#independence of judiciary in india

[sreehari28]

Indian democracy has faced various challenges throughout its history, and it is important to have an open and informed discussion about its current state. It is worth noting that the phrase "Indian democracy is under attack" can be interpreted in different ways, depending on the context and the specific concerns being raised. It is important to recognize that these points do not present a comprehensive assessment of the situation and that opinions may differ. As with any democratic society, addressing these challenges requires open discussions, engagement, and collective efforts from all stakeholders, including citizens, civil society organizations, the government, and the media, to uphold and strengthen the principles of democracy.

[studylaws]

Salient Features of Indian Constitution: A Comprehensive Guide with 10 Salient Features of Indian Constitution

IntroductionSalient Features of Indian Constitution1. Lengthiest Written Constitution in the World (Article 368)2. Federal System with Unitary Bias (Article 1-4)3. Parliamentary System of Government (Article 74-75)4. Fundamental Rights (Article 12-35)5. Directive Principles of State Policy (Article 36-51)6. Independent Judiciary (Article 124-147)7. Universal Adult Suffrage (Article 326)8.…

[brookstonalmanac]

Holidays 3.5

Holidays

Act Goofy Day

Alimony Equality Day

Anthass Day (Kerala, Fans of Indian actor Mukesh)

Arivee de l’Evangile (Gospel Day; French Polynesia)

Babysitter Safety Day

Boston Massacre Day (Massachusetts)

Brain Injury Awareness Day

Charity Day (Iran)

Children’s Day (New Zealand)

Cinco de Marcho

Cincomarzada

Crispus Attucks Day

Custom Chief’s Day (Vanuatu)

Day of Physical Culture and Women in Engineering & Technology begins

Dr. Doolittle Day

Erotic World Book Day

Excited Insects (Chinese Farmer’s Calendar)

Goat Day (French Republic)

Green Hellebore Day

Hula Hoop Day

International CVS Awareness Day

International Day for Disarmament & Non-Proliferation Awareness (UN)

International Day of Energy Efficiency

International Day of the Seal

Judiciary Employee Day (Kyrgyzstan)

Katyn Massacre Day

Learn from Lei Feng Day (China)

Madison Beer Day

Mother-in-Law's Day

Multiple Personalities Day

National Dissociative Identity Disorder Day

National Emetophobia Awareness Day (UK)

National Industrial Design Day

National Journalist Day (Thailand)

National Kalpak Day (a.k.a. Hat Day; Kyrgyzstan)

National MAR5 Day

National Potty Dance Day

National R&B Music Day

National Scott Day

National Tree Planting Day (Iran)

Panchayati Raj Divas (Odisha, India)

Reel Film Day

Running of the Reindeer (Alaska)

Say Hi to Mom Day

Scouts’ Day (Taiwan)

Spread the Word to End the Word Day

Stapler Day

Stop the Clocks Day

Temperance Day

305 Day

World Sustainable Energy Day

Food & Drink Celebrations

National Absinthe Day

National Cheese Doodle Day

National Mobile Food Vendors Day

National Pasty Day (UK)

National Poutine Day

Ramen Noodles Day

1st Tuesday in March

Cotton Carnival (Memphis, Tennessee) [1st Tuesday, Lasts 5 Days]

Football Day (England) [1st Tuesday]

National Sportsmanship Day [1st Tuesday]

Peace Corps Day [1st Tuesday]

Peace Day (Jamaica) [1st Tuesday]

Town Meeting Day (Vermont) [1st Tuesday]

Unique Names Day [Tuesday of Name Week]

Independence & Related Days

Rebellion Anniversary Day (Iraqi Kurdistan)

Trujillo Anniversary Day (Peru)

Festivals Beginning March 5, 2024

CinemAsia Film Festival (Amsterdam, Netherlands) [thru 3.10]

Heritage Miami: Wine and Food Experience (Miami, Florida)

Research Chefs Association Culinary Expo (Quincy, Massachusetts) [thru 3.7]

World Championship Cheese Contest (Madison, Wisconsin) [thru 3.7]

Feast Days

Adrian and Eubulus of Palestine (Christian; Martyrs)

Blessing of the Fleet by Isis (Ancient Egypt)

Ciarán of Saigir (a.k.a. Kiaran of Ireland; Celtic & Christian; Saint)

Clive Cahuenga (Muppetism)

Diasia (Festival of Zeus Meilikhios; Ancient Greece)

Eusebius of Cremona (Christian; Saint)

Feast of Orthodoxy (Greek Orthodox) [1st Sunday in Great Lent; 2023]

Feast of Saint Piran (Cornwall)

George Carlin Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Gerasimus (Christian; Saint)

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (Artology)

Howard Pyle (Artology)

John Joseph of the Cross (Christian; Saint)

Momfuku Ando Day (Pastafarian)

Navigum Isidis (Blessing of the Vessel of Isis; Ancient Egypt; Everyday Wicca)

Navigum Isis (a.k.a. Ploiaphaesia; Poseidon’s Day; The Festival of Navigation; Ancient Rome)

Orthodox Sunday (Orthodox Christian) [1st Sunday in Great Lent; 2021]

Phocas of Antioch (Christian; Martyr)

Piran (Christian; Saint) [Cornwall]

Roger (Christian; Saint)

Serpent Mother Day (Ancient Minoa; Starza Pagan Book of Days)

Solon (Positivist; Saint)

Symphony No. 7, The “Leningrad Symphony,” in C Major, by Dmitri Shostakovich (Symphony; 1942)

Theophilus, bishop of Caesarea (Christian; Saint)

Thietmar of Minden (Christian; Saint)

Virgil of Arles (Christian; Saint)

Wedding of the March Dryads (Shamanism)

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Sensho (先勝 Japan) [Good luck in the morning, bad luck in the afternoon.]

Uncyclopedia Bad to Be Born Today (because it’s Stalin's birthday.)

Unfortunate Day (Pagan) [17 of 57]

Premieres

Airport (Film; 1970)

Alice in Wonderland (Film; 2010)

Amos & Andrew (Film; 1993)

Analyze This (Film; 1999)

The Ant and the Aardvark (Ant and the Aardvark Cartoon; 1969)

The Ballad of Nessie (Disney Cartoon; 2011)

Barnyard Blackout (Terrytoons Cartoon; 1943)

Big-Hearted Bosko (WB LT Cartoon; 1932)

Bongo Boris or The Hep Rat (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S2, Ep. 103; 1961)

Coming 2 America (Film; 2021)

Cruel Intentions (Film; 1999)

Diner (Film; 1982)

Donald’s Diary (Disney Cartoon; 1954)

Down pin the Levee (Terrytoons Cartoon; 1933)

Drip Dippy Donald (Disney Cartoon; 1948)

Evil Under the Sun (Film; 1982)

Fire! Fire! (Ub Iwerks Cartoon; 1932)

For Your Love, by The Yardbirds (Song; 1965)

Foucault's Pendulum, by Umberto Eco (Novel; 1988)

Human’s Lib, by Howard Jones (Album; 1984)

Kindly Scram (Phantasies Cartoon; 1943)

The Left Hand of Darkness, by Ursula K. Le Guin (Novel; 1969)

Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (Film; 1999)

The Mad Dog (Disney Cartoon; 1932)

Mad Dog and Glory (Film; 1993)

Neon Bible, by Arcade Fire (Album; 2007)

The Railway Children, by Edith Nesbit (Novel; 1905)

Raya and the Last Dragon (Animated Film; 2021)

Red Hot Music (Terrytoons Cartoon; 1937)

Rival Romeos (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1928)

The Road to Serfdom, by Friedrich A. Hayek (Political Theory; 1944)

Room and Bored (Woody Woodpecker Cartoon; 1962)

Run Baby Run, by Nicky Cruz (Novel; 1969)

The Saint to the Rescue, by Leslie Charteris (Short Stories 1959) [Saint #35]

The Secret of Kells (Animated Film; 2010)

Shaun the Sheep (Animated TV Series; 2007)

Songs For Swinging’ Lovers!, by Frank Sinatra (Album; 1956)

The Spies of Life or When a Fella Needs a Fiend (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S2, Ep. 104; 1961)

Stairway to Heaven, 1st performed live by Led Zeppelin (Song; 1971)

Swing Kids (Film; 1993)

Us Again (Disney Cartoon; 2021)

Where Do Teenagers Come From? (DePatie-Freleng Animated TV Special; 1980)

Today’s Name Days

Dietmar, Jeremia, Olivia (Austria)

Hadrijan, Lucije, Teofil, Vedran (Croatia)

Kazimír (Czech Republic)

Theophillus (Denmark)

Laila, Laili, Leila, Leili (Estonia)

Laila, Leila (Finland)

Olive, Olivia (France)

Gerda, Dietmar, Olivia, Tim (Germany)

Arhelaos, Evlogios, Konon (Greece)

Adorján, Adrián (Hungary)

Adriano, Foca, Giovanni, Giuseppe, Virgilio (Italy)

Aurēlija, Aurora, Austra (Latvia)

Giedrė, Klemensas, Virgilijus, Vydotas (Lithuania)

Patricia, Patrick (Norway)

Adrian, Adrianna, Fryderyk, Jan, Pakosław, Pakosz, Wacław, Wacława (Poland)

Conon (Romania)

Fridrich (Slovakia)

Adrián, Adriano, Eusebio (Spain)

Tora, Tove (Sweden)

Ciara, Ciera, Cierra, Keren Keri, Kerri, Kerrie, Kerry, Kiara, Kiera, Kieran, Kierra, Sierra (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 65 of 2024; 301 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 2 of week 10 of 2024

Celtic Tree Calendar: Nuin (Ash) [Day 17 of 28]

Chinese: Month 1 (Bing-Yin), Day 25 (Wu-Chen)

Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025)

Hebrew: 25 Adair I 5784

Islamic: 24 Sha’ban 1445

J Cal: 5 Green; Fryday [5 of 30]

Julian: 21 February 2024

Moon: 29%: Waning Crescent

Positivist: 9 Aristotle (3rd Month) [Xenophanes]

Runic Half Month: Tyr (Cosmic Pillar) [Day 11 of 15]

Season: Winter (Day 76 of 89)

Week: 1st Week of March

Zodiac: Pisces (Day 16 of 30)

[slicedblackolives]

the problem with separatism thought is that institutions are still ruled by men and men will respond to a mass separatism movement from women with mass vengeful rapes and new laws to curb female independence

i mean yes!! but it's still THEE most effective tactics we have like if we keep being scared of male retaliation we might as well become housewives again. look how much we're being punished for #metoo even though it was toothless. in india marital rape isn't even illegal, women got the tiniest bit of power to report rape and domestic abuse (still largely disbelieved) in 2012 and now 11 years later literally everyone from media to judiciary to police to ppl on the street calls rape and domestic abuse victims as liars, fale accusers, etc, etc. we might as well go full boycott then.

[bopinion]

2023 / 07

Aperçu of the Week:

"Success has two letters: Do!"

(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)

Bad News of the Week:

The only serious competition to Silicon Valley is neither in Europe nor in the Far East, but between the Dead, the Red and the Mediterranean Sea: Israel. Unfortunately. Because it's rather frightening innovations that come out of the more than 300 development and research centers around Tel Aviv. And I don't mean the energy that the state puts into cutting-edge technology for the military, surveillance and espionage. But rather the focus that private-sector companies in the region have also chosen.

Three examples: Cellebrite openly advertises that it can crack iDevices. Much to the delight of the FBI, for example, because Apple had refused to crack iPhones for U.S. authorities or to build a backdoor into their encryption. The questionable services are open to any organization, even criminal ones, for a fee, as if it were a normal IT service.

NSO became a global player in commercial spyware. A market that has grown into an industry estimated to be worth twelve billion dollars, estimates The New Yorker. Their tool named Pegasus was found on the phones of politicians, activists, and dissidents under repressive regimes. The suppression of the Catalan independence movement and the murder of Saudi Arabian journalist Jamal Khashoggi with the help of this spyware are documented.

And just last week, investigative media revealed Team Jorge's business model: professional spreading of fake news to influence elections. They were hired for 32 campaigns, 27 of which were verifiably successful, they say. Yes, political success can be bought - at the expense of the opposition.

What these three examples have in common is a perfidious "not giving a fuck" attitude, which goals are pursued and also achieved with their help. For these are clearly directed against such trivialities as free democracy, independent media, functional rule of law or transparent power apparatuses. The main thing is that the money is right. The framework conditions for this seem to be optimal in Israel, of all places. And when I look at the position of Benjamin Netanyahu's newly enthroned right-wing government against an independent judiciary or free media, this will not change.

