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epitome225 · 2 months ago

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Aerial Survey:Transforming Mapping with Epitome Geotechnical Service

In the modern era, accurate and efficient data collection is crucial for industries such as construction, urban planning, agriculture, and environmental management.

One of the most advanced surveying techniques that has transformed geospatial mapping is the Aerial Survey. At Epitome Geotechnical Service, we specialize in providing high-quality aerial survey solutions that deliver precise and detailed geospatial data for various applications. What is an Aerial Survey? An aerial survey involves capturing images and geospatial data from the air using drones, helicopters, or aircraft equipped with high-resolution cameras, LiDAR sensors, and other remote sensing technologies. Unlike traditional land-based surveys, aerial surveys cover large areas quickly and provide highly accurate topographical information with minimal human intervention. How Does Aerial Surveying Work?

Aerial surveying relies on specialized airborne technology that captures high-resolution images and 3D spatial data. This data is then processed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and advanced mapping software to create accurate topographical maps, digital elevation models (DEMs), and orthophotos. The efficiency and precision of aerial surveying make it an ideal choice for large-scale projects and inaccessible terrains. Why Choose Epitome Geotechnical Service for Aerial Surveys?

At Epitome Geotechnical Service, we offer cutting-edge aerial survey solutions tailored to meet the specific needs of various industries.

Our expertise in drone technology, LiDAR mapping, and remote sensing ensures high-quality, precise, and reliable survey results.

Our key strengths include:

Advanced Technology: We use state-of-the-art drones, high-resolution cameras, and LiDAR sensors for superior data accuracy.

Experienced Professionals: Our team consists of geospatial experts, engineers, and surveyors with extensive field experience.

Customizable Solutions: We tailor our aerial survey services to meet industry-specific requirements.

Commitment to Quality: We prioritize precision, efficiency, and client satisfaction in every project.

Applications of Aerial Surveys

Aerial surveys are utilized across various industries to improve efficiency and accuracy in data collection. Key applications include:

Urban Planning and Infrastructure Development

City planners and engineers use aerial surveys to assess land use, design road networks, and monitor infrastructure development projects. The detailed mapping helps in efficient resource allocation and zoning decisions.

Construction and Land Development

Aerial surveys provide critical data for site analysis, progress monitoring, and volumetric calculations in construction projects. This enables engineers to plan projects accurately and track developments in real-time.

Environmental Monitoring and Disaster Management

Governments and environmental agencies use aerial surveys to assess deforestation, land degradation, and wildlife habitats. In disaster-prone areas, aerial surveys assist in damage assessment and emergency response planning.

Agriculture and Precision Farming

Aerial surveys using drones and multispectral imaging help farmers monitor crop health, optimize irrigation, and analyze soil conditions. Precision farming techniques enabled by aerial data improve yield and sustainability.

Mining and Resource Exploration

The mining industry relies on aerial surveys for site exploration, volumetric analysis, and tracking resource extraction. High-resolution imaging and LiDAR technology help in detailed terrain analysis.

Coastal and Hydrographic Surveys

Aerial surveys play a vital role in coastal mapping, monitoring erosion, and assessing the impact of climate change on shorelines. Hydrographic mapping using aerial technology is crucial for maritime navigation and offshore developments.

Conclusion

Aerial surveys have revolutionized the way geospatial data is collected and analyzed, offering unparalleled accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Whether you need detailed mapping for urban development, environmental assessments, or construction projects, Epitome Geotechnical Service provides cutting-edge aerial survey solutions to meet your needs.

#GIS Mapping Survey in India #GIS Mapping Survey #GIS Mapping Company in India #Drone Survey #aerial photography survey #aerial survey

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shinchain · 3 months ago

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Harnessing Geospatial Intelligence for Disaster Response and Resilience

Disasters can occur at any time and in any place, and then strike back at people with all the force they can muster, leaving everyone in the affected community to pick up the pieces. This is where fast and efficient Geospatial disaster technologies response have become an indispensable crucial factor in disaster response reducing as loss of help life in and fast property. evaluation and generation of appropriate recommendations for the emergency response teams. Advintek Geoscience uses advanced geospatial technologies to provide emergency teams with precise information and can plan to act any time quickly and can rebuild it properly.

The Role of Geospatial Tools in Emergency Network Restoration Rapid Damage Assessment with Geospatial Intelligence When a disaster disrupts wireless infrastructure, restoring communication networks is often the first priority. Geospatial tools play a pivotal role in assessing the extent of damage, pinpointing areas where communication has collapsed, and identifying accessible routes for emergency teams.

Satellite imagery and drone-based mapping provide high-resolution data that helps assess structural damage and prioritize repairs. GIS platforms can overlay this data with existing network maps to pinpoint which towers, antennas, or fiber-optic lines require immediate attention. For example, during hurricanes or earthquakes, geospatial analysis ensures response teams focus their efforts on the areas with the greatest need.

Enhancing Collaboration Among Stakeholders Geospatial tools enable seamless collaboration between government agencies, telecom providers, and emergency responders. Shared geospatial dashboards provide a unified view of the situation, ensuring all stakeholders are aligned on priorities and action plans. This collaborative approach accelerates decision-making and reduces downtime for critical communication services.

Temporary Coverage Solutions for Emergency Scenarios Planning Mobile Cell Site Deployments with GIS When communication towers are severely damaged, temporary coverage becomes essential. Mobile cell sites, often mounted on vehicles or portable structures, provide an interim solution to restore connectivity. GIS plays a crucial role in determining the optimal locations for deploying these mobile units.

Using real-time data, GIS tools analyze factors such as population density, terrain, and proximity to damaged infrastructure. This ensures that mobile cell sites are strategically placed to maximize coverage and minimize disruption. Additionally, GIS modeling can predict how these temporary solutions will perform under various scenarios, allowing teams to plan for contingencies.

Optimizing Deployment Routes In disaster-hit areas, navigating damaged roads and blocked access points can delay deployment efforts. GIS-based route optimization ensures that teams deploying mobile cell sites take the most efficient paths. By integrating live traffic and hazard data, GIS tools help emergency teams avoid delays and reach critical areas faster.

Building Long-Term Resilience Leveraging Geospatial Insights for Infrastructure Planning Disasters offer valuable lessons for building resilient infrastructure. Post-disaster geospatial analysis helps identify vulnerabilities in wireless networks and informs future planning. By understanding patterns of damage, telecom providers can reinforce at-risk infrastructure, ensuring greater resilience in the face of future events.

For instance, GIS tools can identify flood-prone areas where network equipment should be elevated or hurricane-prone regions where wind-resistant designs are necessary. These insights contribute to the development of robust communication networks that can withstand extreme conditions.

Integrating Early Warning Systems with GIS Geospatial tools are not only reactive but also proactive in disaster management. By integrating real-time monitoring systems with GIS, organizations can establish early warning mechanisms. For example, sensors monitoring seismic activity or river levels can feed data into GIS platforms, triggering alerts and enabling preemptive action to protect infrastructure and communities.

Why Geospatial Tools Are the Future of Disaster Management The ability to visualize and analyze data in real-time is revolutionizing the way we approach disaster management. Geospatial tools bring clarity and structure to chaotic situations, enabling emergency teams to respond with precision and confidence. They are not only tools of reaction but also instruments of prevention and long-term planning. Here’s why they are set to define the future of disaster management.

Real-Time Situational Awareness In the critical hours following a disaster, real-time information can save lives. Geospatial tools integrate live data feeds from satellites, drones, sensors, and social media, creating a comprehensive situational awareness map. This allows responders to see the full scope of the disaster, from flooded areas to collapsed infrastructure, and prioritize efforts accordingly. For instance, during wildfires, GIS can provide dynamic fire progression maps, helping teams strategize evacuations and resource allocation.

