#fordham university press

[garadinervi]

Elizabeth M. Holt, Fictitious Capital. Silk, Cotton, and the Rise of the Arabic Novel, Fordham University Press, New York, NY, 2017

[redmyeyes]

Fellow Travelers Timeline

(as comprehensive as i can make it. corrections/additions welcome)

1919-20 (?) - Hawk is born

based on tennis trophy which shows year 1936, and hawk's statement that he and kenny were on the tennis team in 11th grade (16/17 years old).

also date on the paperweight (1937) that hawk says kenny picked out on their senior trip. spring or fall though? if spring (usual for a senior trip, just before graduation), it would mean hawk graduated HS in 1937, b. 1919. (thanks, @lestatscunt!)

June 6, 1930 - Tim is born, on Staten Island, NY

birthdate/place shown on army application in ep 5

Gemini, with moon in Libra

>>> With a Gemini Sun Libra Moon, emotional equilibrium is hard for you to maintain in a world of constant flux and tension. Since you are not responsible for the woes and upsets of those around you, you should not feel so duty-bound to assuage their wounds or mediate every conflict that happens to come your way.

>>> your natural diplomacy, extraordinary perception and insight can all be applied creatively in such fields as politics, social work, and the mass media.

>>> your extreme open-mindedness would probably enable you to almost any life-style. You have a universal quality about you that transcends culture, religion, ideology, or any other barrier that divides mankind.

Fall 1937 - Spring 1941 - Hawk attends "Penn", presumably the University of Pennsylvania. (assuming hawk b. 1919)

(this is very very long, the rest is under the cut)

December 7, 1941 - bombing of Pearl Harbor, US enters WWII

??? - Hawk joins the army (along with Kenny), and is sent to Europe.

January 9 – August 15, 1945 - Battle of Luzon, where Kenny dies.

September 2, 1945 - Japan surrenders, US exits WWII

February, 1949 - Hawk starts working at the State Department

Hawk says in 1x04 (Dec 1953) that he's been working at the State Dept for "four years and ten months".

"I came out of the war with four assets: degree from Penn, a hero's war record, no particular political ideology, and a passing acquaintance with three languages. Throw in a talent for prevaricating and a taste for travel and fine clothes, you have the makings of a competent, mid-level Foreign Service bureaucrat."

Fall 1948 - Spring 1952 - Tim attends Fordham University, graduating with a degree in political science and history.

1951 - Hawk starts work for the Bureau of Congressional Relations

Tim mentions Hawk's been working there for two years during their meeting on the bench.

1952 - Tim works "the New York campaign" (presumably for Eisenhower).

1952/3? - Tim interns for three months at the Star, in the mailroom.

November 4, 1952 - Election Night, Eisenhower (R) wins the presidency. Tim/Hawk first meet and are instantly smitten. (ep 1)

February 16, 1953 to March 10, 1954 - McCarthy Hearings, part 1.

The first consisted of a series of hearings conducted by McCarthy, as the subcommittee’s chairman, throughout 1953 and early 1954 in which McCarthy alleged Communist influence within the press and the federal government, including the State Department, the U.S. Army, and the Government Printing Office.

March 5, 1953 - Stalin dies.

Late March, 1953 - Hawk/Tim second meeting

After Hawk meets Tim at the park bench, he attends a hearing where Marcus says Cohn has brought David Schine on, and then later at their lunch Senator Smith says, "McCarthy is sending Cohn and his sidekick to Europe..." This article, dated April 19, says that Cohn and Schine have been in Europe for two weeks.

Hawk mentions that it's near the end of the month, police need to make their quotas.

April 27, 1953 - Executive Order 10450 signed. Hawk goes to Tim's apartment and tells him about Kenny. (ep 1)

June 6, 1953 - Tim's 23rd birthday (Hawk 'misses' it because they weren't talking for 4 weeks. belated celebration in ep 3.)

June 15, 1953 (?) - date of the newspaper Tim is reading just before he goes to visit Hawk in ep 2, where Hawk makes him write the letter to Mary. I'm choosing to believe this is a mistake on the show's part, because this would mean that Hawk has already missed Tim's birthday.

June 19, 1953 - Julius and Ethel Rosenberg's execution. Hawk comforts Lucy about this at the end of ep 2. So, likely Hawk and Tim had their big fight very shortly before Tim's birthday, and weren't talking from end of May - end of June.

End of June, 1953 - at the end of ep 2, Tim says it's been 4 months since his last confession, making his last (proper) confession the end of Feb or beginning of March. (ie, before he meets Hawk again).

End of June or beginning of July, 1953 - weekend trip to Rehoboth Beach (ep 3)

November 1953 - G. David Schine drafted into the army (ep 3)

Christmas 1953 (ep 4)

March 16 to June 17, 1954 - Army-McCarthy Hearings (part 2) (ep 5)

The second phase involved the subcommittee's investigation of McCarthy’s attacks on the U.S. Army. Known as the “Army-McCarthy hearings,” they were broadcast on national television and they contributed to McCarthy’s declining national popularity. Five months later, on December 2, 1954, the Senate censured McCarthy.

June 6, 1954 - Tim's 24th birthday

June, 1954? - Tim/Hawk break up, Hawk proposes to Lucy (ep 5)

I believe this happens at the tail-end of the Army-McCarthy hearings, so before June 17th.

Fall, 1954 - Sen. Smith's funeral

based solely on fall foliage in this screenshot:

Late Nov / Early Dec, 1954 - Tim enlists in the army

based on army application: birthdate 6/6/30, age: 24 years, 6 months

Late Nov / Early Dec, 1954 - Hawk/Tim last meeting in the tower

based on the radio program Tim is listening to, which says, "Chief Counsel Roy Cohn has resigned from the committee. And Senator McCarthy, his approval ratings plummeting, faces censure or even expulsion from the Senate."

Tim leaves for Fort Dix, for training, but is later stationed at Fort Polk, in Vernon Parish, LA. (thanks, @jesterlesbian!)

December 2, 1954 - the Senate censures McCarthy.

Summer or Fall 1956? - Tim's letter (that lucy burns) (ep 6)

Flashbacks, for context:

"Since he's giving up his apartment, Hawk insists on having a lair in the woods." // "I'm surprised that he finally agreed."

Lucy lets contractor go. // "Give me a baby."

Hawk is reading the Bristol Daily Courier, a paper located in Bristol, PA, a town in Bucks County, outside Philadelphia. I can't find any info on the one headline I can read though ("Heath Carlson breaks arws deadlock, locals proud"), so can't date this properly.

Lucy cleaning out Hawk's apartment, finds paperweight, sees Tim drop off letter.

"I went into the Army to get away from you. I thought time and distance would help. But it hasn't." If Tim sends the letter in summer 1956, it's been a year and a half since he enlisted.

Biggest question here: did lucy ask for a baby before or after she read Tim's letter??? the flashbacks don't answer this definitively.

October, 1956? - Lucy becomes pregnant with Jackson (see note under April 1957)

October 23 – November 4, 1956 - Hungarian Revolution of 1956

October 23, 1956 - April 30, 1957 - Hungarian Refugee Crisis

November 8, 1956 - Operation Safe Haven commences

President Eisenhower declared that 5,000 Hungarians would be awarded visa numbers remaining under the 1953 Refugee Relief Act

Spring 1957? - Tim sends telegram. It looks like 05-??-???? to me, which doesn't really make sense if McCarthy died on May 2nd, but it's hard to make out. or maybe telegrams used the date format dd-mm-yyyy.

April 1957? - Tim/Hawk first meeting, Lucy at least 5 (or 6? or 7?) months pregnant

You should feel your baby's first movements, called "quickening," between weeks 16 and 25 of your pregnancy. If this is your first pregnancy, you may not feel your baby move until closer to 25 weeks. 

25 weeks ~= 6 months, and it still seems novel to her, so let's say she's approx. 6 months pregnant here.

May 2, 1957 - Joe McCarthy dies.

May 6, 1957 - McCarthy's funeral. Tim's first visit to Hawk's apartment (ep 8)

June 6, 1957 - Tim turns 27.

June or July, 1957 - Jackson born (based on dates above)

1958? - Kimberly is born. (estimated bc she looks the same age or older than Jackson, so assuming she's a year younger at most.)

August, 1965 - President Johnson signs a law making it a federal crime to destroy or mutilate [draft] cards. 

October 15, 1965 -David Miller publicly burns his draft card, becoming the first person to be prosecuted under that law and a symbol of the growing movement against the war.

May 17, 1968 - the Catonsville Nine took 378 draft files from the draft board office in Catonsville, Maryland and burned them in the parking lot. (inspo for Tim & co. thanks @brokendrums!)

November 1968 - ep 6. Hawk is 48-9, Tim is 38, Jackson is 11.

based on this newspaper screenshot when Hawk is talking to Marcus on the phone about Tim

November 1968 - May 1970 (earliest) - Tim in prison. (he says in ep 7 he was in prison for a year and a half. this assumes he went to prison right away, but it could have been several months later if he was awaiting trial/sentencing.)

1970? - After prison, Tim moves to San Francisco and gets his counseling degree.

Mid-late 1970s - Tim earns his C-SWCM qualifications, requiring:

A Bachelor’s degree in social work from a graduate program accredited by the Council on Social Work Education

Documentation of at least three (3) years and 4,500 hours of paid, supervised, post-BSW professional experience in an organization or agency that provides case management services

Current state BSW-level license or an ASWB BSW-level exam passing score.

nb. because Tim already had his bachelors (from Fordham, majoring in history), I could see him entering a much-accelerated BSW program, transfering a lot of credits from his previous degree. That would give him maybe 2 more years of university, plus the required 3 years of post-BSW work = 5 years minimum before he earns that business card.

February 4, 1977 - Fleetwood Mac's album Rumours is released, including the 1970s Tim/Hawk anthem, Go Your Own Way

October, 1978 - Jackson dies

November 27, 1978 - Harvey Milk assassinated

May 20-22, 1979 - Tim on Fire Island (ep 7). Hawk is 59 or 60, Tim is 48, about to turn 49.

May 22, 1979 - Harvey Milk's (posthumous) 49th birthday (celebrated in ep 7)

1986 - ep 8

how long was Hawk in San Francisco? Timelines for the events below may be fudged in the show, bc I doubt he was there for 5 months.

March, 1986 - Roy Cohn's 60 Minutes interview, which the gang watches in ep 4.

April 15, 1986 - US bombs Libya. in the first episode you can hear reference to this on the radio, before Hawk leaves for San Francisco. (thanks @aliceinhorrorland93!)

July 27, 1986 - In California, Gov. George Deukmejian vetoes a bill that would have defined AIDS as a physical handicap calling for entitlement to protection under the state's civil rights laws.

August 2, 1986 - Roy Cohn dies (ep 8)

Late 1986? - the fundraising gala that Tim crashes, shortly after Cohn's death.

September 1986 - The State Legislature has passed another bill [in addition to the one vetoed on July 27]. Mr. Deukmejian, a Republican running for re-election, has indicated that he will probably veto the bill. (nb, this is likely the bill that Tim & co want to pressure the governor to sign).

