrography Congress collects hundreds researchers from over the World. 2012 - Human Light System Research Project launched IUMAB community are growing. Research project Human Light System brings new Energy to IUMAB. 2012 - Korotkov’s images – Kirlian images downloaded and processed on GDV Software.Korotkov’s images – BEO gram, GDV images, EPI images, Bio-Well images, etc.

GDV basic Korotkov image is a complex 2-D figure with each pixel characterized by its brightness coded by integer in the range of 0 (“black”) to 255 (“white”). Geometrical parameters of GDV-images (e.g., the area defined as a sum of pixels exceeding the specified brightness threshold; fractality coefficient defined as relation of the length of the image perimeter to its average radius multiplied by 2Pi, the breadth of streamers) contain the information about the object’s characteristics. For example, with an increase of ion concentration in liquid the glow increases while the streamer breadth decreases. To include such data into the structure of a complex biophysical experiment quantitative processing of the obtained images is required. GDV chart, GDV Diagnosis Chart, GDV Maps, GDV Tables

The Energy of Consciousness - new book by Dr. Korotkov 2014 - Bio-Well New model of GDVCAMERA – BIO-WELL opened next level of Electrophotonic Research. GDVCAMERA BIO-WELL has been developed by Dr. Konstantin Korotkov and brings the powerful technology known as Gas Discharge Visualization technique to market in a more accessible way than ever before. The product consists of a desktop camera and accompanying software, which allows a user to quickly and easily conduct human energy scans. Accessory attachments, like GDV SPUTNIK, BIO-COR and other are also available for purchase to conduct environment and object scans.

2014 - GDV Sputnik GDVSPUTNIK is a sensor and attachment system that affixes to the Bio-Well device, allowing for the energy of an environment to be read. BENEFITS of GDVSPUTNIK: Measure the energy of different places of interest during travels. Allows you to see the influence of Moon phases, Sun storms and environmental conditions to space, and, hence, to your wellbeing. Sputnik allows you to find the best position of a bed in your bedroom. Measure response to human emotions, meditations, pray, both individual and collective within an environment. Sputnik may detect the influence of music to the audience. Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV) technology was developed in Russia by the team of Professor Konstantin Korotkov in 1995. The GDV camera is a state-of-the-art computerized system that has superseded traditional Kirlian photography for several reasons. A major difference is that it allows direct, real-time viewing and analysis of changes in human energy fields since the data is quantified and analyzed by sophisticated software. Because the results are obtained so rapidly, it has become an ‘‘express-method’’ not only for diagnosis, but also detecting abnormalities that require more detailed investigation. Most importantly, since this technology and the protocols used are standardized, GDV results obtained by different investigators can be compared with reliability. The results are interpreted based on the energy connections of fingers with different organs and systems via meridians that have been used in acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. This technology has extraordinary implications for all health related fields, including conventional as well as complementary or alternative therapies. A comprehensive review of these varied GDV applications can be found in a recent book co-authored with Dr. E. Yakovleva from Moscow Medical University. Research with the GDV device is currently being carried out at universities and research institutes worldwide in medicine, "energy medicine", athletic training, biophysics, parapsychology, and other disciplines (please, see Papers section). GDV has been used in numerous significant research projects that have confirmed its usefulness and reliability and value. GDV technology provides a convenient and user friendly method to assess patients with a wide range of complaints and can also be utilized to assess responses to drugs, meditation, stress reduction therapy or any other interventions.

2014 - Human Light System Online Course Human Light System – Experimental Online 5 years Course. Online lectures, 2-3 times per week. 42 lectures per course. HLS 1.0 – Human Light System devices 2014/2015 Season 2015 - Bio-Well Water tester The Bio-Well Water electrode connects to the Bio-Well Calibration Unit similarly to the Sputnik and allows for the testing of water’s response to environmental stimuli. It is not designed for evaluation of water quality or comparing different types of water from quality standpoint. Bio-Well Water electrode

2015 - Biocor BIOCOR is a unique device that aids in shifting and correcting your energy state and balance through the use of high frequencies. This device can be used independently from BioWell or it can be used in conjunction with the Chakra audio setting in the BioWell software. BIOCOR – correction device of human energy field using information extracted fingers with GDV BIO-WELL. These results may help to develop a better quality of life. Biocor uses super Hight Frequency (SHF) in the range Higo-Hertz (4.9 mm (60.12 HHz), 5.6 mm (53,53 HHz) and 7.1 mm (42.19 HHz) of very low intensity (less than 10 mW/cm2). 2015 - Georges Vieilledent and Electrophotonique Ingenierie · France Electrophotonique Ingenierie is an innovative company working on corona effect and development of solutions based on the use of electromagnetic waves. From its basic research, the company has developed a unique patented device to highlight informational fields never identified to date. This device, designed for research laboratories, universities and specialized institutes, opens important perspectives in the healthcare and biotechnology. 2016 - The Biointernet meditation The Biointernet meditation - online experiment with GDV Sputnik. Every Saturday.

The Biointernet Meditation HLS 2.0 Online Course and Human Light System International Workshop, Prague. 2017 - The Energy of Space https://youtu.be/pnXGbwYLlYE The Energy of Space project established.Bio-Well Glove – new version of BioClip that will be called from now on Bio-Well Glove. Our research has shown that blue BioClip sensor had very low sensitivity and was almost useless in experiments.The Energy of Health - new book by Dr. KorotkovThe Energy of Space - new book by Dr. KorotkovHuman Light System Congress Training, Prague 2017 - New Books by Professor Konstantin Korotkov on IUMAB Library

IUMAB Library 2018 - Online Education by Korotkov.TV Bio-Well AnalysisBio-Well Applications Online workshops and trainings with GDVCAMERA BIO-WELL on Human Light System Course 2018 - Bio-Well 2.0 The same quality (Bio-Well 1.0) plus $600! Another one commercial product from Bio-Well company. 2018 - HLS Congress Beach Human Light System Congress on the Beach, Burgas, Bulgaria. HLS Congress Beach - practical 2 weeks the Biointernet training with Translighters and GDVCAMERA. HLS Congress Beach - new system of Education 2018 - GDVCAMERA Crownscopy updated

GDV Crownscopy Software 2019 - Bioelectrography Education Inside Human Light System Course: Bio-Well video courseGDV Diagnostics video courseGDV Diagnostics 2 with Kirill Korotkov and Alexander Dvoryanchikov GDV BIOELECTROGRAPHY – PAGES OF HISTORY AND MODERN DEVELOPMENT So where is the similarity in the experiments of Lichtenberg, Tesla and the lightning? In all those cases the gas discharge appears near the earth rod. High field intensity is formed near its sharp end when placed into an electrical field. Electrons, which always exist in the air or are emitted by the bodies, start speeding up in this field and, having picked up necessary speed, ionize air molecules. Those, in their turn, emit photons, mostly in the blue and ultraviolet spectral regions. Here the glow appears. What is more, from the viewpoint of physics both a nail, a tree, a human finger, and a person can be the rod. Everything depends on the scale. Generators used in Bioelectrography have very small power. It means that they can not give high current, even if you lick the electrode with your tongue. In addition, these generators make use of high-frequency voltages and short impulses, and by the laws of physiology such current can not penetrate into the organism, as it slides on the skin surface. In XX'th century many researchers was attracted by Kirlian photography, hundreds books and papers were published, but scientific acceptance of Kirlian photography was rather limited because the quality of equipment used by early investigators varied considerably and results were inconsistent since there was no standardization. Things improved when a multidisciplinary group headed by William Eidson, professor of physics at Drexel University in Philadelphia, showed it was possible to image electrical parameters of a specimen in real time, thus making it possible to map human energy fields and any rapid changes. This six-year project and related research were summarized in a 1976 article in the prestigious journal Science. Bioelectrography patents.

The History of Bioelectrography Light and Love, Dear Friends! Welcome to IUMAB! See more on IUMAB History Research Department Welcome to IUMAB! Be a Member! https://www.gdvplanet.com/product/umab-regular-memberships/ The History of Bioelectrography 2019 - Bio-Well Element - the same Bio-Well device, but GDVCAMERA Bio-Well Element What is the Bio-Well Element?

GDVCAMERA Bio-Well Element Bio-Well Element is a GDVCAMERA (gas discharge visualization) from 4 Generation of GDVCAMERA. It intended for Kirlian photography of various materials and liquids. It has a larger horizontal glass electrode than a GDV Bio-Well camera, which allows the user to lay conductive objects flat on its surface. This is main difference with��GDVCAMERA Bio-Well 2.0. Bio-Well Element has the same low quality of images like Bio-Well or Bio-Well 2.0. 2019 Kirlian Photography as Art and Science - online Kirlian museum Kirlian Photography as Art and Science - group on Facebook Read the full article

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planerium0 · 3 years ago

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esl games for kids

One of the challenges that ESL teachers confront is capturing the attention of their students. This is especially problematic in elementary educational settings, as pupils are just unmotivated to study. They are only there because their parents force them to or because the government forces them to take English classes.