Good News of the Week:

In mid-February, Munich always hosts the "Munich Security Conference" (MSC), the world's most important meeting of top politicians on international security. While last year appeals to Russia not to attack Ukraine dominated - we all know what happened a few days later - this time it is about the concrete handling of the war that initiated the much-cited "turning point in time":

The unexpectedly dysfunctional NATO is strengthening internally (higher defense budgets) and externally (Sweden and Finland want to join the alliance), new bloc formations are emerging, the arms industry can no longer keep up with demand, Europe is groaning under a wave of refugees, economic sanctions by the West are turning out to be far less effective than expected, Putin is not wavering. War has become the order of the day.

Major strategic news is not to be expected. All countries have already clearly positioned themselves. From clear, even military support for Ukraine (e.g. all NATO members) to an effort of neutrality based on energy policy (e.g. India or Latin America) to support for the Putin course (e.g. Belarus, Syria or Myanmar). All countries have already taken a clear position? No - the elephant in the room is China.

The youngest major security power calls for peace, but does not name Russia as the aggressor. And just yesterday launched "Operation Mosi II," a joint large-scale naval maneuver with Russia and South Africa off the latter's Indian Ocean coast. So there was little hope that the Middle Kingdom - seen by almost all observers as the only power with de facto influence over the Kremlin - would actively do anything to defuse the conflict.

But then Wang Yi, longtime foreign minister of the People's Republic of China, entered the Munich stage - and stunned. By announcing a peace initiative to end Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine, he said, "We will put something forward. And that is the Chinese position on the political settlement of the Ukraine crisis," the Politburo member said Saturday, according to an official translation. "We will stand steadfastly on the side of peace and dialogue." For a safer world, he said, "the principles of the UN Charter are something we must uphold." Good. Very good. Now words just need to be followed by action.

Personal happy moment of the week:

In our countryside, there are plenty of typical Bavarian inns. And, as everywhere, countless Italians and Asians. Rarer are nice cafés where you can have a good breakfast. One we have - thanks to a voucher that I already got last year for my birthday - tried today. Very good coffee, a manageable but balanced menu. With regional products and in a former monastery building. It was worth it. It's always nice to start the Sunday with a delicious breakfast.

I couldn't care less...

...that Ukraine has requested cluster bombs and chemical weapons on the MSC. These are internationally outlawed because they cause massive collateral damage in violation of international law - including to the civilian population. That Russia is not caring about this may be, is even probable. Nevertheless, this quid pro quo logic is too weak for me. If they go low, you (still should) go high.

As I write this...

...I am mourning a little Lothar Wieler quitting his job. As head of the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) he was the Anthony Fauci of Germany. And yet more than just the side kick of the respective health minister. As a politically independent person, he moderated the pandemic in a serious but calm manner. He analyzed, commented, admonished and annoyed. Far away from the day-to-day political business. Against his will, he became a media star, even though he much preferred to sit in the lab and work on his figures. He did what he thought he had to do. Tormented by the thought that "even one more child must die". Big shoes to fill.

Post Scriptum

To be climate neutral, each person should only emit less than one ton of CO2 or similar greenhouse gases per year - currently the average is 11.6 tons. Far ahead of the consumption of beef or air travel to the South, individual transport is the main polluter: the Germans' favorite child, the car. But the will in this country to rely on electromobility seems to be driven more by financial interests than by actual conviction. When gasoline was expensive and electric cars were tax-subsidized in 2022, there was a boom. That plummeted dramatically over the turn of the year, with 83 percent fewer fully electric cars and 87 percent fewer plug-in hybrids registered in January 2023 compared to the previous month. Sigh...

[sleepysera]

"I ordered a general amnesty throughout Tibet and then began the reform of our feudal society by establishing an independent judiciary. I appointed a committee to redistribute land and abolish the hereditary debt system that enslaved the peasant community to the aristocracy. But the Chinese occupied and rapidly took control of Tibet, imposing their anti-democratic version of modernisation on my country. In 1959 I had to flee because my life was in danger. It was not until I was in exile in India that I was able to establish a functioning democracy for our institutions."

-The Dalai Lama XIV, A Call for Revolution (2017)

[sunnunderthesun]

Why I have stopped expecting kindness from my country's "educated" majority

The grasp of neoliberalism on India has only tightened since the cartoon, depicting India gaining independence to end up being caged by neoliberalism, was posted by a revolutionary political activist, shortly before he had gained prominence as one, and now an electoral candidate, on a social media platform ten years ago. Commenting on the picture, the young activist had rightly predicted that the country would be serving neoliberalism and the United States regardless of which political party won the elections.

Despite being informed about how abstaining from unnecessarily using the services of unscrupulous companies can, in the long run, protect human lives in the Global South, a significant number of educated people in my country, India, remain in denial. Some react aggressively, claiming that “capitalism has lifted millions out of poverty”.

The other day, I randomly asked ChatGPT if billionaires are mentally ill for enabling modern slavery instead of choosing to end world hunger. It instantly flagged my question as inappropriate, much the same way people, who can’t sacrifice their harmful habits for humanity, shout me down when I try to inspire them to participate in the boycott movement or, at least, not wear expensive branded garments on a march against the government’s oppression towards the poor.

Yes, in the face of unemployment, increasing violence towards women, and the lack of a safe personal space in this overcrowded poor country, a vast majority of the citizens, including the self-proclaimed communists who believe that Marx would have adjusted his theories to synchronise with the “advantages of capitalism” if he was alive and functional today, don’t shy away from protesting against the government and judiciary. Their idea of honesty may lie only in boldly confessing the nepotism or bribery that has led them to acquire a world-class education, a stable source of income, illegally constructed properties, or some degree of fame, while bargaining with the poor over a few pennies after using their services.

However, not everyone involved in corruption is greedy, some are just trying to save lives, as we may have observed during the worst hours of the pandemic. But how does need become a greed to the extent that an educated person takes refuge in cognitive dissonance to justify not standing against Western imperialism when children in Sudan are eating soil in the hope of surviving the war-induced famine?

Capitalism, which, in practice, doesn’t thrive without cronyism, generously rewards unethical behaviour and punishes integrity. Companies profit greatly from the exploitation of the labour of migrants, such as in the wine and luxury industries; the people and nature of resource-rich nations like Congo; and the last-mile deliverers of their respective programmes, such as healthcare programmes funded by charitable organisations. Companies would, for example, suffer heavily – from considerable financial losses to political and economic retaliation from the pro-settler colonial lobbyists and governments of nations profiting from genocides – if they divest from settler colonial nations like Israel.

In corporate offices, the “leaders”, deeply entangled in corruption that leads to the violation of human rights of the underprivileged, especially those in the Global South, leave their respective employees with no choice but to follow suit. The ones who go against the “leaders”, when what they have been hired to do starts feeling too inhumane for them to work on, face job losses.

This free-market economic system promotes ill-health and mass ignorance chiefly by the widespread implementation of strategies – aggressive marketing of brands collaborating with high-profile cultural icons, social influencers and thought leaders, events and other trusted companies – targeting our evolutionary prestige-bias, probably unique to humans, and mirroring tendencies. It’s not unnatural of us to consume social media, knowing well that the companies owning them are enhancing our vulnerability by unlawfully selling our private data, or waste time streaming widely televised shows that increase materialism and reinforce our inherited unscientific beliefs instead of eradicating them because our favourite celebrities encourage us to and the well-off highly-educated people we look up to do the same.

As the government fails to meet the basic needs of the increasing population, people, experiencing scarcity and a tougher competition for survival, are likely to engage in immoral activities without worrying about the future consequences. Our perceptions of scarcity vary. To one scarcity is not knowing how to fund their next meal. To another scarcity is the lack of an income that would enable them to start a family. But, scarcity or not, the more illegal acts are incentivised, the less concerned people are about ethics. When all the members of a group are benefitted from the unethical actions of one of them, they tend to remain quiet about it. This is one of the reasons too many people look the other way when it comes to acting against a political party whose officials protect their immoral interests, or the war-mongering governments that employ and house their youth who wouldn’t otherwise have found work in their own country, or the companies that, in addition to employment opportunities, provide us with free or cheap products of instant gratification.

Western-style diet maybe considered a hallmark of status or a temporary relief from anxiety, but it’s composed of excessive added sugar, salt, fats and trans-fats, and artificial ingredients that have the potential to impair our cognitive abilities. Studies have linked the consumption of ultra-processed foods and drinks to systemic inflammation which can cause impulse control disorder and poor decision-making. While the urban upper class is increasingly opting for more ultra-processed foods and using branded ingredients to cook if they ever do, the middle and lower classes battle deficiency of essential micronutrients and overnutrition from having cheap processed meals as a home-cooked balanced diet is expensive and not a status symbol. When meals that challenge our self-control are almost instantly available at the touch of a button, they degrade our mental and physical well-being further, especially for those who already have an impulse control disorder. With the worrying rise of alcohol consumption, whether it can be attributed to the growing economic disparity or a religious requirement or societal pressure or simply a compulsion, rises the lack of empathy among its addicts.

Corruption is, from what we may observe on a daily basis, meticulously figuring out and using the opportunity to harm others for personal financial gain. Those who are able to uphold their morality in spite of temptations, whether morality is an outcome of having a combination of the right genes and an environment facilitating a good hormonal balance that maintain a robust prefrontal cortex or something else that scientists can't comprehend yet, encouraging others to be human can be a debilitating task as neoliberalism feeds them with more and more products eroding away their ethical self-control and turning them into the capitalists' puppets who continue to support the destruction of human lives while lying to themselves, You can't save the whole world!

Copyright ©️ Briksha

[vavaclasses]

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science- Civics Chapter 1: The Indian Constitution Notes

Chapter 1 of Civics: The Indian Constitution Class 8  Notes. Understanding its historical background, key features, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, Fundamental Duties, and the structure of government, is essential for understanding India's governance and citizens' rights.

Introduction:

The Indian Constitution is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework that defines the political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. Understanding the Indian Constitution is essential for comprehending how the country is governed and the rights and responsibilities of its citizens.

Historical Background

1. Colonial Rule and Demand for Self-Government: India was under British colonial rule for nearly 200 years. The struggle for independence was marked by a series of movements and the demand for self-governance. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, played a significant role in this struggle. The demand for a constitution arose as part of the larger movement for freedom and self-rule.

2. Formation of the Constituent Assembly: In 1946, the Constituent Assembly was formed to draft the Indian Constitution. The Assembly consisted of members elected by the provincial assemblies. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as its President, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was appointed the Chairman of the Drafting Committee.

3. Drafting and Adoption: The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946. After extensive debates and discussions, the Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949, and it came into effect on January 26, 1950. This date is celebrated as Republic Day in India.

Features of the Indian Constitution:

1. Length and Detail: The Indian Constitution is one of the longest written constitutions in the world. It originally had 395 articles divided into 22 parts and 8 schedules. It now has more than 450 articles.

2. Preamble: The Preamble serves as the introduction to the Constitution. It outlines the objectives of the Constitution and the guiding principles of the nation. The Preamble declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic, and promises justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity to all its citizens.

3. Federal Structure: The Constitution establishes India as a federal structure with a clear division of powers between the central government and state governments. However, it leans towards a strong central authority.

4. Parliamentary System: India follows a parliamentary system of government, similar to the British model. This means there is a President as the head of the state and a Prime Minister as the head of the government.

5. Separation of Powers: The Constitution clearly defines the separation of powers among the three branches of government: the Legislature (Parliament), the Executive (President, Prime Minister, and Council of Ministers), and the Judiciary (Supreme Court, High Courts, and Subordinate Courts).

6. Fundamental Rights: One of the most significant features is the inclusion of Fundamental Rights in Part III of the Constitution. These rights are justiciable and include the right to equality, freedom, protection against exploitation, freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and the right to constitutional remedies.

7. Directive Principles of State Policy: These principles are included in Part IV and serve as guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. They are not justiciable but aim to create social and economic conditions under which the citizens can lead a good life.

8. Fundamental Duties: Added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, Part IVA lists the fundamental duties of the citizens, which include respecting the Constitution, cherishing the heritage, and promoting the spirit of common brotherhood.