October 11, 1987 - AIDS memorial quilt first displayed (ep 8)

--

this was a collaborative effort! many thanks to @ishipallthings for many of these details, as well as @startagainbuttercup , @alorchik, @itsalinh and others in the FT discord!

[treeroutes]

botanical horror related books that i am absolutely going to read (ie. the tbr list that no one asked for) :

Otto, Eric C. Green Speculations: Science Fiction and Transformative Environmentalism. Ohio State University Press, 2012.

Meeker, Natania, and Antónia Szabari. Radical Botany: Plants and Speculative Fiction. 1st ed. Fordham University Press, 2020.

Dauncey, E. A., and Sonny Larsson. Plants That Kill: A Natural History of the World’s Most Poisonous Plants, 2018.

Bishop, Katherine E., David Higgins, and Jerry Määttä. Plants in Science Fiction: Speculative Vegetation. University of Wales Press, 2020.

Tidwell, Christy, and Carter Soles. Fear and Nature: Ecohorror Studies in the Anthropocene. AnthropoScene, 2023.

Parker, Elizabeth. The Forest and the EcoGothic: The Deep Dark Woods in the Popular Imagination. Springer Nature, 2020.

[newyorkthegoldenage]

Governor Franklin Roosevelt was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws at Fordham University's 84th annual commencement, June 12, 1929. Governor Roosevelt displayed his academic cap, saying that he had saved it for 25 years for this occasion.

Photo: Associated Press

[readingloveswounds]

Hi there! Hope your day is going well! You've mentioned before you were using trauma theory in your work, would you have any recommended reading about this that you found helpful or useful? Thanks : )

Hi!! I've started off well and I hope your day goes well too!

Oh boy do I. Let me go pull up my Qual list.

If you only read one article, it should be Radstone's that I'll cite below. She explains the origins, the intentions, and the ethical questions of the field in an extremely comprehensive and comprehensible way. Obviously, it's a little dated and thus can't take into account different moves made more recently, but she pulls up issues that recent work ends up addressing.

Radstone, Susannah. “Trauma theory: Contexts, Politics, Ethics”. Paragraph 30 no 1 (2007): 9–29.

Below the cut are several more recommendations. I've commented on the ones for which I have something useful to say.

Traditional/Foundational texts

Freud, Sigmund. Beyond the Pleasure Principle. New York: Liveright, 1961.

Freud, Sigmund. “Screen Memories”. 1899.

Freud, Sigmund. “Mourning and Melancholia” in The Freud Reader. ed. Peter Gay. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1989.

With my deepest apologies, I do have to acknowledge that trauma theory is psychoanalytic and particularly Freudian in origin. You do not need to read these, but having at least skimmed them will help you understand what people are referring to in later works. Pleasure Principle is the big one - and is pretty short. There are also some cases from On the Interpretation of Dreams that come up (the burning child, a rat one), but usually those are explained in-text anyway.

Caruth, Cathy, ed. Trauma: Explorations in memory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.

Caruth, Cathy. Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

Caruth is one of the Big Names in original trauma theory - I believe she's currently at Cornell. These texts are what everyone refers to, whether they agree with her or not. I'd definitely give them a look over.

Leys, Ruth. Trauma: A genealogy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

Leys approaches trauma theory from a more practical (as in how we practice, medically) angle especially in the start of the book, but she is extremely thorough in discussing the origins of trauma theory - and makes some important/interesting criticisms of Caruth's work.

Laub, Dori; Felman, Shoshana. Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis and History. New York: Routledge, 1991.

Felman and Laub have different academic backgrounds and focuses, which means that this book provides several different approaches and interpretative angles, using trauma theory approaches. I particularly like Laub's concept of the "listener" in the recitation of trauma. (It's worth noting that Laub himself is a survivor of the Shoah, which he discusses in terms of his multiple witness positions in a chapter).

Hartman, Geoffrey. “On Traumatic Knowledge and Literary Study.” New Literary History 26, no 3 (1995): 537–63.

Felman, Shoshana. The Juridical Unconscious: Trials and Traumas in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002.

Newer horizons

Luckhurst, Roger. The Trauma Question. 2008.

Talks about trauma theory approaches particularly in regards to artistic production (film, painting, writing).

Buelens, Gert; Durrant, Samuel; Eaglestone, Robert eds. The Future of Trauma Theory: Contemporary Literary and Cultural Criticism. London: Taylor and Francis, 2013.

An edited volume with chapters that address many of the criticisms of original trauma theory! (eurocentrism, logocentrism, for example)

Sanyal, Debarati. Memory and Complicity: Migrations of Holocaust Remembrance. New York: Fordham University Press, 2015.

Rothberg, Michael. The Implicated Subject: Beyond Victims and Perpetrators. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019.

A lot of trauma theory has a sort of binary victim/perpetrator dichotomy, but Rothberg looks at the 'implicated subject', someone connected but not always a direct participant in traumatic events, which I find very helpful.

Not quite trauma theory but potentially helpful

Benjamin, Walter. “The Storyteller” in The Storyteller Essays. New York: New York Review Books, 2019.

Rothberg, Michael. Multidirectional memory. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.

Sontag, Susan. Regarding the Pain of Others. New York: Picador, 2003.

[vikvahl]

𝐕𝐈𝐊𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐘𝐀 𝐕𝐀𝐇𝐋.

— BASICS

Name: Viktoriya Vahl Age / D.O.B.: 50 (1974) Gender, Pronouns & Sexuality: Cisfemale, lesbian Hometown: Moscow, Russia. Moved to the UK in her early years, then the US in her 20s. Affiliation: Media / Civilian Relationship status: Single Job position: Journalist at the New York Times + University Professor

— BIOGRAPHY

To those well versed in journalism, Viktoriya Vahl has always been familiar. Made her name back in the late 90s, by scoring exclusive breaks that no one else was bound to get access to. Throughout the years, the ethics behind it began to be questioned; surely it wasn’t as easy as being at the right place, at the right time. Famously predicted elected Presidents for the past two decades. Famously, also, hasn’t revealed who she’d voted for any of those times. Through her intense, no-bullshit approach to heavy topics, and exclusive coverage of the most controversial shattering news of the early 2000s, Viktoriya Vahl became synonymous with unbiased reporting. Accolade central. When it comes to Vikoriya’s journalism, she’s collected appraisals as though she needed awards to survive. Journalist at the New York Times for three decades. As of recent years, has been lending her knowledge as a professor to the top NYC universities. Her classes are exclusive, and intense. Students who got in looked down on those who didn't. Rumored to have had affairs with students in the past, but it was just that — rumors, every time. (And God, how many men have done it, unapologetically so?)

Can be bought… but not in the way you might think. Viktoriya wants not money, she wants accolades. She wants as many statues on her shelf as one could possibly have — forever cement her name as the best of the best. Pulitzer short-listed a few too many times for her liking. A win, her ultimate goal — which hasn't happened yet. She’s unorthodox. Subtle as a heart-attack. Her students tell each other to trust the process — that she’s the best for a damn reason.

— CAREER OVERVIEW

1991 — Journalism @ Oxford Brookes University

1995 — Begins work as a journalist at The Guardian

1995 — Masters @ Imperial College London

1998 — Moves to New York to pursue a Doctorate @ Fordham University. Begins work with the Associated Press, writing about international conflicts. Her breaking of the news that presidents of North and South Korea signed peace accord, and at least symbolically, end a half-century of antagonism on June 13 2000 earned her a bigger and better offer to switch to the New York Times.

2000 — Accepts a position at The New York Times. Continues to write about international conflicts, but adds on American coverage — which that year, most importantly the Bush-Gore dispute for the presidency; one of the closest elections in U.S. history.

2001 — Becomes a war journalist, based in the Middle East. With her experience writing about international conflict matters, Viktoriya was the obvious choice to follow The War on Terror, on the field. Started when she was 28, and left at 35. Returned a few time over the years for specific periods of time.

2009 — Upon her return, Viktoriya receives the Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism, and attends IWMF's Courage in Journalism Awards ceremony to collect an award she'd worn five years priror but missed by being on the field. At the Martha Gellhorn Prize ceremony, she Viktoriya was famously introduced as 'this decade's best female Journalist', which she took great issue with. That, in itself, made headlines of its own.

2010-Present — Continues to write for the New York Times, further cementing her name in the world of political and societal journalism.

2018-Present — In contrast to her once-chaotic journalistic schedule, Viktoriya finds that she's earned her place in the podium and that she doesn't need to 'hustle' the way younger journalists do. With a complex web of connections spanning across decades and different continents, the big and worthy stories come to her — instead of her having to run after it.

2018-Present — Starts teaching. Now cherry-picking her journalistic work, Viktoriya dedicates her time to teaching at the best Journalism and Media programs in New York City. She has also been writing more, in the form of traditional literature.

— WANTED CONNECTIONS / PLOTS

— STUDENTS or PAST STUDENTS: What it says on the tin. She teaches mostly graduate students, but we can talk and make it work! — PROTEGEE(S?): A very, very rare position to be in — and she knows it. Knows that choosing one is like starting a war in the classroom, or wherever they are. It might just inspire her in her choices. (For the girlies <3) — SUBJECT OF HER (JOURNALISTIC) ATTENTION: What it says on the tin. If you look like you could win her a Pulitzer, you're the one! — JOURNALISTIC ENEMIES: Either you’re in media, or maybe you’re the target of the media and she’s taken swings at you in print before. + Open to ideas! <3

[mariacallous]

Last night, Oliver Darcy reported in his Status newsletter that New York magazine journalist Olivia Nuzzi “allegedly engaged in a romantic relationship” with former 2024 third-party presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy Jr., whom Nuzzi had profiled for the magazine in November 2023, and defended in the press ever since. Nuzzi has since been placed on leave from New York.

Nuzzi, who first began writing as a teenager for the alt-weekly triCity News in the early 2010s, has been on an upward trajectory ever since. Over the past 11 years, she’s gone from blogging about her experience working on the failed mayoral campaign of Anthony Weiner, to landing a gig at The Daily Beast while still an undergraduate at Fordham University, to being hired by New York as their Washington correspondent in 2017. This year, her TV show Working Capital premiered on Bloomberg.

With credentials like these, you would think Olivia Nuzzi is another millennial wunderkind like Ronan Farrow. Upon closer examination, her writing reveals her as a real-life Regina George, less interested in analyzing the mechanisms of power than in palace gossip and snark. It may be great for Perez Hilton, but it’s hardly the kind of work that should be lauded as great journalism.

[eternal-echoes]

“Saint Albert was a renowned naturalist and recorded an enormous amount about the world around him. In De Mineralibus, he explained that the aim of natural science was "not simply to accept the statements of others, that is, what is narrated by people, but to investigate the causes that are at work in nature for themselves."1 His insistence on direct observation and-for all his admiration of Aristotle-his refusal to accept scientific authority on faith were essential contributions to the scientific frame of mind.”

- Thomas E. Woods Jr., Ph.D., “The Church and Science,” How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization

—

1. James J. Walsh, The Popes and Science (New York: Fordham University Press, 1911), 297.

[titleleaf]

(from Gary Simes' "Gay Slang Lexicography: A Brief History and a Commentary on the First Two Gay Glossaries".)