One of the most difficult components of becoming an ESL instructor is classroom management. First, there are cultural disparities in terms of proper tactics and sanctions. There's also the linguistic barrier to consider. It also comes as no surprise to me that the classes with the most discipline issues also have the most children who despise English. If you work as an ALT at a Japanese public school, you'll very certainly be team teaching alongside another Japanese instructor. You will not be expected to maintain class management in this situation, but you may find yourself teaching alone on occasion.

Teachers are having a difficult time as a result of this.

When you employ basic ESL games frequently in your classroom, though, you'll notice that your pupils are more engaged and have a more positive learning experience.

Of course, the decision is yours, but here are some compelling reasons to include simple ESL games in your programme:

It makes your classes more enjoyable. Nobody wants to be known as "the dull professor." We all want to believe that our kids like us and look forward to coming to class. You become "the fun teacher" if you have a good collection of enjoyable games.

It's a big change from their usual learning atmosphere. In many learning scenarios, the teacher gives a lecture to the students. This is not a conducive atmosphere for interaction. Games, on the other hand, allow students to interact more with the teacher and with one another.

Kids aren't aware that they are learning. On a conscious level, most pupils are uninterested in learning. They'd rather be having a good time. ESL students frequently receive their English lessons as part of an after-school programme. To them, you're robbing them of their playtime and substituting something less interesting. When you transform a class into a game, however, the kids are unaware that they are gaining vital skills.

It's an excellent method of reinforcing knowledge. It would be really tough to sit with students for an hour and ask them to repeat terminology after you. This isn't exactly entertaining, and it doesn't truly reflect their understanding. ESL games are a terrific way to put everything you've just learned into practise.

It allows children to practise recalling information quickly. When kids are playing games, there is a greater emphasis on recalling material quickly and properly. This allows students to think quickly, which is vital when dealing with real-life circumstances in which they may need to communicate in English.

It's difficult to strike a balance as an elementary school ESL instructor between establishing a fun, positive learning atmosphere and really teaching pupils to speak English. Esl games for kids can get you started in the correct direction.

To summarize, distraction is preferable to reaction. If you design your classes correctly, with plenty of exciting and fascinating activities, the kids will be so wowed (distracted) by how much fun they're having that corporal type discipline should be unnecessary, except from minor spats. When a pupil, on the other hand, decides to question your authority, it's like boiling water. As the water heats up, one bubble appears, followed by another, until you're completely cooked. If one student gets away with misbehavior, the entire class room will soon be misbehaving.

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sn-369 · 4 years ago

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I Went From $5 To A Knife! 007카지노 #4975

In England, the French suits were eventually used, although the earliest packs circulating may have had Latin suits.This may account for why the English called the clovers "clubs" and the pikes "spades". 40 states now[when?] have some form of casino gambling. Interstate competition, such as gaining tourism, has been a driving factor to continuous legalization. (The bullets of that period were round, hence the pip was a circle.) Other attempts over the years experimented with either suit substitutions or additional suits added to decks of playing cards. What is interesting about the four driving forces of society depicted here is that two of them involve economic activities - "Peace" has a plowshare at his feet and his motto is "prosperity"; "Commerce" is sitting on some cargo and has a ship's anchor at his feet (along with several other symbols of economic activity) and his motto is "wealth".

Each deck is shuffled separately, usually by machine. Each card is then dealt onto the layout, into the 6 red and 6 blue numbered boxes. The shooter then shoots the dice. http://edition.cnn.com/search/?text=먹튀커뮤니티 A bet that the number will be the chosen color. In reality, each roll of the dice is an independent event, so the probability of rolling eleven is exactly 1/18 on every roll, regardless of the number of times eleven has come up in the last x rolls. Even if the dice are actually biased toward particular results ("loaded"), each roll is still independent of all the previous ones. The common term to describe this is "dice have no memory". If the true friends of philosophy and humanity have noticed with pleasure that included among the Equality face cards are sans-culottes and negroes, they will especially like to see The Law as the sole sovereign of a free people.

It is generally accepted that the game reached such high popularity due to the easy rules and the fact that players tended to find the game less stressful than normal variants of poker. The French-speaking areas of Belgium play with a deck of cards that is very similar to the one used in the neighbour country, but with a few differences: the court personages' names never appear; the diagonal band doubling the courts in two halves has no beads, and is usually white; the knave of Clubs wears a red hat, whereas the French one has it in blue, and holds a triangular shield, divided in quarters featuring heraldic symbols (usually a tower, a rampant lion, a cross and a striped pattern), while the French one is oval, with hexagonal and round decorations: a detail of the shields is shown further in the page); all Belgian court personages fill the white space slightly less than the French ones (i.e. the latter are "roundish"). Corporate ownership of casinos and huge themed resorts designed to attract whole families have given Las Vegas a clean image. As a result, the aristocracy enjoyed playing cards, while peasants and the lower classes rarely witnessed their use, much less played with the cards themselves (Chatto, 1848; Singer, 1816; Taylor, 1973; Tilly, 1973).

If the dealer goes over 21, the dealer pays each player who has stood the amount of that player's bet. It's common for casinos to kick back in the form of comps an average of 10 percent to 40 percent of the amount it expects to win from the player.But as we know: Different countries, different customs, even when it comes to playing cards. Whether in Europe, America, Africa or Asia, there are a huge variety of card games played. If a player's winning hand also contains a second poker combination, then the player will be paid for both combinations, even if the second combination doesn't beat the dealer's hand.For the second combination to qualify, it must contain at least one card which wasn't included in the first winning combination.

Raise if the dealer's card is an ace or king and you have a queen or jack in your hand.Raise if the dealer's rank does not match any of yours and you have a queen in your hand and the dealer's card is less than your fourth highest card.For optimal strategy on close call hands, you can also use the Caribbean Stud Poker Strategy Calculator.Variance and Bet Size If this experiment is repeated very often, the relative deviation x/N from the theoretical probability will decrease with the number of games, whereas the absolute deviation x can increase.This started in Portuguese times, when Macau was popular with visitors from nearby Hong Kong, where gambling was more closely regulated. A 2005 survey found that in the previous year, United States patrons made 319 million casino visits -- about seven times the 1990 total.

Casinos offer a variety of games, including card games, dice games, domino games, slot machines, and gambling devices (such as the roulette wheel). The alleged "World's Smallest Casino" doesn't even have an address.The probability of a favourable outcome among all possibilities can be expressed: probability (p) equals the total number of favourable outcomes (f) divided by the total number of possibilities (t), or p = f/t. But this holds only in situations governed by chance alone. Sega Sammy Holdings is the owner and/or license holder for the majority of franchises on the list.

For example, after 10 rounds at 1 unit per round, the standard deviation will be 2 × 1 × √10 × 18/38 × 20/38 = 3.16 units. After 10 rounds, the expected loss will be 10 × 1 × 5.26% = 0.53. As you can see, standard deviation is many times the magnitude of the expected loss. The standard deviation for pai gow poker is the lowest out of all common casino games.This also goes for insurance; paying the premium on one’s life insurance is, in effect, a bet that one will die within a specified time. Confused? Every card games has its own terms only known to people around the table. Here are some of the most essential blackjack terms that you’ll hear.

The bell tower of trihedral shape measures 55 metres in height and houses 3 bells. On each side of the choir two symmetrical groups represent the twelve Apostles, recognizable by their traditional attributes. Beautiful wrought iron furniture completes the church: two stoups with basins in baccarat, a chandelier, 2 separation grills in the transept, the Ambon, the Tabernacle with its and crystal panels, and a baptistery at the foot of the cross with a wooden Christ. If a player wins the bet he can take down all four bets instead of a single bet even though only one bet can win per roll. Many players, in order to eliminate the confusion of tossing four chips to the center of the table or having change made while bets are being placed, will make a five-unit Horn High bet, which is a four-way bet with the extra unit going to one specific number. 카지노사이트 The casino is mentioned in the song "The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo" as well as the film of the same name. There are two different ways to calculate the odds and house edge of this bet.

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onepiik · 4 years ago

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wireless extender

Ansten HDMI Wireless Extender – Best for Common Uses

Ansten HDMI Wireless Extender 0016 is the first class wireless HDMI video transmitter on the market. The quality is reliable and perfromance is also high.

We use the international common 2.4G/5G wireless dual-band transmission signal, so we can get faster transmission speed and stronger anti-interference ability. You'd better use 5G signal channel to get more stable and fast using experience.

Accordingly, the unit comes in a ready-to-use form with a wireless HD transmitter, a receiver for HD 1080p, IR coax cable, remote extender control, and the dual adapters. All are easy to establish out of the box to send audio video AV across the room at the uncompressed HD 1080p.

What we like about this extender is the double band transmission. It improves the sharp signals as well as quickens the speed of sending.

In explicit, the 2.4 GHz remote ensures the signs over a long and open scope of 328 ft. Across the wall, the transmission range cutoff points to 65 ft. Then, the 5GHz band improves the speed and steadiness of streaming media. A little note isn't to put different transmitters close to one another to guarantee an obstruction free encounter.