9. Single Citizenship: Unlike other federal countries, India has a provision for single citizenship. This means all Indians are citizens of India, regardless of the state they live in.

10. Independent Judiciary: The judiciary in India is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Supreme Court is the highest court of the land, followed by High Courts at the state level and various subordinate courts.

11. Amendability: The Constitution can be amended to reflect changing needs and circumstances. Article 368 provides the procedure for amendments. Some parts of the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority, while others require a special majority and ratification by at least half of the state legislatures.

Fundamental Rights

The Fundamental Rights are a cornerstone of the Constitution. They ensure the protection of individual rights and provide a framework for legal and civil liberties.

1. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18): This right guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws to all individuals. It prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It also abolishes untouchability and titles.

2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22): This right includes the freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession. It also provides protection against arbitrary arrest and detention.

3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24): This right prohibits human trafficking, forced labor, and child labor. It ensures that no person is subjected to any form of exploitation.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28): This right guarantees religious freedom to all individuals, allowing them to practice, profess, and propagate their religion freely. It also ensures that the state treats all religions impartially.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30): These rights protect the interests of minorities by allowing them to preserve their culture, language, and script. They also enable minorities to establish and administer their educational institutions.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32): Known as the "heart and soul of the Constitution" by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, this right allows individuals to approach the Supreme Court or High Courts to enforce their Fundamental Rights.

Directive Principles of State Policy

The Directive Principles, listed in Part IV of the Constitution, are guidelines for the government to follow in order to establish a just society.

1. Social and Economic Welfare: These principles aim to create a welfare state by promoting social and economic justice. They include the provision of adequate means of livelihood, equitable distribution of wealth, and equal pay for equal work.

2. Health and Education: The state is directed to ensure the right to work, education, and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement. It should also provide free and compulsory education for children and improve public health.

3. Environment: The state should protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife.

4. Promotion of International Peace and Security: The state should strive to promote international peace and security, maintain just and honorable relations between nations, and encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

Fundamental Duties

Part IVA, added by the 42nd Amendment, outlines the Fundamental Duties of citizens. These duties serve as a reminder to citizens that while they enjoy their rights, they also have responsibilities towards the nation.

1. Abiding by the Constitution: Citizens should respect the Constitution, its ideals, and institutions, the National Flag, and the National Anthem.

2. Cherishing Heritage: Citizens should cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.

3. Promoting Harmony: Citizens should promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all people of India and renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

4. Protecting the Environment: Citizens should protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and have compassion for living creatures.

5. Developing Scientific Temper: Citizens should develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

6. Safeguarding Public Property: Citizens should safeguard public property and abjure violence.

7. Striving Towards Excellence: Citizens should strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity.

Structure of Government

The Indian Constitution establishes a parliamentary system of government at both the central and state levels.

1. Central Government: The central government consists of the President, the Prime Minister, and the Council of Ministers. The President is the head of the state, while the Prime Minister is the head of the government. The Parliament consists of two houses – the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

2. State Government: Each state has its own government, consisting of the Governor, the Chief Minister, and the Council of Ministers. The Governor acts as the representative of the President in the state. The state legislature may be unicameral or bicameral, depending on the state.

3. Judiciary: The judiciary is independent and consists of the Supreme Court at the national level, High Courts at the state level, and various subordinate courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court and has the power of judicial review to ensure that laws and executive actions conform to the Constitution.

Amendments To the Indian Constitution

The Constitution provides a detailed process for its amendment to accommodate changing needs and circumstances. Amendments can be classified into three categories:

1. Simple Majority: Some provisions can be amended by a simple majority in Parliament. These are mostly related to the internal functioning of the government.

2. Special Majority: Most provisions require a special majority in Parliament. This means that the amendment must be approved by two-thirds of the members present and voting in each house, and by a majority of the total membership of each house.

3. Special Majority with State Ratification: For certain critical provisions, the amendment must not only pass by a special majority in Parliament but also be ratified by at least half of the state legislatures. These provisions typically include changes that affect the federal structure.

Conclusion

The Indian Constitution is a living document that reflects the aspirations and values of the people of India. It is designed to

[planindiango]

Plan India Girls Advocacy Alliance

A gradual change is being witnessed in ensuring equal rights and opportunities for girls in the states of Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Telangana state (TS). Governments of AP and TS have taken official cognisance of the burgeoning child rights problem. Work has begun to amend and plug the loopholes in the law that allows child marriages. Religious leaders are spearheading awareness drives about the economic, health and legal repercussions of child marriages within their communities. Village-level Child Protection Committees (CPCs) are being formed and strengthened based on the guidelines created by Plan India in collaboration with the state governments. A strategy paper examining corporate social responsibility spending beyond primary education of girls and identifying the lacunae in support for secondary and higher education which accounts for the highest dropout rates has been published. All these initiatives are a part of Plan India’s biggest global advocacy programme, Girls’ Advocacy Alliance (GAA). GAA is an initiative of Plan International–Plan Netherlands, Terre des Hommes– Netherlands and Defence for Children–ECPAT Netherlands and funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The project’s goal is to create an environment where girls can build a life of self-reliance, dignity and financial independence. GAA focuses on systemic and attitudinal changes to stop child marriages and child trafficking by promoting secondary education for girls and job oriented vocational training (JOVT) for young women.

Plan India’s innovative strategies for changing social norms, networking, influencing, and gathering evidence are beginning to bear fruit. Youth advocates of GAA are actively raising their voices to demand their rights. Work is in progress with the private sector to promote focused spending and establishing infrastructure to create opportunities for continued secondary education and JOVT for young women. Plan is successfully breaking siloes and creating synergies between the judiciary and the government departments of state legal services, education, and women and child welfare to protect girls’ rights. The project also sensitises other CSOs to incorporate the GAA themes into their core operations and advocacy.

Highlights

26,08,393 potential people reached through policy-level changes on Girls Advocacy Alliance focus themes of child marriages, child trafficking, and secondary education.

194,13,478 potential girls reached through policy-level changes on Girls Advocacy Alliance focus themes of child marriages, child trafficking, and secondary education.

334 religious leaders engaged in ending child marriages.

Collaboration with 108 Civil Society Organizations for influencing and advocacy actions on gender-based violence and girls education.

394 youth advocates empowered to raise voice against gender-based violence and girls education.

Together with the state government 49,70,198 girls and 36,17,533 boys reached out with messaging on combating child marriages and trafficking as well as on the importance of secondary education and skilling.

[theloquence128]

What is your opinion of Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, who has been elevated to the position of Chief Justice of India (CJI)?

Introduction:

As Justice D.Y. Chandrachud takes the helm as the Chief Justice of India (CJI), it marks a significant milestone not just in his illustrious career but also in the Indian judicial system. Renowned for his erudition, integrity, and commitment to justice, Justice Chandrachud's elevation to this esteemed position warrants a closer examination of his contributions and the impact he's poised to make.

Understanding Justice D.Y. Chandrachud: Born into a family with a rich legal legacy, Justice Chandrachud's journey into the judicial realm was perhaps predestined. His academic prowess, coupled with a deep-seated commitment to upholding constitutional values, has shaped his judicial philosophy. Throughout his tenure on the bench, Justice Chandrachud has demonstrated a steadfast dedication to protecting individual liberties, promoting social justice, and ensuring the rule of law.

A Champion of Human Rights and Constitutional Values: One of Justice Chandrachud's most notable attributes is his unwavering commitment to human rights and constitutional principles. His landmark judgments have often struck down draconian laws, championed the rights of marginalized communities, and upheld the principles of equality and justice for all. From his stance on privacy rights to his vocal advocacy for LGBTQ+ rights, Justice Chandrachud has emerged as a beacon of hope for those seeking justice in an increasingly complex world.

Vision for the Judiciary: As he assumes the role of CJI, Justice Chandrachud brings with him a vision for a judiciary that is transparent, accountable, and responsive to the needs of the people. He has emphasized the importance of judicial independence and integrity, recognizing them as the cornerstone of a vibrant democracy. Under his leadership, one can expect a continued focus on judicial reforms, leveraging technology for greater access to justice, and fostering a culture of judicial excellence.

Challenges Ahead: Despite his sterling reputation, Justice Chandrachud faces a myriad of challenges as he takes charge of the highest judicial office in India. From mounting case backlogs to ensuring the timely delivery of justice, the road ahead is fraught with complexities. However, his track record of tackling tough issues head-on instills confidence that he is more than capable of steering the judiciary through these turbulent waters.

Conclusion:

Justice D.Y. Chandrachud's elevation to the position of Chief Justice of India heralds a new chapter in the country's judicial history. With his unwavering commitment to justice, deep-rooted respect for constitutional values, and visionary leadership, he is poised to leave an indelible mark on the Indian judiciary. As the nation watches with bated breath, one thing remains certain - under his stewardship, the pursuit of justice will continue to be the guiding principle of the Indian judiciary.

[sreehari28]

Indian democracy has faced various challenges throughout its history, and it is important to have an open and informed discussion about its current state. It is worth noting that the phrase "Indian democracy is under attack" can be interpreted in different ways, depending on the context and the specific concerns being raised. It is important to recognize that these points do not present a comprehensive assessment of the situation and that opinions may differ. As with any democratic society, addressing these challenges requires open discussions, engagement, and collective efforts from all stakeholders, including citizens, civil society organizations, the government, and the media, to uphold and strengthen the principles of democracy.

[brookston]

Holidays 3.5

Holidays

Act Goofy Day

Alimony Equality Day

Anthass Day (Kerala, Fans of Indian actor Mukesh)

Arivee de l’Evangile (Gospel Day; French Polynesia)

Babysitter Safety Day

Boston Massacre Day (Massachusetts)

Brain Injury Awareness Day

Charity Day (Iran)

Children’s Day (New Zealand)

Cinco de Marcho

Cincomarzada

Crispus Attucks Day

Custom Chief’s Day (Vanuatu)

Day of Physical Culture and Women in Engineering & Technology begins

Dr. Doolittle Day

Erotic World Book Day

Excited Insects (Chinese Farmer’s Calendar)

Goat Day (French Republic)

Green Hellebore Day

Hula Hoop Day

International CVS Awareness Day

International Day for Disarmament & Non-Proliferation Awareness (UN)

International Day of Energy Efficiency

International Day of the Seal

Judiciary Employee Day (Kyrgyzstan)

Katyn Massacre Day

Learn from Lei Feng Day (China)

Madison Beer Day

Mother-in-Law's Day

Multiple Personalities Day

National Dissociative Identity Disorder Day

National Emetophobia Awareness Day (UK)

National Industrial Design Day

National Journalist Day (Thailand)

National Kalpak Day (a.k.a. Hat Day; Kyrgyzstan)

National MAR5 Day

National Potty Dance Day

National R&B Music Day

National Scott Day

National Tree Planting Day (Iran)

Panchayati Raj Divas (Odisha, India)

Reel Film Day

Running of the Reindeer (Alaska)

Say Hi to Mom Day

Scouts’ Day (Taiwan)

Spread the Word to End the Word Day

Stapler Day

Stop the Clocks Day

Temperance Day

305 Day

World Sustainable Energy Day

Food & Drink Celebrations

National Absinthe Day

National Cheese Doodle Day

National Mobile Food Vendors Day

National Pasty Day (UK)

National Poutine Day

Ramen Noodles Day

1st Tuesday in March

Cotton Carnival (Memphis, Tennessee) [1st Tuesday, Lasts 5 Days]

Football Day (England) [1st Tuesday]

National Sportsmanship Day [1st Tuesday]

Peace Corps Day [1st Tuesday]

Peace Day (Jamaica) [1st Tuesday]

Town Meeting Day (Vermont) [1st Tuesday]

Unique Names Day [Tuesday of Name Week]

Independence & Related Days

Rebellion Anniversary Day (Iraqi Kurdistan)

Trujillo Anniversary Day (Peru)

Festivals Beginning March 5, 2024

CinemAsia Film Festival (Amsterdam, Netherlands) [thru 3.10]

Heritage Miami: Wine and Food Experience (Miami, Florida)

Research Chefs Association Culinary Expo (Quincy, Massachusetts) [thru 3.7]

World Championship Cheese Contest (Madison, Wisconsin) [thru 3.7]

Feast Days

Adrian and Eubulus of Palestine (Christian; Martyrs)

Blessing of the Fleet by Isis (Ancient Egypt)

Ciarán of Saigir (a.k.a. Kiaran of Ireland; Celtic & Christian; Saint)

Clive Cahuenga (Muppetism)

Diasia (Festival of Zeus Meilikhios; Ancient Greece)

Eusebius of Cremona (Christian; Saint)

Feast of Orthodoxy (Greek Orthodox) [1st Sunday in Great Lent; 2023]

Feast of Saint Piran (Cornwall)

George Carlin Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Gerasimus (Christian; Saint)

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (Artology)

Howard Pyle (Artology)

John Joseph of the Cross (Christian; Saint)

Momfuku Ando Day (Pastafarian)

Navigum Isidis (Blessing of the Vessel of Isis; Ancient Egypt; Everyday Wicca)

Navigum Isis (a.k.a. Ploiaphaesia; Poseidon’s Day; The Festival of Navigation; Ancient Rome)

Orthodox Sunday (Orthodox Christian) [1st Sunday in Great Lent; 2021]

Phocas of Antioch (Christian; Martyr)

Piran (Christian; Saint) [Cornwall]

Roger (Christian; Saint)

Serpent Mother Day (Ancient Minoa; Starza Pagan Book of Days)

Solon (Positivist; Saint)

Symphony No. 7, The “Leningrad Symphony,” in C Major, by Dmitri Shostakovich (Symphony; 1942)

Theophilus, bishop of Caesarea (Christian; Saint)

Thietmar of Minden (Christian; Saint)

Virgil of Arles (Christian; Saint)

Wedding of the March Dryads (Shamanism)

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Sensho (先勝 Japan) [Good luck in the morning, bad luck in the afternoon.]