I was going to ask whether anyone would like to buy me a copy of this book, but The Scarlet Pansy just got a 2016 re-release via Fordham University Press, so no sugar daddying is required, just an interlibrary loan request.

[brasilconspiracao]

A “Liga dos Homens Justos” (que Karl Marx participou) teve influência da Maçonaria; Rothschilds; Palestina; Marx Satanista; Moses Hess Maçom; Albert Einstein; Carta secreta de Levy Baruch e o Plano dos Banqueiros; Bakunin; Comunista Flourence: “Nosso inimigo é Deus. O ódio a Deus é o princípio da sabedoria” (“Filosofia do Comunismo”, Charles Boyer, Fordham University Press, N. York, 1952).

League Of Just Men (globalsecurity.org)

But as Paris remained the decisive battleground, the League was at that time actually not much more than the German branch of the French secret societies.

[…]

The League of Just Men participated in the Blanquist uprising of May 1839 in Paris. prominent members of the League of the Just: the type-setter Karl Schapper, the watchmaker Joseph Moll and others, connected with the Blanquist secret Société des Saisons which organised the Paris uprising of May 12, 1839. Schapper and Moll took part in the uprising, were prosecuted by the French authorities and compelled to leave for England, where they headed local branches of the League. Engels made their acquaintance in the spring of 1843 in London, as he wrote later in his article "On the History of the Communist League".

The League of Just Men moved to London where they founded a front group, the Educational Society for German Working-men, in 1840. While Weitling moved to Switzerland, Bauer and Schapper escaped to London. It became an international organization, which Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Johann Eccarius later joined.

The emigrant workers of other nationalities also participated in the League's activities. The internationalisation of the League and the evolution of its members' views under the influence of the ideas of Marx and Engels led to its reorganisation into the Communist League in 1847.

In their infamous 1976 book None Dare Call It Conspiracy, Gary Allen and Larry Abraham claim that Karl Marx was approached by the Illuminati - calling themselves The League Of Just Men (Bund der Gerechten) - who commissioned him to write his Communist Manifesto. The League of Just Men was said to be simply an extension of the Illuminati, which was forced to go deep underground after it was exposed by a raid in 1786 conducted by the Bavarian authorities.

Criador da Liga dos Homens justos (Venedey) era Maçom

Jacob Venedey - Wikipedia

Venedey was admitted to the Masonic Lodge of St Jean de Jerusalem in Nancy in 1833. In 1837 he delivered the eulogy at the grave of his Masonic brother Ludwig Börne in Paris.

O Pai de Karl Marx era Maçom

The Politics of Sociability: Freemasonry and German Civil Society, 1840-1918 - Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann - Michigan Press (página 313)

Between 1806 and 1813 the Grand Orient de France also founded branch or daughter lodges in the German-speaking region that accepted Jewish members. These included the "l'Etoile anséatique" lodge founded in 1812—13 in Osnabrück, of which Karl Marx's father Heinrich was a member

Bloodlines_ Introduction.doc (cia.gov)

The book is an excellent synopsis of what Satan had planned in 1952 and has carried out since to a large degree. The Rothschilds (and other top Satanic families in a lesser way) financed a jewish Mason and devote Satanist named Karl Marx to write his Das Kapital . The Satanists controlling key Masonic groups (along with some other groups they controlled) got Communism started. The original idea came from Satan, and was given at a Feast of the Beast in meticulous detail to those highest in the Satanic Hierarchy . Albert Pike, and Guiseppe Mazzini were two men in strategic positions of control that were let in on the plans.

Marx com a mão oculta

Historians Confirm Karl Marx Was Employed By The Rothschilds (thepeoplesvoice.tv)

During the Napoleonic War of the Sixth Coalition, [Marx’s father] Hirschel Mordechai became a Freemason in 1813, joining their Loge L’Ètoile anséatique (The Hanseatic Star) in Osnabrück. After the war, he feigned conversion to Lutheranism as a means to better infiltrate Prussian society. He pretended to be an “assimilated” bourgeois Enlightenment liberal, interested in “free thought” and was wealthy, owning some Moselle vineyards.

One of Marx’s grandparents was Nanette Salomon Barent-Cohen, who belonged to a wealthy Amsterdam family. Her cousin had married Nathan Mayer Rothschild and bore Lionel Nathan Rothschild, “Baron” and Member of Parliament for the City of London.

[…]

Critics have suggested that Marx’s mission was to co opt the nascent socialist movement. Before Marx ever wrote a word, following the industrial revolution, the socialist movement already existed in Germany, France, Britain and elsewhere. Marxists have tried to monopolize socialism and insist that unless you follow Marx’s theories, you cannot be a socialist. This is a clear fraud and usurpation.

A major question in this regard, is “who was behind Marx?” The book Der preußische Regierungsagent Karl Marx by Wolfgang Waldner, suggests that initially Marx worked as a police spy for the Prussian regime.

Waldner mentions the fact that Marx married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843. She came from a wealthy Prussian family. Her brother was Ferdinand von Westphalen, who was Prussian Minister of the Interior from 1850-1858. Ferdinand, Marx’s brother-in-law, was regarded as “reactionary”, who ran a vast spy network which kept tabs on dissidents…

Marx moved to London in 1849…While Marx was authoring Das Kapital in the British Museum reading room, his famous cousin Lionel de Rothschild, conveniently, was MP for the City of London (1847-1868 & 1869-1874).

The Rothschilds (Marx’s third cousin by blood) and other finance syndicates were very prominent in promoting “Jewish emancipation” and Masonic, liberal and Protestant ideas which took hold of society at the start of the 19th century….

The idea of Marx as a Rothschild shill…was raised as a concern by his contemporary rival in the First International, Mikhail Bakunin in 1869, who was not even aware of the fact that Marx and Rothschild were cousins. Bakunin wrote presciently:

“This world is now, at least for the most part, at the disposal of Marx on the one hand, and of Rothschild on the other. This may seem strange. What can there be in common between socialism and a leading bank? The point is that authoritarian socialism, Marxist communism, demands a strong centralisation of the state. And where there is centralization of the state, there must necessarily be a central bank, and where such a bank exists, speculating with the Labour of the people, will be found. “

—Mikhail Bakunin, Profession de foi d’un démocrate socialiste russe précédé d’une étude sur les juifs allemands, 1869.

Henry Makow - Illuminati I - O Culto Que Sequestrou o Mundo - Portugues | PDF | Judeus | Maçonaria (scribd.com)

Uma expressão extrema é encontrada em uma famosa carta de Levy Baruch de Karl Marx citado em "Revisão de Paris", 01 de junho de 1928. Ele também mostra como o socialismo e o comunismo eram apenas dispositivos para usurpar o poder e propriedade. 21 "O povo judeu em seu conjunto será o seu próprio Messias. Seu reinado sobre o Universo será obtido através da unificação das raças humanas e através da eliminação das fronteiras. A República Universal venham a ser constituídos em que os Filhos de Israel se tornará o direcionando elemento. Sabemos como dominar as massas. Os governos de todas as nações serão gradualmente cair, através da vitória do proletariado, nas mãos de Judá. Toda a propriedade privada será a posse dos príncipes de Israel, eles próprios a riqueza de todas as terras. Assim se realizará a promessa do Talmud que quando o tempo do Messias vem os judeus se mantenha sob suas chaves a propriedade de todos os povos do mundo.

Moses Hess, guru de Marx, era Maçom

Who Was Moses Hess? Originally Published January 15-16, 2021. - Beth Shalom (bethshalompgh.org)

In 1863 Hess served briefly as delegate from Cologne for the newly founded Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (a political party), in Leipzig, before returning to Paris where he contributed studious works to the Archives Israélites de France.  He also contributed as a Freemason to Le Monde Maçonnique, a broad history of Freemasonry.

Page:EB1911 - Volume 02.djvu/875 - Wikisource, the free online library

Flourens declares “Our enemy is God. Hatred of God is the beginning of wisdom.

Karl Marx, preferido dos ateus e revolucionários, era satanista confesso (Parte 2) - Artigo Gospel Colunas (gospelmais.com.br)

A afirmação é o autor do livro “Era Karl Marx Um Satanista?”. Essencial afirmar, enfaticamente, que Marx e seus colegas, enquanto anti-Deus, não eram ateus, como os marxistas atuais descrevem a si próprios. Isto é, enquanto denunciavam e ultrajavam abertamente a Deus, odiavam um Deus em quem acreditavam. Sua existência não é posta em dúvida; Sua supremacia, sim.

“Quando a revolução comunista irrompeu em Paris em 1871, o Camarada Flourence declarou: ‘Nosso inimigo é Deus. O ódio a Deus é o princípio da sabedoria’” (“Filosofia do Comunismo”, Charles Boyer, Fordham University Press, N. York, 1952).

Marx elogiava muito os “camaradas” que proclamavam abertamente este propósito.

“Com desdém lançarei meu desafio Bem na face do mundo, E verei o colapso desse pigmeu gigante, cuja queda não extinguirá meu ardor. Então vagarei semelhante a um deus, vitorioso, pelas ruínas do mundo, e, dando às minhas palavras uma força dinâmica, sentir-me-ei igual ao Criador.” (Marx antes do Marxismo, tradução de D. McLellan, MacMillan)

Marx adotou o satanismo após uma luta interior. Os poemas foram terminados em um período de grave enfermidade, o resultado dessa tempestade em seu coração. Nessa época ele escreve sobre seu “desgosto em ter de fazer um ídolo de uma teoria que detesta. Ele está doente”. (idem)

Maldição familiar de Karl Marx

O motivo dominante da conversão de Marx ao comunismo aparece claramente em uma carta de seu amigo George Jung para Ruge. Não é a emancipação do proletariado, nem o estabelecimento de uma melhor ordem social. Jung escreve: “Se Marx, Bruno Bauer e Feuerbach se unissem para fundar uma revisão político-teológica, Deus faria bem em cercar-se de todos os Seus anjos e abandonar-se à autocomiseração, pois estes três certamente iriam expulsá-lo do céu…” (Citação de MacLellan, ver acima). Todos os satanistas ativos destruíram vidas. O mesmo sucedeu com Marx.

Família de Karl Marx

K. Marx – “Um Psicograma” (Europa-Verlag, Zurich, 1966), conta-nos o tipo de vida de Marx que levou ao suicídio duas filhas e um genro. Três crianças morreram de subnutrição. Sua filha Laura, casada com o socialista Laforgue, também sepultou três de seus filhos. Em seguida, ela e o marido suicidaram-se. Outra filha, Eleanor, decidiu fazer o mesmo, junto com o marido. Ela morreu. Ele voltou atrás no último minuto. As famílias dos satanistas estão sob maldição. Mais tarde teve um filho com a empregada e colocou o nome de Engels, que igualmente era cristão no começo de sua vida, e deixou de ser quando se envolveu com comunismo, sua desconversão ao cristianismo foi dolorosa.