Enhanced Decision-Making Through Data Integration Disaster management often involves a plethora of data sources: meteorological data, infrastructure maps, population density, and real-time updates from the field. Geospatial tools excel at integrating these diverse datasets into a single, interactive platform. This integration enables emergency teams to make decisions backed by a holistic view of the situation, rather than relying on fragmented or outdated information.

Predictive Modeling for Preemptive Actions The future of disaster management is moving toward prediction rather than reaction. Geospatial tools enable predictive modeling by analyzing historical disaster data alongside current conditions. For example, by studying historical flood data and weather patterns, GIS can predict areas most likely to be affected in upcoming storms. This foresight allows governments and organizations to pre-position resources, evacuate populations, and protect critical infrastructure before disaster strikes.

Streamlined Coordination Across Agencies Disasters often require coordinated efforts from multiple agencies, including emergency responders, government bodies, utility companies, and non-profits. Geospatial platforms act as a common operating picture for all stakeholders, ensuring seamless communication and coordination. Shared geospatial dashboards enable each entity to contribute to and access vital information, reducing redundancy and increasing efficiency.

Advancing Recovery and Mitigation Efforts Geospatial tools are as critical in recovery as they are in response. After a disaster, GIS can assess long-term impacts, track recovery progress, and inform mitigation strategies to reduce vulnerability in the future. For instance, post-earthquake GIS analyses can help identify areas where building codes need strengthening, while flood impact maps can guide the construction of levees or drainage systems.

Advintek Geoscience: Leading the Charge in Disaster Response Innovation At Advintek Geoscience, we specialize in providing advanced geospatial solutions tailored to the unique challenges of disaster response and resilience. Our expertise in GIS, and data analytics ensures that our clients are equipped to navigate emergencies effectively.

We collaborate with telecom providers, government agencies, and emergency responders to deliver customized solutions that restore connectivity and strengthen infrastructure. With Advintek Geoscience, you’re not just responding to disasters — you’re building a future that’s better prepared for them.

Ready to transform your disaster response strategy? Discover how Advintek Geoscience can empower your organization with geospatial intelligence today.

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woodwayenergy · 9 months ago

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How Advanced Technology is Revolutionizing Gas Pipeline Construction🚀🔧

The field of gas pipeline construction has long been a cornerstone of energy infrastructure, essential for transporting natural gas from production sites to consumers. In recent years, advanced technologies have transformed this industry, making pipeline construction safer, more efficient, and more environmentally friendly. This article explores how cutting-edge technologies are revolutionizing gas pipeline construction, highlighting innovations that enhance every phase of pipeline projects. 🌍🔍

1. Precision Engineering and Design 🏗️🖥️

Advanced technology starts at the design phase, where precision engineering and digital tools play a crucial role.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

CAD software enables engineers to create detailed, accurate designs for pipeline systems. This technology allows for:

Detailed Modeling: Engineers can produce 3D models of pipelines, incorporating every component and potential challenge. This detailed visualization helps identify design flaws and optimize layouts before construction begins.

Simulation and Analysis: CAD tools facilitate simulations of various scenarios, including pressure changes and environmental impacts, ensuring that designs can withstand real-world conditions.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

GIS technology helps in mapping and analyzing geographic data, essential for planning pipeline routes.

Terrain Analysis: GIS can analyze topography, soil types, and environmental features, helping to select optimal routes and avoid sensitive areas.

Regulatory Compliance: GIS tools assist in ensuring that pipeline routes comply with local regulations and land use restrictions.

2. Innovative Construction Techniques 🚧🔩

New construction techniques enhance the efficiency and safety of pipeline installation.

Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD)

HDD is a trenchless technology used to install pipelines with minimal surface disruption.

Reduced Surface Impact: HDD allows for the installation of pipelines beneath obstacles like rivers, roads, and buildings without extensive excavation.

Precision Placement: The technology provides precise control over the drilling path, reducing the risk of environmental damage and improving accuracy.

Automated Welding and Inspection

Automation in welding and inspection processes increases the quality and consistency of pipeline construction.

Robotic Welding: Robots equipped with advanced welding technology ensure high-quality, uniform welds, which are crucial for pipeline integrity and longevity.

Inspection Drones: Drones equipped with high-resolution cameras and sensors conduct aerial inspections, quickly identifying issues such as alignment errors or surface defects.

3. Advanced Materials and Coatings 🛠️🧪

Innovations in materials science contribute to the durability and safety of pipelines.

High-Strength Materials

New materials offer enhanced strength and resistance to environmental stresses.

Composite Materials: Composites such as fiber-reinforced polymers provide high strength and resistance to corrosion, extending the lifespan of pipelines.

Advanced Steel Alloys: Improved steel alloys with higher tensile strength and resistance to extreme temperatures and pressures are used in pipeline construction.

Protective Coatings

Advanced coatings protect pipelines from corrosion and other environmental factors.

Epoxy Coatings: Epoxy-based coatings create a protective barrier against moisture and chemicals, reducing the risk of corrosion.

Cathodic Protection: Technologies like impressed current and sacrificial anodes protect pipelines from electrochemical corrosion.

4. Real-Time Monitoring and Maintenance 📊🛡️

Modern technology enables real-time monitoring and proactive maintenance of pipeline systems.

Smart Sensors

Smart sensors embedded in pipelines collect data on various parameters.

Pressure and Temperature Sensors: These sensors continuously monitor pressure and temperature changes, providing early warnings of potential issues such as leaks or pressure drops.

Corrosion Sensors: Sensors detect corrosion levels and provide data for timely maintenance, reducing the risk of pipeline failures.

Predictive Maintenance

Predictive maintenance uses data analytics and machine learning to anticipate issues before they occur.

Data Analysis: By analyzing historical data and real-time inputs, predictive algorithms identify patterns and predict potential failures or maintenance needs.

Maintenance Scheduling: This technology allows for optimized maintenance scheduling, minimizing downtime and reducing costs.

5. Environmental and Safety Enhancements 🌱🚒

Advanced technology contributes to environmental protection and enhanced safety in pipeline construction.

Environmental Impact Reduction

Technologies aimed at minimizing environmental impact are integral to modern pipeline projects.

Environmental Monitoring: Remote sensing technologies and satellite imagery monitor environmental changes and detect potential issues such as oil spills or habitat disruption.

Eco-Friendly Construction Practices: Innovations such as zero-emission equipment and sustainable construction materials reduce the environmental footprint of pipeline projects.

Safety Management Systems

Enhanced safety systems ensure the protection of workers and the public.

Integrated Safety Systems: Modern safety systems integrate real-time data from sensors and monitoring devices to manage risks and respond to emergencies promptly.

Training Simulators: Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) simulators provide immersive training experiences for workers, improving safety and preparedness.

6. The Future of Pipeline Technology 🚀🔮

The pipeline industry continues to evolve with emerging technologies and trends.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI has the potential to revolutionize pipeline management.

Advanced Analytics: AI algorithms analyze large datasets to optimize pipeline operations and predict maintenance needs with greater accuracy.

Autonomous Systems: AI-powered robots and drones could automate routine tasks and inspections, increasing efficiency and reducing human error.

Blockchain for Transparency

Blockchain technology offers opportunities for enhanced transparency and traceability.

Data Integrity: Blockchain ensures the integrity of data related to pipeline construction, operation, and maintenance, reducing the risk of fraud and improving accountability.

Smart Contracts: Smart contracts facilitate automated and transparent agreements between stakeholders, streamlining processes and reducing administrative overhead.

