#internetwork

[kunalkumar1]

Achieve Success with Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert Training from Bluemorpho Learning

In today’s fast-paced world of technology, networking professionals face increasing demands to stay ahead of the curve. As the digital landscape evolves, companies rely heavily on robust and secure network infrastructures to support their operations. In this scenario, individuals with expertise in networking become invaluable assets. Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) certification stands out as a benchmark of excellence in the field, demonstrating mastery of networking concepts and technologies.

Bluemorpho Learning recognizes the importance of CCIE certification in empowering professionals to excel in their careers. With our comprehensive CCIE training program, we aim to equip individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to ace the certification exam and thrive in the networking industry.

Why Choose CCIE Training from Bluemorpho Learning?

Comprehensive Curriculum: Our CCIE training curriculum covers all essential topics and technologies required to excel in the certification exam. From network infrastructure to security protocols, we leave no stone unturned in preparing our students for success.

Expert Instructors: At Bluemorpho Learning, we believe in learning from the best. Our instructors are seasoned professionals with extensive experience in the networking industry. They bring real-world insights and practical knowledge to the classroom, enriching the learning experience for our students.

Hands-On Labs: Theory is important, but practical experience is invaluable. That’s why we emphasize hands-on labs in our CCIE training program. Students have access to state-of-the-art networking equipment and simulation tools, allowing them to apply their knowledge in a simulated network environment.

Flexibility: We understand that professionals have busy schedules. That’s why we offer flexible training options, including online courses and in-person classes. Whether you prefer to learn at your own pace or in a structured classroom setting, we have options to suit your needs. 100% Passing Guarantee: We are confident in the quality of our training program. That’s why we offer a 100% passing guarantee to all our students. If you complete our CCIE training course and meet our requirements, but fail to pass the certification exam, we’ll provide additional support and resources at no extra cost.

Career Opportunities: CCIE certification opens doors to a wide range of career opportunities. Whether you aspire to work as a network engineer, security specialist, or network architect, CCIE certification enhances your credibility and marketability in the industry.

Prepare for Success with Bluemorpho Learning

With Bluemorpho Learning’s CCIE training program, you’re not just preparing for a certification exam — you’re investing in your future success. Our comprehensive curriculum, expert instructors, hands-on labs, and 100% passing guarantee ensure that you’re well-equipped to excel in the networking industry.

Don’t settle for mediocrity. Join Bluemorpho Learning today and take your networking career to new heights with Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert certification. Your success starts here.

[codingquill]

Network switches

What’s a network switch ?

A switch is a device used in computer networks to connect multiple devices together within a single local area network (LAN). Its main role is to facilitate communication between different connected devices, such as computers, printers, servers, IP phones, etc.

It is a mini-computer which is made up of RAM, ROM, flash RAM, NVRAM, a microprocessor, connectivity ports and even an operating system.

RAM

RAM (Random Access Memory) contains the current configuration of the switch and temporarily stores the MAC address table, which is then processed by the microprocessor.

Microprocessor

The microprocessor is the heart of the switch, responsible for data processing, including switching and creating links between multiple devices.

External memories

External memories, such as flash RAM, ROM, and NVRAM (Non-Volatile RAM), store configuration files , different versions of the IOS , etc ...

Ports

The switch ports are the communication interfaces of the switch. There are several of them, generally 24 for a Cisco switch. Each port is associated with an LED which indicates its status and activity.

How does it work ?

Now how does a switch work to transfer information from one machine to another?

Suppose we have 4 machines: A, B, C and D connected to our switch in ports 1, 2, 3 and 4 as follows:

The switch only works with MAC addresses , so basically we have an empty MAC address table stored in RAM as soon as the switch starts up which looks like this : 

Transmitting data from machine A to machine B happens in the following steps:

Machine A sends a frame to machine B

Once this frame arrives at port 1 (which is the one linked to A), the switch reads the source MAC address and stores it in the MAC address table

The switch reads the destination MAC address and looks for it in the table, if it is not in the table, it broadcasts to all the active machines connected to the switch except the source one.

If the port linked to the machine we want is active, it sends a response frame from which the switch reads the MAC address we were looking for (@B)

Once done, it records the MAC address of B in the table.

This process repeats until the switch reaches what is called "MAC address table stability", that is to say it knows all the MAC addresses of the connected machines and has no more need to broadcast.

Starting and configuring a switch

When it comes to booting a switch, the process is similar to that of a traditional computer system:

POST (Power-On Self Test): The switch performs proper functioning tests on all hardware.

Loading IOS (Internetwork Operating System): The switch operating system is loaded.

Loading the configuration. At this stage we have two cases:

Either the switch already has a startup configuration defined and stored in NVRAM

Either the switch is blank and it is up to us to define the startup configuration when it goes to setup mode

Switch configuration

The configuration of a switch is done through different modes, such as user mode, privileged mode and global configuration mode, which allows access to specific configuration modes, such as interface mode, routing mode, line mode, etc.

And to do all this of course you must first connect the switch with the machine via the console cable and open a terminal emulator

💡 It should be noted that the only machine that can configure the switch is the one connected to it by a console cable, the others are only hosts.