[…]

“Eu produzo devastação”. Era este o propósito supremo da vida de Hess? É também o de Lúcifer.

Engels estava plenamente consciente do perigo satanista.

Em seu livro “Schelling, o Filósofo em Cristo”, Engels escreveu:

Karl Marx e seu amigo pessoal Engels

“Desde a terrível Revolução Francesa, um espírito inteiramente novo e demoníaco entrou em grande parte da humanidade, e o ateísmo levanta sua audaciosa cabeça de um modo tão desavergonhado e insidioso que poder-se-ia pensar que as profecias das Escrituras estão agora cumpridas. Vejamos primeiramente o que as Escrituras dizem quanto ao ateísmo dos últimos tempos. O Senhor Jesus diz em Mat. 24: 1 l a 13: ‘Levantar-se-ão muitos falsos profetas, e enganarão a muitos. E, por se multiplicar a iniquidade, o amor se esfriará em quase todos. Aquele, porém, que perseverar até o fim, esse será salvo. E será pregado este evangelho do reino por todo o mundo para testemunho a todas as nações. Então virá o fim’ E no versículo 24: ‘Porque surgirão falsos cristos e falsos profetas operando grandes sinais e prodígios para enganar, se possível, os próprios eleitos.’ E São Paulo diz, em II Tess. 2:3: ‘Será revelado o homem da iniquidade, o filho da perdição, o qual se opõe e se levanta contra tudo o que se chama Deus, ou objeto de culto… (o aparecimento do iníquo) é segundo a eficácia de Satanás, com todo o poder, e sinais e prodígios da mentira, e com todo o engano de injustiça aos que perecem, porque não acolheram o amor da verdade para serem salvos. É por este motivo, pois, que Deus lhes manda a operação do erro, para darem crédito à mentira; a fim de serem julgados todos quantos não deram crédito à verdade; antes, pelo contrário, deleitaram-se com a injustiça.’“

E assim por diante, Engels cita escritura após escritura, tal como o mais convicto dos teólogos teria feito. Ele continua: “Não temos mais indiferença ou frieza em relação ao Senhor. Não, é uma inimizade aberta, declarada, e no lugar de todas as seitas e partidos temos agora apenas dois: cristãos e anticristãos… Vemos os falsos profetas entre nós… Eles circulam pela Alemanha, e querem introduzir-se em toda parte; divulgam seus ensinos satânicos nas praças e carregam a bandeira do diabo de uma cidade para outra, seduzindo a pobre juventude, a fim de lançá-la no mais profundo abismo de inferno e morte.” Ele termina o seu livro com as palavras do Apocalipse:

“Venho sem demora. Conserva o que tens, para que ninguém tome a tua coroa. Amém.” (Marx-Engels, 1ª edição Crítico – histórica completa, ver Citação anterior)

O homem que escreveu tais poemas e advertências contra o satanismo, o homem que orou com lágrimas para guardar-se desse perigo, o homem que reconheceu que Marx era possuído de mil demônios, torna-se o maior colaborador de Marx na luta demoníaca “para abolir toda religião e todos os costumes”. (“O Manifesto Comunista”, de Marx e Engels). A teologia liberal (BAUER) fez isso. Ela compartilha com Marx e Engels a culpa pelos milhares de inocentes mortos pelo comunismo.

O Comunista Marx não era ateu, era satanista. Ele fazia preleções sobre assuntos como “Perversidade de Deus” (exatamente como agem os adeptos de Satã). Ao contrário dos ateístas, eles não negam a existência de Deus, a não ser para enganar a outros; eles sabem de Sua existência, porém descrevem-no como perverso.

Outra ligação importante para confirmar a ligação de Karl Marx com o satanismo é a relação do marxismo e a teosofia, que não é acidental. A teosofia divulgou no Ocidente a doutrina indiana da não existência de uma alma individual. O que a teosofia realiza através da persuasão o marxismo realiza através do poder do chicote. Despersonaliza os homens, transformando-os em robôs submissos ao Estado.

No Manifesto Comunista, Marx expressou seu desejo de abolir todas as religiões, o que se supõe incluiria também a eliminação do culto satanista. Contudo, sua esposa refere-se a ele como sumo sacerdote e bispo. De qual religião? A única religião europeia que tem sumos sacerdotes é a satanista. Que cartas pastorais teria escrito ele, um homem tido por ateísta? Onde estão essas cartas? Há uma parte da vida de Marx que não foi pesquisada. Alguns biógrafos de Marx poderiam ter certa intuição quanto ao relacionamento entre a adoração ao diabo e o assunto tratado em seus livros. Não possuindo, porém, o necessário discernimento espiritual, não podiam entender os fatos que tinham ante os olhos. Contudo, o testemunho deles é interessante. O marxista Franz Mehring escreveu em seu livro “Karl Marx” (G. Allen; Unwin Ltd., Londres, 1936): “Embora o pai de Karl Marx tenha falecido alguns dias após o vigésimo aniversário de seu filho, ele parece ter observado, com secreta apreensão, o demônio em seu filho predileto… Fleury. Marx não imaginou, e nem poderia ter imaginado, que o rico cabedal de cultura burguesa que ele transmitira a seu filho Karl, como uma valiosa herança para a vida, contribuiria apenas para libertar o demônio que ele temia”.

As Origens Satânicas do Comunismo

Usina de Letras

Quem inventou o comunismo? Karl Marx e Fiedrich Engels? Engano! Esta é uma mentira que todos repetem. Marx e Engels foram apenas os lançadores do comunismo, em 1848, com o famoso manifesto, escrito por Marx, baseado em um rascunho de Engels.

O comunismo nasceu antes disso. Seu verdadeiro inventor foi o quase desconhecido Moses Hess, guru tanto de Marx quanto de Engels, que os converteu, separadamente, ao novo ‘credo’.

Moses Hess (nome real: Moritz Hess, um judeu apóstata, 1812/1875), ficou conhecido como o primeiro dentre os 'jovens hegelianos' a admitir ser um comunista. Ele representava em Paris, de 1842 a 1843, o jornal radical Rheinische Zeitung (Gazeta do Reno), quando conheceu Karl Marx e, depois, Friedrich Engels. Após serem doutrinados por Hess, Marx e Engels se conheceram em Paris e, após muitos entendimentos, lançaram o Manifesto Comunista.

Segundo o pastor romeno Richard Wurmbrand, prisioneiro dos comunistas por quatorze anos, autor de vários livros, Moses Hess, antes de proclamar-se comunista, praticava ritos satânicos, particularmente a Missa Negra (vide 'Marx & Satan', Living Sacrifice Book Co;1986, ISBN: 0891073795).

Existem várias versões da Missa Negra, entretanto, todas são praticadas por marginais que não se integraram na sociedade ocidental e que a praticam como uma manifestação de sua rejeição aos princípios da civilização ocidental.

[…]

Torna-se evidente que Marx e Engles, ambos graduados em satanismo, após longas lucubrações diabólicas, chegaram a uma versão light do culto ao demônio, sob o fraudulento nome de 'COMUNISMO', capaz de confundir e atrair milhões de pessoas, inclusive intelectuais de nomeada. Bernard Shaw, Sartre, Saramago, Hobsbawm, Niemeyer, etc., caíram no conto do 'comunismo' e, todos, se transformaram em sacerdotes do satanismo, dentro da safada política vermelha de cooptar inocentes úteis. No Brasil, comunistas entre a burritzia brasileira, incluindo as universidades, são legiões.

Conforme bem definiu o Pastor Wurmbrand, 'O COMUNISMO NÃO PASSA DE UMA FACHADA PARA O SATANISMO', tornada palatável com uma série de baboseiras criadas por Marx, como 'luta de classes', 'mais valia', 'materialismo histórico', 'ditadura do proletariado', 'justiça social', 'estado final de perfeito comunismo' e outra idiotices contidas num códice sinistro conhecido como “materialismo dialético”.

Na prática, como autêntico regime satânico, que adora o mal e não o bem, o comunismo representou o regime mais cruel e retrógrado de toda a história da humanidade, responsável pela tortura e morte de quase duzentos milhões de pessoas no século passado, além de um retumbante fracasso sócio-financeiro e de destruição do ambiente em dezenas de nações**. O comuno-satanismo foi a maior desgraça que se abateu sobre a humanidade em todos os tempos, embora, para enganar os trouxas, ele só fala de 'paz', de 'justiça social' e outras mentiras.**

No Brasil, agora em poder da esquerda, ou seja, dos adoradores do mal, pelo menos desde a fraudulenta constituição de 88, a criminalidade tem crescido exponencialmente, pois não existe 'vontade política' para combatê-la, devido à inversão dos valores.

[…]

Seus heróis são os maiores e mais cruéis assassinos da história: Lênin, Stálin, Mao Tsé-tung, Guevara, Pol Pot, Fidel Castro, Hitler, Mussolini, todos tendo em comum algum tipo de ‘socialismo’.

[…]

Estas manifestações demonstram como o comunismo/satanismo é uma patologia mental gravíssima. Comunistas perdem toda a sensibilidade para com o sofrimento alheio, a ponto de Stálin ter declarado que a morte de milhões de pessoas não passou de mera estatística. Todo comunista é um 'serial killer' em potencial e os mais famosos foram ou ainda são campeões da carnificina.

[…]

Sob os auspícios do Ministério da Educação, o satanismo há muito chegou às salas de aula. O ensino dos valores judaico-cristãos foi substituído pelo marxismo, um disfarce para o satanismo. Os grandes heróis nacionais, tais como o grande Duque de Caxias, são esquecidos, e bandidos como Lamarca, Marighela, Prestes, Olga Benário, Guevara, Fidel Castro, são exaltados.

Os marginais dos anos sessenta, que tinham por objetivo entregar o Brasil ao Império do Mal, a União Soviética, além de implantar a mais cruel ditadura e dizimar patriotas, cometeram assaltos, seqüestros, assassinatos, torturas, propaganda maciça enganosa e, em vez de serem submetidos à corte marcial, por traição à Pátria, estão ocupando altos cargos na nomenklatura petista e recebendo, por seus crimes, recompensas que já se aproximam dos dois bilhões de reais. Alguns chegaram até a ser nomeados ministros... Inclusive da Justiça!

Karl Marx, preferido dos ateus e revolucionários, era satanista confesso (Parte 3) - Artigo Gospel Colunas (gospelmais.com.br)

Marx morreu em desespero, como todos os satanistas. Em 25 de maio de 1883 ele escreveu a Engels: “Como a vida é insípida e vazia, mas como é desejável!”

O segredo do Comunismo

Existe um segredo por detrás do marxismo que apenas alguns poucos marxistas sabem. Lenine escreveu: “Após meio século, nem sequer um dos marxistas compreendeu Marx.” (Citado em Hegel, por W. Kaufmann, Doubleday, 1965, pg18).

[…]

Em uma carta de 1921 (vol. XXXVI, p.572), Lenine escreve: “Todos nós merecemos ser enforcados numa corda suja. E eu não perdi as esperanças de que isso se realize, desde que somos incapazes de condenar esta suja burocracia. Se isso acontecer, será bem feito.”