Conclusion

Advanced technology is transforming gas pipeline construction, introducing innovations that enhance precision, efficiency, and safety. From precision engineering and automated construction techniques to real-time monitoring and environmental protection, these advancements are revolutionizing the industry. 🚧🔍

As technology continues to evolve, the pipeline industry will likely see even more dramatic improvements in construction practices, safety measures, and environmental stewardship. By embracing these technological advancements, the industry can meet the growing demand for energy while minimizing risks and impacts on communities and the environment. 🌟🔧

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samuel67m · 9 months ago

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Wings Engine: The No-Code 3D Mapping Magic for Smart Cities

As the global urbanization process accelerates, smart cities have become a key strategy for improving city management efficiency and enhancing residents’ quality of life. Amidst this wave, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology has played a crucial role, bringing unprecedented changes to urban management. Let’s dive into Wings Engine — a tool that’s making a significant impact in the development of smart cities!

One of the standout features of Wings Engine is its no-code editing capability. Imagine being able to create complex 3D GIS scenes with just simple drag-and-drop and click operations, without writing any complicated code! This not only allows those who are less tech-savvy to easily get started but also significantly boosts work efficiency. Whether it's displaying city terrain, 3D buildings, or real-time data, Wings Engine has got it covered, offering intuitive visual experiences and practical data support for smart city managers.

When it comes to data, one major challenge for smart cities is integrating data from various sources. Here, Wings Engine excels. It supports multiple common GIS data formats, such as TMS, WMS, and WMTS, allowing seamless integration and display of various types of geographic data. What's even cooler is that it can handle real-time data, which is fantastic for applications like traffic management and environmental monitoring. Imagine being able to see real-time data on traffic flow and air quality, making your decision-making process much more informed!

Wings Engine proves its worth across various areas of smart cities. For example, in smart transportation, it enables real-time monitoring of traffic conditions and visualizes road conditions and vehicle flow through 3D maps. This not only helps with traffic scheduling and optimization but also provides critical data support in emergencies. In environmental monitoring, Wings Engine can integrate various environmental data, such as air quality, water quality, and noise levels, allowing city managers to keep track of urban environmental conditions and safeguard public health. When it comes to urban planning, Wings Engine's 3D modeling and visualization capabilities enable planners to assess the effects of different proposals and develop more scientifically-based strategies.

Looking to the future, as smart cities continue to evolve, Wings Engine is set to incorporate more intelligent technologies, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence, to assist city managers in deep data analysis and forecasting. With the proliferation of IoT devices, Wings Engine will also be able to integrate more real-time data sources, providing comprehensive dynamic data support for cities. In summary, Wings Engine is not just a powerful GIS tool; it is a valuable ally for smart cities, offering robust support for sustainable urban development.

#3d #3d design #3d model #3d modling #wings engine #gis #smart city

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praveen-12 · 2 years ago

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Route Optimization

**Title: Route Optimization: The Road to Efficiency and Cost Savings**

*Introduction*

Route optimization is a crucial strategy for businesses that rely on transportation and logistics to deliver products or services. It's the process of finding the most efficient and cost-effective routes for deliveries or service visits. In this article, we'll explore the world of route optimization, its importance, strategies, and the benefits it brings to businesses.

**1. The Significance of Route Optimization**

Effective route optimization offers several key advantages for businesses:

**a. Cost Savings:** By reducing fuel consumption, vehicle wear and tear, and labor costs, route optimization directly contributes to cost savings.

**b. Time Efficiency:** Optimized routes ensure that drivers spend less time on the road, allowing for more deliveries or service visits in a day.

**c. Improved Customer Satisfaction:** Accurate and on-time deliveries or service appointments enhance customer satisfaction, leading to repeat business and positive reviews.

**d. Reduced Environmental Impact:** Fewer miles driven and reduced fuel consumption contribute to a smaller carbon footprint, aligning with sustainability goals.

**2. Strategies for Route Optimization**

Route optimization involves several strategies to streamline transportation or service routes:

**a. Geographic Information Systems (GIS):** Utilize GIS software to visualize geographic data and identify optimal routes based on factors like traffic, road conditions, and distance.

**b. Real-Time Data:** Incorporate real-time traffic and weather data into your route optimization process to adapt to changing conditions on the road.

**c. Automated Routing Software:** Invest in routing software that can generate optimized routes automatically, taking into account multiple stops, delivery windows, and vehicle constraints.

**d. Fleet Management Systems:** Implement fleet management systems that allow you to monitor vehicle performance and driver behavior, enabling route adjustments as needed.

**e. Customer Prioritization:** Prioritize customer deliveries or service appointments based on factors such as urgency, revenue potential, and loyalty to optimize routes effectively.

**3. Benefits of Route Optimization**

Route optimization brings numerous benefits to businesses, including:

**a. Reduced Costs:** Lower fuel consumption and fewer vehicle maintenance expenses result in significant cost savings.

**b. Increased Productivity:** Drivers can complete more stops in less time, leading to improved productivity and revenue.

**c. Enhanced Accuracy:** Route optimization minimizes the risk of errors, ensuring that customers receive their deliveries or services as promised.

**d. Better Compliance:** Meeting delivery windows and adhering to service schedules helps businesses maintain compliance with contractual agreements.

**e. Scalability:** As your business grows, route optimization allows you to efficiently scale your operations without a proportional increase in costs.

**4. Integration with Technology**

Modern technology plays a vital role in route optimization:

**a. Mobile Apps:** Provide drivers with mobile apps that offer turn-by-turn directions, real-time updates, and proof of delivery or service.

**b. IoT Devices:** Install IoT devices in vehicles to track location, monitor vehicle health, and gather data for ongoing route optimization.

**c. Machine Learning:** Implement machine learning algorithms to continuously improve route optimization based on historical data and changing conditions.

**Conclusion**

Route optimization is a strategic approach that brings numerous benefits to businesses, from cost savings to enhanced customer satisfaction and sustainability. By employing effective strategies and leveraging technology, companies can navigate the road to efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness. Whether you manage a small delivery fleet or a large service operation, route optimization is a key element in achieving success in today's fast-paced business landscape.

#logistics services #air cargo #warehousing #transportation

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johnisner66 · 2 years ago

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GPS World Maps

GPS World Maps is a comprehensive and advanced mapping system that utilizes Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to provide accurate and real-time geographical information to users worldwide. These maps have revolutionized the way we navigate and explore the world, making it easier for individuals, businesses, and governments to access precise location data for various purposes.

Key features of GPS World Maps:

Accurate Geolocation: GPS World Maps rely on a network of satellites orbiting the Earth to accurately determine the position of any GPS-enabled device. This technology allows users to pinpoint their exact location on the map, making navigation, tracking, and location-based services more efficient and reliable.

Real-Time Updates: One of the significant advantages of GPS World Maps is the ability to receive real-time updates. As the GPS-enabled device moves, the map updates its position accordingly, providing users with up-to-date information on traffic conditions, road closures, weather, and other relevant data.

Navigation and Routing: GPS World Maps offer turn-by-turn navigation and routing capabilities. Users can input their destination, and the system will calculate the most efficient route, taking into account traffic conditions and other factors. This functionality is invaluable for drivers, hikers, cyclists, and travelers seeking directions to unfamiliar places.

Points of Interest (POIs): GPS World Maps contain a vast database of points of interest, such as restaurants, hotels, gas stations, tourist attractions, and more. These POIs allow users to find nearby services and landmarks easily, enhancing the overall travel experience.

Outdoor Activities: For outdoor enthusiasts, GPS World Maps offer topographic and trail maps. These specialized maps provide detailed information about hiking trails, mountainous terrain, campgrounds, and other outdoor recreational areas.