The dormancy time is 0.3 seconds – not quick enough for PC gaming, but rather it is as yet ideal for basic uses, for example, watching movies or holding a gathering without losing the quality.

In addition, there is an IR controller accessible, making it easy to change the gadget directly on the recipient.

This wireless hd sender and receiver kit can work with most HDMI-equipped devices, including DVD,DVR,IPTV,CCTV blu-ray players, set-top boxes, cable/satellite boxes and computer systems. can't support one sender many receivers,signal point-point transmit. and this wireless HDMI extender support free lifetime technical support.

Pros:

· Full HD 1080P Video and Best Audio Quality.

· Perfect for connecting Gaming Consoles.

· Perfect for Cable Set-top Boxes and Media Players.

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· It having benefits of long transmission distance, no splash, no snow.

· The signal transmission speed over long distance are so good.

· Wireless HDMI extender can transmit singal upto 328ft/100m across the wall.

· It Can transmit HD signal up to 328 feet away in line of sight; can work through walls and floors up to 65ft.

· Ansten HDMI wireless extender inc kit is full HD 1080p.

· Little layout speed.

· This wireless transmitter and receiver supports IR Remote controller, you can control signal source equipment at the receiver.

· The built-in remote control.

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· it Can use at office or church wireless long distance transmission.

· 1-year warranty and lifetime support.

Cons:

· Poor English manual.

Conclusuin:

The good quality, medium-range price, and supportive for customer services to make this Full HD Transmitter Receiver with IR Passback is a good choice for your daily uses.

1. Pakite Wireless HDMI IR Extender –Good for Long Coverage

The Pakite Wireless HDMI IR Extender P-590 is another substitute to the Ansten 0016 with similar capabilities and a longer transmission range. As the counterpart, the Pakite is compatible with almost all HDMI-enabled devices such as cable boxes, CCTV camera, cable box satellite bluray DVD, box bluray, computer systems, cable TV signal, etc.

However, you need a 5GHz double band wireless channel to keep a clear resolution and sound quality of HD 1080p video streaming It also make the reciever image and sound clear,stable and colorful without noise Besides,with strong anti-interference,faster transmission speed by 5G Wireless dual antenna signal,you can enjoy superior video audio quality at home or office.Otherwise, you can go for lower resolutions from 480p to 720p.

The signs can go through a distance of 492 ft., equal to 150m, in an open space or through 32 ft. to 65 ft. over the divider or other thick things. This reach is very expressive, coming to think about a remote coaxial link transmitter with an impedance free nature.

Purchased to transmit audio and video from my security camera DVR located in an upstairs closet to my 65” tv located on the main floor of my house. The device works flawlessly. The picture quality is the same as the hardwired monitor upstairs. The set up was so incredibly easy. Simply plug in the hdmi cable from DVR, plug in power cable to each device, and the system transmits the sound and picture to the other tv. So easy and relatively inexpensive for what it does.

The transmission range is acceptable, yet the postpone time between the signs from the transmitter to the reciever is about 0.3 seconds. The maker confirms that the zero-latency causes no detectable delay through the local loop-out environment.

However, professional gamers still work out slow responsiveness. Thus, we also do not e suggest this device for PC gaming streams such as the ps3 ps4 Xbox.

Pros:

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· The HDMI resolution is 720p and 1080p and it also provide the variety of different computer resolution.

· The transmitter and receiver extender kit is a good pakage.

· It has Adopt international 5G wireless high speed transmitter signal.

· It also has strong ability of anti-interference.

· It has Long-distance line of straight transmission.

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· The small size with exquisite fashion design.

· Easily to install and play.

· The product dimension is 158*128*37mm.

· PAKITE wireless extenders inc module are FCC and CE certificated,so our wireless application is secure and authentic.

· No software or wifi connection required for the time of installation.

· The delay time between wireless transmitter and receiver is less than 300ms.

Pros:

· It is not compatible for gaming PC.

Conclusion:

The unit of Pakite Wireless HDMI IR Extender P-590 is an easy-to-use system.Singal transmission speed is excellent.Easily installation and play.

2. J-Tech Digital 2×2 Wireless HDMI Matrix/Extender: Good for Multiple Recipients.

First of all we thought that the J-Tech Digital 2×2 Wireless HDMI Transmitter and Receiver was a bit expensive at a medium transmission range. J-Tech Digital 2×2 Wireless HDMI Matrix/Extender is made up through a advances alogorithm so, it support the connection of two transmitter and receivers.

The resolution are ranging from the distinctive 1080p video sound at 1080i@60Hz down to the energy-saving 480p at 480i@60Hz. The altogether low inactivity makes this transmitter more reasonable for ongoing applications than the other two above.

The JTECH-WEX-22D will permit you to extend 2 separate HDMI sound/video signs to 2 showcases (with the acquisition of 2 sets), a ways off of up to 45m (150ft) all done remotely.

While using 2 Transmitters with various sources associated, you can change the channel of your beneficiaries to coordinate the channel of the transmitter and source that you need to watch. (All Wi-Fi channels utilized by this extender are on a 5GHz band.) This wireless 2x2 Matrix/Extender is ideal for family entertainment systems, office presentations, lectures, conferences, etc.

Featurs of wireless extenders inc:

Once a connection is made between your internet-connected device and router, the wireless extenders inc (sometimes referred to as a Wi-Fi range extender) grabs the existing signal and then re-broadcasts it on a different channel from its position, acting as a middle-man to relay the connection.

Pros:

· The transfer rate is maximum: 10.2Gbps.

· High definition video quailty.

· The HDMI Compliance is 1.3.

· It has 2×2 transmitters and receiver supported.

· This is a totally set that is fitting and-play.

· It support audio formats.

· It does not require any special configuration or software driver installation.

· 1-year warranty and lifetime support.

Cons:

· The transmission range is limited compared to other.

Conclusion:

It is a complete set of multi- transmitter. It is not only suitable in houshold but also for lectures and conference room.10 transmissible channels are available.

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Micca wireless extenders inc1080P is the best wireless coaxial cable transmitters.

Obviously, it isn't the most un-accommodating stream hd 1080p gadget.Infact, the Micca unit highlights different reliable features to transfer video and sound signs in an extensively low inactivity and over a significant distance. You would now be able to appreciate continuous games all the more easily – humorously without breaking a bank.

Our first imprssion is on the reduced plan of the transmitter and recievers.

The HDMI transmission provide a full HD video/audio streaming.The resolution ranges from 480p to HD 1080p to stream video at the highest quality.

The interferance is unnoticeable. Most important part of Micca Wireless HDMI Extender 1080P is are , the delay time of transmitting signals from the transmitter to the receiver is from 0.07 to 0.2 seconds.

Puls point, recall that this transmitter can work with practically all HDMI-sourced gadgets, for example, streaming link box satellite bluray or sound from PC, and so on. IR signal pass-back capacity transfers controller orders back to playback source, IR signal beneficiary and blaster links are incorporated!

Pros:

· The price is User-Friendly.

· The design is compac.

· Different resolutions are available.

· Long range singnal transmission.

· Very-short range of possible latency for real-time games.

Cons:

· It is not suitable for gaming PC.

Conclusion:

Delay time is significantly improved, especially when it comes to a medium-priced coaxial cable transmitter.Thus, the device is still well worth.

4. 165 Ft Wireless HDMI Transmitter & Receiver

Expand Full HD 1080P Signal upto 165 Feet Wirelessly. Strong anti-interference capacity by running at 5GHz activity recurrence. It support point to point wireless connection, it also support HDMI cabels.Pulg and play setup with any Software installation.The tranmission distance will be varry due to the enviorement.

Pros:

· It allow to transmit and extend HDMI signal up to 50meter long away wirelessly.

· It has strong anti-interference ability.

· IR passback with 20-60KHz frequency helps to remote control the source device from the receiver side.

· It is really a very good solution for meeting and confernece and home etc.

Cons:

· Lack of signal.

Conclusion:

This product is quite amazing.Me as an IT professional normally go for very sophisticated configurations when selecting products. The current idea is to use this wireless hdmi transmitter/receiver with VM+GPGPU to provide my kids with a extra computer.

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kingofthewilderwest · 8 years ago

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I have a theory that, the reason "you" survived but "thou" didn't, is because when the printing press became a thing, Y was used as a substitute for "thorn." Which is why we have things like Ye olde, which should be read as "the old." Since Y was being used for the "th," thou and you both ended up as "you."

Heya heya! :) While I was not a contributor to the post you’re responding to, I can make some responses to it! I can’t be too thorough given as life is terrible and busy, but hey, hopefully it’s still factual enough woot! And language is cool. It’s an interesting idea tying the word change into the printing press.

I’m not sure how familiar you are with linguistics, so hopefully I’m not saying stuff you already know, especially since you are familiar with the whole you-versus-thou history a bit… but here are my thoughts. Diachronic linguists have pretty thoroughly combed through “thou” and the reasons why it became obsolete in favor of “you.”