[gisellecardoza]

#3 Blog Post (9/12)

How do algorithms present racially biased outcomes without using race?

Everyone expects technology (which makes algorithms) to be neutral and safe for everyone no matter their gender, race, or age but that isn’t the case. For example Nicole Brown talks about healthcare and how the algorithms show that white people are more sick but that is because they have better healthcare or put more money into it so they are more likely to go see a doctor when they are sick. But what the algorithm is not seeing is that many minorities don’t have healthcare or money so they are more likely to use at home treatments. So without it even seeing race the algorithms are biased based on the information given. Technology is made by humans and humans are racially biased. 

How reliable is technology? 

Most of the time we believe that technology is getting better. Technology brings algorithms into the equation that can be questionable at times and it brings “automated decision-making” (Eubanks). Eubanks explains her story and how technology wasn’t reliable at the time. When her partner was injured it showed that her insurance company had paid for the bills for a certain day but then she saw that some of the bills were denied, since she had just switched jobs the insurance hadn’t had a start day.  She had to get on the phone with many people, and they told her it was a “technical error”. This is just one example of the many errors that can happen. For the most part technology is reliable but at times it isn’t reliable. In her case the most stressful time technology wasn't reliable. 

Why is the “digital divide” a problem when discussing gender?

The digital divide is two groups, one having access to the internet and their own computers while the other group doesn’t have access to these things. Minorities like women and people of race (specifically African Americans and Latinos) are more likely to be “poor” and not have enough money for these things or have free access to them unlike white men who do have access to it. This is a problem because as women we aren’t getting paid as much as men and there is inequality in the “digital divide.” With that being said, many women want to learn the new technologies and be a part of the “internetworked global feminism. (Daniels) 

How does the internet represent a “tool” for global organizations? 

The internet and social media are tools for global feminist organizations because they are able to bring awareness to many different issues, and motivate people to be a part of the organization. It also creates a safe space for many people that are going through “repressive sex/gender regimes” (Daniels). Many girls and women are starting to be more engaged with technology to help express themselves better. 

Brown, N (2020). Race and Technology. 

Daniels, J (2009). Rethinking Cyberfeminism(s): Race, Gender, and Embodiment. The Feminist Press

Eubanks, Automating Inequality. Pdf

[pidayforpi]

(Okay.

So, if anyone remembers: In last July (which was already nearly 9 months ago omg), there was a "Donro Week 2023" event here. From 23 July to 29 July.

For once, I had...actually planned to participate in it (which would have been the second time I participate in a community event, after a (small) Discord secret santa in 2021).

Of course via writing, because you won't want to see me draw.

The format of the (story) writings would have been like this:

If anyone still remembers, there were "question prompts" for each day of the Donro Week (in addition to the "one-word" prompts, like "Lazy Days" for Day 1, or "AU" for Day 6).

The question prompts were something like:

[Day 1: "How do you think Donald and Gyro first met and become friends, then eventual partners?"

Day 2: "What qualities do Donald and Gyro get annoyed by or not like in each other?"

Day 5: "How do you think the extended Gearloose and Duck family would react to their relationship?"]

etc.

What I had planned to do, was writing out a set of Dewey Dew-Night interview scenarios, in which Dewey asks Paperino and Archimedes the corresponding question for that day.

[NB: Not Donald and Gyro, at least not the DT17 versions. You will see why below.]

The format would have actually been like the "Chicken Soup" thing I had written all the way in 2020. Free form, equally cringe.

Uh...that didn't happen. Obviously. And for some unknown reasons, because I was somewhat motivated and inspired during that time much better than now at least. So...sorry.

But what I did write, however, was the "intro" to this set of "interview stories"...which is the entire purpose I am saying all this context all of a sudden. It has been a while, and way too long since I last produced and published...something.

It is a very short story - not even a complete one - but it is one of the last things I did before I kind of...stopped. Everything.

I also wrote this on a train, too.)

[A very late tag, but I hope it is the thought that counts. Thank you for organising this wonderful event. Just watching/reading through others' works was already super awesome.]

@donro-week

Donro Week 2023 [July 23th ~ July 29th]

(Just a small note: Sentences/Words in italic mean they are not supposed to be caught on camera, but are caught on camera accidentally regardless.)

Dewey: (Dewey Dew-Night Intro!)

Dewey: "And joining us tonight are two birds of a feather you know very well, yet ALSO know NOTHING about! *Gasp!* How is that possible?! Go on, ask! How is that possible?!"

"......"

Huey: "What?"

Dewey: "Dude, you are supposed to ask out loud. We've talked about this."

Louie: "You...you were serious..."

Dewey: "When was I not serious? Actually, don't answer that. Just cooperate. Ask that aloud, c'mon."

Huey & Louie: "*Sigh* Oh my god, how is that possible?!"

Dewey: "Well, I dunno!"

*LOL!*

*Facepalm*

Dewey: "But we are about to find out! 'Cause joinin' us tonight is the greatest uncle of the universes...Donald Duck!"

Donald (Paperino): "Hi!...wait where even is the camera? That rectangular gadget on the stack of books?"

Dewey: "As well as the brightest mind in all Duckburgs, across space and time...Gyro Gearloose!"