Esta foi a última esperança de Lenine, após toda uma vida de lutas pela causa comunista: ser merecidamente enforcado em uma corda suja. Essa esperança não foi realizada em sua vida, mas quase todos os que trabalharam com ele foram finalmente executados por Stálin, após terem confessado publicamente haver servido outros poderes que não o proletariado que simularam socorrer.

[…]

Por que o sacerdote da Igreja Ortodoxa Romena Roman Braga, prisioneiro dos comunistas na época (seu endereço atual é o “Bispado Ortodoxo Romeno”, Jacksonville, Michigan, USA), teve seus dentes arrancados um a um com uma barra de ferro, para fazê-lo blasfemar?

Os comunistas explicaram a ele e a outros: “Se nós os matarmos, vocês, cristãos, irão para o céu. Porém não desejamos que sejam coroados mártires. Vocês devem primeiro amaldiçoar a Deus e então ir para o inferno”.

[…]

‘A luta contra Deus para arrebatar seus crentes’ é a única explicação lógica da luta comunista contra o batismo. Na Albânia, o sacerdote Stephen Kurti foi condenado à morte por haver batizado uma criança. Batismos devem ser feitos em segredo na China Vermelha ou na Coréia do Norte.

“Os Kolhozniks (trabalhadores das fazendas coletivas) não têm carteiras de identidade e, portanto, só podem batizar seus filhos secretamente” (Igor Shafarevitch, “A Legislação sobre Religião na URSS”, Seuil, França, 1973).

[…]

O jornal soviético Sovietskaia Molodioj, de 14/2/1976, acrescenta a nova e irrefutável prova das ligações entre o marxismo e o satanismo. O jornal russo descreve como os comunistas militantes, sob o regime czarista, tumultuavam as igrejas e zombavam de Deus. Para este fim, os comunistas usavam uma versão blasfema do “Pai Nosso”: “Pai nosso, que estás em Petersburgo (o nome antigo de Leningrado); Amaldiçoado seja o teu nome, Possa o teu reino despedaçar-se, Possa a tua vontade não ser feita, Sim, nem mesmo no inferno. Dá-nos o pão que nos roubaste, E paga nossas dívidas, assim como pagamos as tuas até agora, Não nos deixes cair em tentação Mas livra-nos do mal – a polícia de Plehve (o Primeiro Ministro czarista) E põe um fim neste maldito governo. mas, como tu és fraco e pobre de espírito, poder e autoridade, Fora contigo por toda a eternidade. Amém.”

O objetivo principal do comunismo em conquistar novos países não é estabelecer novo sistema social ou econômico, e sim zombar de Deus e louvar a Satanás.

“Os vapores infernais elevam-se e enchem o cérebro, Até que eu enlouqueça e meu coração seja totalmente mudado. Vê esta espada? O príncipe das trevas vendeu-a para mim.” (Marx)

Jews and Freemasons in Europe 1723-1939 : Katz, Jacob, 1904- : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

The House of Rothschild

Money's Prophets, 1798-1848

The House of Rothschild (nytimes.com)

Thanks largely to Mayer Amschel, the Rothschilds had become one of the eleven richest families in the Judengasse by 1800. It was at around the same time that he began to rent a large four-roomed warehouse outside the Judengasse. He also took on a talented and multilingual accountant from Bingen named Seligmann Geisenheimer.

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Jacob Katz, "Jews and Freemasonry in Europe," Harvard Press, 1970, states that the German Freemasons originated in the Order of the Asiatica, of which the wealthy banker Daniel Itzig was head. Itzig was also the backer of Weishaupt. In 1811, the Frankfurt lodge of free masons was formed by Sigismund Geisenheimer (Geisenheimer was the head clerk of the House of Rothschild) and Rabbi Zvi Hirsch, chief Rabbi of Frankfurt. Hirsch later led in the Reform Judaism movement which formulated the political Zionist program. The Frankfurt lodge listed among its members all of the leading bankers of Frankfurt, the Rothschilds, the Adlers, the Speyers, the Hanuers, and the Goldschmidts; they later held joint meetings with the Sanhedrin of Paris. Duke Carl von Hessen of Schleswig then became the head of the German masons. As Landgrave, he administered the province of Schleswig for its absentee owners, the Danish monarchy. His principal emissary was a mysterious "Johnston," variously said to be a Jew named Leicht, Leucht, or Becker. He was arrested while on a mission for the Masonic movement, and he died while held prisoner in the Castle of Wartburg.

[…]

From its inception, the alliance of the Illuminati and the Freemasons had a clearly defined program: (1) abolition of all ordered government; (2) abolition of private property; (3) abolition of inheritance; (4) abolition of patriotism (5) abolition of all religions; (6) abolition of family, morality, and control of education of children; (7) creation of a world government. This program may seem familiar to the reader; it has been encountered as the working instructions for every revolutionary movement in the world since 1782; Communism, liberation movements, resistance fighters, all obtain their program from this basic plan. It also states the goals of secular humanism in its attack on the family and the plan to control the education of children. Because messages were constantly being carried to and fro from the various chapters of the Illuminati, these instructions were seized from captured couriers and became known to European governments. Even then, no action was taken, possibly because of accomplices in high places. Also, there was an important stumbling block to convincing the threatened populations of the menace of the Illuminati revolutionists.

[…]

The first Communist International was composed of Lionel de Rothschilds, Heinrich Heine, and Karl Marx. Weishaupt had died in 1830, at the age of 82; he was succeeded as head of the Illuminati by Guiseppe Mazzini, the Italian revolutionary leader. Under Mazzini's leadership, the Illuminati moved rapidly toward a policy of more direct action, of revolutionary outbreaks and open attempts to seize and overthrow governments. The Communist International was the first step in this program of activism. At first it was simply known as The League of the Just, a branch of the Illuminati. This group commissioned Karl Marx to write the Communist Manifesto in 1847; it was published in 1848 and was immediately given worldwide circulation by the international offices of Freemasonry.

The initial program of Political Zionism was first broached by Rabbi Hirsch Kalisher, a close associate of Mayer Amschel Rothschild in Frankfurt. Sir Moses Montefiore and Adolphe Cremieux, founder of the Alliance Israelite Universelle, gave added impetus to the new movement. Its goals were greatly publicized by the work of Moses Hess, a close friend of Karl Marx. This is ironic, in view of the fact that the present Soviet Government professes to be ideologically opposed to Zionism. Moses Hess became known as "the father of Zionism." A journalist who was greatly influenced by his writings, Theodor Herzl, was converted to activism, and he is now known as "the founder of the Zionist State." The Encyclopaedia Judaica says that Moses Hess was a Jewish Socialist and nationalist who led the Reform Movement, calling for the colonization of Palestine. His principal work, "Rome and Jerusalem," which received wide circulation, was the book which had great impact on Theodor Herzl.

In 1860, Rabbi Kalisher hosted a secret meeting at his home in Thoru to recap the lessons which had been learned from the Revolution of 1848. This revolution had been intended to topple all the governments of Europe and replace them with Communist governments. It succeeded in only a few isolated instances, such as Venice, where Daniel Manini set up a Communist government. From the Thoru meeting came Kalisher's book, "Drishal Zion," in 1861, and later, Moses Hess' "Rome and Jerusalem." These two works were largely responsible for converting the Jews of Europe to the Zionist program, the political goal of restoring Palestine to the Jewish people. - From "Curse Of Canaan" by Eustace Mullins.

Sionismo, Rothschilds, o Projeto na Palestina e Albert Einstein - Moses Hess (Maçom Sionista e Guru de Karl Marx) foi um dos principais Sionistas

Moses Hess - Wikipedia

He is considered a pioneer of Labor Zionism

Moses Hess (jewishvirtuallibrary.org)

Hess died in Paris on April 6, 1875. Although he was buried at his request in the Jewish cemetery in Cologne, his remains were transferred to Israel in 1961 where they were buried in the Kinneret cemetery alongside other Socialist-Zionists such as Nahum Syrkin, Ber Borochov, and Berl Katznelson.

Mysterious Links between Socialism, Zionism and Satanism by Andre Garcia (traditioninaction.org)

The relationship between Marx and his teacher, the Jewish writer Moses Hess, also considered the father of Socialist Zionism, was quite mysterious. In Hess’ mentality and philosophy there is a curious superposition of three ideological layers: Socialism, Zionism and Satanism. On the one hand, Hess was the mentor of both Marx and Engels and one of the founders of Socialism; on the other hand, he was the precursor of Zionism, even before Theodor Herzl. He was also the one who initiated Marx and Engels into Satanism.

Labor Zionism - Wikipedia

Labor Zionists played a leading role in the 1947–1949 Palestine War, and had a dominant presence among the leadership of the Israel Defense Forces for decades after the independence of the State of Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

Labor Zionism was one of the most mainstream forms of Zionism prior and following the establishment of the state of Israel. Labor Zionism was responsible for the creation of institutions in Israel that exist today, such as the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). The predecessors of the IDF began as underground militia groups to protect Jews during the Second Aliyah in 1904.[1] A majority of the immigrants at the time were influenced by socialist ideals, because of the Marxist ideologies spreading throughout Russia. Additionally, the First Aliyah was met by backlash because of the **Rothschild’s** family’s funding of the settlements.

[…]

Moses Hess's 1862 work Rome and Jerusalem: The Last National Question argued for the Jews to settle in Palestine as a means of settling the national question. Hess proposed a socialist state in which the Jews would become agrarianized through a process of "redemption of the soil" that would transform the Jewish community into a true nation in that Jews would occupy the productive layers of society rather than being an intermediary non-productive merchant class, which is how he perceived European Jews.[citation needed]

[…]

Albert Einstein was a prominent supporter of both Labor Zionism and efforts to encourage Jewish–Arab cooperation.[8] Fred Jerome in his Einstein on Israel and Zionism: His Provocative Ideas About the Middle East argues that Einstein was a Cultural Zionist who supported the idea of a Jewish homeland but opposed the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine "with borders, an army, and a measure of temporal power." Instead, he preferred a bi-national state with "continuously functioning, mixed, administrative, economic, and social organizations.” […]

Labor Zionism manifests itself today in both adult and youth organizations. Among adults, the World Labor Zionist Movement, based in Jerusalem, has affiliates in countries around the world, such as Ameinu in the United States and Australia, Associação Moshé Sharett in Brazil and the Jewish Labour Movement in the United Kingdom.

Moses Hess as a Prophet of Spiritual Zionism: The Origins of Messianic Jewish Humanism

Moses Hess as a Prophet of Spiritual Zionism: The Origins of Messianic Jewish Humanism | Modern Judaism - A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience | Oxford Academic (oup.com)

In his book on Biblical criticism and political theory, Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, Spinoza expressed with absolute confidence that the Jewish nation would establish again its state, and God would choose it anew. The meaning of Spinoza is clear: with the renewal of its national independence, the Jewish nation would again become a chosen nation, a guide for the world.

Kalischer, Ẓevi Hirsch | Encyclopedia.com

As early as his meeting with Amschel *Rothschild in 1836, Kalischer revealed his opinion that the redemption of Israel would not come, as had been believed for generations, through a miracle, that "suddenly God would come down from the heavens or suddenly send His messiah," but rather that salvation would be brought about by human endeavor.