The use of “you” being used as a polite form to address a single person started transitioning following the Norman conquest of England in the eleventh century. By 1600, “you” had become so popular that “thou” and “thee” were basically only used in intimate or rude contexts. By the end of the 1600s, “you” was normal in essentially all contexts while “thou” was almost exclusively seen in religious contexts or regional dialects.

For instance, if we look at Early Modern English writing, like the love letters of Dorothy Osborn (1627-1695) to William Temple, even in this setting to her beloved, talking to one person, she always uses “you”:

You bid me write every week, and I am doing it without considering how it will come to you. Let Nan look to that, with whom, I suppose, you have left the orders of conveyance. I have your last letter; but Jane, to whom you refer me, is not yet come down. On Tuesday I expect her; and if she be not engaged, I shall give her no cause hereafter to believe that she is a burden to me, though I have no employment for her but that of talking to me when I am in the humour of saying nothing. Your dog is come too, and I have received him with all the kindness that is due to anything you send; have defended him from the envy and malice of a troop of greyhounds that used to be in favour with me; and he is so sensible of my care over him, that he is pleased with nobody else, and follows me as if we had been of long acquaintance. ‘Tis well you are gone past my recovery. My heart has failed me twenty times since you went, and, had you been within my call, I had brought you back as often, through I know thirty miles’ distance and three hundred are the same thing. You will be so kind, I am sure, as to write back by the coach and tell me what the success of your journey so far has been. After that, I expect no more (unless you stay for a wind) till you arrive at Dublin.

Now, since the printing press was invented in 1440, technically that would be during some part of the transition period from “you” to “thou.” I also have tried to do hurried research on the historic pronunciations of both “you” and “thou” - after all, their similar spellings suggest a past rhyme. English spelling used to be more closely aligned to actual pronunciation, and part of the reason things got quirky was due to the Great Vowel Shift. The Great Vowel Shift basically had all of the vowels change pronunciations in English from what they were in the past. In this shift, a long “oo” vowel /u:/ shifted to the “ow” diphthong /aʊ/, as in how we now pronounce “house.” From some information I’ve seen in the Oxford English Dictionary, it looks like “you” could have undergone the shift to /aʊ/ as well, and was pronounced that way in the 1500s and 1600s during the time that the printing press would have started making its rounds into the English language, with Caxton introducing the printing press to England in 1476 CE (apparently in the later half of the 1600s pronouncing “you” like “yow” became uncool, and hence it never kept up with the lasting Great Vowel Shift splendor?). So all of this seems to line up initially with your idea.

Unfortunately, though, it doesn’t look like this printing press idea would be a likely scenario.

Language change tends to be driven through speech, not writing - makes sense, given as writing is not developed in every language culture, and until very recently literacy was not widespread in most populations. Language change also tends to be driven by certain demographics, notably young women. However, during the time the printing press was a new deal, illiteracy was extraordinarily high - it looks like 90% of English men in 1500 CE couldn’t read, and even by 1700, male literacy was only at 40%. Illiteracy in women is notably higher. The demographic most likely to build change from “thou” to “you” wouldn’t have been able to read the text on the printing press that used “y” instead of the thorn. Yes, people would have wanted to mimic the upper class, the people more likely to read, but spreading this pronunciation around to the masses would be pretty problematic.

I also thiiiiiiiink that, while “ye” for “the” certainly happened, the thorn was already fading away from English orthography, with “th” gaining popularity even in the 1300s, or something around there. I’m not sure about this as some other points I’m making here, though… I don’t tend to study orthography, cool as it is.

Last, what happened with��“thou” versus “you” is actually a really common language change cross-linguistically. Theoretically it’s very strong to stick to patterns that we see across languages, notably even across unrelated languages. Using a plural form of a pronoun is a very common designation of respect. For instance, this occurs in Croatian with ti (singular & informal) versus vi (plural/formal), in Kannada with neenu (singular & informal) versus neevu (plural/formal), in Turkish with sen (singular & informal) versus siz (plural/formal), in French with tu (singular & informal) versus vous (plural/formal), and in Tamil regarding the use of niinka. There’s also the phenomenon of the royal plural (ex: Hebrew), where a plural pronoun is used as a sign of respect to a single person holding a high position of leadership. So when it comes to tracing back to what English did regarding “thou” versus “you,” it’s completely understandable to align with a theory that patterns after many of the world’s languages.

#Anonymous #long post #non-dragons #blabbing Haddock #linguistics #diachronic linguistics #etymology #ask #ask me #awesome anonymous friend #I don't want a long convo on thou versus you though if that's okay with followers!

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khalilhumam · 5 years ago

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America faces a substitute teacher shortage—and disadvantaged schools are hit hardest

New Post has been published on http://khalilhumam.com/america-faces-a-substitute-teacher-shortage-and-disadvantaged-schools-are-hit-hardest/

America faces a substitute teacher shortage—and disadvantaged schools are hit hardest

By Jing Liu Substitute teachers are an important (yet oft-ignored) group of educators in the U.S. school system. The reason is simple: Substitute teachers spend substantial time with K-12 students. Like other professionals, teachers are absent from work for various reasons, such as sickness, professional development, or personal issues. Based on one estimate drawn from a sample of large U.S. metropolitan districts, teachers miss an average of about 11 days out of a 186-day school year. This means that students spend, on average, approximately two-thirds of a school year with substitute teachers during the entirety of their K-12 schooling—not a trivial amount of time. Teacher absences are not only common, but also detrimental to student learning. Based on one study, 10 additional teacher absences lead to 1.2% and 0.6% of a standard deviation decrease in math and English Language Arts test scores, respectively. Several other research papers using data from multiple contexts reached similar findings. Higher-quality substitute teachers may be able to mitigate some of the negative impacts of teacher absences. Indeed, one study shows that certified substitute teachers are more effective than their uncertified peers. However, many school districts nationwide had already been facing severe shortages of substitute teachers before the COVID-19 pandemic, and early evidence suggests the pandemic has exacerbated staffing problems. The Madison district in Ohio, for example, reported having less than a third of the substitute teachers needed to cover classes. In Michigan, districts were using billboards to attract potential substitute teachers, given shortages that were prevalent across the state. The inability to find a substitute teacher might not seem problematic initially, as another teacher or administrator with spare time can often cover a classroom when a substitute teacher is not available. Yet repeated occurrences can quickly become burdensome for staff who are frequently called upon to cover a peer’s classroom. In a recent paper published in Education Finance and Policy, my co-authors, Susanna Loeb and Ying Shi, and I set out to provide the first systematic description of the prevalence of the substitute teacher shortage, how it varies across schools, and how various factors drive the distribution we see. We used detailed administrative data covering school years 2011-12 to 2017-18 from a large urban school district on the West Coast to evaluate the extent to which schools might have difficulty sustaining a substitute teacher workforce. We also administered surveys to both regular teachers and substitute teachers in school year 2017-18 to gauge their perceptions of substitute teaching. On average, teachers in the sample district were absent for about 11.8 days, or 6.6% of the time, which is commensurate with previous research. Of the 11.8 teacher absences per year, an average of 10.9 days were covered by a substitute teacher. When an absence was not covered by a substitute, students were split up into other classrooms with permanent teachers about 37% of the time; a teacher with a prep period covered the class 35% of the time; a school administrator covered the class about 12% of the time; and other forms of coverage took place for the remaining 16% of the time. A teacher’s non-covered absences can affect their colleagues and students across the school, not just those in the absent teacher’s classroom. Many factors are associated with whether an absence receives substitute coverage. For example, the course subject, the timing of when a substitute job gets advertised, and teacher experiences are among the strongest predictors of substitute coverage. Schools had a harder time finding substitute teachers in math, special education, bilingual, and foreign-language classes than in other subjects. Relative to novice teachers, the more experienced a teacher is, the higher coverage rate the teacher tends to have. How early a substitute job gets posted plays another major role in absence coverage. As Figure 1 shows, the rate of improvement in coverage rates associated with an additional hour between listing and job start time is especially high through the first 24 hours, suggesting that last-minute postings are unlikely to yield high coverage. After the initial 24 hours, the coverage rate is approximately 90%. The findings are more concerning regarding the distribution of substitute coverage across schools. To categorize student need and staffing challenges faced by schools, we used the following four dimensions:

achievement level

proportion of Black and Hispanic students

average poverty rates of students’ residential census tracts

the school district’s classification of hard-to-staff institutions, which have the greatest difficulty recruiting and retaining teachers.