Fleet Management: In the business world, GPS World Maps are used for fleet management. Companies can track and manage their vehicles in real-time, optimizing routes, improving efficiency, and monitoring driver behavior.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS): GPS World Maps are essential components of Geographic Information Systems, which integrate, analyze, and visualize geographical data for various applications, including urban planning, environmental monitoring, and emergency response.

Mobile Apps and Wearables: GPS World Maps are commonly available as mobile applications for smartphones and tablets. Additionally, wearable devices like smartwatches can utilize GPS technology to provide location-based services and fitness tracking functionalities.

Privacy and Security: While GPS World Maps offer numerous benefits, it's essential to be mindful of privacy and security concerns. Users should be aware of location-sharing settings and exercise caution when providing access to their location data.

In conclusion, GPS World Maps have transformed how we navigate and interact with the world. They provide accurate, real-time location information, making them indispensable tools for everyday life, travel, business operations, and outdoor activities. However, users should use them responsibly and be aware of potential privacy implications.

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writerblogs · 2 years ago

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Global Smart Agriculture Solution Market Is Estimated To Witness High Growth Owing To Increasing Demand for Precision Farming and Technology Integration

The global Smart Agriculture Solution market is estimated to be valued at US$ 18,975.7 Mn in 2019 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 11.2% over the forecast period 2020-2027, as highlighted in a new report published by Coherent Market Insights. A) Market Overview: Smart Agriculture Solutions are technological solutions designed for the farming sector to enhance agricultural practices and optimize productivity. These solutions include a range of technologies such as precision farming, sensor-based monitoring, livestock monitoring, and drone-enabled agriculture, among others. The need for these products arises from the increasing demand for higher agricultural yields, efficient resource utilization, and effective crop management. Smart Agriculture Solutions offer numerous benefits such as improved crop quality, reduced labor costs, optimized water management, and enhanced sustainability. B) Market Key Trends: One key trend observed in the Smart Agriculture Solution Market is the increasing adoption of precision farming techniques. Precision farming involves the use of modern technologies such as GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and data analytics to monitor and manage crop production more precisely and effectively. This technology enables farmers to make informed decisions regarding crop planting, fertilization, irrigation, and pest control. The integration of precision farming techniques with other smart agriculture solutions allows farmers to optimize their resources, increase productivity, and minimize wastage. For example, with the help of GPS-based guidance systems, farmers can precisely steer their machinery during cultivation, reducing overlap and avoiding damage to crops. Additionally, sensor-based monitoring systems provide real-time data on soil conditions, temperature, humidity, and nutrient levels. This data enables farmers to make timely adjustments to irrigation and fertilization schedules, leading to improved crop yields and resource efficiency. C) PEST Analysis: - Political: Governments worldwide are increasingly recognizing the importance of sustainable agriculture and are implementing policies and regulations to promote the adoption of smart agriculture solutions. D) Key Takeaways: - The global Smart Agriculture Solution market is expected to witness high growth, exhibiting a CAGR of 11.2% over the forecast period, due to increasing demand for precision farming and technology integration. - North America is the fastest-growing and dominating region in the Smart Agriculture Solution market, attributed to advanced farming practices, strong technological infrastructure, and government initiatives for sustainable agriculture. - Key players operating in the global Smart Agriculture Solution market include Dirt Road Data, Inc., AgJunction LLC, Iteris, Inc., Site-Specific Technology Development Group, Inc., CropMetrics LLC, Trimble Navigation Ltd., Agribotix LLC, AgEagle Aerial Systems Inc., Granular, Inc., AgriSight, Inc., and SemiosBio Technologies Inc. In conclusion, the global Smart Agriculture Solution market is driven by the increasing need for precision farming techniques and technology integration in the agricultural sector. These solutions offer numerous benefits such as improved productivity, resource optimization, and environmental sustainability. With advancements in technology and favorable government initiatives promoting sustainable agriculture, the market is expected to witness significant growth in the coming years.

#Smart Agriculture Solution Market #Information and Communication Technology #Smart Agriculture Solution Market Growth #Smart Agriculture Solution Market Analysis #Smart Agriculture Solution Market Forecast #Smart Agriculture Solution Market Trends #Smart Agriculture Solution Market Overview

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equinoxs-drones · 2 years ago

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Application of Geoinformatics in Disaster Management

Disasters, both natural and human-made, have devastating consequences on communities and infrastructure worldwide. Effective disaster management requires timely and accurate information to support decision-making processes. Geoinformatics, a field that integrates geospatial data and information technologies, including GIS surveying and drone surveying, has emerged as a powerful tool in disaster management.

In this blog post, we will explore the applications of geoinformatics and its transformative impact on disaster preparedness, response, and recovery efforts.

Geospatial Data Collection and Analysis:

Geoinformatics enables the collection, analysis, and visualisation of geospatial data, including satellite imagery, aerial photographs, and terrain models. These data sources provide valuable information about disaster-prone areas, vulnerable populations, and critical infrastructure. By analysing these datasets using GIS surveying techniques, disaster management authorities can identify high-risk zones, plan evacuation routes, and allocate resources effectively.

Early Warning Systems:

Geoinformatics plays a crucial role in the development of early warning systems for various hazards such as floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes. By integrating real-time sensor data, weather forecasts, and historical data using geo information systems, geoinformatics can generate accurate and timely alerts, allowing communities to take proactive measures to mitigate the impact of disasters. This technology facilitates rapid dissemination of warnings through mobile applications, SMS, and sirens.

Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping:

Geoinformatics enables the assessment of vulnerability and risk by integrating data on infrastructure, population density, and environmental factors. By combining this information with hazard maps using GIS surveying techniques, disaster managers can identify areas prone to specific risks and prioritize mitigation efforts. Geoinformatics also assists in creating vulnerability maps that highlight areas with high concentrations of vulnerable populations, aiding in evacuation planning and resource allocation.

Emergency Response and Resource Allocation:

During a disaster, geoinformatics provides real-time situational awareness to emergency response teams. Geographic Information System (GIS) platforms integrated with live feeds from drones, satellite imagery, and ground-based sensors allow responders to monitor the evolving situation, track the movement of resources, and make informed decisions. This technology helps optimize the allocation of emergency personnel, supplies, and equipment, resulting in more efficient response efforts.

Post-Disaster Damage Assessment and Recovery:

Geoinformatics plays a critical role in assessing post-disaster damage and facilitating recovery. High-resolution satellite imagery and aerial surveys using drone surveying techniques can rapidly capture the extent of destruction, aiding in damage assessment and identifying areas requiring immediate attention. GIS tools assist in coordinating post-disaster recovery efforts by tracking the progress of reconstruction projects, managing resource distribution, and facilitating communication among stakeholders.

Community Engagement and Citizen Science:

Geoinformatics empowers communities to actively participate in disaster management through citizen science initiatives. Crowdsourcing platforms allow citizens to contribute valuable geospatial data, such as road conditions, flood levels, or blocked routes, in real-time. This community-generated data enhances the accuracy and responsiveness of disaster management efforts, facilitating a collaborative approach to resilience-building.

Geoinformatics, including GIS surveying and drone surveying, has revolutionised the field of disaster management by providing decision-makers with accurate, up-to-date, and spatially referenced information. From early warning systems to post-disaster recovery, the applications of geoinformatics are diverse and impactful. By harnessing the power of geospatial data and advanced technologies, we can enhance disaster preparedness, response, and recovery, ultimately saving lives and minimising the socio-economic impact of disasters.