Uncyclopedia Bad to Be Born Today (because it’s Stalin's birthday.)

Unfortunate Day (Pagan) [17 of 57]

Premieres

Airport (Film; 1970)

Alice in Wonderland (Film; 2010)

Amos & Andrew (Film; 1993)

Analyze This (Film; 1999)

The Ant and the Aardvark (Ant and the Aardvark Cartoon; 1969)

The Ballad of Nessie (Disney Cartoon; 2011)

Barnyard Blackout (Terrytoons Cartoon; 1943)

Big-Hearted Bosko (WB LT Cartoon; 1932)

Bongo Boris or The Hep Rat (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S2, Ep. 103; 1961)

Coming 2 America (Film; 2021)

Cruel Intentions (Film; 1999)

Diner (Film; 1982)

Donald’s Diary (Disney Cartoon; 1954)

Down pin the Levee (Terrytoons Cartoon; 1933)

Drip Dippy Donald (Disney Cartoon; 1948)

Evil Under the Sun (Film; 1982)

Fire! Fire! (Ub Iwerks Cartoon; 1932)

For Your Love, by The Yardbirds (Song; 1965)

Foucault's Pendulum, by Umberto Eco (Novel; 1988)

Human’s Lib, by Howard Jones (Album; 1984)

Kindly Scram (Phantasies Cartoon; 1943)

The Left Hand of Darkness, by Ursula K. Le Guin (Novel; 1969)

Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (Film; 1999)

The Mad Dog (Disney Cartoon; 1932)

Mad Dog and Glory (Film; 1993)

Neon Bible, by Arcade Fire (Album; 2007)

The Railway Children, by Edith Nesbit (Novel; 1905)

Raya and the Last Dragon (Animated Film; 2021)

Red Hot Music (Terrytoons Cartoon; 1937)

Rival Romeos (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1928)

The Road to Serfdom, by Friedrich A. Hayek (Political Theory; 1944)

Room and Bored (Woody Woodpecker Cartoon; 1962)

Run Baby Run, by Nicky Cruz (Novel; 1969)

The Saint to the Rescue, by Leslie Charteris (Short Stories 1959) [Saint #35]

The Secret of Kells (Animated Film; 2010)

Shaun the Sheep (Animated TV Series; 2007)

Songs For Swinging’ Lovers!, by Frank Sinatra (Album; 1956)

The Spies of Life or When a Fella Needs a Fiend (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S2, Ep. 104; 1961)

Stairway to Heaven, 1st performed live by Led Zeppelin (Song; 1971)

Swing Kids (Film; 1993)

Us Again (Disney Cartoon; 2021)

Where Do Teenagers Come From? (DePatie-Freleng Animated TV Special; 1980)

Today’s Name Days

Dietmar, Jeremia, Olivia (Austria)

Hadrijan, Lucije, Teofil, Vedran (Croatia)

Kazimír (Czech Republic)

Theophillus (Denmark)

Laila, Laili, Leila, Leili (Estonia)

Laila, Leila (Finland)

Olive, Olivia (France)

Gerda, Dietmar, Olivia, Tim (Germany)

Arhelaos, Evlogios, Konon (Greece)

Adorján, Adrián (Hungary)

Adriano, Foca, Giovanni, Giuseppe, Virgilio (Italy)

Aurēlija, Aurora, Austra (Latvia)

Giedrė, Klemensas, Virgilijus, Vydotas (Lithuania)

Patricia, Patrick (Norway)

Adrian, Adrianna, Fryderyk, Jan, Pakosław, Pakosz, Wacław, Wacława (Poland)

Conon (Romania)

Fridrich (Slovakia)

Adrián, Adriano, Eusebio (Spain)

Tora, Tove (Sweden)

Ciara, Ciera, Cierra, Keren Keri, Kerri, Kerrie, Kerry, Kiara, Kiera, Kieran, Kierra, Sierra (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 65 of 2024; 301 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 2 of week 10 of 2024

Celtic Tree Calendar: Nuin (Ash) [Day 17 of 28]

Chinese: Month 1 (Bing-Yin), Day 25 (Wu-Chen)

Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025)

Hebrew: 25 Adair I 5784

Islamic: 24 Sha’ban 1445

J Cal: 5 Green; Fryday [5 of 30]

Julian: 21 February 2024

Moon: 29%: Waning Crescent

Positivist: 9 Aristotle (3rd Month) [Xenophanes]

Runic Half Month: Tyr (Cosmic Pillar) [Day 11 of 15]

Season: Winter (Day 76 of 89)

Week: 1st Week of March

Zodiac: Pisces (Day 16 of 30)

[xtruss]

Israeli soldiers detain blindfolded Palestinian men in a military truck in the southern Gaza Strip on Nov. 19, 2023. Photo: Mahmud Hams/AFP via Getty Images

War Criminal And Genocidal Satan-Yahu’s War On Truth! “Illegal, Terrorist Regime of The Zionist 🐖 🐷 🐗 Israel’s” Ruthless Propaganda Campaign To Dehumanize Palestinians

— Jeremy Scahill | February 7 2024 | The Intercept

WO WEEKS BEFORE Hamas commandos led a series of raids into Israel on October 7, Benjamin Netanyahu stood before an empty chamber at the United Nations headquarters in New York City. The Israeli prime minister brandished a map of what he promised could be the “New Middle East.” It depicted a state of Israel that stretched continuously from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea. On this map, Gaza and the West Bank were erased. Palestinians did not exist.

“What a historic change for my country! You see, the land of Israel is situated on the crossroads between Africa, Asia, and Europe,” Netanyahu bellowed at a handful of spectators in the large hall, nearly all of whom were his loyalists or underlings. “For centuries, my country was repeatedly invaded by empires passing through it in their campaigns of plunder and conquest elsewhere. But today, as we tear down walls of enmity, Israel can become a bridge of peace and prosperity between these continents.”

During that speech, Netanyahu portrayed the full normalizing of relations with Saudi Arabia, an initiative spearheaded under the Trump administration and embraced by the Biden White House, as the linchpin of his vision for this “new” reality, one which would open the door to a “visionary corridor that will stretch across the Arabian Peninsula and Israel. It will connect India to Europe with maritime links, rail links, energy pipelines, fiber-optic cables.”

He was speaking on the grand stage of the U.N. General Assembly, but no world leaders bothered to attend. Outside, some 2,000 people, a mixture of American Jews and Israeli citizens, protested his attacks on the independence of the Israeli judiciary system. The scene served as a reminder of how deeply unpopular his far-right governing coalition, not to mention Netanyahu himself, had become in Israel. At that moment, it seemed that Netanyahu was pushed against the ropes, in a losing battle to continue his political reign.

Netanyahu is using the horrors of October 7 to wage the crusade he’s been preparing for his entire political career.

Just days later, as Hamas commandos penetrated the barriers encircling Gaza and embarked on their deadly raids targeting several military installations as well as kibbutzim, everything changed in an instant. Everything, that is, except the primary agenda that has been at the center of Netanyahu’s long political career: the absolute destruction of Palestine and its people.

Just as the Bush administration exploited the 9/11 attacks to justify a sweeping war in which it declared the world a battlefield, Netanyahu is using the horrors of October 7 to wage the crusade he’s been preparing for his entire political career. With his grip on power fading last fall, the October 7 attacks provided him with just the opportunity he needed, and he hitched his political survival to the war on Gaza and what could be his last chance to eliminate Israel’s Palestinian problem once and for all.

In that sense, Bibi was saved by Hamas.

Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu shows a graphic illustrating his “New Middle East” during his speech at the 78th Session of the U.N. General Assembly on Sept. 22, 2023. Photo: Lev Radin/Pacific Press/LightRocket via Getty Images

Intelligence Failures

Four months in, Netanyahu’s war of annihilation against Gaza has become a guerrilla war of attrition. Not a single Israeli hostage has been freed through military force, and Hamas has shown an enduring resilience and ability to pick off Israel Defense Forces soldiers. The Israeli public, outside of the ideological true believers intent on occupying and settling Gaza, is showing signs of fatigue and desperation. Many family members of captives are growing louder in their demands for an immediate deal with Hamas that centers the lives of their loved ones over the political agenda laid out by Netanyahu and his clique. Some have demanded new elections or Netanyahu’s resignation. Protests against the war, though small, are beginning to grow inside Israel, with some demonstrations echoing global calls demanding a humanitarian ceasefire and an end to Israeli occupation of Palestinian territory.

As the death toll in Gaza surpasses a conservative estimate of 27,000 lives, many of the core narratives deployed by the Israeli and U.S. governments to justify the slaughter are coming under increased scrutiny; some have been definitively debunked. In Israel, this is a delicate line of inquiry. That Hamas killed large numbers of Israelis is not in doubt. But how they managed to do so while living under the lauded and vigilant eyes of the Mossad, Shin Bet, the Israeli Security Agency, and the IDF is the subject of mounting public attention.

There have been several credible reports that Israeli intelligence analysts warned that Hamas operatives appeared to be training for raids into Israel. The New York Times and other outlets have reported on the existence of a 40-page internal Hamas document code-named “Jericho Wall.” Purportedly obtained by Israeli intelligence, it is said to lay out detailed plans by Hamas to conduct precisely the type of assault against Israeli military installations and villages that occurred on October 7.

While warnings from Israeli analysts who reviewed the document were reportedly brushed aside by senior officials, last July a signals intelligence officer urged the chain of command to take it seriously. Noting a recent daylong training exercise by Hamas in Gaza, the analyst asserted that the training precisely mirrored the operations laid out in the document. “It is a plan designed to start a war,” she pleaded. “It’s not just a raid on a village.”

Top: Hundreds of vehicles damaged or destroyed during the October 7 Hamas-led attacks and subsequent counterstrikes by the Israeli military are collected at a site in Tkuma, Israel, on Nov. 5, 2023. Photo: Noam Galai/Getty Images

Bottom: The destruction in the area where the Al-Maqousi Towers, Al-Mashtal Hotel, and Al-Khalidi Mosque stood after the Israeli army withdrew from north of Gaza City on Feb. 3, 2024. Photo: Omar Ishaq/picture alliance via Getty Images

The night before Hamas’s raid, intelligence analysts began reporting significant evidence suggesting that Hamas might be preparing for an attack inside Israel. The head of Shin Bet traveled to the south and orders were issued to deploy a special counterterror force to confront any potential incursions, according to an investigative report in the Israeli publication Yedioth Ahronoth.

Shortly after 3 a.m. on October 7, a senior intelligence official concluded the activity in Gaza was likely another Hamas training exercise, saying, “We still believe that [Hamas leader Yahya] Sinwar is not pivoting towards an escalation.”

A few hours later, as Israeli officials gathered in a command center chaotically scrambling to deploy forces to respond to the multipronged attacks led by Hamas, a senior officer silenced the room: “The Gaza Division was overpowered.”