In general, we found teachers in disadvantaged schools had the same number of, or slightly more, absences than teachers in more-advantaged peer institutions. By disaggregating absence types, we found that the small differences are largely driven by more absences due to professional development days at the higher-needs schools. In contrast, disadvantaged schools exhibited systematically lower substitute coverage rates. For example, schools in the lowest achievement quartile, schools with the highest shares of minorities or students from lower-income census tracts, and hard-to-staff schools had between 0.9 to 1.3 more non-covered annual absences per teacher than do schools in the most advantaged categories. For example, a higher-needs school with 50 teachers is expected to have 65 to 80 non-covered absences annually, compared against 16 to 33 non-covered absences in an advantaged school of the same size. Our survey data confirm this finding: Teachers in higher-needs schools are much more likely to expect non-covered absences than their peers in other schools. For example, nearly half of teachers in schools with the highest share of Black and Hispanic students reported that their schools are not able or probably not able to find a substitute teacher when they are absent, while only 9% of teachers in schools with the lowest shares of Black and Hispanic students expressed such concern. Clearly, teacher absences do not drive the unequal distribution of absence coverage. Additional analysis suggests that teacher demographics account for 3% to 5% of the overall disparities, while teacher credentials and experience explain an additional 6% to 9%. Absence characteristics, such as the timing of job postings, make a statistically significant contribution to the school disparities in some cases, with magnitudes up to 10%. The substantial variation unexplained by school, teacher, and absence characteristics suggests that factors not captured in administrative data drive the distribution we see. Our survey administered to substitute teachers unveils many of the drivers. In the survey, we asked the respondents to nominate their most-preferred and least-preferred schools at which to work, and to write down the reasons why. Three main findings emerge.

First, substitute teachers consistently preferred one subset of schools while avoiding another subset. The least-preferred schools were middle schools that have significantly lower average achievement, a higher concentration of Black and Hispanic students, and higher suspension rates.

Second, the number of times a school was nominated as a most- or least-preferred school accounted for a large share (40% to 50%) of the cross-school variation in substitute coverage rates.

Lastly, in their qualitative comments, substitute teachers often cited student behavior as an important factor in their determination of certain schools as least preferable (Figure 2), but mentioned a wide range of factors that can make a school desirable, such as the colleagues, well-behaved students, and familiarity with a school (Figure 3).

Given the heightened health concerns due to the COVID-19 pandemic, finding substitute teachers might become an increasingly challenging task for school leaders. On one hand, teachers might incur more absences because of various physical, psychological, and financial stressors they have been experiencing in the pandemic. On the other hand, it is unclear how willing a potential substitute teacher is to serve in a school, typically with a less-familiar working environment and unknown students. Our work shows that schools with higher needs and fewer resources had a harder time finding substitute teachers before the pandemic. These schools may now have an even greater difficulty finding substitute teachers. Thus, designing policies to address inequality in access to substitute teaching should be an integral part of school staffing plans, and merits close attention in school reopening plans. Our findings suggest that certain strategies—such as planning around the posting of absences to avoid last-minute substitute jobs—may help close substitute coverage gaps. More importantly, given student behavior and the presence of support services from a school’s staff and administration are key determinants of whether substitute teachers favor working in a particular site, schools should ramp up their institutional efforts to provide more support for substitute teachers. This could include initiatives that curb misbehavior and provide substitutes with more classroom-management tools.

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argumentativeessayexamples886 · 5 years ago

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notsopersonalcharlie · 8 years ago

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Missing

Just a cute lil story about Aaron and Jack missing the place they call home.

Note: I wrote this after taking medicine so if my grammar is wrong I apologize. Gif isn’t mine

Aaron ran his hand through his hair while looking out the window.

“Dad, if you keep doing that you’re going to go bald.” Aaron let his hand drop. He couldn’t help looking over his shoulder for Scratch, but he’d missed so much of Jack’s childhood and now was his time to make up for it.

“Yeah, bud. Are you ready to go?” Jack nodded, picking up his backpack.

“Yes, Mr. Hotchner.” Aaron laughed. Their WITSEC agent knew that Scratch would be looking at bar exams and new law practices, so they went the other route. Few people knew that Aaron had minored in English Language, and now he was a substitute English teacher in for a woman out on maternity leave at Jack’s new school. “Please, Hotch is easier, Mr. Hotchner.” Jack laughed this time and Aaron picked up his bag. The two of them stepped outside after arming three different alarms and securing their Rottweiler, whom Jack had named Jess. Jack and Jess had explored the woods around the cabin while their agent was solidifying up their identities in town. The cabin was isolated, by design. Aaron had hidden guns in every room and, much to his chagrin, Jack had been taught to shoot. “What’s your name?” “Jack Marigold.” “My name?” “Sean Marigold.” “Where’s your mom?”

“She died of leukemia.” Jack always had a hard time getting that part out. “Where do we live?” “For the time being, we’re living in a motel on 7th street.” Aaron nodded, tousling his hair and getting in the car. He revved the engine and drove down the driveway onto a main road. A few minutes later they were stuck in Friday morning traffic. “Do you miss your friends?” Jack asked. Aaron’s heart clenched a little bit, thinking of Dave. His mind wandered for a bit. He wasn’t allowed to get any updates, but he could predict where the team would be based on the crimes, and he kept tabs on news from almost every county in the country on his laptop. Today the team would be in Missouri, Emily at the head of the team. Penelope would be on the phone showing off while Reid drew a map just to show off when Penelope got off the phone. He worried, of course, about the team. Not just because they were without him, but because Scratch would always be at the back of their minds. He worried Spencer would slip back into his bad habit with his mother being sick again. And that Dave would drink too much without someone to pace him. “It’s green, dad,” Jack said. Aaron looked up and started driving again. “Yeah, I miss them. Do you miss your friends? And Auntie Jess?” Jack nodded. “I miss Henry and Michael. And I miss my friends from school. But I especially miss Auntie Jess because she would always make special hot chocolate.” Aaron nodded and a few minutes later they were pulling into the parking lot of the school. Jack got out at the front doors, a blond boy waiting for him by the wall. He looked vaguely like Henry, too long blond hair and glasses. Aaron knew that was the reason Jack had befriended him. Aaron himself pulled into the teacher parking lot and walked into the building. The sound of his shoes on the linoleum floor reminded him not of his own shoes, but of Gideon’s on the floor of the BAU. He pushed the thought away as he swung into his classroom just on time. “Good morning, Mr. Marigold,” the class of eight-year-olds droned. Aaron smiled at them, one he knew worked to comfort parents and make children feel safe. “Good morning, class.”

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framing-visualculture · 5 years ago

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What’s with digital wallpapers in Chinese homes?

This article was originally published on medium.

In China, copying is not at all bad. There is a term “Fu Zhi Pin,” referring to copies of things made with such craft and exactitude that it is worthy of study in a museum. Fast forward to 21st Century and contemporary Chinese domestic space. Copying, or maybe copy pasting, is celebrated, but in a different way. The trend of plastering wallpapers of digitally rendered nature and blog space backgrounds onto walls and floors of Chinese home is an intriguing one. How did the copying of Western architecture in residential communes and homes lead to saturated, digital wallpaper and Karaoke style lighting design to be the preferred taste of the older generation? The answer lies in breaking down the aesthetic of “China Too Cool.”

Knock-offs, counterfeits, unoriginal. These are the words that usually come to mind when we think about things “Made in China.” As China has risen to become the largest export economy in the world, exporting over 2 trillion US dollars worth of goods in 2017, it has become no exaggeration to say that in almost every region of the world, everyone must own or at least have encountered something manufactured in China. In today’s episode, we’re going to consider goods and cultural productions made in China, and question the stereotype of unoriginal counterfeit goods. To do so, we’ll first look at what’s China’s fascination with copying, and then examine architecture and interior design choices to understand the phenomena of tacky, repurposed aesthetic taste that I call “China Too Cool.” The term “Too Cool” is the phonetic English translation of a subcultural style “土酷” (Tuku), which in Chinese means “tacky cool.” The emphasis should be on the English term “Too” and not the Chinese “Tu” as in tacky. It should be considered in its double meaning of both outdated and cool, cooler, coolest — too cool. This style is marked by an attitude of poking ironic fun at but also embracing the stylistic elements of dated popular taste.

To get a visual image of Too Cool, think of the Microsoft rainbow word art on a full background of digitally rendered nature, printed on a glossy, plastic laminated cheap notebook. For visual references, I suggest going to the Instagram page of @butterfly.minmin, a 3D graphic artist who is the living embodiment of the saturated visual overkill of Too Cool.

This dress is set against a digital backdrop of QQ chat, China’s online messenger popular in the early 2000s. It is now regaining popularity with Gen Z users, to set themselves apart from their parents and grandparents who are using WeChat.

There is a long-standing tradition of imitation art within China that boasts of its own classification system. The highest form of simulacrum bears the essence of the original — the qi, or in English, the “life force” — to the extent that the image evokes and becomes a “real” substitute of the original. In this case, art imitates and reproduces life, capturing not a perfect copy of the appearance but its essence. We can see this in traditional Chinese ink painting, where the mountains and lakes do not look realistic, but they exude the spirit of the sublime beauty of nature.

A Chinese ink painting by the late artist Zhang Daqian. He topped art sales in 2011, surpassing Picasso.