To access our solutions regarding disaster management reach out to us EQUINOX’S DRONES

#disaster management #Drone Surveying #Drone Mapping #Drone Photography #Drone Technology

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isabellakarapashageo333-blog · 5 years ago

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Yellowstone National Park and Geologic and Natural Hazards

Yellowstone National Park is a 3,468 square mile park that spans through the states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. It is the United States most seismically active areas, with 700 to 3,000 earthquakes a year. The park puts several pre-disaster actions into place to keep their visitors from risk. There is an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the winter storms. EIS was created in 1999 and it takes accountability for addressing winter impacts with new technologies, limiting vehicle numbers, and mandatory quiding during the winter months, including avalanche mitigation. Alongside with the Park’s monitoring team, it monitors weather conditions and closes the roads from all traffic. The program also relies on military weapons to activate small avalanches so large ones do not occur (1). The Unstable Slope Management Plan for geologic hazards is an asset management program that provides tools and guidance to help monitor slopes, implementing and assessing the conditions, tracking, and assessing risk. The YellowStone Volcano Observatory which has real time monitoring and mitigation for volcanic eruptions. Yellowstone is one of the busiest national parks with four to six million visitors a year. Can more strategies be enacted to ensure that visitors to Yellowstone National Park are not endangered in the event of a natural or geologic hazard?

Based on previous research, a major factor that needs to be put into consideration is that a lot of these natural hazards are not controllable. For example, when it comes to the unstable slopes and other geographic hazards the main challenge is making people aware because the majority of these hazards are not controllable, rather you just have to be cautious and plan for pre and post hazard (2). Hence why there is an Unstable Slope Management Plan, although it is taking a personal risk to go to Yellowstone, the park is making it their job to monitor unstable slopes to keep visitors as safe as possible. This is similar to their dedication to the creation and improvement of the Environmental Impact Statement for winter storms and creating a supplemental environmental impact statement (3).The process allows for constant consideration and reconsideration of winter storm management to keep visitors safe during the winter season through the monitoring process. As for earthquakes, they are currently active in the Yellowstone area, yet not all are felt. There are ‘swarms’ which is a collection of thousands of temblors, a characteristic of the supervolcano that resides in Yellowstone (4). Yellowstone monitors these swarms with their pre planning and real time monitoring through GPS data through the YVO, the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. YVO is a cooperative partnership between the US Geological Survey, National Park Service, University of Utah, University of Wyoming, University NAVSTAR Consortium and State Geological Surveys of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. It involves organizing and deploying scientific personnel and equipment to investigate current activity and assess possible outcomes and impacts, monitoring systems, alert levels, notification systems (5). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) plays a crucial role in keeping visitors safe through monitoring hazards and if need be, mitigating hazards that could occur through remapping affect areas (6).

An issue that is currently up for discussion is the visitors using snowmobiles and oversnow vehicles having an effect on the natural environment. For, oversnow mobiles allow for more visitors to experience Yellowstone during the winter season. Yet, snowmobile for recreational use can impact Yellowstone's microclimate in negative ways. The emission for these snowmobiles can cause pollution to the air and water, the engine to a snowmobile is compared to a jet engine alongside emitting large amount of dark smoke. The noise from the motor can cause disruption from the noise pollution. The issue with the locals is that this increase of winter visitors, has a positive effect for the cities surrounding and local businesses, which are benefiting more from the increase in revenue and profit during the usual slow season. With this, The National Park Services had put a limitation on the number of oversnow mobiles in the park through a permit process(Reference 7).

In conclusion, through the Yellowstone National Observatory’s ability to monitor volcanic activity, and the Unstable Slope Management plan for slopes, and the Environmental Impact Statement to ensure safety during winter seasons, and National Park Services acts of planning through hazard maps, escape routes, first aid locations, shelters, and emergency contacts, reduce exposure, trail routes, and signs (1). The park has done their duty on ensuring the visitors of Yellowstone National Park are not endangered in the event of a natural or geologic hazard. The biggest takeaway from this research is that these hazards are natural and can not be controlled. By going to Yellowstone you are putting yourself at risk, to ensure your safety while there you should, stay on the trail, stay back from cliff edges, obey posted warnings.

References:

Reference 1: https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/management/upload/finalreport-march_2007.pdf

Reference 2:

(https://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/safety.htm

Reference 3:

Wessels, John. “Winter Use Plan, Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, Yellowstone National Park, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming.” Federal Register (National Archives & Records Service, Office of the Federal Register), vol. 77, no. 26, Feb. 2012, p. 6581. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip&db=bth&AN=71942265&site=eds-live&scope=site.

Reference 4:

Thuermer Jr. ., A. M. (2017). Earthquake bigger risk than Yellowstone supervolcano. Wyoming Business Report, 18(6), 12–14. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.proxy.lib.miamioh.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip&db=buh&AN=125396317&site=eds-live&scope=site

Reference 5:

Strategic Priorities of Hazard Management . (2019, May 28). Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/management/strategic-priorities.htm.

Reference 6:

(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252836265_A_GIS_Framework_for_Mitigating_Volcanic_and_Hydrothermal_Hazards_at_Yellowstone_National_Park_and_Vicinity)

Reference 7:

Bieschke, B. (2016). Challenging the 2012 Rule Implementing Regulations on Oversnow Vehicle Use in Yellowstone National Park. Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, (Issue 2), 541. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.proxy.lib.miamioh.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip&db=edshol&AN=edshol.hein.journals.bcenv43.26&site=eds-live&scope=site

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careerkenyan · 3 years ago

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Kenya Roads Board Principal Engineer Job

Principal Engineer Job, Engineering Vacancies In Kenya 2022, PRINCIPAL ENGINEER-JOB GRADE KRB 4 (9 positions) Job Specifications Duties and responsibilities at this level entail: – Road Policy and Research - Initiating and coordinating the formulation of Roads Sub-Sector policies and strategies for road - Review of maintenance, development and maintenance programs funded by the Fund; - Participating in development of road maintenance standards and manuals for road maintenance funded by the Fund; - Monitoring implementation of road research and development programmes; - Planning of Road Transport and related research conferences, workshops etc; - Development and Monitoring implementation of local resource-based approaches in roads works (R2000 strategy); - Collecting data for impact studies on road maintenance and development programs in the country; Highways, Rural & County, Urban & Park Roads - Drafting fund ceiling letters to the road agencies as per set budget timelines; - Reviewing the annual roads works programmes submitted to it by the road agencies to check compliance with set guidelines; - Consolidating annual road works programmes into the annual roads works programme into annual public roads programme (APRP); - Monitoring the implementation of APRP through field visits and preparation of reports; - Preparing training programs for Road Agencies and Counties to enhance delivery of road maintenance - Carrying out data collection and collation for development of Road Sector Investment Programme (RSIP); - Monitoring implementation of Road Sector Investment Program; - Participating in development of common data standards for Inventory information of the road assets and their condition measures; - Collecting of road inventory and condition data, traffic data and axle load data and keeping up to date the Kenya Roads Board Geo-Database; - Monitoring of axle load programmes undertaken by Road Agencies; - Preparing and conducting training programmes for Road Agencies and County Governments on road management systems; - Collecting data for periodic studies to monitor road network performance; - Participating in formulation and implementation of KRB road safety programs; Participating in Technical audits of Road agencies to ensure prudent utilization of resources Person Specifications For appointment to this grade, a candidate must have: – - A minimum of eight (8) years relevant experience and at least three (3) years in a supervisory role in comparable position in the Public Service or in the Private Sector; - Bachelor’s Degree in civil engineering or equivalent qualification from a recognized institution. - Master’s degree in Transportation Planning, Civil Engineering, Project Management, Business Management, Environmental Planning, Economics, GIS, Physical Planning, Procurement or any related fieldfrom a recognized institution - Registered by Engineers Board of Kenya as a Professional Engineer; - Valid Annual Practicing License from the Engineers Board of Kenya; - Certificate in Management Course lasting not less than four (4) weeks from a recognized institution; - Corporate Membership of Institution of Engineers of Kenya (IEK); - Proficiency in computer applications; - Fulfilled the requirements of Chapter Six of the Constitution. Key competencies and skills - Analytical skills - Communication and report writing skills - Interpersonal and negotiation skills - Mentoring and coaching leadership skills Terms of Service: All the positions are permanent and pensionable. Successful candidates will be offered a competitive remuneration package, including house allowance, medical benefits, gratuity and other benefits in accordance with State Corporations Advisory Committee and Salaries Remuneration Commission guidelines. How to Apply Applications shall be accompanied by detailed curriculum vitae, copies of academic and professional certificates, National Identity Card or Passport, testimonials, or other supporting documents. The application should also indicate the names and contact of three referees. Scanned copies of these documents must accompany online applications. All applications should be clearly marked “Application for the Position of Director/Principal Officer/Officer” and submitted in any of the following ways: Hand delivered application in sealed envelope addressed to The Director General, Kenya Roads Board to be dropped at the reception of Kenya Roads Offices, 3rdFloor, Kenya Re Towers, off Ragati Road in Upper Hill, Posted applications should be addressed to: The Director General Kenya Roads Board 3rd Floor, Kenya Re-Towers, Off Ragati Road, Upper Hill P. O. Box 73718-00200, Nairobi, Kenya. Note: Interested applicants are required to obtain clearance from the following bodies: - Kenya Revenue Authority - Higher Education Loans Board - Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission and - Criminal Investigation Department (Certificate of Good Conduct) - Credit Reference Bureau. - Applicants must submit copies of these clearance certificates with the application. - All Applications must reach the Chairperson not later than 5 p.m. on 22nd September, 2022. People with disability are encouraged to apply N.B: Looking For A New Job? Find Your Next Job With Us. Click Here To Register Your CV. It's Free. Read the full article