Gyro (Archimedes): "H-hello...! Nice to meet you, people of the...uh...interweb? Internetwork? What was that again, modern Dewey?"

Dewey: "*chuckle* Well, pardon the old timers, you can say they might as well have come from the 20th century!"

*Laughter!*

Dewey: "And if you have guessed so, you are absolutely CORRECT! No prize though, sorry. Don't think they are only cosplaying..."

Paperino: "Cospl...what?"

Archimedes: "Just go along with it, honey..."

Dewey: "'Cause who you are seeing are literal time travellers! *Gasp!*"

Archimedes: "Well, technically, we are dimension trav-"

Dewey: "Thanks to this world's Gyro's now upgraded Time n' Space Tub™️..."

Huey: "Which he forbids you from entering a 20-metre radius around?"

Dewey: "...which I definitely have permission to enter a 20-metre radius around! Now! I bring you, Paperino and Archimedes Pitagorico! Donald Duck and Gyro Gearloose from another universe!"

*Fanfare! Applause!*

Dewey: "Stay tuned after the intermission for the exciting interview that ensues!"

Louie: "Wait, you literally haven't done anything yet-"

Dewey: "This is Dewford Dingus Duck, your beloved handsome host from Dewey Dew-Night! Don't forget to like n' subscribe! See ya!"

Louie: "Dude, you literally haven't done ANYTHING yet!"

Paperino: "Subscribe? Is this a newspaper or a magazine?"

Archimedes: "Wait, is this an interroga-"

*Recording cuts*

(11-7-2023)

[beebeessecretblog]

HELLO, HOW ARE YOU? How did you get here? °v°

I DONT KNOW

MY PHONE CRASHED TUMBLR ONCEWHILE TRYING TO ANSWER THIS SO MAYBE THE SPACE GODS DONT WANT ME ON THE INTERNETWORK

[learning-tech-publicly]

Names & Numbers: How Data Finds its Destination on the Net

As explained before, the Internet is the global network of networks. And with billions of computers and devices connected to the Internet, how does data know where to go when it is sent?

When the foundations of the Internet were being laid in the early 1970's, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed the first internetworking protocol. A protocol is a set of standards and rules that are agreed upon for all future technology to follow. The protocols that followed as the Internet grew, allowed for the massive global network we find today.

One of those protocols, the Internet Protocol (IP), determines how devices are located on networks as well as the structure of addresses for data sent, much similar to how postal services follow a set structure for home addresses (a protocol). IP addresses currently follow the IPv4 (version 4) or IPv6 (version 6) standards.

IPv4 is a set of 32 numbers (32 bits) separated into 4 parts with 8-bits (a byte) in each part and written in dot-decimal notation. Here's an example of an IPv4 address (111.24.221.18). The first two bytes represent the country or region of the address. The third byte represents the subnetwork and the final byte the device on that subnetwork. By using 32 bits, IPv4 was capable of over 4 billion internet addresses. However, this was not enough.

Enter IPv6, a 128-bit addressing protocol. IPv6 consist of a set of eight hexadecimal strings, each 16-bits long. This increases the total amount of possible internet addresses to over 340 undecillion (10^36). Plenty to go around.

You may be wondering, but if I type in a website domain into my browser bar, how to I get to that website without typing in the specific IP address? Now it is time to introduce DNS or the Domain Naming System.

You know how when you want to save someone's phone number into your own smartphone, you type in a name and save it to your contacts. Then when you want to call or text that person, you just click on their name and soon you are connected. DNS works the exact same way but is better in another way. DNS works like that contact list in your phone.

There are a bunch of DNS servers that hold the addresses and domain names of all the websites in existence. When you type in the name of a website in your browser, your request is sent to a DNS server who then returns that IP address to your system so that you may set up a connection with the website server. If the particular DNS server does not know the address, it asks the vast network of other DNS servers if they know the address. Once it gets the correct address, the DNS server you originally contacted, will save that address for your convenience. Nifty huh?

However, DNS does have a downside. Because it an open and public protocol, it is possible for criminal elements to disrupt or manipulate the routing of the DNS server. An unethical hacker could perform a DNS spoof, which could force traffic meant for a legitimate website to be rerouted to a malicious website or phishing site.

[homohotel]

The only boomer-free internetwork

This poll is in response to a post I just saw about a Business Insider article, and it motivated me to conduct a little experiment if you would indulge me

Reblog to stray further from gods light, and also for science 🧪

[cciecertification]

Top Benefits of Getting a CCIE Certification for Network Engineers

In the competitive world of IT networking, standing out is essential. For network engineers aiming to reach the pinnacle of their profession, the Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) certification offers unmatched recognition, skills validation, and career advancement. Known as one of the most prestigious and rigorous certifications in the industry, the CCIE is more than just a credential—it’s a career-defining milestone.

If you're wondering whether the effort, time, and investment are worth it, this blog will walk you through the top benefits of getting a ccie certification in 2025 and why it continues to be a game-changer for network engineers.

1. Industry Recognition as a Networking Expert

The CCIE title is globally respected and recognized as a benchmark of excellence in the networking field. Whether you choose Enterprise Infrastructure, Security, Data Center, or another track, achieving CCIE certification tells employers, colleagues, and clients that you possess expert-level knowledge and hands-on capabilities.