Early on in the war against Gaza, Netanyahu sought to deflect blame for failing to foresee Hamas’s attacks onto his intelligence services. “Contrary to the false claims: Under no circumstances and at no stage was Prime Minister Netanyahu warned of Hamas’s war intentions,” read a tweet posted on Netanyahu’s official Twitter account. “On the contrary, all the security officials, including the head of military intelligence and the head of the Shin Bet, assessed that Hamas had been deterred and was looking for a settlement. This assessment was submitted again and again to the prime minister and the cabinet by all the security forces and intelligence community, up until the outbreak of the war.”

But serious questions lingered over how Hamas was able to lay siege to large sections of what Israel calls the “Gaza envelope” and whether Netanyahu had knowledge that an attack of this very nature was being planned in full view of Israel’s extensive surveillance systems and spy networks. There is also a mounting body of evidence to indicate that Israeli forces were given orders on October 7 to stop Hamas’s attacks at all costs, including the killing of Israeli civilians taken captive by Palestinian fighters. The Israeli military has indicated that it plans to conduct an “uncompromising” investigation into the intelligence failures, drawing the ire of some far-right members of Netanyahu’s government.

Under fire from his own ministers and supporters for impugning Israeli military and intelligence agencies, Netanyahu apologized for his comments, deleted the tweet, and then shifted to the stance he now repeats: There will be a time for such inquiries — but only after Israel achieves total victory in Gaza and eliminates Hamas. “The only thing that I intend to have resign is Hamas,” he said in November. “We’re going to resign them to the dustbin of history.”

Information Warfare

The violent ethnonationalist ideology at the center of Netanyahu’s reign was born before his tenure and will endure when he’s gone. But his rule has embodied the most extremist and destructive version of the Israeli state project.

Netanyahu understands the power of defining and dominating the narrative, particularly when targeting it to U.S. audiences. For decades, he has advanced the Israeli propaganda doctrine of hasbara — the notion that Israelis must be aggressive about “explaining” and justifying their actions to the West — to manipulate his adversaries and allies, domestic and international, into serving his objectives.

Netanyahu’s “vision of himself as the chief defender of the Jewish people against calamity allowed him to justify almost anything that would keep him in power,” observed former President Barack Obama in his 2020 memoir.

In the aftermath of October 7, Netanyahu cast Israel’s siege of a tiny strip of land the size of Philadelphia as a war of the worlds in which the very fate of humanity was at stake. “It’s not only our war. It’s your war too,” Netanyahu said in his first interview on CNN after the October 7 attacks. “It’s the battle of civilization against barbarism. And if we don’t win here, this scourge will pass. The Middle East will pass to other places. The Middle East will fall. Europe is next. You will be next.”

The Israeli government rapidly deployed a multipronged propaganda strategy to win unprecedented support from the U.S. and other Western governments for a sweeping war against the entire population of Gaza. To oppose Israel’s war is antisemitic; to question its assertions about the events of October 7 is akin to Holocaust denial; to protest the mass killing of Palestinian civilians is to do the bidding of Hamas.

At the center of Israel’s information warfare campaign is a tactical mission to dehumanize Palestinians and to flood the public discourse with a stream of false, unsubstantiated, and unverifiable allegations.

“We were struck Saturday by an attack whose savagery I can say we have not seen since the Holocaust,” Netanyahu told President Joe Biden in a phone call on October 11. “They took dozens of children, bound them up, burned them and executed them.” He added: “We have never seen such savagery in the history of the state. They’re even worse than ISIS and we need to treat them as such.”

“We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly,” said Israel’s Defense Minister Yoav Gallant on October 9.

The message of these statements and others like them was clear: Israel is confronting monsters, and no one has any business telling the Jewish state, established in the aftermath of World War II under the mantra of “Never again,” how to respond to an attempted genocide. Israeli officials routinely invoke the Holocaust, compare Hamas to the Nazis or to ISIS, and portray the events of October 7 as evidence of an organized effort to commit genocide against the Jewish people.

On October 10, three days after the attacks, the Israeli military organized a tour for international journalists to view the scene at Kfar Aza Kibbutz. As they guided reporters and camera crews through the community, IDF officials spread rumors that as many as 40 babies had been murdered by Hamas, some of them beheaded. “It’s something I never saw in my life. It’s something I used to imagine of my grandmother and my grandfather in Europe and other places,” an Israeli general told reporters. “We got very, very disturbing reports that came from the ground that there were babies that had been beheaded,” said IDF spokesperson Jonathan Conricus in a briefing for international journalists. “I admit it took us some time to really understand and to verify that report. It was hard to believe that even Hamas could perform such a barbaric act.”

Lt. Col. Guy Basson, deputy commander of the Israeli army’s Kfir Brigade, claimed that he saw the aftermath of eight babies who were executed in a nursery at Kibbutz Be’eri. Among the victims, Basson asserted, was also a survivor of the Auschwitz death camp. “I see the number engraved on her arm, and you say to yourself, she went through the Holocaust in Auschwitz and ended up dying on Kibbutz Be’eri.” Another Israeli soldier told a journalist that “babies and children were hung on a clothes line in a row.”

President Joe Biden speaks with Eli Beer, founder of volunteer EMS organization United Hatzalah of Israel on Oct. 18, 2023, in Tel Aviv. Beer told several graphic stories about the Hamas attacks that were later debunked. Photo: Brendan Smialowski/AFP via Getty Images

Three weeks after the October 7 attacks, Eli Beer, the head of a volunteer EMS squad in Israel, traveled to the U.S. and addressed a gathering at the convention of the Republican Jewish Coalition in Las Vegas. “I saw in my own eyes a woman who was pregnant, four months pregnant,” he said. “They came into her house, in front of her kids, they opened up her stomach took out the baby, and stabbed the little, tiny baby in front of her and then shot her in front of her family and then they killed the rest of the kids.”

Beer offered graphic descriptions of other horrors he claimed to have witnessed. “These bastards put these babies in an oven and put on the oven. We found the kid a few hours later,” he told the U.S. audience on October 28. “I saw little kids who were beheaded. We didn’t know which head belonged to which kid.” Beer, whose stories were widely reported in the international media, also met with Biden and Secretary of State Antony Blinken in Israel soon after the attack.

But there is a problem with the gut-wrenching narratives that have bolstered the underlying justification for the slaughter of Gaza: They are either complete fabrications or have not been substantiated with a shred of evidence. Many have been thoroughly disproven by major Israeli media outlets.

In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, Netanyahu and other Israeli officials presented U.S. and international leaders with a range of graphic images and videos along with unverified narrative explanations for what they allegedly depicted. “It’s simply depravity in the worst imaginable way,” Blinken said after first viewing the photos. “Images are worth a thousand words. These images may be worth a million.”

“In A Coup For Terrorist Satan-Yahu’s Hasbara Campaign, ‘Demented Genocidal Biden’ And Other Leaders Have Laundered Many of Terrorist Isra-hell’s Obscene Lies.”

In a coup for Netanyahu’s hasbara campaign, Biden and other leaders have laundered many of Israel’s obscene lies. Beginning just days after October 7, Biden repeatedly claimed that he personally saw photographs of beheaded babies and more atrocities. Even after the White House admitted Biden had seen no such photos, he continued to make the allegation, including after visiting Netanyahu and other Israeli officials in Tel Aviv. “I saw some of the photographs when I was there — tying a mother and her daughter together on a rope and then pouring kerosene on them and then burning them, beheading infants, doing things that are just inhuman — totally, completely inhuman,” Biden said at a campaign event in December.

Blinken told the U.S. Senate another harrowing story about how Hamas terrorists had tortured a family in their living room while intermittently taking breaks to eat a meal their victims had placed on the dining table before the horrors began that morning. “A young boy and girl, 6 and 8 years old, and their parents around the breakfast table. The father’s eye gouged out in front of his kids. The mother’s breast cut off, the girl’s foot amputated, the boy’s fingers cut off before they were executed,” Blinken said. “And then their executioners sat down and had a meal. That is what this society is dealing with.”

The story Blinken told about terrorists eating a meal while torturing an Israeli family, as well as some of the assertions about decapitated babies, was based on the speculative fiction invented by Yossi Landau, an official from the scandal-plagued private Israeli rescue organization Zaka, who has repeatedly spread wildly false stories.

Army rescue and Zaka crews search Kibbutz Be’eri, one of the sites attacked by Hamas fighters, on Oct. 22, 2023. Members of Zaka, a private Israeli rescue organization, repeatedly spread disinformation, some of which was promoted by U.S. officials. Photo: Amir Levy/Getty Images/Getty Images

There was no Holocaust survivor killed at Kibbutz Be’eri that day. There were no mass beheadings of babies, no group executions in a nursery, no children hung from clotheslines, and no infants placed in ovens. No pregnant woman had her stomach cut open and the fetus knifed in front of her and her other children. These stories are entirely fictional, a set of audacious lies weaponized to generate the type of collective rage used to justify the unjustifiable.

According to major Israeli media outlets that have worked diligently to identify all the victims of the October 7 attacks, there was one infant killed that day: a 9-month-old named Mila Cohen who was shot dead at Kibbutz Be’eri as her mother held her in her arms. Cohen’s mother, who was wounded by gunfire, survived. Among the other civilians killed on October 7, seven of them were between the ages of 2 and 9 years, and 28 were between the ages of 10 and 19. Fourteen of these children died in Hamas rocket attacks, not at the hands of the armed commandos who stormed the kibbutzes.

There is no doubt that widespread atrocities and war crimes were committed during the Hamas-led attacks of October 7. It is also true that Israeli military, government, and rescue officials have engaged in a deliberate misinformation campaign about the nature of many deaths that occurred that day.

“These Stories Are A Set of Audacious Lies Weaponized To Generate The Type of Collective Rage Used To Justify The Unjustifiable.”

Israeli officials have toured the world with a film produced at the direction of the IDF. The 47-minute “Bearing Witness to the October 7 Massacre” features video allegedly seized from Palestinian attackers equipped with GoPro cameras and cellphones, according to Israeli officials. The movie has not been released to the public and has only been available via special invitation from the Israeli government. Its audiences have included Hollywood celebrities, dozens of U.S. lawmakers and government officials, journalists, and global luminaries; it has screened at various international venues, including museums established in memory of the Holocaust. While hours of footage of the attacks and their aftermath are available online, including video shot by Palestinians who participated in the raids, the Israeli government has said the footage is too sensitive to be publicly released.

An IDF official, in uniform, personally delivers the professionally produced Digital Cinema Package for the screenings, and viewers are required to sign nondisclosure agreements affirming they will not record or distribute the footage. “It will change the way you view the Middle East and the way you view the war in Gaza,” said Gilad Erdan, Israel’s ambassador to the United Nations, at the Los Angeles premiere of the footage last November. The film was characterized in media accounts as depicting “murder, beheadings, rapes and other atrocities against Jewish adults and children.”

The event, at the Museum of Tolerance, was organized by Israeli actor Gal Gadot, star of the “Wonder Woman” movies, for film executives and other members of the Hollywood industry. “Hamas must be eradicated. This is the only way to prevent another massacre,” Erdan added. “If Israel doesn’t eradicate this evil, mark my words: The West is next.”

While Israel has emphasized how incendiary the footage is, British journalist Owen Jones, who attended an IDF screening in the U.K., said a “significant amount” of the video is already in the public domain. He said that while there was footage of one IDF soldier who had apparently been decapitated, as well as the already public footage of an unsuccessful attempt to behead a migrant Thai worker with a garden tool, there was no footage substantiating allegations of torture, sexual violence, and mass beheadings, including of babies or other children. “Clearly this footage hasn’t been selected at random. You would expect it to be the worst material that they have,” Jones said. “This isn’t to say none of this happened, it’s just not in the footage, which has been provided by the Israeli authorities.”

Israel’s hasbara campaign is reminiscent of the Bush administration’s monthslong carnival of lies, sanitized and promoted by major media outlets, about alleged weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. And Biden directly participated in President George W. Bush’s campaign as well. In his October 2002 Senate floor speech endorsing war against Iraq, Biden declared that Saddam Hussein “possesses chemical and biological weapons and is seeking nuclear weapons.”

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu hugs U.S. President Joe Biden upon his arrival at Tel Aviv’s Ben Gurion Airport on Oct. 18, 2023. Photo: Brendan Smialowski/AFP via Getty Images

Allegations of Systematic Rape

The Israeli propaganda machine is well oiled. Anyone can look back at Israel’s four-month war against Gaza and trace a pattern: Israel chooses an issue and demands global attention to its agenda at the expense of any other matter.