#board #engineer #kenya #principal #roads

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annieboltonworld · 5 years ago

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Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Natural Resource Mapping Using Landsat and Lidar towards Identifying Digital Elevation, Digital Surface and Canopy Height Models

Authored by Abdul Qayum

Abstract

The evaluation of the natural resource plays a decisive role in management and sustainable developmental planning. The study aims to generate natural resource based maps of rural areas of the USA using remote sensing datasets such as Landsat and LiDAR to analyze generated natural resources for developing digital elevation (DEM) and canopy height models (CHMs). Natural resource maps were generated using Landsat image of the year 2010. The area statistics reveal that the tree class percent (23.21 %) was the second highest after fallow land class (60.44 %) whereas shrubs and grass/agriculture was 6.59 % and 6.47 %, respectively. Later, LiDAR datasets for the same time were used to generate DEM/surface models (DSM) and CHMs. Spatial analysis was done to attempt hypothetical queries pertaining to resource management. Further, all the generated datasets from different sources including slope map, drainage map etc can be integrated in GIS domain for effective decision making. Coarse resolution Landsat data can be effectively used to monitor natural resources up to micro level if used skillfully in conjugation with rectified images. LiDAR datasets have huge potential to generate highly accurate DEM, DSM and CHMs. Such accurate data will be informative for qualitative and quantitative assessment of various natural resources.

Keywords: Canopy Height model; DEM; DSM; Landsat; LiDAR; Natural Resource Map

Introduction

The natural resources signifying available land, water and forest have been serving the mankind by providing valuable services like food items, fuel and fodder, important medicines, regulating the air and water currents, protecting the soil and its components etc. FAO [1]. Moreover still the rural livelihood in every country is dependent on these natural resources and its condition for their sustainability and livelihood World Bank [2]. The major factors like population growth agriculture expansion and increased human well-being have been at the cost of forest depletion. The exponential increase in human population from seven billion to nine billion in the coming years has increased pressure on natural resources which are depleting at a faster rate than expected Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [3]. Further, the analysis of Ivanova et al. [4] has confirmed that some of the ecosystem services are at stake. We may soon face water scarcity, flooding of cities (because of degradation of wetlands) and increase in temperatures (because of overgrazing and overexploitation of forest trees).

Sustainable use of the natural resources would prevent further loss. As defined by Norwegian Ministry for the Environment [5] Sustainability means "the use of services and related products which respond to essential needs and ensure a better quality of life while minimizing the utilization of natural resources and toxic materials as well as control the emissions of waste and pollutants over the life-cycle so as not to jeopardize/ threaten the needs of future generations". Thus, a detailed management plan for the natural resource is needed which would identify clear objectives, evaluate existing natural resources and its uses to develop long term plans. To achieve this, a reliable geo-information database is required to prepare action plans for sustainable development at micro level. Natural resources assessment can be made using these parameters which would help the forest managers in multiple ways Hudak et al. [6]. These days satellite remote sensing data like LANDSAT, LiDAR etc are available for free download, which open up the opportunity for many researchers, government authority, and stakeholders for creation of data base on natural resources Kennaway et al. [7].

The advances in satellite remote sensing technology since few decades have been successful in providing data for detailed inventory and mapping of natural resources at large scale Kasturirangan et al. [8]. The applications of satellite remote sensing data have either been images from passive optical sensors for example aerial photography and Landsat Thematic Mapper Goward & Williams [9], or lesser known active radar sensors such as RADARSAT Waring et al. [10]. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has drawn tremendous attention among different natural resource managers and planners Hudak et al. [6]. LiDAR data provides the required resolution and detail of forests, rangelands, watersheds, roads, and other valued resources to improve management related decision supporting system Falkowski et al. [11]. LiDAR characterizations of ground and vegetation attributes are consistently accurate, highlighting its potential for various applications Deekshatulu [12]. LiDAR uses an active illumination sensor and can be collected in day or night. Besides, LiDAR data is free of any geometric distortions like side-looking radar. The capacity of LiDAR to capture multiple returns and to penetrate the ground even in dense forested areas opens the opportunity for the generation of a digital terrain model (DTM) and facilitates the estimation of variables Lim et al. [13], Hyyppa et al. [7]. Natural resource inventory at national or regional level can tap the potential of LiDAR data.

The advantages of LiDAR data over traditional remote sensing data is that data can be collected rapidly with greater accuracy (up to the centimeter), surface data has a higher sample density which helps in improving the results for various applications. In a forest, it can collect elevation data where photogrammetry fails to exhibit the accurate terrain surface due to the dense tree canopy cover. It adds another dimension that is "z" dimension to the spatial analysis and also increases the accuracy of biophysical parameters. Its sensors provide data regarding spatial distribution of plant canopies, sub canopy, vegetation height cover and canopy structure Lefsky et al. [14]. A Digital Surface Model (DSM) and the correspondent Digital Elevation Model (DEM) can be used in combination to retrieve by differencing the commonly known Canopy Height Model (CHM). It is a measure of the trees height over the area of interest as in case of woody vegetation or forest. CHM can be utilized to assess many fundamental forest parameters such as tree biomass and volume. Thus is gaining importance in identifying canopy height variability and detecting tree crowns Jakubowski et al. [15], Qin et al. [16].Other features pertaining to forest structure like canopy height, basal area, timber volume and biomass have all been successfully derived from LiDAR datasets Drake et al. [17], Drake et al. [18], Hyde et al. [19], Lefsky et al. [20], Magnussen & Boudewyn [21], Means et al. [22], Naesset [23], Nelson [24], Nilsson [25], Peterson [26], Asner et al. [27].