In an industry flooded with certifications, CCIE stands out as a badge of elite expertise. It's not just a test of knowledge—it's proof that you can solve complex, real-world problems under pressure.

2. Higher Salary Potential

One of the most immediate and tangible benefits of earning a CCIE is the increase in earning potential. According to industry surveys, CCIE-certified professionals earn significantly more than their non-certified counterparts.

In 2025, the average salary for a CCIE-certified network engineer ranges from $120,000 to $180,000 USD annually, depending on experience, specialization, and location. Some even cross the $200,000 mark in senior or consulting roles.

3. Increased Job Opportunities and Career Growth

With a CCIE certification, you're not limited to standard network engineering roles. You can pursue high-level positions such as:

Network Architect

Security Consultant

Data Center Engineer

Technical Solutions Architect

Senior Network Engineer

Many multinational companies, managed service providers, and government agencies look specifically for CCIEs to lead infrastructure design and operations. The certification can also be a stepping stone to consulting, leadership, and teaching roles.

4. Validation of Hands-On Skills

Unlike many certifications that rely heavily on multiple-choice exams, the CCIE includes an 8-hour hands-on lab exam. This practical exam ensures that candidates don’t just memorize concepts—they understand how to apply them in real-world scenarios.

This makes CCIEs especially valuable in critical situations such as network outages, infrastructure upgrades, or security breaches, where practical troubleshooting and problem-solving skills are essential.

5. Edge in a Competitive Job Market

In today’s tech-driven economy, networking skills are in high demand. However, the job market is also highly competitive. Having a CCIE on your resume gives you a distinct edge over other candidates.

For employers, hiring a CCIE means bringing in a professional who can handle complex tasks, reduce network downtime, and optimize performance—all with minimal supervision. In short, it builds trust even before your first day on the job.

6. Global Mobility and Flexibility

The CCIE is recognized worldwide, which means your career opportunities aren’t limited to your home country. Whether you want to work in the US, Europe, the Middle East, or Asia, your CCIE certification is a powerful tool that opens international doors.

In fact, many global organizations actively seek CCIEs for international projects, migrations, and remote infrastructure management roles.

7. Commitment to Continuous Learning

Preparing for the CCIE exam involves deep study, hands-on practice, and continuous learning. It pushes you to stay current with the latest technologies like SD-WAN, automation, cloud networking, and cybersecurity.

The certification process helps build discipline, perseverance, and a mindset geared toward lifelong learning—qualities highly valued in the IT world.

Final Thoughts

Earning a CCIE certification is no easy task—it requires dedication, time, and financial investment. But for network engineers who are serious about reaching the top of their profession, the benefits are well worth the effort.

From higher salaries and global recognition to deeper technical skills and better job opportunities, the CCIE offers long-term career value. If you’re ready to take your networking career to the next level, pursuing a CCIE certification might just be the smartest decision you ever make.

[sweatybelieverfun]

Co-Packaged Optics Market Future Trends Shaping Data Centers and High-Speed Networking Solutions

The co-packaged optics market is undergoing transformative changes, driven by rising data consumption, the growth of AI and machine learning applications, and the increasing demand for faster and more energy-efficient data centers. Co-packaged optics (CPO), which integrate optical components with switches or processors on a single package, offer promising solutions for overcoming the limitations of traditional pluggable optics in high-speed networking environments.

One of the most defining future trends in the co-packaged optics market is the need for higher bandwidth. Traditional interconnect methods are beginning to show limitations as data rates exceed 400 Gbps and move towards 800 Gbps and beyond. Co-packaged optics are being adopted by hyperscalers and cloud service providers due to their ability to handle such massive data throughputs with reduced power consumption and improved thermal management. These capabilities are essential in meeting the performance requirements of AI and large-scale machine learning workloads, where latency and efficiency are critical.

Energy efficiency is another core trend shaping the market's future. Data centers worldwide are grappling with power and cooling challenges, especially as performance demands soar. Co-packaged optics reduce the electrical-to-optical conversion distances, resulting in lower power usage and heat generation. This shift is aligned with global sustainability goals, encouraging major players to adopt more energy-conscious technologies without compromising on speed or scalability.

Integration with next-generation switch architectures is also becoming a central theme in the co-packaged optics market. As chip designers push toward 51.2 Tbps and even 102.4 Tbps switch platforms, conventional pluggable optics struggle to keep pace due to density and power limitations. CPO enables tighter integration of optics and electronics, optimizing the physical layout for better signal integrity and reduced footprint. This compatibility is opening new doors for designing modular and scalable data center networks capable of evolving alongside technological advancements.

Another emerging trend is the adoption of silicon photonics in co-packaged optics solutions. Silicon photonics technology offers compact, cost-effective, and high-bandwidth optical interconnects. As this technology matures, it's enabling broader deployment of CPO across different tiers of data center infrastructure. The synergy between silicon photonics and co-packaged optics allows for standardized platforms, reducing development complexity and accelerating time-to-market for new solutions.