The act of perfecting copying is also highly regarded by the Chinese as “testament to cultural and technological achievements.” Journalist and Columbia University professor Alexander Stille points to two Chinese terms, “fangzhipin” and “fuzhipin”, to explain the Chinese attitude toward the copy: “Fangzhipin is closer to what we would call a reproduction — a knockoff you would buy in a museum store — whereas fuzhipin is a very high quality copy, something worthy of study or putting in a museum.” These instances of copying are for the sake of understanding the beauty of form and structure, of technology and craftsmanship, and of artistic achievements. For the Chinese, to perfectly reproduce something shows thorough understanding and extraordinary craftsmanship. Value is perceived in the skill of making, not necessarily in having a new idea.

In the book Original copies: architectural mimicry in contemporary China, author Bianca Bosker examined the intriguing phenomena of “simulacrascapes.” These are themed residential communities in China that replicate archaic European and American towns. For instance, you will have “Little Paris” residencies that feature a miniature Eiffel tower in the middle of its park, or a replicated Venetian neighborhood complete with a canal running through it.

A replica of Venice in Dalian, a modern port city in the North-Eastern part of China

While both the Western and Chinese intellectual elite sigh at the “backward” mass scale replication projects, quick to dismiss them as “kitsch”, “fake”, “unimaginative and cliché”, Bosker provides a more nuanced reading of the phenomenon, explaining the conditions for their existence and viewing them as “monuments to the ‘New China’.” These mass scale residential simulacrascape developments, aimed at the expanding middle class, owe their success to their visibility as “coveted status symbols.” Much like the conspicuous logos of branded goods, these themed residencies featuring the trademark forms of Western cultural achievement are meant to signal wealth and luxury. Beneath the surface of “West worship” actually rests a mindset of Chinese superiority, the conviction that all the good things of the world can be found in China, and tailored to Chinese taste to resemble Chinese peoples’ conception of the foreign — the historical tourist spots showcasing the celebrated moments of Western culture.

Let us now examine the interior choices made by home buyers: by looking at the domestic space, we get a glimpse into the popular taste and preferences of individuals. A little search on Zhihu.com, China’s Quora/ Reddit, brought me to revealing explanations of popular contemporary Chinese interior design choices. What the term “European-style” translates to in China is literally: chandeliers, Greek columns, pompous gilded Rococo motifs and gaudy Baroque furnishing.

Notice the chandelier, Rococo bed frame, and wallpaper, and heavy curtains.

Italian philosopher Umberto Eco once explained that such “eclectic frenzy” and “compulsive imitation” “prevail where wealth has no history.” This aesthetic had seen an earlier manifestation in America, in the seemingly “artificial regions” of post-urban California and Florida and it is happening now for the Chinese nouveau riches, especially after the disruption in historical, cultural, and aesthetic richness as a result of the Cultural Revolution. The Rococo motifs and Greek columns, once elements of high culture and luxury are today considered archaic and kitschy for their irrelevance and impracticality to contemporary urban living. This is especially so after the new standard of design elevating functionality over appearance set by the Bauhaus school and Modernist architecture.

A more interesting development of this interior appropriation is how these “European style” copies evolve into mutations with Chinese characteristics. What is kept of the “European style”, in other words, the elaborately ornamental Rococo and Baroque, is the essence of sensory overload, but the manifestations are more in keeping with “current” trends.

State of the art 3D renderings extending your living room to a fantasy world of nature.

One image from Chinese Quora Zhihu.com shows the design on a sliding closet door (top left). It features bright, saturated colors of blue skies and soaring birds, a high-definition landscape rendering of detailed grass, gradient-infused lotus plants in the foreground, a flat pictorial space, and an unmistakable uplifting mood. It is all too much. It’s too artificial, too uplifting, too bright, too much, “Too Cool.”

This was a photo in a series uploaded by a millennial netizen expressing her disbelief at her parents’ interior design choices for their new house on the outskirts of the main city. She is not alone in her lamentation; threads voicing outcry over outlandish new wedding home designs gifted by their loving parents are ubiquitous on the Chinese Internet, gaining popularity and resonance with every “Like”. Among those are bed frames with a Microsoft logo that acts as a lamp, a virus-molecule-like structured lighting fixture, a bedroom with crowded magenta rose wallpaper and magenta bed sheets, big digitally rendered aurora flowers, and a kitchen floor fully covered with a stock image of retreating seawater and sandy beach.

Imagine cooking in this kitchen. You can almost pick the salt from the sea water.

These acts of personalizing your living room wallpaper or lighting fixtures are popular with older people from small cities in China. That, combined with their love for nature and saturated colors result in a home of digital pretense of nature.

In order to understand “mom and dad’s” unwavering belief in the aesthetic choices of these interiors, we have to put things into context and perspective. Whatever is “fashionable”, “trendy”, or “cool”, “has always to be differentiated from the mainstream.” So we have to ask: in comparison to what are these design choices cool and trendy? If we think about the older, simple countryside homes with wooden furniture and undecorated walls before the rapid urbanization and digitization of China, then all the examples I have presented exhibit an extraordinary sense and creativity in being different. They are most likely not going to be defined as refined and classic, but in terms of “coolness”, in terms of novelty, these interior designs might stand a chance, even if only within the circle of “mom and dad” or small-town folk.

Globalization and localization aren’t just buzzwords for the marketing director, they can be felt when you enter the doors of these Chinese Too Cool interiors. From replicating western architectural clusters to recapturing the essence of newfound wealth and self-expression, Chinese designs take on a life of its own. To only see the designs as tacky knockoffs would be a missed opportunity to embark on a nuanced cultural reading of Chinese thinking.

This article is an excerpt based on my essay “China Too Cool: Vernacular Innovations and Aesthetic Discontinuity of China.” In my essay, I propose Too Cool as a lens of understanding the generational and economic differences in modern China set forth by the country’s rapid urbanization. I talk about cultural productions made during the cultural revolution and right after during the economic reform of Open Door policy, cultural appropriations of Bollywood and poor copies of Japanese anime, as well as bizarre Taobao aesthetics. The overarching theme and mood is a relatable one of displacement and using creativity to regenerate meaning and identity. If this interests you, you can get a free pdf version of my essay here.

#china #chinatoocool #contemporary china #chinese homes #interior #design #architecture #mimicry #copies #aesthetics #rococo #digital nature

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geeksfromfuture-blog · 5 years ago

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Can Technology End Web Designers?

Why are so many web designers currently complaining about the demise of the desktop, laptop and web hosting software that they rely on to produce their website? Will they be able to continue to exist when one of the most-preferred tools, the ones that attract the most traffic, are all but forced out of the market in favor of apps that people will pay for? The PC industry is becoming more dependent on major companies to provide these services and the free/libre Open Source software that they want the average person to take their business. With so many platforms to choose from and so many apps, why are software companies still providing the same "middle man" services that once have made them so much money? There are some firms out there who are creating software that can do much more than the other "middle man" solutions available on the market. To understand the changing landscape of computing, one must realize the benefits of a device that fits everyone's lifestyle. A user must have a device capable of performing the tasks that he or she will need, while being able to learn and adapt to changes as they come about, all within a short period of time. The reality is that most folks spend the bulk of their time watching TV and doing so on the big screen, but what they do not realize is that they are not being productive if they do not have access to computers. Anyone who has heard the expression, "there's more than one way to skin a cat," is fully aware of this and it applies in exactly the same way to those who need to think and program on a desktop computer or a laptop. Can technology end? Will they simply replace the traditional desktop, laptop and web hosting software with something new? Will they buy a device that incorporates this new technology, as this is one of the few options that most customers are thinking about? The reality is that no matter what they do, most users will not have time to install a new software system, especially if it is quite expensive. They will need a device that allows them to do their work in a manner that is easy and comfortable for them. You will not find the majority of users purchasing laptops and their accompanying software because they cannot carry it around with them, you will find them using small devices. These devices are becoming the norm in our society and they will continue to be. In fact, most of the people who use their phones for the majority of their activities are not thinking about a laptop, they are using their phone. For those who are interested in adding a large number of apps and functionality to their phone, that will require them to pay for one, will have to buy a bigger device. Unfortunately, there is no substitute for these new devices. Once again, the desktop, laptop and web hosting software are struggling to make a comeback and will continue to do so. If you are serious about your business, you will need to have a robust web development platform to produce world-class workstations. There is no substitute for them and you will find that the old industry players are making less money each year and will eventually die off completely. If you want to preserve the integrity of the entire industry, you must get involved. It is important to understand that unless you invest in the future of your company, you will be forced to innovate and change the way that you do business, and that will make it harder for you to generate profit in the future.

Will Technology End Web Designers?