[…]

Indeed, he wrote to Rothschild detailing the halakhic issues involved in renewing the practice of sacrifice on the Temple Mount.

Rabbi Tsevi Hirsch Kalischer from Toruń – Proactive Messianist - New Eastern Europe

The Ottoman loss of Palestine to Muhammed Ali also influenced the imagination of rabbi Kalischer, who closely followed events in the Near East from Toruń. He viewed the pasha’s victory as a sign that he was living in times ripe with messianic promise. This is why the key argument in his letter to Amschel Rothschild (1836), the hugely wealthy Jew from Germany, was that the change of rule in Eretz Yisrael heralded a messianic era and would make it possible for Rothschild, as God’s vessel, to purchase the land.

He took a similar view of the Rothschilds’ family fortune and the stature of Moses Montefiore, the patron of the Jewish community in England and Jerusalem, with whom Kalischer exchanged letters in this spirit. The Toruń rabbi believed that these people, who had the ear of the powerful non-Jews of the world, should hearken to Biblical models in their actions – in particular, that of Mordechai vis-à-vis the king of Persia in The Book of Esther. Furthermore, Kalischer believed that a moment was approaching similar to the one described in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah, when Judaism and Temple worship were to be restored, just as was done after the release from Babylonian captivity. Kalischer even envisaged the return of sacrifices in the Temple.

[…]

In Derishat Tsiyon Tsevi Hirsch Kalischer argued for the Jewish colonisation of Palestine and the creation of a Judaism-centred polity*.* He saw the project as inspired by Biblical prophecies that foretold the redemption. Nonetheless, the sage from Toruń expected no miracle, believing that realisation of the dream rested with national resourcefulness. He believed that the Jewish people was obliged by God to actively search for Zion. As rabbi Kalischer himself explained it in Derishat Tsiyon:

[…]

Owing to these and other efforts, the Jewish settlement of Mikveh Israel was created near Jaffa in 1870. A farming school was set up here for the young pioneers. In 1898, Theodor Herzl (during what would be his only trip to Palestine) met here with the German Kaiser Wilhelm II, who was then open to the Zionist initiative.

[…]

The Toruń rabbi was the first to promote the idea of Jewish settlement in Palestine, and did so a whopping sixty years before The Jewish State (1896), and nearly a quarter century before the birth of Theodor Herzl (1860), otherwise considered the creator of modern Zionism.

[…]

As mentioned, Kalischer corresponded with Rothschild and Moses Montefiore.

[…]

Derishat Zion was also quoted by Moses Hess, a friend of Karl Marx, who included a three-page quotation from Derishat Tsiyon in his own Zionist work Rome and Jerusalem (1862).

gang_da_ervilha: Karl Marx era primo em 3º grau de Rothschild (gangdaervilha.blogspot.com)

Marx vinha de uma longa descendência de rabinos judeus. Ele vivia na miséria em Londres, na Dean Street. Frequentava o Red Lion Pub no Great Windmill Street, em Soho, onde juntamente com Friedrich Engels foram solicitados para redigir o que viria a ser o Manifesto Comunista. Sua obra mais conhecida é o livro Das Kapital, que esquece de mencionar que o dinheiro é imprimido ex-nihilo pelos seus próprios primos, os Rothschild.

[…]

A descoberta de Marx como cúmplice de Rothschild foi revelada pelo seu rival contemporâneo da Primeira Internacional, Mikhaïl Bakounine em 1869. Este último nem sequer estava ao corrente que Marx e Rothschild eram primos. Bakounine escreveu com uma certa intuição o seguinte:

"Este mundo é actualmente, na sua maior parte, á disposição de Marx por um lado, e de Rothschild por outro lado. Isto pode parecer estranho. Que poderia haver em comum entre o socialismo e um banco de primeiro plano ? A razão é que o socialismo é autoritário, o Comunismo de Marx exige uma forte centralização do Estado. E onde se produza uma centralização do Estado, deve haver necessariamente um banco central, e logo que tal banco exista, nós encontramos obrigatoriamente por trás a nação judia parasita, a especular sobre o trabalho do Povo." Mikhaïl Bakounine. Profissão de fé de um democrata socialista russo, precedido de um estudo sobre os alemães judeus, 1869.

The Satanic Rothschild Dynasty - Financial Wizzards and Wealthy Cults - Psicanálise (passeidireto.com)

Lionel de Rothschild (the de was added by the french Rothschilds was involved with the first communist internationale. The Mason Mazzini who helped start communism praised Rothschild , “Rothschild could be King of France if he so desired”

New World Order University ForumThe Jews Around Weishaupt - New World Order University Forum

“The same year of the Wilhelmsbad congress, according to author (William) Still, ‘the headquarters of Illuminized Freemasonry was moved to Frankfurt, the stronghold of German finance, and controlled by the Rothschilds.’ He added, ‘For the first time, Jews were admitted into the Order. Previously, Jews had only been admitted to a division of the Order called “the small and constant Sanhedrin of Europe.”

“Jacob Katz, in his Jews and Freemasonry in Europe, wrote that founders of the Frankfurt Lodge of Freemasonry included Frankfurt rabbi Zvi Hirsch, Rothschild chief clerk Sigismund Geisenheimer, and all of Frankfurt’s leading bankers, including the Rothschilds, who would later fund Cecil Rhodes and his societies.

[…]

“Even the fact that the Illuminati headquarters in Ingolstadt were later converted into a synagogue was symbolic of this conspiracy. Lazar stated that all these Jews became the agents of revolution because they had “revolutionary souls”. There were four especially important Jews in the Illuminati leadership: Hartwig (Naphtali Herz) Wessely, Moses Mendelssohn, the banker Daniel von Itzig (1723-1799) and the businessman David Friedlander.” (La Vieille France, 31st of March, 1921.)

[…]

“In his book History of the French Revolution (1848) Louis Blanc wrote that “The project of Jean Adam Weishaupt, founder of the Order of the Illuminati, together with five Jews, Weseley, Moses Mendelsohn and the bankers Itzig, Friedlander and Myer, was by the sole attraction of mystery, by the sole power of association, to subject to the same will, to animate with the same breath thousands of men in every country in the world, to make new beings of these men by means of slow gradual education, to render them, even to the point of frenzy or death, obedient to invisible and unknown chiefs: with such a legion to secretly … surround sovereigns, unbeknown to direct governments, and to lead Europe to that point where . . . all monarchies are brought down, all privileges of birth declared unjust, the right of property abolished . . . such was the gigantic plan of the founders of Illuminism.”

[…]

“Jewish Illuminism was called Haskalah, and was headed and directed by Moses Mendelssohn, who also inspired the leaders of Masonic Illuminism such as Adam Weishaupt, H. S. Reimarus, Lessing, Nicolai, Ch. Dohm, Mirabeau, and others. The Jew, Bernard Lazare, has himself written “There were Jews behind Weishaupt.”

(L’antisÈmitisme,” page 339)

[…]

“Illuminism represented the efforts of the heads of the powerful Jewish Kahal which has ever striven for the attainment of political, financial, economic and moral world dominion. The movement had been founded in 1776 by Adam Weishaupt. Bernard Lazare, himself a Jew, has written that “There were Jews behind Weishaupt,” and upon a close study of Illuminism, we find that the destructive forces which culminated in the French Revolution were of three kinds; financial, intellectual and anti-Christian.

In the first class, we come upon the names of Jewish Financiers such as: Daniel Itzig, Friedlander, Ceerfbeer, Benjamin and Abraham Goldsmid, Moses Mocatta, Veitel Heine Ephraim. In the second category, we find Moses Mendelssohn, Naphtali Wessely, Moses Herseim, who are the inspirers of Balessing, Frederick Nicolai, Weishaupt, Mirabeau, l’Abbe Gregoire, the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel and Anacharsis Clootz.

Lastly, the third class is composed mostly of the group known as the Encyclopedists: d’Alembert, Diderot, Rousseau, Voltaire and all of the Cabalists practicing magic and among whom we find: Martinez Depasqualy, Leucht, the enigmatic Count of Saint German, Flake and Joseph Balsamo surnamed Cagliostro.”

Criação de Israel: Como foi fundação e origem das tensões (uol.com.br)

Milionários judeus - como a célebre família Rothschild - doaram dinheiro para se comprarem terras dos proprietários árabes da região…

Boulevard Rothschild - O que ver em Rothschild e localização (tudosobretelaviv.com)

Além de ser uma das avenidas mais disputadas de Tel Aviv, o Boulevard Rothschild é o centro financeiro da cidade, onde se concentram as sedes das entidades financeiras mais importantes do mundo.

Baron Edmond de Rothschild & Palestine

The Family ‹ Philanthropy :: The Rothschild Archive

Edmond's work in Palestine

A strong supporter of Zionism, his most outstanding achievements were involved in responding to the threats facing the Jewish people in Europe in the late 19th century by supporting massive land purchases and underwriting Jewish settlements in Palestine and Israel. Edmond's large donations lent significant support to the movement during its early years, which helped lead to the establishment of the State of Israel. In the 1880s, in his goal for the establishment of a Jewish homeland, Edmond’s philanthropy funded Jewish settlements and encouraged the development of agriculture and industry.

KARL MARX (1818–1883) – Socialista ou Satanista?

KARL MARX (1818–1883) – Socialista ou Satanista? | Jesus - o Verbo de Deus (wordpress.com)

“Invocação de Alguém em Desespero”? “Assim um deus tirou de mim tudo. Na maldição e suplício do destino. Todos os seus mundos foram-se, sem retorno! Nada me restou a não ser a vingança!

“Meu desejo é me construir um trono. Seu topo seria frio e gigantesco Sua fortaleza seria o medo sobre-humano. E a negra dor seria seu general Quem olhar para ele com olhar são, Voltará, mortalmente pálido e silencioso, Arrebatado por cega e fria morte. Possa a sua felicidade preparar-lhe o seu túmulo.” (Karl Marx, Obras Reunidas, Vol. I, N. York, International Publishers, 1974)

(obs: Essa declaração – “Desejo construir um trono para mim” – tem muita semelhança com a arrogância de Lúcifer quando se rebelou contra Deus ; – “”Eu subirei ao céu; acima das estrelas de Deus exaltarei o meu trono.” (Isaías 14;13)

“O Violinista”

“Os vapores infernais elevam-se e enchem o cérebro, Até que eu enlouqueça e meu coração seja totalmente mudado.

Vê esta espada? O príncipe das trevas Vendeu-a para mim.”

“*O Violinista” registra as queixas do artista contra um Deus que nem conhece nem respeita a sua arte. Emerge do negro abismo do inferno, “atormentando a mente e enfeitiçando o coração, e a sua dança é a dança da morte”.

(Obs: Nos rituais de iniciação superior dos cultos satânicos é vendido ao candidato uma espada encantada que assegura o sucesso. Ele paga por ela, assinando, com o sangue tirado dos pulsos, um pacto segundo o qual sua alma pertencerá a Satanás após a morte.)