The co-packaged optics ecosystem is also expanding, with a growing number of collaborations and consortia forming among chip manufacturers, optical component vendors, and system integrators. Initiatives like the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) and the Consortium for On-Board Optics (COBO) are playing vital roles in defining open standards and interoperability guidelines. These efforts ensure that CPO solutions can be deployed across various vendor ecosystems, enhancing their appeal to data center operators seeking long-term investment security.

As the market progresses, manufacturing challenges are being addressed through innovations in packaging techniques and materials. Co-packaging involves complex thermal management and alignment requirements. However, advancements in 3D packaging, micro-lens arrays, and automated alignment systems are making it feasible to produce reliable and scalable CPO products. These innovations are crucial for lowering costs and improving the accessibility of co-packaged optics for medium and small-scale deployments.

Another important future trend is the convergence of AI workloads and networking infrastructure. AI and machine learning require high-speed, low-latency interconnects between computing nodes. Co-packaged optics offer the bandwidth and proximity necessary to support such workloads efficiently. This synergy is likely to drive deeper integration of CPO in AI-centric data centers and edge computing platforms, enabling faster model training and data analytics.

Looking ahead, the global expansion of 5G and edge computing will further push the need for distributed, high-speed optical connections. Co-packaged optics will not remain confined to large hyperscale data centers; they are expected to find roles in edge data hubs and 5G base stations where compact size, speed, and energy efficiency are equally vital.

In conclusion, the co-packaged optics market is on the cusp of major transformation. With trends such as increasing bandwidth needs, energy efficiency, tighter switch integration, adoption of silicon photonics, and growing ecosystem collaboration, the technology is becoming an integral part of next-generation network infrastructure. These shifts signal a robust future for CPO, where its potential to redefine data connectivity, performance, and sustainability is only beginning to be realized.

[theelusivepoetalien]

Okay so it's a great day to go see if something like Khan Academy or other freebie learning zone has a Computer Networking 101. Turns out KhanAcademy.org is still free for now. I'm sure it mines the hell out of your data like anything else. I use one of my like 10 google logins. Did you know you didn't used to have a phone number to get a gmail address? There are still some e-mail services that don't require phone numbers, though they have different limitations and uses. Becoming a suite was quite another magnitude for a login. Anyway, someone tag me if we need the article on Other Email Services. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/basics-computer-networking/ ^This doesn't require a log in. I'm probably going to try to find a couple amusing videos. Like probably from youtube, unless I can find something on vimeo or the fediverse. A lot of this is learning how the internet goes. It teaches The Names and Commands of The Internet. Sort of like programing languages like C(++++?) and Python are Vocabulary and Grammar for Taming Your Processor. I'll reblog with more related links as I add to my Updated Study Library. My current aims include: > getting competent in basic LAN and internetwork administration > continuing to munch on html and CSS -- //Every time I get used to a service, it disappears or monetizes out of my budget or fills up with ads until it stops working.// I think I can make an ugly tack board and file server for my household. Also it's really satisfying -- like painting with puzzle pieces. > web hosting so there is somewhere to put it > uh taking screenshots and making posts about better net navigation and building skills to improve awareness? And of course: https://www.myabandonware.com/browse/theme/typing-29/ A bunch of typing games so old that no one cares. If you're willing to go with lowtech graphics to skip modern spyware and webtracking, it's honestly a fun little ride. Learning to type physical conditioning. However you make 15-30 minutes almost every day good and fun for yourself. (Sometimes 2d alien fun for points is enough, ya?) Yeah, those are for windows. Most macintosh users these days can maybe blow a few currency on a indie app, eh? Linux users -- you already know how to use freeware and honestly I'm not expecting to be read by a lot of linux users on this thread. (@ me for linux introductions ig too) Android? Basically in the same app boat as mac... Shout up for android power user info, like sideloading but... I haven't been browsing the indie APKs or the flash community in ages.

And uh, get a keyboard. bluetooth is fine for a while and better for someone trying to start this kind of project on a phone or a tablet. If someone is sticking to typing games for a few weeks or several, it might be worth considering getting a corded keyboard -- Anyone who is topping over 45wpm and heading for 60+ will find that bluetooth keyboards may not keep up with that leveled up meat input. (I can type around 90wpm or so when I'm on a roll and get frustrated pretty quickly.) Most Importantly: SAVE YOUR PROGRESS (u matter), & Look It Up before you Give It Up.

another thought about "gen z and gen alpha don't know how to use computers, just phone apps" is that this is intentionally the direction tech companies have pushed things in, they don't want users to understand anything about the underlying system, they want you to just buy a subscription to a thing and if it doesn't do what you need it to, you just upgrade to the more expensive one. users who look at configuration files are their worst nightmare

[redbrenox]

data community monitoring

============================================ CDP:

Om gegvens te zien van buren routers

router#show cdp neighbors router#show cdp neighbors details router(connfig)#cdp run

router(connfig-if)#cdp enable

Om verbinding te maken met een router (ip adress is voorbeeld):

C:>ssh -l ath [IP-adres]

of gebruik de applicatie

LLDP:

Net als CDP, maar het helpt netwerkbeheerders om de apparaten van de buren te identificeren (inclusief externe poorten)

router#show lldp router#show lldp neighbors router#show lldp neighbors detail

CDP:

R1#show cdp neighbors Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater, P - Phone Device ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port ID

R2 Fas 0/1 139 R C2600 Fas 0/1

R1#show cdp neighbors detail

Device ID: R2 Entry address(es): IP address : 192.168.1.2 Platform: cisco C2600, Capabilities: Router Interface: FastEthernet0/1, Port ID (outgoing port): FastEthernet0/1 Holdtime: 153

Version : Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version 12.2(28), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc5) Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport Copyright (c) 1986-2005 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Wed 27-Apr-04 19:01 by miwang

advertisement version: 2 Duplex: full

==============================================================

LLDP:

R1#show lldp neighbors Capability codes: (R) Router, (B) Bridge, (T) Telephone, (C) DOCSIS Cable Device (W) WLAN Access Point, (P) Repeater, (S) Station, (O) Other Device ID Local Intf Hold-time Capability Port ID

R2 Fa0/1 120 R Fa0/1

R1#show lldp neighbors detail

Chassis id: 0001.6425.7BC2 Port id: Fa0/1 Port Description: FastEthernet0/1 System Name: R2 System Description: Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version 12.2(28), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc5) Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport Copyright (c) 1986-2005 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Wed 27-Apr-04 19:01 by miwang Time remaining: 90 seconds System Capabilities: R Enabled Capabilities: R Management Addresses - not advertised Auto Negotiation - supported, enabled Physical media capabilities: 100baseT(HD) 100baseT(FD) Media Attachment Unit type: 10 Vlan ID: 1

Total entries displayed: 1

[fromdevcom]

Web development is a fast-evolving domain with frequently emerging trends and new technologies. One of the most prominent programming languages that can effectively implement the latest solutions in web applications is the PHP programming language. By January 2021 79% of websites were built in PHP and it shows no signs of losing ground. In November 2020 PHP creators released its 8th version with some major updates that focus on PHP performance and make web development even smoother and simpler. In this article, we look into the PHP language perspective in 2021. User Interface Trends User Interface (UI) is the first thing customers experience when they open an application. It attracts customers’ attention and makes them use it longer. Front-end developers can enhance your web application’s UI, make it more engaging, feel and look like a native. Web developers, in their turn, add the receptive web functionality to their applications. The receptive web is one of the most trendy PHP features. It allows creating responsive web designs (RWDs) that can provide an improved internet experience for the end-users in any environment. It means that RWD makes web pages render and work well on any device, whether it’s a mobile phone, a tablet, or a desktop computer. RWD is an optimal solution for social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter, email platforms like Google Gmail, e-Commerce sites like Amazon, and many others. These sites are frequently accessed from various devices and they should look good on any of them. Key PHP Web Development Frameworks The most top of the line frameworks in PHP will be Laravel, Symphony, Yii, CodeIgniter, and CakePHP. All of them accelerate web development and make it much easier. Let’s have a closer look at each of them. Laravel Laravel development will continue to be popular in 2021. It’s one of the most preferred PHP frameworks in web development. This framework allows building large and small web applications in a simpler and more comprehensive way. The main advantages of Laravel are: MVC Architecture helps to systemize the development process and divide a web application’s architecture into separate layers; Simple routing for establishing clear internetwork communications; Effective ORM for simple connection to databases; Easy use of RESTful APIs for access to various Internet services; Blade Template engine that makes it easier to design HTML pages; Unit-Testing to ensure that the written code functions well; Packaging System that alleviates web development by encapsulating the written code into small and manageable chunks. Symfony Symfony is the best match for large projects and unconventional ideas. This framework speeds up web application development with its useful inbuilt features and ready-made templates. Though it also lets web developers switch to free mode coding, creating non-standard solutions. Symfony has a bit steeper learning curve than Laravel, but once a web developer gets to grips with it, it makes his coding operations much simpler. Here are the reasons why to use Symfony for web development: Faster Development due to reusable components and out-of-the-box solutions; Easy Maintainability as Symfony has certain coding rules and structure which allows newcomers to quickly join an ongoing project; Minimized Number of code errors as the framework has a clear structure and extensive unit-testing features; Improved Security Due to a new Symfony security system with enhanced authentication, event-based system, simplified Guard features, and much more; Higher Flexibility due to the use of bundles for implementing various features; simple development process with components that automate most of the routine development tasks. Yii Yii is a young and ambitious PHP framework that is used for fast and secure PHP development. It relies on object-oriented programming principles and MVC architecture in its development, therefore, it supports the development of large-scale web applications. The main advantages of Yii include:

Easy to learn and install in comparison to Symfony or Zend; Customization as Yii components are highly extensible; Simple Data fetching from databases due to quick generation of CRUD operations; Following the Don’t repeat yourself (DRY) principle which helps to shorten code lines; A set of built-in features that alleviate web development such as routing, authentication, transactions, error handling, requesting, and others. Codeigniter Codeigniter is a robust PHP framework used for effective web application development. As most of the frameworks, it relies on MVC development pattern and provides inbuilt libraries for a quick coding start. The other Codeigniter advantages are: Versatile as it fits almost every platform and web server; works for server-side and presentation layer development; Secure development due to built-in protection against CSRF and XSS attacks; Doesn’t require much configuring which is done mostly by convention e.g. when models go straight into a “models” folder; Code reduction, making code-writing simpler and clearer; Easy migration from server to server. CakePHP CakePHP is another popular PHP framework that is widely used for web development. It is simple to configure, well organized, and has a great set of features that allow using it as a full-stack as well as a micro-framework depending on your project needs. With CakePHP, web developers can build multi-features and powerful web solutions in simple steps. The main CakePHP advantages are: Easy to Install, web developers need a web server and a copy of the framework to start a web development project; Simple to configure due to convention over configuration paradigm which alleviates web developers’ work by minimizing the number of decisions they need to make; Secure as it has SQL injection prevention, input validation, CSRF, and XSS protection features; Code Reusability which makes web development quicker; High Compatibility with most website servers and PHP language versions; Elaborated documentation and strong community support on various portals. Growing Need Outsourcing of PHP Web Development More and more businesses require viable and effective web solutions that successfully satisfy their business and customers’ needs. However, hiring a team of IT experts for building your own web application is quite an expensive idea. That’s why many companies prefer outsourcing the development of their web solutions. Outsourced custom PHP development services are affordable for SMEs and even start-ups. Therefore, the PHP web development outsourcing trend will continue to grow in popularity in 2021. According to Statista, the spendings on IT services will grow up to $1 trillion worldwide and is expected to increase by 4.1% from 2020. Reduced labor costs aren’t the only reason why to opt for outsourcing PHP web development. Other benefits include: diverse tech expertise form the best talents around the world; uninterrupted professional IT service that can be provided 24/7; better focus on your core business as you don’t need to manage your own IT department; wise allocation of resources excluding the necessity to spend time on searching and hiring IT staff as well as spend the company’s budget on their training and equipment upgrading. Progressive Web Apps and Single Page Applications Another reason why PHP will be used for web development in 2021 is a wide-spread implementation of Progressive Web Apps and Single Page Applications. PHP ideally suits for building the back-end for these types of web applications. Single Page Applications (SPAs) represent a single-page design that is extremely fast and responsive. It has a simple structure that excludes any complex navigation or deep menus. SPAs dynamically update the data on a page without the need to reload it entirely in a browser. As a result, such web applications work much faster than standard web applications, and their development employs less time.

Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) is a neat development solution that combines the best of web and mobile applications. PWAs use a web browser and a set of APIs to run on any mobile platform. It means that PWAs look like native mobile apps and are available on Android and iOS while having web components inside. Many businesses build their web solutions as PWAs and benefit from this cross-platform availability. PWA applications help them to reach more potential buyers while providing an outstanding customer experience.   Chatbots PHP is a powerful programming language that can be used for the development of many web applications and chatbots are no exception. Building chatbots with PHP is a painless and simplified procedure. PHP developers can create the best chatbots by connecting a web application to a messenger platform. Many companies prefer creating their chatbots with PHP as it’s the cheapest and the most effective solution which can be built much faster than in any other scripting language. PHP provides web developers with a range of libraries that can be accessible to work with API and various third-party applications.   Conclusion PHP is a time-tested programming language that manages to keep the leading positions in web development. And it seems to continue to maintain its popularity in 2021. It stays at the forefront of web development as it’s constantly developed and upgraded by its creators. It can comply with the requirements of businesses for cutting-edge web applications and offer a variety of tools and frameworks for building the latest technological trends such as chatbots, PWAs, SPAs, and many others.

[marketingtraininginchandigarh]

What is CCNA Certification?

The CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) certification is one of the most popular entry-level IT certifications globally, designed and offered by Cisco Systems, a leading company in networking and telecommunications. This credential validates a professional's ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks. It also includes the verification and implementation of connections to remote sites in a WAN.

For individuals starting a career in IT, especially in networking, the CCNA acts as a solid foundation. It covers fundamental concepts that help in building a long-term career in computer networking, cybersecurity, and other related domains.

Background of CCNA

Cisco introduced the CCNA certification in 1998, aiming to standardize the foundational networking knowledge required for entry-level network engineers. Since its inception, the certification has undergone numerous updates to keep pace with evolving technologies, such as cloud computing, automation, and cybersecurity.

As of 2020, Cisco streamlined its certification process, consolidating multiple CCNA specializations (e.g., CCNA Security, CCNA Wireless) into a single, comprehensive CCNA exam that covers a broader range of networking fundamentals.

Who Should Take the CCNA?

The CCNA is best suited for:

Entry-level IT professionals

Network support engineers

Network administrators

Help desk engineers

Aspiring network engineers

Computer science or IT students

Even professionals in non-networking IT roles often pursue the CCNA to broaden their understanding of how networks function.