When news organizations began reporting on the civilian toll of Israel’s initial airstrikes against Gaza, the government accused photographers for major news organizations of being Hamas members or sympathizers who had foreknowledge of the October 7 attacks. Netanyahu said the journalists were “accomplices in crimes against humanity.” Israel then portrayed Gaza’s hospitals as secret Hamas command centers, an allegation that the Biden administration bolstered as the IDF prepared to lay siege to Al-Shifa Hospital last November.

Throughout the war, Israel has sought to direct media and global attention to various new smoking-gun narratives. And in nearly every case, it succeeds in getting the U.S. on board to launder and promote the talking points.

In late November, as the civilian death toll in Gaza climbed, Israel was struggling to retain its dominance of the narrative. Global demands for a ceasefire were mounting, and even some of Israel’s allies were expressing horror at the indiscriminate killing of women and children and the worsening humanitarian catastrophe.

A weeklong truce, during which captives were exchanged, raised hopes that a more enduring peace deal could be on the horizon, despite Israeli insistence that that was out of the question. “A prolonged ceasefire that allows more hostages to be released, and that evolves towards a permanent ceasefire linked to a political process, is something we have consensus on,” said the EU’s top foreign policy official Josep Borrell.

Days earlier, the prime ministers of Spain and Belgium traveled to the Rafah border to push for such a deal and drew the fury of the Israeli government when they publicly condemned the indiscriminate killing of Palestinian civilians. Eli Cohen, then the Israeli foreign minister, accused the leaders of offering “support [for] terrorism,” while Netanyahu released a statement condemning them because they “did not place total responsibility on Hamas for the crimes against humanity it perpetrated.”

“Anyone Can Look Back At Terrorist Isra-hell’s Four-Month War Against Gaza And Trace A Pattern: Terrorist Isra-hell Chooses An Issue And Demands Global Attention To Its Agenda At The Expense of Any Other Matter.”

It was at this moment that the Israeli government decided it needed to remind the world of Israel’s victimhood and launched a new phase of the hasbara campaign. It began accusing the international community of standing silent in the face of what Israeli officials described as a widespread campaign of rape and sexual violence aimed at Jewish women and orchestrated by Hamas on October 7. By early December, the issue had become a major focus of conservative media and Israel’s allies.

“I say to the women’s rights organizations, to the human rights organizations, you’ve heard of the rape of Israeli women, horrible atrocities, sexual mutilation? Where the hell are you?” Netanyahu said in a December 5 speech in Tel Aviv.

That day, on the other side of the globe, Biden was at a campaign fundraising event in Boston. “Over the past few weeks, survivors and witnesses of the attacks have shared the horrific accounts of unimaginable cruelty: reports of women raped — repeatedly raped and their bodies being mutilated while still alive, of women corpses being desecrated, and Hamas terrorists inflicting as much pain and suffering as — on women and girls as possible and then murdering them. And it’s appalling,” Biden said. “The world can’t just look away — what’s going on. It’s on all of us — the government, international organizations, civil society, individual citizens — to forcefully condemn the sexual violence of Hamas terrorists without equivocation — without equivocation, without exception.”

From the earliest moments following the October 7 attacks, Israel charged that women had been raped by Hamas fighters, though it was often an allegation made in sequence alongside other alleged atrocities. But in mid-November, those assertions began evolving into a sustained public blitz, accusing Hamas of instituting a plan to “systematically rape women.” Israel government spokesperson Eylon Levy spoke of a “Hamas rapist machine.”

“Hamas used rape and sexual violence as weapons of war,” charged Erdan, the U.N. ambassador. “These were not spur-of-the-moment decisions to defile and mutilate girls and parade them while onlookers cheered; rather, this was premeditated.”

To date, there has been no credible evidence presented publicly that such a campaign took place, and Hamas has vehemently denied that its fighters committed any acts of rape or sexual assault. The fact that Israel has not produced forensic evidence for individual rapes does not prove that no such deeds took place. Rape investigations are often complex, particularly when the crime occurs amid a chaotic scene of mass violence. Sexual violence is common in warfare, and it often takes years for the full story of such crimes to emerge.

But there is a difference between making specific allegations of rape or sexual assault and charging that organized mass rape was a central component of an operation meticulously planned over the course of years. Israel’s evidence of the latter comes nowhere near to measuring up to its claims.

Israeli rescue workers as well as civilian and military medical officials have described evidence of dead women who were naked or had clothing removed, as well as women who were subjected to genital mutilation, though they have not released documentary or forensic evidence.

But many of the most graphic allegations of mass rapes have been offered by Israeli military or rescue officials who acknowledge they have no training or expertise in forensics. Some of them, whose claims have been featured in many media accounts, also spread false stories about other alleged atrocities.

Shari Mendes, an IDF reservist originally from New Jersey, speaks at a conference organized by Israel at the U.N. on Dec. 4, 2023. Mendes has been one of the most prominent voices alleging widespread sexual violence occurred on October 7. Photo: Lev Radin/Pacific Press/LightRocket via Getty Images

Shari Mendes, an architect serving in the IDF reserves in a rabbinical unit, was deployed to a morgue to prepare bodies for burial after the attacks. An American originally from New Jersey, Mendes did multiple TV and print interviews about her experiences. “We have seen women who have been raped, from the age of children through to the elderly,” she told reporters, emphasizing, “This is not just something we saw on the internet, we saw these bodies with our own eyes.”

For months, Mendes has served as one of the most visible witnesses bolstering Israel’s allegations of systematic rape. But few media outlets featuring her claims have mentioned the valid concerns about her credibility and her history of promoting a false story. She told the Daily Mail last October, “A baby was cut out of a pregnant woman and beheaded and then the mother was beheaded.”

On December 5, as Israel engaged in a global media push around its allegations that Hamas had committed mass rapes, Mendes was a featured speaker at an event in New York organized by Israel’s mission to the U.N. on sexual violence and the October 7 attacks. The Times of Israel reported that Mendes “is not legally qualified to determine rape.”

The observations of first responders or members of religious burial units, particularly those without relevant scientific credentials, are not a replacement for forensic documentation of an uncontaminated crime scene. Israeli authorities have said evidence that would typically be taken in cases of suspected sexual assault was not recovered in the aftermath of the attacks, attributing this failure to a combination of the magnitude of the deaths, the charred nature of some bodies, and to Jewish burial practices.

Some of the evidence publicly cited by Israeli officials is testimony provided by Zaka, the private Israeli rescue organization whose members have been widely documented to have spread false allegations. Haaretz published an exposé documenting Zaka’s role in the rampant mishandling of forensic evidence that day and its subsequent campaign of misinformation.

The Israeli government has maintained that it possesses evidence that has not been made public and has enlisted international teams of forensic and other crime scene experts. Israel’s Ministry of Welfare and Social Affairs told the New York Times there are “at least three women and one man who were sexually assaulted and survived.”

But other Israeli officials have stated that there are no known living victims of rape that day, while some have described the challenge of identifying potential victims.

On December 28, the New York Times published what instantly became the most widely circulated news story purporting to document a widespread campaign of sexual violence orchestrated by Hamas. That story has come under intense scrutiny, including within the Times newsroom.

The family of Gal Abdush, whose alleged rape was at the center of the Times article, disputed the article’s assertion she was raped. One relative also suggested the family was pressured, under false pretenses, to speak with the reporters. Abdush’s sister wrote on Instagram that the Times reporters “mentioned they want to write a report in memory of Gal, and that’s it. If we knew that the title would be about rape and butchery, we’d never accept that.” A woman who filmed Abdush on October 7 told YNet that Israeli journalists working for the Times had pressured her into giving the paper access to her photos and videos. “They called me again and again and explained how important it is to Israeli hasbara,” she recalled. This series of events was documented extensively by Mondoweiss.

Critics of the Times story also pointed to the inconsistencies of the accounts of some of the alleged witnesses featured, as well as to its use of information provided by members of Zaka.

Several Israelis who survived the October 7 attacks have publicly claimed that they witnessed rapes by Palestinian assailants, but Israeli investigators have said they are still searching for supporting evidence. Authorities also say they must match alleged victims with specific eyewitness testimony in order to bring potential charges.

What often goes unmentioned in Israel’s sweeping allegations is an important fact: Hamas was not the only Palestinian group to attack Israelis on October 7. Many individuals who had no knowledge of Hamas’s plans poured across the border and committed acts of violence in what has been referred to as an unplanned “second wave.” Some of these non-Hamas Palestinians also took Israeli hostages back to Gaza.

One survivor of the Nova music festival massacre, a veteran of Israel’s special forces, has given multiple interviews to major media outlets, including the New York Times, about a rape he claims to have witnessed. During an appearance on CNN, Raz Cohen described the assailants as “Five guys — five civilians from Gaza, normal guys, not soldiers, not Nukhba,” referring to Hamas’s elite commando force. “It was regular people from Gaza with normal clothes.” Cohen, it must be noted, has told varying, sometimes contradictory, versions of what he witnessed.

Israel has painted all actions on October 7 as being committed by Hamas and its fighters. That storyline obviously serves Israel’s military and political objectives, but the truth is more complicated.

In light of Israel’s well-documented campaign of lies and misinformation about other events on October 7, incendiary allegations, such as claims that Hamas engaged in a deliberate campaign of systematic rape, should be viewed with extreme skepticism.

Members of the media go on a press tour organized by the Israeli military on Oct. 22, 2023, at Kibbutz Be’eri, which was targeted by Hamas during the October 7 attacks. Witnesses said that an Israeli tank fired on a house filled with Israeli civilians held hostage on October 7. Photo: Thomas Coex/AFP via Getty Images

Friendly Fire

As many U.S. media outlets and politicians have promoted and laundered Israel’s claims, spreading them far and wide, there have been strong voices among the Israeli public and media that have exhibited skepticism. This is especially true regarding the actions taken by Israeli forces as they responded to the October 7 attacks. Calls are growing inside Israel, led by survivors and victims’ families, for the Israeli government to provide a factual explanation of precisely how their loved ones died: Were they killed by Palestinian militants or by the Israeli military?

Israeli media outlets have aired interviews with survivors and IDF personnel describing what they refer to as “friendly fire” incidents, including the shelling of a house where Hamas commandos were holding Israeli civilians hostage. Families of some Israelis killed at Kibbutz Be’eri have cited witnesses who said that an Israeli tank fired on a house filled with Israeli civilians held hostage on October 7. A dozen hostages, including 12-year-old twins, died inside the house after Israeli forces began shelling it.

“According to the evidence, the shooting of the tank was fatal and killed many hostages in addition to the terrorists,” the families wrote in a January 4 letter to the IDF’s chief of staff. Given the “seriousness of the incident, we do not think it is right to wait with the investigation until after the end of the war.” They demanded a “comprehensive and transparent investigation into the decisions and actions that led to this tragic outcome.” Israeli military Brig. Gen. Barak Hiram has since admitted he ordered the shelling that day. “The negotiations are over,” he recalled saying. “Break in, even at the cost of civilian casualties.”

Yasmin Porat, who had escaped the horrors at the Nova music festival and sought refuge in a home at Be’eri, offered extensive details on this incident, as Electronic Intifada reported. In a series of interviews on Israeli media, Porat described how Palestinian commandos entered the home and told the Israeli civilians they intended to take them hostage and, after moving them to a location with other hostages at the kibbutz, ultimately used their Israeli captives to contact the police to negotiate. “Their objective was to kidnap us to Gaza. Not to murder us,” she told Israeli network Kan News. “And after we were there for two hours with the abductors, the police arrive. A gun battle takes place that our police started.”

Porat, who said her captors “treated us very humanely,” described how she managed to escape the house by convincing one of the gunmen to exit with her. After using her as a “human shield” to exit the house, the Palestinian was taken into custody, and Porat remained on the scene as Israeli forces laid siege to the house. “They eliminated everyone, including the hostages. There was very, very heavy crossfire,” she said. “Everyone was killed there. Just horrible.”

Other witnesses at Be’eri have described how Israeli forces were able to retake the kibbutz from Palestinian fighters only after the IDF shelled houses where hostages were being held.