Oulanem (A palavra Oulanem é um anagrama de Emanuel, que em hebraico significa “Deus conosco”)

“Pois ele marca o compasso e dá os sinais. Cada vez mais ousado, eu me entrego a dança da morte. Eles também são Oulanem. Este nome ressoa fortemente como a morte. Soando até morrer em vil rastejo. Pare! Agora o agarrei! Ergue-se da minha alma Tão claro como o ar, tão forte como meus próprios ossos. Contudo os meus braços são possuídos de força Para agarrar e triturar você (você = humanidade personificada). Com a força de um furacão. Enquanto para nós ambos, o abismo se abre nas trevas. Você afundará, e eu seguirei gargalhando.

Sussurrando em seus ouvidos: “Desça, venha comigo amigo“.

…Aproxima-se a hora da morte de Oulanem:

“Arruinado, arruinado. Meu tempo esgotou-se. O relógio parou, a casa do pigmeu desmoronou. Breve apertarei a eternidade ao peito, E breve bradarei gigantescas maldições sobre a humanidade.”

(Obs: A Bíblia que Marx estudou nos seus anos de colégio, e que ele conhecia bastante, diz que o diabo será amarrado por um anjo e lançado no abismo sem fundo (Ap 20:3). Marx deseja arrastar toda a humanidade para esse abismo reservado para o diabo e seus anjos. Quem fala através de Marx nesse drama? É razoável um jovem estudante ter como sonho de sua vida conduzir a humanidade à incredulidade e ao abismo das trevas enquanto ele gargalha os seguindo?)

“Ah, eternidade, ela é a nossa eterna mágoa, Uma indescritível e imensurável morte, Vil e artificialmente concebida para nos escarnecer, Nós próprios automatizados, cegamente mecânicos,

Feitos para sermos o calendário louco do tempo e do Espaço, Não tendo propósito, a não ser de acontecer, para ser arruinados.”

(Obs: Marx admirava as palavras de Mefistófeles em Fausto: “Tudo o que existe é digno de ser destruído.” Tudo – inclusive o proletariado e os camaradas. Marx citou essas palavras em o 18º Brumaire.)

Stálin agiu de acordo com elas, destruindo até mesmo a sua própria família. A seita satanista não é materialista. Ela crê na vida eterna. Oulanem, o personagem por quem Marx fala, não nega a vida eterna. Ele a defende, mas como uma vida de ódio elevado ao extremo.- DESTRUIÇÃO é a marca do Comunismo e do Esquerdismo em qualquer parte do planera)

O final de Oulanem:

“Se existe algo que devora, Pulo para ser engolido, embora deixando o mundo em rumas Este mundo que se avoluma entre mim e o abismo, Eu o reduzirei a pedaços com as minhas continuas maldições. Lançarei meus braços ao redor da sua rude realidade. Abraçando-me, o mundo passará silenciosamente. E então mergulhará no nada absoluto, Morto, sem qualquer vida: isso seria realmente viver.”

(Obs: Todas as Citações de Oulanem e dos poemas são da obra de Robert Payne O Desconhecido Karl Marx, New York University Press, 1971).

Em Oulanem, Marx faz o mesmo que o diabo; destina toda a raça humana à perdição. Oulanem é um drama no qual todos os personagens estão cônscios de sua própria corrupção, a qual ostentam e proclamam convictamente, todos revelam aspectos de Mefistófeles (personagem da encarnação do mal), todos são satânicos, corruptos e condenados.

[…]

Poema de Marx Sobre Hegel:

“Palavras eu ensino todas misturadas em uma confusão demoníaca. Assim, qualquer um pode pensar exatamente o que quiser pensar.”

“A Donzela Pálida”

“Assim, eu perdi o direito ao céu, Sei disso perfeitamente. Minha alma, outrora fiel a Deus, Está destinada ao inferno.

[…]

Hess o chama “Dr. Marx – meu ídolo, que dará o chute fìnal na religião e política medievais”. Assim, dar um pontapé na religião era o principal objetivo, e não o socialismo. George Jung, outro amigo de Marx daquela época, escreveu ainda mais claramente, em 1841( quando Marx tinha 23 anos):  “Marx seguramente afugentará a Deus de Seu céu, e até mesmo O processará. Marx chama a religião cristã de uma das religiões mais imorais.” (Conversações com Marx e Engels, Insel Publishing House, Alemanha, 1973).

Preste atenção na lista de “amizades” de Karl Marx:

Mikhail Bakunin, um anarquista russo que escreveu: “Satã é o primeiro livre-pensador e salvador do mundo. Ele liberta Adão, imprimindo o selo de humanidade e liberdade em sua fronte, quando o torna desobediente.” (Deus e o Estado, citações dos Anarquistas, editado por Paul Berman, Praeger Publishers, N. York, 1972)

O anarquista russo Michail Bakunin foi, junto com Marx, uma dos mais influentes personagens do movimento internacional de trabalhadores no século XIX. Bakunin faz mais do que elogiar Lúcifer. Ele tem planos revolucionários específicos, mas não visando à libertação dos pobres da exploração. Ele escreve: “Nesta revolução, teremos que despertar o demônio nas pessoas, incitar as paixões mais vis.” (Citado em Dzerjinskü, de R. Gul, “Most” Publishing House, N. York, em russo).

Hess apresentou Marx a Proudhon (francês e um dos fundadores do Anarquismo e que usava o mesmo estilo de corte de cabelos típico da seita satanista de Joana Southcott do século IXX), escreveu em “Sobre a Justiça na Revolução e na Igreja”: “Nós alcançamos o conhecimento apesar Dele, alcançamos a sociedade apesar Dele. Cada passo à frente é uma vitória na qual derrotamos o Divino. “Deus é estupidez e covardia; Deus é hipocrisia e falsidade; Deus é tirania e pobreza; Deus é o mal. Eu juro, Deus, com a mão estendida para os céus, que não és nada mais do que o algoz da minha razão, o espectro da minha consciência… Deus é essencialmente anticivilizado, antiliberal, anti-humano.”

Tais idéias não são originais. São parte usual dos sermões de adoração satanista. Mais tarde, Marx brigou com Proudhon, contradisse suas doutrinas econômicas mas nunca fez qualquer objeção à rebelião demoníaca e antiDeus de Proudhon.

Marx e seus colegas, enquanto antiDeus, não eram ateus, como os marxistas atuais descrevem a si próprios. Eles ultrajavam abertamente a Deus, odiavam um Deus em quem acreditavam, não colocavam sua existência em dúvida, mas sim Sua supremacia.

[…]

É muito ódio que Lúcifer tem contra Deus, seu Criador, que o expulsou e o condenou às trevas eternas quando ele se rebelou contra Deus e quis desafiá-lo, mas ódio ainda tem Lúcifer pelo homem, criação amada por Deus, a tal ponto que quando Lúcifer enganou Adão e este se rebelou contra Deus também, ao invés de agir com o homem como agiu com Lúcifer e seus anjos, Deus providenciou salvação e perdão para o Homem através da morte de seu Filho Jesus. Todo o ódio que Lúcifer tem por Deus e pelo homem e SEU OBJETIVO DE DESTRUIR VIDAS, podemos IDENTIFICAR NA FILOSOFIA ESQUERDISTA de modo geral: no Comunismo, Feminismo, Socialismo, e Anarquismo. Todos os enfeites sobre “luta pelos pobres e contra os opressores” faz parte da astúcia de Lúcifer em enganar. E Lúcifer sempre encontra pessoas como Karl Marx e seus colegas para dar seguimento às suas armadilhas.

Marx e Satan | Blog do Aprendiz 33 (wordpress.com)

A esposa de Marx o deixou duas vezes, pois ele engravidara a empregada de quem teve um filho, e três dos seus filhos legítimos morreram de desnutrição e um deles devido ao descuido do pai. Marx disse à família que o filho era de Engels, que, por sua vez, no seu leito de morte contou a verdade a uma das filhas de Marx. Nos seus livros, segundo pesquisadores de Cambridge, falseou citações de Adam Smith e de W.E. Gladstone para fundamentar sua doutrina.

Paralelismos entre a Cabala e o Marxismo

-----

O comunismo é o ópio dos intelectuais. - Clara Luce

[aboutanancientenquiry]

A review of a book on the werewolves in Antiquity, with a reference to Herodotus’ report of the story about the lycanthropism of the people of Neurians

“The werewolf in the ancient world

Daniel Ogden, The werewolf in the ancient world. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. Pp. 288. ISBN 9780198854319 $32.99.

Review by Scott Bruce, Fordham University. sbruce3@fordham.edu

Stories about werewolves, defined in this book as “a creature that changes form, or appears to do so, or can be inferred to do so, in whole or in part, between the humanoid and the lupine” (p. 7) are vanishingly rare in ancient Greek and Latin texts. Other than a vivid vignette told by Petronius in chapter 68 of the Satyricon (c. 66 CE), in which a soldier transforms into a wolf in a graveyard, terrorizes a local farm until it is wounded with a spear, and is later revealed to be a “skin-changer” (versipellis) by the persistence of that wound when he returns to human form, most ancient references to people changing into wolves and back again are pithy and laconic. Undeterred by this limitation, Daniel Ogden sets out in this book to examine ancient references to these skin-changers through the lens of folklore and to provide lengthy translations of primary sources that allude to “werewolfism.” The resulting book – part comparative history and part sourcebook – shares the hybrid character of its subject matter. The results are mixed as well. Readers lured by the title may be disappointed to find that not only are werewolves very scarce in this book, for the reasons cited above, but also in many places medieval, early modern, and modern comparanda overshadow the meagre ancient evidence.

The Werewolf in the Ancient World comprises six chapters. Chapter 1 argues that the metamorphosis of human beings into wolves and back again in ancient literature often involved the agency of witches, who could turn hapless people into animals, as Circe did to her visitors, or transform themselves in the same way, as Herodotus claimed the race of the Neuri could do. Much of the chapter is given over to the witches (striges) themselves, who were also known to take the form of animals, usually the eponymous screech owl (strix), but only rarely wolves. Chapter 2 explores the association between werewolves and ghosts in ancient thought. Here the tissue of evidence is very thin and largely associative. Ancient skin-changers, like Petronius’ soldier, often changed their form in graveyards, and individuals afflicted with medical lycanthropy, a condition that caused them to “go out by night in the month of February in imitation of wolves or dogs in all respects,” were known “to hang around tombs” (p. 71) until the sun rose. Chapter 3 examines some persistent motifs in premodern werewolve literature: the belief that skin-changers abandon their clothing to assume their wolf-form and must later recover them to become human again; the notion that some people are wolves on the inside, a fact only revealed upon their deaths when their hearts are found to be stuffed with hair; the claim that skin-changers in human form carry the wounds received when they were wolves; the idea that the ingestion of certain kinds of food, especially human flesh, precipitates the transformation from human to wolf or vice versa; and the impulse of the newly-changed wolf to abandon the city for the forest. While this chapter presents a rich summary of these folkloric motifs, most of the examples are not drawn from ancient sources. The reliance on post-ancient evidence also pervades Chapter 4, on the association of werewolfism with shamanistic soul-projection. Here Ogden dwells at length on late medieval, early modern, and modern examples, but contends that statements by Augustine and John Damascene and the feats of Greek shamans in the Pythagorean tradition hint at the ancient origins of this association. Building on the affinities presented in Chapter 2, Chapter 5 argues at length that the wolfskin-wearing ghost of Polites, a crewman of Odysseus, should be considered a werewolf, while Chapter 6 disentangles the myths and rites pertaining to the festival on Mount Lykaion in Arcadia, during which young men assume the lifestyle of wolves as a rite of passage. Both chapters provide dense textual analysis to make their respective arguments, but the werewolves themselves remain elusive. It is telling that the summary of “good stories about werewolves we can document, directly or indirectly, for the ancient world” (p. 206) barely takes up two pages of the book.