Artificial intelligence isometric icons collection with creative robots playing gitaar singing painting designing writing isometric vector illustration In a recent article I wrote, I discussed the dangers of pursuing specialization in the Web Design field. Since then, I have become curious about the problem of how specialization will be replaced by outsourcing and why specialization is not the only way to go. Industrialization has created huge upheaval in various industries. For example, once you specialize in anything like plumbing, steel manufacturing, and airplane manufacturing, then your productivity is limited by this specialization. You can do more things but you will be limited in the results you produce. This is another example of why specialization is important to keep our industry. But specialization does not need to mean having to know every single thing. You just need to be in possession of certain knowledge that makes your productivity higher. For example, once you know what it takes to create websites using HTML, your productivity will increase as compared to someone who has no idea what HTML is. This allows you to focus on your expertise and make better use of your time. There are many people who cannot create websites at all. If you can be one of these, you don't need to be a tech geek. You simply need to have the knowledge to keep your business running. You can be one of these people who has no idea what is happening in the web world. Another concern is that, by being an expert in web design, you will not have many customers. After all, you specialize in creating websites and cannot offer services beyond this. You can, however, offer services to anyone who wants to hire you. You may think that you cannot compete with a general contractor. However, once you are an expert in web design, you can look for new clients and grow your business without taking too much of your time. However, if you want to offer services to customers outside of your own business, you will have to hire a web designer who specializes in this field. Of course, this means that you will be working longer hours in order to be able to do the work that you desire. Now, perhaps you are asking yourself, "So what will happen to those businesses who specialize in web design?" Well, that depends on the way that the designers specialize. For example, if they specialize in PHP-based design, then they are still in business, but they are likely to be limited in their efforts and will only be able to offer limited services. In any case, what I am trying to tell you is that, in order to stay competitive in the future, you will need to specialize in certain fields. Most likely, you will be limited in what you can offer, but you can also offer even more than what you currently do. As I mentioned earlier, when you specialize in anything, you have to focus on it in order to have the most productive output. If you do not specialize, then you will not have a lot of time to spend on other areas of your business, especially in the future when the Web is completely dominated by software that can render millions of websites per second. So, Will Technology End? Maybe. But, we should not worry too much about it right now. The real threat will come when the best web designers (in both fields) become so specialized that they become unreliable. What will the markets look like then? At this point, my prediction is that you will see the next wave of specialization in the "Web Design"PHP" fields, especially in countries where programming is more popular than the English language. Other businesses will also follow, and those who specialize in web design will eventually be pushed out of the market. Only professionals in other fields can afford to stay in this market.

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#ai #artificalintelligence #CanTechnologyEnd #deeplearning #geeks #geeksarticles #geeksfromfuture #innovation #iot #machinelearning #robots #Technology #TechnologyForWebDesigners

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educator4academicintegrity · 8 years ago

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My Learning Experience: Year One

I was born and raised in Mexico by a loving family. I am a mother of two great girls, 8 and 15 years old, and happily married. I have always deeply valued education and the opportunities it provides. I have admired the United States since I was a child. I always thought of the United States as an ethical and moral nation, a country that values diversity, a country that protects human rights and free speech, and a country that promotes education as the primary factor for the personal growth, social well-being, and success of its citizens. So, when I came to the United States I decided to get certified to teach math in high school.

In the summer of 2014, I had finally completed the last mathematics class in a post-baccalaureate program that would qualify me to teach mathematics at the secondary level. On Thursday, August 21, 2014, I sent an email to the Director of Human Resources for the San Felipe Del Rio CISD, to see if there were any openings for a mathematics substitute teacher. She responded quickly to my email and asked if I could come see her tomorrow. I was surprised by her prompt response and her request to meet with me. I had only inquired about a substitute position. The next day, Friday, I met with her and she told me that the district needed math teachers; she asked if I would be interested in teaching full time as a mathematics teacher at Del Rio High School. I said yes. As I left her office, I thought to myself that all the years of struggling to learn a new language and the countless hours of study required to take advanced mathematics classes had finally paid off. I was going to be a teacher in the United States. I was elated.

I couldn’t wait to get home and tell my family. I had chosen education as a profession because of the high value I had always placed on education. I had immigrated to the United States from Mexico, in part, because of the educational opportunities it afforded my children. As the mother of two girls, I wanted to give them all the opportunities to make a good life. Furthermore, after immigrating to the United States, I had married a teacher. My husband, Richard Davis, is an instructor of mathematics at Southwest Texas Junior College. So, when I received the call on Saturday to say that I had been hired as a teacher at the Board Meeting the previous evening, I was happy and excited.

I began my teaching career on August 26, 2014. I arrived at Del Rio High School early. I remember entering my classroom for the first time. It was rather barren, but with a little work I felt I could brighten it up. The room had computers facing the wall in a U-configuration with my desk at the front of the room. I was surprised as I was expecting a room of desks facing to the front, like you would find in a traditional classroom. I had little time to process this information, for I was immediately met by my supervisor. She introduced herself and led me to her office, which was directly across the hall from my room, where she informed me of my duties. She told me that I had been hired to teach mathematics in a program known as ACAP. The Alternative Credit Accrual Program (ACAP) is designed to allow students who have dropped out to return and finish high school by completing their missing credits via a credit accrual program.

My supervisor, whose official title was ACAP Counselor, informed me that my duties were to help students gain high school credit by passing tests on an online courseware, which is used to impart course content and to assess the student’s mastery of the material through various testing instruments such as Mastery Tests, Unit Posttests, and an End of the Semester Test. She told me to assist students on all assignments and to help them on all the tests. I felt disappointed because I wanted to teach students the necessary skills to pass the tests, not to do the tests for the student, which I consider cheating. But I thought that maybe this is the way public education works in the United States. I did not know what credit recovery was before I started, so I did my job as I was told. As a math teacher, I confined myself mainly to helping students with math. Although I helped them through the tests, I did take the opportunity to explain each problem thoroughly.

These first few months would be my happiest time as a teacher. I helped students with their mathematics coursework and witnessed them learning. I enjoyed my students immensely. My class consisted of a diverse population of students. Besides students from the ACAP program, I had students from the Migrant Education Program, as well as traditional high school students who were earning credits through the Credit Recovery Program. Many times, a student would thank me for teaching them a mathematical concept; for example, they would tell me that for the first time they understood how to find a vertex or that now they knew how to solve a quadratic equation. These are the things that make the teaching profession worthwhile and satisfying. But, I felt helpless to assist the students in other courses, specifically science courses such as Physics and Chemistry. I tried my best. I would get out the Physics textbook and try to learn the material so that I could teach it to them. But, as any teacher knows, learning takes time. And it was this dichotomy between expedience and learning that would lead to conflict.

My supervisor began bringing me to her office to tell me to go faster. I told her that I was going as fast as I could but that it took time to explain mathematical concepts adequately. She seemed unmoved by my words. Then, in November 2014, two other teachers were assigned to my room. We got along well at first, but I did notice that our teaching styles were different. While I continued to take the time to teach the course content, these teachers would sit down with a student, read a test question and then tell the student the correct answer, or what they thought was the correct answer. My thoughts came fast and furious. Firstly, how did they know Physics and Chemistry. One was a Social Studies teacher and the other was an English teacher. I was amazed at their ability to correctly answer test questions in Chemistry and Physics. I was especially confused how they knew the answers to Physics questions that were largely mathematical in context. Because it soon became apparent to me that neither of them knew how to do mathematics beyond basic algebra. Secondly, why did they not use these tests as teaching opportunities; instead, they chose to just recite answers and, unfortunately, the students did not seem to mind. By this method, with no explanation of the problem, the student could finish a test and thereby a course at a much faster rate. I felt it my duty to inform my supervisor about what was happening.

Meeting with my supervisor on December 11, 2014, I expressed my concern to her that I witnessed other teachers in my room giving students the answers for their online courses without any explanation of the problem. I told her I did not agree with this practice. I said that I want to teach math, not just give them the answers. She remained quiet. I then said that my career goal is to teach math in a classroom. She responded that I would not be a successful classroom teacher because, in her words, I can’t speak proper English. This was the opening shot in the war that would soon engulf my professional life and forever alter my view of the teaching profession. At the time, I thought that I could convince administration that what we were doing was not in the best interests of the students and their education. The reader must forgive my naiveite. I had been a teacher for only three months. Nonetheless, I readied myself for battle. Oh yea, one more thing: my supervisor’s sister just happened to be the principal at Del Rio High School. Fasten your seat belts!

Returning from Christmas break, my supervisor began her offensive. On January 16th, 2015, she wanted me to sign an Intervention Plan that indicated areas in which I needed to improve. I disagreed with the assessment and refused to sign. I appealed to a vice principal, telling him that the assertions made by my supervisor in the intervention plan were not true. After further discussion, he eventually convinced me to sign an amended version later that day. I asked him why he wanted me to sign the Intervention Plan. He said that he had tried to defend me to the principal, saying “I have no problem with Mrs. Davis.” He then related to me that the principal—his direct supervisor—said, “You go and do it! You go talk to [my sister] and do it!”

In February, I received a request—via my supervisor—from the Director of Human Resources, asking to meet with her “to review certification.” I arrived at her office at 8:00 AM on February 16, 2015 to discuss certification. Her first words were, “We have issues” with your work. Surprised, I said, “Issues?” She then said that my supervisor had informed her that I could not control my class. I responded that this was not true and that she was welcome to look at all my walkthroughs and my evaluations. I informed her that I had all documentation that pertained to my performance in the classroom and that nothing indicated the things she stated. She seemed perplexed and told me to continue to keep documentation. I told her that my supervisor seemed to have a problem with me but it was not because of the reasons stated. I would have told her the real reason why my supervisor had tried to isolate me but I did not trust her to believe me since she had accepted my supervisor’s evaluation of me without one shred of evidence.