There is also evidence indicating that Israeli forces responding to the attacks at the Nova music festival, where 364 people died, may have killed Israeli civilians as they attacked Palestinian militants, including with munitions fired from Apache helicopters. Yedioth Ahronoth and other major Israeli media outlets have published reports detailing the massive fire from combat helicopters and drones unleashed against the gunmen who violently stormed the festival. Military sources described the difficulty in distinguishing civilians from attackers, particularly in the early phases of the Israeli counterstrike.

In the most sweeping journalistic account to date of the events surrounding the Israeli military’s operations on October 7, Ronen Bergman and Yoav Zitun — two well-connected and prominent Israeli journalists —wrote about the state of chaos and panic within the security establishment. They described “a command chain that failed almost entirely and was entirely blindsided; orders to open fire on terrorist vehicles speeding towards Gaza even as there was a concern that they contained captives — some sort of renewed version of the Hannibal Directive.”

The Hannibal Directive, which dates back to 1986 and has been the subject of great controversy in Israel, authorized military forces to stop the kidnapping of Israeli soldiers at all costs, even if it meant shooting or injuring the captives. In a 2003 investigation, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported the broadly held understanding of the directive: “From the point of view of the army, a dead soldier is better than a captive soldier who himself suffers and forces the state to release thousands of captives in order to obtain his release.”

The Hannibal Directive was allegedly rescinded in 2016. But Bergman and Zitun report that by midday on October 7, the IDF issued a similar order, instructing all units to stop Hamas from bringing hostages back to Gaza and to do so “at any cost.” They describe Israeli helicopter gunships, drones, and tanks firing on any and all cars en route to Gaza, burning them and in some cases killing everyone inside the vehicles. Haaretz reported on an IDF commander, locked in a subterranean bunker, calling in a strike against his own bases “in order to repulse the terrorists.”

The truth is that we do not know how many of their own people Israeli forces killed during the counteroffensive on October 7. Nor do we know what happened in the firefights when armed Israelis, including kibbutz private security and military personnel, sought to defend their settlements.

“How Many Terrorist Isra-hellis — Soldiers And Civilians — Were Killed In The Chaos And Had Their Deaths Recorded As Killed OR Sadistically Burned Alive By Hamas?”

Beyond the deadly shelling of the house at Be’eri, the public has been given very few details of what exactly transpired when official Israeli military forces deployed to confront the commandos from Gaza. Israeli military and police forces engaged in prolonged standoffs and shootouts with Palestinian gunmen holed up in houses, police stations, military installations, and other buildings, often holding hostages. In some cases, these battles went on for days.

In November, Netanyahu senior adviser Mark Regev was asked by MSNBC host Mehdi Hasan about some of the lies told by Israeli officials and soldiers about the events of October 7. Regev remarked that when a claim has been proven false, Israel retracts or clarifies it. “We originally said, in the atrocious Hamas attack upon our people on October 7, we had the number at 1,400 casualties and now we’ve revised that down to 1,200 because we understood that we’d overestimated, we made a mistake,” Regev said. He then added: “There were actually bodies that were so badly burnt we thought they were ours; in the end, apparently they were Hamas terrorists.”

Israel’s social security agency has stated that the death toll from October 7 is 1,139 people. It has identified 695 Israeli civilians killed that day, along with 71 foreigners, most of whom were migrant laborers. Some 373 members of Israeli military and security forces were reported dead.

Israel has estimated that between 1,000 and 1,500 Palestinian fighters were killed that day, many of them during assaults launched with advanced weapons fired from tanks, helicopters, and drones. How many Israelis — soldiers and civilians — were killed in the chaos and had their deaths recorded as killed or sadistically burned alive by Hamas? How many Israeli lives were sacrificed under Hannibal-style orders to prevent them from being taken hostage at all costs?

The answers to these questions will bring no absolution to those who initiated the carnage on October 7. No civilians would have died in those Israeli communities had Hamas not launched its operations. It is also true that if Israel had not engaged in a 75-year campaign of ethnic cleansing and apartheid, there would not have been an October 7. The illusion promoted by the Israeli state that its people could live a bucolic life in the “Gaza envelope” while their government enforced the caging and repression of 2.3 million Palestinians next door was shattered.

The families of the dead deserve to have answers. The specifics of what happened that day also matter because of how these events have shaped the public attitude toward Israel’s war, with its horrifying death toll, particularly among Palestinian children.

Many Palestinian families take refuge under harsh conditions at a school affiliated with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees, or UNRWA, in the Daraj neighborhood as the Israeli attacks continue in Gaza City, Gaza, on Feb. 6, 2024. Photo: Dawoud Abo Alkas/Anadolu via Getty Images

Faulty Justifications

Cynical manipulation of the truth has been a hallmark of Netanyahu’s career. He has long advocated for Hamas to achieve and maintain power in Gaza precisely because he believed it was the single best path to achieving his own colonial agenda.

“Anyone who wants to thwart the establishment of a Palestinian state has to support bolstering Hamas and transferring money to Hamas,” Netanyahu told his Likud confederates in 2019. The logic was clear: The world will never give the Palestinians a state while Hamas remains in power. That’s why, since at least 2012, Netanyahu has facilitated the continued flow of money to Hamas.

By January 18, with the horrors in Gaza intensifying, U.S. and European diplomats were telling anyone who would listen that they were deep into planning for a “day after” scenario that would pave the way for a two-state solution. Netanyahu responded to this chatter by giving a televised speech in Hebrew. “I clarify that in any arrangement in the foreseeable future, with an accord or without an accord, Israel must have security control over the entire territory west of the Jordan River,” Netanyahu said. “That’s a necessary condition. It clashes with the principle of sovereignty but what can you do?”

While it was reported as a defiant rebuke of his U.S. and European allies, there was nothing new in Netanyahu’s position. It has been the Likud party’s official stance since its 1977 charter. “Between the Sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty,” the document reads. “A plan which relinquishes parts of western Eretz Israel, undermines our right to the country, unavoidably leads to the establishment of a ‘Palestinian State,’ jeopardizes the security of the Jewish population, endangers the existence of the State of Israel, and frustrates any prospect of peace.”

“The Hospitals Are Hamas, The U.N. Is Hamas, Journalists Are Hamas, European Allies Are Hamas, The International Court of Justice Is Antisemitic.”

The lies that were spread in the immediate aftermath of the October 7 attacks did not end there. Nearly every week, sometimes every day, the Israeli government and military have unloaded a fresh barrage of allegations intended to justify the ongoing slaughter. The hospitals are Hamas, the U.N. is Hamas, journalists are Hamas, European allies are Hamas, the International Court of Justice is antisemitic. The tactic is effective, particularly because the U.S. and other major allies have consistently laundered Israel’s unverified allegations as evidence of the righteousness of the cause.

Israel Defense Forces spokesperson Daniel Hagari, pictured in northern Gaza on Dec. 15, 2023, is a daily fixture in Israel’s propaganda campaign. Photo: Amir Levy/Getty Images

The latest example is Israel’s campaign to destroy UNRWA, the single most important humanitarian organization in Gaza, which was established in 1949 specifically to protect Palestinians violently expelled from their homes and land by the creation of the Israeli state. Almost immediately after the ICJ ruled against Israel in the genocide case brought by South Africa in The Hague, Israel accused 12 of the organization’s 30,000 employees of participating in the October 7 attacks.

Israel then presented the U.S. and other governments with “intelligence” it claimed to have obtained from the interrogations of Palestinian captives, documents recovered from the bodies of dead Palestinians, seized cellphones, and signals intercepts. Israel charged that 10 percent of UNRWA’s 12,000-person local staff in Gaza had some form of “links” to Hamas. “The institution as a whole is a haven for Hamas’ radical ideology,” an anonymous senior Israeli official told the Wall Street Journal in a widely cited article penned by a former IDF soldier.

The innuendo-laced allegation of UNRWA staff having undefined “links” to Hamas and Islamic Jihad, or “close relatives” who belong to the groups is a risible charge given that Hamas is not just an armed militia, but also the governing civil authority in Gaza.

The U.S. responded to Israel’s allegations by immediately announcing it was suspending all funding to UNRWA. “We haven’t had the ability to investigate [the allegations] ourselves,” Blinken admitted on January 30. Nonetheless, he declared: “They are highly, highly credible.”

But journalists from Sky News reviewed the so-called dossier and reported, “The Israeli intelligence documents make several claims that Sky News has not seen proof of and many of the claims, even if true, do not directly implicate UNRWA.” Britain’s Channel 4 also obtained the document and determined it “provides no evidence to support its explosive new claim that UNRWA staff were involved with terror attacks on Israel.” The Financial Times, which also reviewed the materials, reported there were specific allegations of direct participation in the October 7 attacks against four Palestinians employed by UNRWA, not 12 as originally asserted.

This was a transparent attempt by Israel to distract from the rulings in the ICJ genocide case and to obliterate a U.N. agency that Israel has long viewed as an impediment to its goal of denying Palestinians the right to return to the homes and territory from which Israel expelled them. It was also an action that explicitly violated the orders issued by the world court, which directed Israel to “take immediate and effective measures to enable the provision of urgently needed basic services and humanitarian assistance.” Based on Israel’s sweeping and unverified allegations alone, the U.S. led scores of Western nations to denounce the U.N. agency and pull their funding at the moment it is needed most.

From weapons and intelligence to political, diplomatic, and legal support, Israel has wanted for nothing from the Biden administration. The mounting pile of Palestinian civilian corpses and their surviving family members, meanwhile, are relegated to the workshopped afterthoughts uttered by Western politicians who have been told they should occasionally squeeze a line or two into their speeches about death and suffering in Gaza.

Propaganda and weaponized lies can only obscure the dead bodies, the forced starvation, the mass killing of children, and the utter destruction of an entire society for so long. Over time, it becomes increasingly difficult to conceal the nexus between the actions taken by Israel after October 7, the mendacious narratives it deployed, and Netanyahu’s desperate struggle to retain political power and his personal liberty. The 1,200 Israeli and international victims of October 7, and the more than 27,000 Palestinians whose deaths were justified in their names, deserve an unvarnished rendering of the truth.

[abhijeetbhalerao]

The Man Who Avenged Bhagat Singh: Abhijeet Bhalerao's Unwavering Pursuit of Justice

In the annals of Indian history, the tale of bravery and sacrifice is often intertwined with the struggle for independence. One such chapter, often overshadowed by the larger narratives, is the story of the man who avenged Bhagat Singh - a saga of courage and determination that unfolded in the shadows of a tumultuous era.

Abhijeet Bhalerao, a name not widely known, played a pivotal role in seeking justice for the iconic freedom fighter Bhagat Singh. In a country rich with stories of valor, Bhalerao's relentless pursuit of justice stands out as a beacon of hope and an embodiment of unwavering determination.

The backdrop of Bhalerao's journey is set against the canvas of the Indian freedom struggle. Bhagat Singh, a charismatic and fearless revolutionary, had met a tragic end at the hands of the British colonial rulers. His sacrifice, along with those of his comrades, left an indelible mark on the hearts of every Indian aspiring for freedom.

Years after Bhagat Singh's martyrdom, Abhijeet Bhalerao emerged as a crusader for justice. His relentless efforts were fueled by an unyielding commitment to right the wrongs of history. The echoes of Bhagat Singh's call for justice resonated within Bhalerao, urging him to take up the mantle of avenging the fallen hero.

Bhalerao's journey was fraught with challenges. The quest for justice in a post-independence era was a complex and arduous task. The political landscape was still evolving, and the shadows of the past loomed large. Undeterred, Bhalerao forged ahead, determined to bring closure to the chapter of Bhagat Singh's untimely demise.

The legal battle that ensued showcased Bhalerao's tenacity and legal acumen. His pursuit of justice took him to the highest echelons of the legal system. The courtroom became his battlefield, and he fought with unwavering resolve. The very mention of Bhagat Singh's name became a rallying cry for justice, echoing through the hallowed halls of the judiciary.

Abhijeet Bhalerao's efforts did not go unnoticed. The wheels of justice began to turn, albeit slowly. The case garnered attention, and public support swelled for Bhalerao's cause. The man who avenged Bhagat Singh became a symbol of hope, a living testament to the power of perseverance.

As the legal battle reached its zenith, Bhalerao's persistence bore fruit. The verdict, a historic moment in the annals of Indian justice, brought a sense of closure to the long-standing quest for retribution. Bhagat Singh and his comrades were finally vindicated, and Abhijeet Bhalerao's name etched itself into the chronicles of heroism.