The LiDAR data can be used in conjunction with other open source data such as Google Earth. The pros of using Google Earth is that it provides freely available high resolution satellite data, which is useful for visual interpretation and delineation of various features Bey et al. [28], Malarvizhi et al. [29]. It also facilitates creation of vector layer for the area of interest and further exporting it in GIS domain can be used as a base map. It provides information (images of different time periods) for temporal analysis and one can also assess the history of a place Bey et al. [28]. All these provide insight about changes taking place with regard to natural resources. The cons of Google Earth are that one cannot obtain the original multispectral band data which limits the image classification analysis and quantification of data. The present study has attempted to generate base maps using a combination of Google Earth, Landsat and other thematic maps and to assess their feasibility to evaluate LiDAR dataset. The study area chosen was a rural area segment of the United States of America (USA) based upon the availability of both Landsat and LiDAR data. Different themes such as DSMs DEM and canopy height model (CHM) were generated using LiDAR dataset.

The Study Area

The study area was chosen based upon the availability of free download of LiDAR and Landsat remote sensing data for the same area of interest. It is located in rural USA, which is mostly dominated by trees, shrubs, wetlands (ponds, lakes, other water bodies) and agriculture. The geographical coordinates of the study area ranges from its Latitude 39°02'43.37"N to 39°08'47.71"N and Longitude 89°40'42.71"W to 89°49'07.83"W, whereas total geographical area is 136,81.4 Ha and its elevation ranges from 131 m to 236 m from the MSL (Figure 1).

Material and Methodology

Satellite data acquisition and preprocessing

The satellite remote sensing data of Landsat (April, 2010) and LiDAR (April, 2010) were downloaded from the USGS Earth explorer portal. The Landsat data was radio metrically and geometrically corrected and was devoid of cloud cover and line drop outs. The image processing, interpretation and delineation of different classes of natural resources was done in image processing software ERDAS Imagine, which is designed especially for remote sensing (Figure 2).

LiDAR data was analyzed in ArcGIS (developed by Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI)) platform, which is software used to create, display and analyze large geospatial data. Prior to accessing the images from the Google Earth, the study area shape file was created in ArcGIS and was divided into nine grids which were converted to *kmz file. This file was opened into Google Earth for visualizing. Each of the nine grids of Google Earth images were projected and mosaic ked in ERDAS Imagine. This mosaic ked file was used for creating the base map. The detailed schematic flowchart was formulated (Figure 2).

Image Processing and Classification

Landsat data was further subjected to image enhancement and classification to delineate various natural resource classes. For each class, (in false colour composite-FCC) some 10-15 clearly visible training sets were given, which were uniformly distributed throughout the scene. Supervised classification was performed using maximum likelihood algorithm. Seven natural resource classes namely trees, shrub, grassland/agriculture, settlement, water, current fallow and fallow were delineated in the study area. Anderson classification scheme (level I) was achieved by identifying seven natural resource categories in the Landsat image Anderson et al. [30].

Image accuracy assessment

Accuracy assessment determines the quality of the classified image. The accuracy assessment was executed by generating random points for each class in the classified dataset. The points were assigned to the respective classes based on the literature sources. The error matrix was generated and the overall classification accuracy and kappa statistics were calculated.

Base map preparation from the Google Earth

The study area vector (shape) file was divided into nine grids (3x3) in ArcGIS. The Shape file was converted into kmz file. This file was then opened in Google Earth containing all the nine grids. Each Google Earth image was rectified and mosaiced in ERDAS imagine. These mosaic images were taken as the base map. The advantage being that all features were distinct and can be visually interpreted and assist in further analysis.

LiDAR Data Analysis

LAS is the file format for LiDAR point clouds and the maiden step was to add LAS tiles into an LASD dataset, which was done in Arc Catalog by selecting NEW/LAS Dataset. By using LAS data set properties dialogue box, statistics can be created by clicking update button. This will provide a very useful overview on the point cloud data. The points can be viewed as Elevation values. Downloaded LiDAR data set were evaluated to run a quality assessment/ quality control (QA/QC) process on the data to ensure the data meets the delivery specifications. Such a process can also highlight the areas where the point density falls below a threshold level or data points falling below ground level, as well as the quality of the point classification.

All these aspects can affect the output data from any LiDAR processing undertaken. ArcGIS has quality control features for LiDAR point data within the LAS Point Statistics as Raster tool was used to evaluate the quality of data. The datasets in the study has no major issues as highlighted by the QA/QC process then the next step was to generate outputs in form of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Digital Surface Model (DSM) Canopy Height Model (CHM), Contours and Slope etc. DEM and DSM can be created using LAS Dataset to Raster tool setting the DEM and DSM parameters; respectively. A critical element in natural resource management is the ability to measure tree heights. CHM is derived by subtracting the DEM from the DSM and can be done using the minus function of LIDAR Processing of Arc Toolbox.

Spatial Analysis over Datasets

Once different spatial data sets generated from data source rectified images can be used for spatial analysis quarries as they retain its geometry and projection. To understand this, an example may be taken as if a resource manager is interested in knowing the answer of following questions:

a. Simple query: Maps and area of trees growing on more than 10% slope; this slope is vulnerable due to its steepness towards erosion and needs special attention as regards soil and water conservation. This query needs two layers of natural resource maps and a slope map.

b. Complex query: Maps and area of trees growing in more than 10% slope and is vicinity of 300 m of road; this slope is more vulnerable due to its steepness towards soil erosion as well as accessibility of humans, high priority is required towards soil and water conservation practices. This query needs three layers of natural resource, slope and road buffer of 300 m maps.

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Results and Discussion

Accuracy assessment of Natural resource map

The accuracy assessment was performed in classified images generated from Landsat images for the year 2010. The overall classification accuracy was 88% whereas kappa statistics was 0.80.

Base map preparation

The base maps provide information regarding various land features with considerable accuracy to give a lead to further analysis and interpretation. In this case, the downloaded, rectified and mosaic ked images of Google Earth acted as the base map as all the different features were quite distinct (Figure 3). Roads were digitized on it, which guided in supervised classification process for delineating various natural resource classes for the Landsat data (Figure 3).

Natural resource map class analysis

A natural resource map shows the expanse of natural resources found on and in the surface of the Earth. Based on the classification of Landsat data, natural resource map were generated for the study area, which was dominated by class trees, shrubs, water, grass/ agriculture, current fallow, fallow and settlement (Figure 4).

The Landsat TM data was visually interpreted based on the appearance of these classes in terms of colour and texture. They were used as signature (training sets) required for supervised classification of the dataset. A brief description of various features is given in (Table 1). The area and percent of each class was also calculated and the trees class percent was found to be the second highest after fallow land percent whereas shrub and grass/agriculture percent was 6.59 and 6.47, respectively (Table 2 & Figure 5).

LiDAR Data Analysis

The evaluation of QA/QC of LiDAR data was performed to check point density falling below a threshold level or not and it was found satisfactory (Figure 6).

DEM generation

In order to create DEM, the parameters need to be set on the LAS Dataset then to Raster tool. LAS require classification codes and returns to be defined. It varies depending on the product being derived. For a DEM, in the Layer Properties dialogue box Filter tab, the Classification Code should be set to 2, Ground, and the Returns set to 'ALL', and the DEM may be generated (Figure7). The contour (Figure-8) and slope map (Figure 9) were also generated based on this DEM (Figures 7-9).

DSM generation

Similar steps were followed to create DSM except that the LAS Dataset parameters in the Layer Properties dialogue box Filter tab were set to the classification code as set to 'All Classes', except 7 Noise and Returns set to 'First of Many; Single Return and Return 1'. Consequently, the DSM can be obtained (Figure 10).

Canopy Height Model generation

LiDAR technology has the ability to generate tree heights which is a critical element in natural resource management. Canopy model was derived by subtracting the DEM from the DSM (Figure 11). CHM gradient varies from 0 to 30 m was found (Figure 12). The area with respect to canopy height was also estimated (Figure 13). Furthermore, it was also estimated that the canopy height 22m occupied the maximum area (Figures 11-13).