Unlike Ogden’s previous work on ancient dragons, which yielded a hefty monograph and a rich primary source reader, there is simply not enough evidence about ancient werewolves to sustain a treatment of this length.[1] The book’s frequent reliance on post-ancient source material suggests that a broader approach to the premodern werewolf that positioned the ancient sources alongside their medieval and early modern analogues would have reduced the significant burden that the Greek and Roman material struggles to bear in the present study.[2] Readers will most certainly find lasting value in the many long translations of primary source materials marshalled in The Werewolf in the Ancient World, which will provide a useful refernce for all future discussions of the ancient and mysterious versipellis.

Notes

[1] Daniel Ogden, Drakōn: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds (Oxford, 2013); and Dragons, Serpents and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook, ed. Daniel Ogden (New York, 2013).

[2] For a successful example of this approach, see Mercedes Aguirre and Richard Buxton, Cyclops: The Myth and its Cultural History (Oxford, 2020), reviewed by Scott G. Bruce in BMCR 2021.07.10.”

Source: https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2021/2021.12.11/

I think that it must be clarified that Herodotus records the tale about the lycanthropy of the nation of Neurians who lived beyond the Scythians, in the fringes of the inhabited world as known to the Greeks, but he states that he disbelieves it (The Histories 4,105, as translated in The Landmark Herodotus edition):

“ It might well be true that these people [the Neurians] are sorcerers, for according to the Scythians and the Hellenes who inhabit Scythia, once each year every one of ther Neurians turns into a wolf, and, after a few days, changes back to himself again. Those who make these claims do not convince me, but nonetheless, that is what they say, and they swear it really happens.”

Aldo Corcella’s commentary of this passage (in D. Asheri -A. B. Lloyd-A Corcella “A Commentary on Herodotus Books I-IV”, OUP, P. 656) links the reported story to traditions of lycanthropism in the folklor of different peoples and proposes the explanation that perhaps the core of truth of the story about the lycanthropism of Neurians was some collective ritual of disguise, similar to the one practised in the festival of Lycaea in Arcadia.

[cleekleequlee]

On a sunny summer day I decided to dive into the puzzles of Barad's spacetimemattering. Here are the two articles:

Barad, K. (2013). Ma(r)king Time: Material Entanglements and Re-memberings: Cutting Together-Apart. How Matter Matters: Objects, Artifacts, and Materiality in Organization Studies. P. R. Carlile, D. Nicolini, A. Langley and H. Tsoukas, Oxford University Press: 16–31.

Barad, K. (2018). Troubling Time/s and Ecologies of Nothingness: Re-turning, Re-membering, and Facing the Incalculable, Fordham University Press: 206.

It is not too difficult to understand matter - materialization as sediment of time as the "growth" of sedimental rocks:

"Memory - the pattern of sedimented enfoldings of iterative intra-activity-is written into the fabric of the world. The wolrd "holds" the memory of all traces; or rather, the world is its memory (its enfolded materialization)." (Barad, 2013, p.29)

"Matter doesn't move in time. Matter doesn't evolve in time. Matter does time. Matter materializes and enfolds different temporalities." (Barad, 2013, p. 17)

However the "iterative" needs a bit explanation. How can memory and matter be iteratively entangled?

The quantum-eraser experiment is crucial to Barad's theorization of temporality. In a time-stamp manner the experiment can be understood (by a non-physicist) as such:

t0: the photon sets off t1: the photon passes the slit(s) with the which-slit detector, the slit of passing gets recorded t2: the eraser erases the information detected by which-slit detector tn: a different pattern captured by the graph, which indicates a different ontological existence (wave/particle) on the photo when set off. In her explanation of the different pattern in t2, the erasure (t2) travels back to the "past" (t0) and changed the ontological being of the photon and consequently its behavior when passing slit (t2).

There is a sentiment that the past is never finished and done, taking a fixed form, but both continues into the future in its materialisation (consequence) and (more importantly) waiting for future reconfiguring that alters the present. This alternation, according to Barad, is not epistemological (our understanding of the present) but ontological (what present is):

"Heisenberg understands measurements as disturbances that place a limit on knowability - that is, measurements entail epistemic uncertainties. Whereas, for Bohr, measurement is about the conditions for possibility of semantic and ontic determination - that is, ontological indeterminacy." (Barad, 2013, p. 26, highlight added)

Barad uses Derrida's term "hauntology" for the materialization.

There is also hope, future possibilities opened by the reconfiguring of the entangled past:

"Hayashi's narrator bodily traces these entanglements of colonialist histories, violent erasures, and avoid-ances as an integral part of a sacred practice of re-membering - which is not a going back to what was, but rather a material reconfiguring of spacetimemattering in ways that attempt to do justice to account for the devastation wrought and to produce openings, new possible histories, reconfigurings of spacetimemattering through which time-beings might find a way to endure." (Barad, 2013, p. 230)

The 2018 article becomes obscure when it goes into the discussion of void, vacuum (fluctuations), tension of the void and virtual articles. At times it seems to have been inspired by Bergson/Deleuze's virtual and actual:

"The vacuum is far from empty; rather, it is flush with yearning, with innumerable possibilities/imagining of what was, could be, might yet have been, all coexisting. Don't for a minute think that there are no material effects of yearning and imagining. Virtual particles are experimenting with the im/possibilities of non/being, but that doesn't mean they aren't real; on the contrary." (Barad, 2018, p. 232)

She even offered a very swift speculative design of a scentific article, making virtual particles the actual essence of an atom.

The Bergsonian influence becomes more prominent in the discussion of electron as multiplicity - aggregation of all histories of intra-action with the others:

"Hence, according to QFT, even the smallest bits of matter are an enormous multitude! Each "individual" is made up of all possible histories of virtual intra-actions with all others; or rather, according to QFT, there is no such thing as a discrete individual with its own roster of properties. In fact, the "other" - the constitutively excluded - is always already within: the very notion of the "self is a troubling of the interior / exterior distinction.... all "selves" are not themselves but rather the iterative intra-activity of all matter of time-beings."

Again, (the entangling of) time wins over the "vulgar" space.

After some winding narratives tracing the travel hopping, Barad comes back to the question of self, and what this re-membering - visiting and reconfiguring the past - means:

"The pilgrimage of Hayashi's unnamed protagonist is a work of mourning, a concerted ongoing labor, never finished or complete; where mourning is not about making memories, but rather about ontologically reconfiguring a past that never was on behalf of possibilities for a better future, not as performed by a willful liberal humanist subject, but in the tracings of entanglements of multiple time-beings through which the unnamed protagonist is herself constituted."

Self is not pre-fixed, but constitutued by assembling a different narrative, tracing of entanglements of the past. Self is not history, but our act of returning and open to countless future returnings.

[mypeacockcanyon]

Press Release

HEAD: INTRODUCING DR. LAUREL FISHBEAR

BODY COPY: A lifelong, registered independent voter, Laurel Fishbear is the CEO of Civil Society, a philanthropic organization that concentrates its efforts on climate action, income equality, reproductive rights, Native American rights, LGBTQIA rights, and libraries in the educational and municipal spheres.

Before she was a CEO, Dr. Fishbear was a musician. A classically trained flutist and singer, Dr. Fishbear's first paid gig was as a musician. She freelanced, as her school schedule allowed, throughout her teens and twenties, playing Broadway musicals, pop, country rock, Latin jazz, and music from the Great American Songbook.

She supplemented her earnings in various client service jobs for a decade before she landed her dream job as a copywriter for a major book publisher in 1987. For the next thirty-seven years, Dr. Fishbear worked as a copywriter and a marketing and branding specialist, authoring award-winning web content, print ads, press kits, fundraising materials, political action alerts, news articles, white papers, trade magazine pieces, and direct response packages.

Through it all, Dr. Fishbear found the time to get married, and study for the college degrees she eventually earned: a Masters degree in Clinical Psychology from Harvard University, in conjunction with Baylor University's Child Trauma Academy, and a Masters of Divinity in Biblical Ethics from Fordham University.

She had grown up in a working class family, and had joined the middle class as a woman with a career. But, in 2017, Dr. Fishbear's life changed dramatically when a benefactor she had never met willed her their considerable fortune.

Immediately, she set out to make ethical investments, and to make meaningful improvements on the issues that concerned her most. And so, Civil Society was born.

Today, Civil Society's holdings include C and H Sugar, Bethlehem Steel, Houston Chronicle, San Francisco Chronicle, St. Martin's Press, Chronicle Books, Hillshire Farms, Waiohai Hotel, Baboy Club, and Villa del Sol.

The organization is working on ocean cleanup; eliminating slime pits like the one in Bhopal, India, left by the Union Carbide disaster; building the shade bank from coast to coast, restoring American farmland to American farmers; ensuring income equality by paying its workers a wage above and beyond a living wage, commensurate with their experience and expertise; upgrading security at Planned Parenthood facilities across the nation; standing with municipal and school libraries in censorship fights, and with the families disenfranchised by those campaigns to restore their parental and First Amendment rights.

Dr. Fishbear is especially involved in one division of Civil Society. She is the Program Director and occasional announcer for Wash Day Radio Network, which produces and broadcasts The Vote, Febrile Ohms, and The Free South.

In her personal life, Dr. Fishbear co-parents a sizable family of kids with seven other co-parents -- a group she affectionately calls, "an asexual polycule". She goes on to describe the family this way: "We eat together. We vacation together. Our kids study and attend school together. We read together, pray together, watch movies together, sing together, do chores together. Most of my co-parents work with me at Civil Society.

"Would you believe I'm an introvert?" she laughs.

Her alone time doesn't last, she adds. "I'm a voracious reader, and always have been. But, these days, all my book recommendations come from my family and friends. They'll ask, 'How was it', and suddenly, I'm standing up in class giving book reports again."

[stuartelden]

Jean-Luc Nancy and Claire Denis, The Intruder - trans. Jeff Fort, Fordham University Press, May 2024

Jean-Luc Nancy and Claire Denis, The Intruder – trans. Jeff Fort, Fordham University Press, May 2024 In 1991, Jean-Luc Nancy’s heart gave out. In one of the first such procedures in France, a stranger’s heart was grafted into his body. Numerous complications followed, including more surgeries and lymphatic cancer. The procedure and illnesses he endured revealed to him, in a more visceral way…