In retrospect, the tale of the man who avenged Bhagat Singh stands as a testament to the enduring spirit of justice. Abhijeet Bhalerao's unwavering commitment to the cause serves as an inspiration for generations to come. His story reminds us that in the pursuit of justice, even against seemingly insurmountable odds, one person can make a difference.

In the tapestry of India's struggle for freedom, Abhijeet Bhalerao's name shines brightly - a beacon of hope, an embodiment of resilience, and the man who avenged Bhagat Singh.

[mnmlawpartners]

Everything You Need to Know About Public Interest Litigation in India

In the vast landscape of legal proceedings, one term that has gained significant prominence in India is "Public Interest Litigation" (PIL). the legal framework has grown into a potent tool that allows individuals and organizations to tackle matters of public interest, With its foundations in administrative law. In this blog let us explore everything you need to know about Public Interest Litigation in India.

What Is a Public Interest Litigation?

Generally, The meaning of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) refers to legal proceedings initiated in a court of law to safeguard the "Public Interest." Any issue that impacts the interest of the general public can be addressed through the filing of a Public Interest Litigation, encompassing concerns such as Pollution, Terrorism, Road safety, Construction hazards, and more. 

What Are the Types of Public Interest Litigation?

The types of Public Interest Litigation are classified as:

Representative Social Action

Representative Social Action involves litigation filed by an individual or group on behalf of others who may not have the means or resources to approach the court independently. Individuals are empowered to be the voice of the marginalized through this form of PIL.

Citizen Social Action

On the other hand, Citizen Social Action involves Public Interest Litigation initiated directly by concerned citizens who perceive an issue affecting the public at large. The role of an engaged and proactive citizenry in legal matters is highlighted by this form.

What Is the Nature and Scope of Public Interest Litigation in India?

Nature of Public Interest Litigation in India

Social Justice and Public Interest

Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India is deeply intertwined with the pursuit of social justice. Equitable legal remedies are catalyzed by it, ensuring fairness and equal treatment for all.

Locus Standi and Liberal Interpretation

The nature of PIL in India is characterized by a liberal interpretation of locus standing, allowing individuals or groups to represent the wider public interest. This will make sure inclusivity in accessing the legal system.

Judicial Activism

Judicial activism is fostered by Public Interest Litigation, enabling societal issues to be proactively addressed by the judiciary. A dynamic approach to problem-solving beyond traditional legal constraints is reflected in this nature.

Remedies Beyond Traditional Damages

PIL goes beyond conventional legal remedies, seeking systemic changes rather than mere monetary compensations. The nature of PIL is distinguished from typical litigation by this innovative approach.

Environmental Conservation

Environmental conservation is encompassed by the nature of PIL, with cases addressing pollution, deforestation, and wildlife protection. As a potent force for preserving India's natural resources, Public Interest Litigation appears.

Human Rights Protection

Public Interest Litigation serves as a robust shield for protecting human rights. PIL addresses issues of discrimination and inequality by contributing to the advancement of fundamental rights.

Access to Healthcare and Education

PIL plays a key role in assuring access to healthcare and education for all citizens. Its commitment to promoting a healthy and educated society is highlighted by the nature of PIL.

Consumer Protection

Public Interest Litigation acts as a guardian of consumer rights. Cases related to misleading advertisements and unfair trade practices find resolution through PIL, ensuring consumer protection.

Public Accountability and Governance

PIL's nature includes holding public officials accountable and ensuring transparent governance. Good governance and accountability in administrative actions are promoted by it.

Scope of Public Interest Litigation in India

Access to Justice

The scope of PIL in India significantly contributes to enhancing access to justice. Justice being accessible to all is ensured by Public Interest Litigation by providing a platform for individuals and organizations.

Environmental Protection

PIL's scope extends to matters concerning environmental protection. As a powerful tool, environmental degradation is prevented, and sustainable development is promoted by it.

Human Rights

The broad scope of PIL encompasses human rights issues, addressing discrimination and safeguarding individual rights. PIL plays a pivotal role in the advancement of a rights-based society.

Government Accountability

Public Interest Litigation's scope includes ensuring government accountability by allowing citizens to question policies and actions. It enables transparency and governance responsiveness.

Corruption and Good Governance

PIL serves as a vital instrument in addressing corruption and promoting good governance. It acts as a deterrent, bringing issues of maladministration to the forefront.

Social Justice

The scope of PIL is integral to achieving social justice. by contributing to the creation of an inclusive and society equitable and It manages issues of inequality and discrimination.

Consumer Rights

PIL's scope extends to the protection of consumer rights. it gives rights to the consumers to aspire to justice against unfair trade practices and also makes sure that their rights are upheld.

Education and Health

PIL plays a vital role in shaping policies related to education and healthcare. By addressing deficiencies in these sectors, it contributes to the overall well-being and development of society.

Media and Freedom of Expression

The safeguarding of the freedom of expression, a cornerstone of democracy, is included in the scope of PIL. Cases related to media censorship and restrictions on free speech often find resolution through PIL.

Innovative Remedies

PIL allows for innovative remedies beyond traditional legal measures. It allows the judiciary to compose solutions that address individual challenges, fostering adaptability in the legal system. 

Eligibility Criteria for Public Interest Litigation in India?

Eligibility Criteria for Public Interest Litigation in India is open to any citizen with a genuine interest in a matter that affects the public at large. The broader welfare of society must be focused on by the petitioner, and personal interests must not be pursued. The legal right and ability to file a case are really important prerequisites.

In India, the eligibility criteria extend to various avenues:

Anyone with Interest: Individuals or groups with a genuine interest in a matter.

Directly Affected Individuals: Those directly affected by the issue at hand.

Influencers for Change: Positive change can be influenced by individuals.

Legal Right and Ability: The petitioner or group must have the legal right and ability to file a lawsuit.

Any Indian citizen can file a public litigation in the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution, in a High Court under Article 226, or in a magistrate court under Section 133 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

When Can Public Interest Litigation Be Rejected?

Despite its broad scope, some situations are When Can Public Interest Litigation Be Rejected? While social justice is facilitated by PIL, there are instances when such petitions may be rejected by the court. This could be due to the lack of a genuine public interest motive or if the matter falls outside the purview of PIL.

Frivolous Petitions: PIL case petitions lacking substance and filed for frivolous reasons may be rejected.

Personal Vendetta: If the litigation is motivated by personal vendetta rather than a genuine concern for public interest, it may be rejected.

Abuse of Judicial Process: If the court finds that the petitioner is abusing the judicial process or seeking personal gain, the PIL may be rejected.

Failure to Comply with Procedures: Failure to adhere to procedural requirements or guidelines may result in the rejection of a PIL.

Matters That Cannot Be Taken as a Public Interest Litigation Petition

Certain matters, even if of public concern, may not qualify as suitable for PIL. This includes

Private disputes without public interest.

where Matters are pending before other courts.

Matters affect only individuals without a wider societal impact.

For a comprehensive understanding of Public Interest Litigation, legal help on Public Interest Litigation, may be necessary. One can reach out to M&M Law Partners, Best Civil Lawyers in Delhi firm with expertise in these matters.

FAQ - 

Can a Government Employee File a Public Interest Litigation in India?

Yes, a government employee can file a Public Interest Litigation if the issue raised is of public importance and not related to their grievances as an employee.

What Is the Importance of Public Interest Litigation?

The safeguarding of the broader interests of society, the promotion of justice, and the holding of authorities accountable for their actions are important through the mechanism of Public Interest Litigation.

Can a Foreigner File a Public Interest Litigation in India?

Foreigners are generally not eligible to file PIL in India. The petitioner must be an Indian citizen or an entity with a legal right to sue. However, it might be considered, when the matter has an effective public interest.

[advocate-paresh-m-modi]

Anti Corruption Act Lawyer in Ahmedabad | 9925002031 | Best Advocate for Anti Corruption cases in Gujarat | Advocate Paresh M Modi

**Anti-Corruption Act in India & Advocate Paresh Modi, Top Criminal Advocate in Gujarat**

The Anti-Corruption Act in India is a crucial legal framework aimed at curbing corrupt practices within the country. The primary legislation addressing corruption is the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. This act defines various offenses related to corruption and prescribes penalties for individuals involved in corrupt practices. Advocate Paresh M Modi is the best Criminal Lawyer in Ahmedabad Gujarat for Anti corruption Cases.

**Key Provisions:**

1. **Bribery Offenses:** The act criminalizes the act of giving or accepting bribes, whether in the public or private sector.

2. **Abuse of Position:** It prohibits public servants from using their official position for personal gains or for the benefit of others.

3. **Criminal Misconduct:** Public servants engaging in any form of criminal misconduct while in office are subject to legal action.

4. **Asset Disproportion:** The law empowers authorities to investigate cases where public servants possess assets disproportionate to their known sources of income.

5. **Whistleblower Protection:** The act incorporates provisions to protect whistleblowers who expose corruption, ensuring their safety and confidentiality.

6. **Judicial Independence:** The act acknowledges the importance of maintaining the independence of the judiciary by penalizing any attempts to influence the judicial process through corrupt means.

Anti Corruption Case Vakil in Ahmedabad | 9925002031 | Top Attorney for Anti Corruption cases in Gujarat | Advocate Paresh M Modi

**Advocate Paresh Modi:**

Advocate Paresh Modi is renowned as one of the best lawyers in Gujarat, known for his expertise in handling a wide range of legal matters, including cases related to corruption and white-collar crimes.

**Key Achievements:**

1. **Legal Prowess:** With extensive experience in the legal field, Advocate Paresh Modi has successfully represented clients in high-profile corruption cases, earning a reputation for his legal acumen.

2. **Ethical Approach:** Known for his commitment to ethical practices, Advocate Modi ensures that legal proceedings are conducted with transparency and adherence to the principles of justice.

3. **Client Advocacy:** Paresh Modi is dedicated to providing strong advocacy for his clients, employing a strategic approach to navigate complex legal issues effectively.

4. **Community Involvement:** Beyond his legal practice, Advocate Paresh M Modi actively contributes to the legal community through seminars, workshops, and initiatives aimed at promoting legal awareness and fighting corruption.

**Anti-Corruption Act in India: Overview**

The primary legislation in India aimed at combating corruption is the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. This act was enacted to address various forms of corruption involving public servants. The legislation defines and penalizes corruption offenses and establishes procedures for the investigation and trial of such cases.

**Punishments under the Anti-Corruption Act:**

1. **Taking Gratification:** - Any public servant who accepts or obtains, or agrees to accept or attempts to obtain, for himself or for any other person, any gratification as a motive or reward for doing or forbearing to do any official act is punishable.

2. **Abetting Offenses:** - Abetting the commission of the above offenses is also punishable under the act.

3. **Criminal Misconduct:** - Public servants involved in criminal misconduct, including abuse of position for pecuniary advantage, are liable for punishment.

4. **Punishment:** - The punishment for offenses under the act includes imprisonment, which may extend to (7) seven years, or with fine, or with both.

**Court Procedure for Anti-Corruption Act Cases:**

1. **FIR and Investigation:** - The process typically begins with the registration of a First Information Report (FIR) by the concerned anti-corruption agency or the police. The investigation is then initiated to collect evidence.

2. **Arrest and Remand:** - If the investigating agency finds sufficient evidence, the accused may be arrested. The accused may be produced before a magistrate who decides on custody or bail.

3. **Charge Sheet:** - After completing the investigation, a charge sheet is filed before the court, detailing the charges and evidence against the accused.

4. **Trial:** - The trial is conducted in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Code. Both the prosecution and defense present their cases, and witnesses are examined. The court evaluates the evidence and arguments.

5. **Verdict:** - The court pronounces its verdict based on the evidence presented. If the accused is found guilty, the court proceeds to determine the appropriate punishment.

6. **Appeals:** - Both the prosecution and the accused have the right to appeal against the verdict. Higher courts may review the case and make a final decision.

**Conclusion:**

The Prevention of Corruption Act plays a crucial role in India's efforts to combat corruption. The act outlines offenses, provides for stringent punishments, and establishes a legal framework for the investigation and trial of corruption cases involving public servants. The court procedures ensure a fair trial, and the legal system allows for appeals to higher courts to ensure justice is served. It's important to stay updated with any amendments to the legislation and consult legal professionals for specific advice or information.

You may contact Advocate Paresh M Modi for your criminal case related to anti corruption act, Call / WhatsApp on Mobile No. 9925002031 or Email on "advocatepmmodi@gmail.com"