Spatial Analysis over datasets

For answering queries, road buffer of 300 m was created from road map whereas slope map was grouped into two classes (one greater than 10% and other less than equal to 10%) and classified natural resource map was grouped into two classes (one tree class and other into other than tree class). The maps and area statistics was prepared based on spatial quarry as per the requirement from the resource manager (Figure 14).

Conclusion

The above study has shown that the prospects of mapping natural resource based upon Landsat images, LIDAR data sets and Google map in conjugation as reference map are better than the traditional remote sensing analysis. It has enhanced the mapping ability with more accuracy. The responses of LiDAR address a detailed measurement of all surfaces within a canopy volume which includes foliage, branches and stems. It has the capacity to accurately analyze the forest variables at landscape level and has been found to show more precise and cost effective measurements as compared to the traditional field related studies. At the local level that is at village level, such data can be harnessed for the betterment of rural people. This type of analysis can be incorporated in the making of the Natural Resources Management Plan (NRMP), which requires to the study the natural resource extent, problems and issues and recommending appropriate measures. Utilizing LiDAR data in an appropriate and judicious manner would open an opportunity for sustainable forest management practices by enhancing the existing knowledge and extending the expertise amongst the forest management community.

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hamsteronawheel · 6 years ago

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Dog Poop: Why Your Dogs Stool is Important to Understand

Anyone that knows me knows obsessed with dogs. So let’s get to know them a little more intimately. Let’s talk about dog poop! I know. It seems like a gross subject to dwell upon, but their excrement explains a lot about their overall health. This article covers several areas of what to look for to understand if your dog is a healthy doggo, ranging from color, size and frequency of bowel movements to how to cure messy diarrhea without spending thousands of dollars on a trip to the vet.

How often a dog has bowel movements is critical in understanding if your dog has a healthy internal system. A normal, healthy dog goes about 2-3 times a day. Most of the time the average is around 2 because many humans go to work during the day, leaving Fido at home. If your dog excrements more than that, I would contact your vet to discuss. If your dog does go more than that, make sure you are regularly checking his or her stools to make sure they are not runny or look a weird color. Understanding the frequency of your dog’s bowel movements is something every dog owner should want to know. Think about it for a second. If you had constant diarrhea or were going to the bathroom every hour on the hour, how would that make you feel? Right. Miserable. It is no different than with dogs.

Normal dog excrement should be a light brown to medium brown coloring, but this also varies from dog to dog and breed to breed. The stool should also be neither too hard (usually indicating constipation) or too soft (often leading to diarrhea). Here are some possible reasons why and what the different colors of your dog’s stool means:

1.) Black to very dark brown: This could indicate some type of gastrointestinal or stomach ulcer.

2.) Green: This could indicate your dog simply likes to eat lots of grass, as most dogs do. However, if it’s very greenish in color, this could indicate your dog has a parasite.

3.) Grey: This could mean your dog has maldigestion, or more commonly referred to as EPI (Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency). This is when the dog’s pancreas is not producing enough enzymes to breakdown fat to have it be easily digestible. This is a treatable condition, so speak to your vet to learn about treatment options.

4.) Red: This may mean your dog has been straining from pooping and there is a rectal injury. Furthermore, it can indicate there is possible bleeding in the GI tract from an infection, such as colitis (inflammation of the colon – just like in humans). It could also mean there is a chance of a tumor or an anal gland infection. This usually indicates a more serious issue. Talking to your vet should be your number one priority to get your dog checked out and feeling better.

5.) White: If you notice your dog’s stool is white, this could mean they have worms. Worms usually look like little white specks, but if you examine it close enough, you will see them moving. Another possible indicator your dog might have worms is if they are doing the “boot scoot” with their behind across grass or carpet. This is treatable, but a vet needs to be consulted ASAP.

6.) Yellow or Mucus-y: This normally indicates a recent change to your dog’s diet or some sort of food intolerance. Make a list of the most 2 recent breakfasts and dinners and note what you fed your pup so you can consult with your vet.

7.) Pink or Purple: This color may indicate your dog has hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE). The symptoms are violent vomiting and bloody diarrhea. This can be fatal to your dog if not treated immediately. It is most common in smaller dog breeds, but can also target young adult dogs.

8.) Orange: This color is typically associated with diarrhea and may indicate your dog has an issue with bile or the liver. Contact your vet to seek treatment.

If you do not want to, or can afford to, take your dog immediately to the vet, my recommendation is to fast them for 24 hours with nothing but water. It will suck. They will give you the side eye. They will want to jump up and take that fork full of steak from your delicate hand. RESIST! Go the grocery store and get the cheaper-end package of chicken breasts and a large bag of regular, white rice. For the chicken, I buy 2-3 packages for my two dogs and it lasts about 4-5 days. Cut the chicken breasts in half. Take a big pot of water and fill it about ½ way to ¾ of the way. When the water starts to boil, throw the chicken in the pot. Make sure the chicken is covered completely. Set the timer for 25-30 minutes. When the chicken is done, transfer to a glass bowl. Cook the rice as directed. I make about 5-6 servings so there is enough to go with the chicken. You can also get the Uncle Bens 10-minute boil-in-a-bag white rice for convenience. When the chicken and rice have been made, take one chicken breast and break it up into smaller pieces. Scoop about 1-2 large servings spoons in with the chicken. Add 1-2 tablespoons of pumpkin. Mix well. Watch your dog go nuts because it tastes so good. The reason this concoction is so good for them is because the starch from the rice and the plain, boiled chicken starts to extract whatever bugs are in their system away from the colon, essentially drying it out. If after a few days their stool is still not back to normal, consult your vet immediately. I only recommend this if you are a in a dire financial situation, which sometimes cannot be helped.

The color of your dog’s stool really stems from what you feed your dog. This is a touchy subject for many dog owners because there is so much debate on what to feed your dogs. Sure. If I had an extra $50,000 laying around, my dog would more than likely be on a raw diet, or at least a diet of something fit for human consumption, but feeding your dogs all organic everything is expensive and most do not have the time, or the means, to go this route. I try to keep my dog’s diet simple and consistent so I can keep track of their pooping habits.

My recommendation with food, and this is purely a recommendation based on constant excrement evaluation of my own dogs over the years is:

1.) Decent quality dog food. I would not recommend the cheapest (e.g. Alpo, Pedigree) or most expensive (e.g. ZiwiPeak, Orijen) brands. Yes, the more expensive brands are great for monitoring and managing your dog’s digestive tract, but the middle-of-the-road brands are equally as good such as Royal Canin, Blue Buffalo or Wellness (Core).

2.) Don’t shy away from pumpkin! Adding a few tablespoons of your over-the-counter pumpkin puree to your dog’s food will not only help their digestive tract and assist with easy bowel movements, they will gobble their food right up! There are also lots of pumpkin powders out there geared towards dogs, but my go-to is the plain, ol’ baking pumpkin puree. Sweet potatoes (either microwaved or cooked in the oven) are a great alternative to pumpkin as it has the same enzymes and serves the same function as the pumpkin.

3.) Vegetables. Not all dogs like em’, nor do some humans for that matter. But test it out and see what your dog will eat. One of my dogs loves a carrot cut up after his dinner while the other one prefers steamed broccoli (only a handful of florets every other day).

4.) 1-2 tablespoons of coconut oil. Coconut oil not only helps with digestion, it also helps to keep their coat nice and shiny. I would not recommend any more than a couple tablespoons either in the morning or at night because as they say, too much of a good thing can sometimes lead to negative side effects.

When in doubt, consult your vet! They are the experts and will help to get your dog back to feeling 100% in no time.

#dogs dogpoop stool dogstool healthydogbowels poop healthydogs understandingdogstool

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