At this point I knew I was isolated. I thought of quitting but instead I chose to fight. I’ll leave it to the reader’s judgment to determine if that was a wise decision. I began to demand and scrutinize documentation to better protect myself. Since the beginning of the year, my supervisor had given me verbal directives to count students present who were absent. So, I began keeping my own attendance records and I asked my supervisor to send me emails that affirmed her directive. Surprisingly, she obliged and sent me the emails. I then began to download reports in which students had completed a test or an entire course in an amazingly short time.

In April, the son of the principal (and thus the nephew of my supervisor) began working full-time as a tutor in credit recovery. Now I was not only surrounded by a culture but a family. It felt like a scene out of one of the Godfather movies. But there I was, engulfed by educators who thought little of giving students answers to tests, counting students present who were in fact absent, and punishing anyone who questioned them. Yes, I had learned a lot in my first eight months as a public-school teacher. Unfortunately, it had little to do with academics or learning theory.

My refusals to participate in the shortcuts to success, i.e., giving students the answers to their tests without any explanation or evidence of learning, intensified their attempts to isolate and discredit me as a teacher. I still find this perplexing. I mean, I was doing the tests for/with the students. Their main complaint seemed to be that I was not supplying the answers fast enough. One attempt to isolate me led to a direct confrontation with the principal. On April 28th, at the end of the day, my supervisor told me that she and the other two teachers in ACAP would be absent for the next two days. My supervisor had chosen them to attend a conference on the future of the ACAP program. I sent my supervisor an email asking if ACAP would be provided with any substitutes for those days. This simple request would set off a wave of anger that would ripple all the way to the principal’s office.

I arrived in my classroom the morning of April 29th to find that two substitutes had been assigned to my room. I informed the substitutes of their duties and the day began. It was a day like any other until the beginning of the 8th period. The principal came into my room, admonishing two students to stop talking. She then began yelling at the entire class, warning them that if they did not finish their courses they would have to attend summer school. I was helping a student when her tirade began, so I turned to face her and give her my full attention. Very quickly, she turned to me and yelled, “And you Ms. Davis, just because the other teachers are not here does not mean you can let the students do what they want. You have two substitute teachers there. Put them to work!” Then she left. One of the substitutes turned to me and said, “Ms. Davis, who is that woman!” I said, “That is the principal.” A look of disbelief flashed across his face; then, he said, “How can she treat us this way?”

Yes indeed, I thought the same: “How can she treat us this way!” I was not a twenty-something, fresh-out-of-college kid when I took this job. I had performed many jobs in the past, everything from fast food worker to pharmaceutical sales representative. But I had never been treated this way by a supervisor. After consulting with my husband, I felt that I had to file a formal grievance against the principal. I did not take this step lightly. I knew there would be repercussions. But I felt I must preserve my professional dignity. While my husband was supportive of the decision, my co-workers looked at me with disbelief. Perhaps they knew what I would soon find out: my supervisor’s vengeful streak was apparently a family trait that she had picked up from her older sister.

The grievance hearing was set for May 12, 2015. Administration did not even have the patience to delay the retaliation until after the hearing. On May 11, my current position—Mathematics (ACAP) Teacher—was posted under the open positions section of the SFDRISD Employment page. I brought this up in the grievance hearing. The principal assured me that it was a mistake. The Chief Instructional Officer for Secondary Education, who presided over the grievance hearing, stated for the record, “I can assure you that as soon as we walk out of here, we are gonna go back and correct” the error. The job remained posted until the closing date of May 26, 2015. Later, after I was not replaced, it occurred to me that this was not a direct threat against me; in fact, it was a message to all district employees, especially teachers, that this is what happens when you file a grievance. Oh yea, I almost forgot. One of the remedies granted by SFDRCISD in the complaint: “Granted: You will not have any retaliation because of this complaint.” Even I did not believe that one. See, I am learning.

Two days after the grievance hearing, May 14, 2015, I was summoned to appear before two Vice Principals. Upon entering the office, I was told that I had been brought there for a very serious matter. My online courseware password had been used to grant credit to a student in six credit recovery courses, among which was an entire year of English IV. I was asked to explain myself. I told them I did not know who stole my password, whether it was the student or someone else. I assured them that I would never willingly participate in a scheme that would grant high school credit without some evidence that learning had taken place. I encouraged them to investigate the matter thoroughly because I wanted to know who had done this. Although the student vehemently denied stealing my password, I was told never to discuss this with the student and let them investigate the matter. I continued to follow up on the progress of the investigation. I was given no information. I was later told that the investigation had found nothing, that the credits in question had already been granted to the student, and that state guidelines would not allow the credits to be taken away. So just like that, the matter was dropped. The student accumulated six semester credits in a matter of weeks and the senior graduating class welcomed a new member; everyone was happy. Ah, the bliss of the educational experience.

As the graduation deadline loomed, the pressure to get students credits so they could graduate accelerated. But I, the old stick in the mud, continued to question the online courseware reports that showed students completing tests in unbelievable times. Whether it was a student completing an End-of-Semester Geometry test of 44 questions in 15 minutes with a score of 93%, or a student completing an Algebra 2 End-of-Semester test of 33 questions in 11 minutes with a score of 88%, I remained the lone dubious voice in credit recovery. When I would say I can’t approve this course credit unless I see the student’s work, they would roll their eyes, take the report to another certified math teacher and get them to sign. Perhaps, they took it to a veteran teacher who had learned how to play the game; perhaps they took it to a new teacher whose fear compelled them to sign. I do not know; I never found out. But the credits awarded in credit recovery rose to tremendous levels. During 2014-2015, over 1000 semester credits were awarded through credit recovery, mostly to seniors who needed to graduate.

They devised strategies to obviate my resistance. They began holding after school sessions—where the teachers were well paid—to operate freely without my presence. For these sessions, they brought out the stars of the program, those whom my supervisor referred to as the “angels” of credit recovery. These teachers even volunteered their time to meet with students at a local pizza restaurant to help students finish their courses. The results speak for themselves. One student finished an entire semester of Geometry during one Saturday pizza session, culminating with a truly stunning performance on the End-of-Semester Test: 44 questions in 11 minutes and 20 seconds with a score of 84%. I know that replicas and drawings of pizzas are used to teach geometrical principals, but what these teachers (none were math certified) accomplished is truly miraculous; they should teach their technique in education programs.

On May 19th, I discovered the secret to these teachers’ scientific prowess. Throughout the year, when a student had trouble with Chemistry or Physics, my supervisor would direct them to one of these teachers, saying, she is very knowledgeable in those subjects. At 10:45 AM, during this teacher’s conference period, a student gave me a notebook containing handwritten answers to all five of the Integrated Physics & Chemistry Unit Tests. The student then asked if I could give it back to the teacher in question. I made a copy of the handwritten answers and then gave the notebook back to the teacher as requested. The next day, May 20th, I was moved to another room. The “angels” could now operate freely for the remainder of the semester. Two days later, I was summoned to the office of a Vice Principal. He informed me that my husband, who had been volunteering his time the entire school year to tutor high school students, would no longer be allowed on campus. It's a good thing that they had promised in the grievance hearing that there would be no retaliation; just think how bad it could have been.

As I finished the year in my new room with my allotted students (all had finished their course work and there was nothing to do except babysit), I began to contemplate informing the Texas Education Agency of my experience as a credit recovery teacher in the San Felipe Del Rio Consolidated Independent School District. Nevertheless, I did use this time to connect with the students I been given. Since they were all finished with their courses, we had time to talk. I asked them about their future. I mentored, I advised; it was a nice respite from the battles that had been raging. It also provided me with one final story to share with the reader. My supervisor had ordered that my students remain in the classroom at all times; they were not even allowed to go to lunch. She said if they want to eat they would have to bring their lunch. So, I promised the students that I would buy them pizza for the last day of school. That day arrived and I made good on my promise. As we were eating our pizza, my supervisor showed up outside my door, motioning for me to come outside. I did so. She informed me that I was violating school policy by feeding the students and that I could be reprimanded. “But,” she continued, “I will let it go with a warning.” What a relief, I don’t know what a reprimand would feel like.

The year ended. My first year as a Texas public school teacher was officially over. But the exciting part of the story is just beginning. I decided to use my summer vacation to collect and catalogue the evidence that would expose the cheating scheme that was taking place in the credit recovery and credit accrual programs at Del Rio High School. Surely, once the Texas Education Agency (TEA) knew what I knew, they would ride to the rescue and truth and justice would prevail. Yea, I know what you’re thinking: She still has a lot to learn. Yes indeed; in fact, my education was in many ways just beginning. Tune in for Year 2.

#academic integrity #credit recovery #graduation rates #secondary education #high school

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