Topics Covered in CCNA

The CCNA 200-301 exam, which is the current version as of 2025, tests a candidate’s knowledge in several areas, including:

1. Network Fundamentals

OSI and TCP/IP models

IP addressing (IPv4 and IPv6)

Subnetting

Ethernet and data encapsulation

Cables, switches, routers, and other hardware

2. Network Access

VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks)

Inter-switch communication

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

Wireless networking basics

3. IP Connectivity

Static and dynamic routing (RIP, OSPF)

Default routing

Troubleshooting routing issues

4. IP Services

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

NAT (Network Address Translation)

DNS (Domain Name System)

QoS (Quality of Service)

5. Security Fundamentals

Firewall basics

VPNs

Access Control Lists (ACLs)

Device security using passwords and SSH

6. Automation and Programmability

Introduction to network automation tools

APIs and Cisco DNA Center

JSON, REST, and basic Python scripting (awareness level)

Benefits of CCNA Certification

1. Globally Recognized Credential

CCNA is one of the most respected certifications in the IT industry. It’s recognized by employers around the world, opening doors to jobs in both local and international markets.

2. Stronger Networking Knowledge

Whether you're new to networking or already working in IT, preparing for the CCNA gives you a solid grounding in networking principles, device configuration, and troubleshooting.

3. Better Job Opportunities

CCNA-certified professionals are eligible for roles such as:

Network Technician

Network Administrator

Systems Engineer

IT Support Specialist

4. Higher Salary Potential

According to industry surveys, CCNA-certified individuals earn significantly more than their non-certified peers. In India, for example, entry-level salaries for CCNA-certified professionals typically range from ₹3 to ₹6 lakhs per annum, depending on experience and location.

5. Foundation for Higher Certifications

CCNA is a stepping stone to more advanced Cisco certifications like:

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional)

CCIE (Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert)

It also lays the groundwork for other vendor certifications in networking and security.

CCNA Exam Details

As of now, Cisco’s CCNA certification is awarded after passing a single exam:

Exam Code: 200-301 CCNA

Duration: 120 minutes

Format: Multiple-choice, drag-and-drop, simulation-based questions

Languages: English and Japanese

Cost: Approximately $300 USD (price may vary by country)

Prerequisites: None officially, but basic IT and networking knowledge is recommended

Candidates can take the exam at a Pearson VUE test center or online through proctored delivery.

How to Prepare for the CCNA Exam

1. Official Cisco Training

Cisco offers instructor-led training known as “Implementing and Administering Cisco Solutions (CCNA)”, which is a comprehensive course aligned with the exam.

2. Self-Study Resources

Cisco Press books like “CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide”

Video courses on platforms like Udemy, LinkedIn Learning, and Coursera

Cisco Packet Tracer (a free network simulation tool)

Lab practice with real or virtual equipment (e.g., GNS3, Cisco VIRL)

3. Practice Tests

Mock exams help assess readiness and simulate the actual exam environment. Many websites offer free and paid CCNA practice questions.

4. Join Study Groups

Networking with others preparing for the exam helps with knowledge exchange and staying motivated.

Is the CCNA Worth It in 2025?

Yes, the CCNA remains highly relevant and valuable in 2025, especially with the growing need for secure, reliable, and high-speed networking infrastructure. As organizations increasingly move toward hybrid cloud and remote work setups, network engineers and IT professionals play a more critical role.

Despite newer technologies and evolving job roles, the fundamentals of networking still serve as the bedrock for IT systems. Cisco has also modernized the CCNA to include topics like automation and programmability, ensuring that candidates are prepared for today’s IT environment.

Challenges in Earning CCNA

While the CCNA is considered an entry-level certification, it is not necessarily easy. Candidates often face challenges such as:

Understanding subnetting and IP addressing

Learning command-line configurations using Cisco IOS

Grasping routing protocols like OSPF

Staying current with evolving exam topics

However, with dedicated study and consistent practice, most candidates can pass the exam in 2 to 4 months.

Recertification and Validity

The CCNA certification is valid for 3 years from the date of passing the exam. To recertify, candidates can:

Retake the CCNA exam

Pass any higher-level Cisco certification (e.g., CCNP)

Earn Continuing Education (CE) credits via Cisco’s CE program

This ensures professionals remain current with industry standards and technological advancements.

Alternatives and Complementary Certifications

While CCNA is an excellent start, other certifications may be pursued alongside or after it:

Alternatives:

CompTIA Network+ – more vendor-neutral but less advanced

Juniper JNCIA – for networks using Juniper devices

Complementary:

Cisco DevNet Associate – focuses on network automation and software skills

CompTIA Security+ – covers cybersecurity fundamentals

Microsoft Certified: Azure Fundamentals – useful for cloud integration

Conclusion

The CCNA certification is a powerful credential for anyone seeking a career in networking and IT infrastructure. It provides a strong technical foundation, industry recognition, and opportunities for professional growth. Whether you’re a student, a recent graduate, or someone switching careers, earning the CCNA can open numerous doors in the tech industry.

As technology evolves, so does the role of the network engineer. The CCNA ensures you're not only equipped to handle today’s networking challenges but also prepared for tomorrow’s innovations.

[eggman-is-fat-mkay]

TCP/IP guys: "yk i'm kinda sick of every network card manufacturer/software being a walled garden. what if we made a universal protocol that all network cards could use to talk to all other network cards. what if any computer anywhere on the planet could talk to any other one"

web 1.0 guys: "what if everyone could create their very own webpage with just their content on it that anyone anywhere could connect to and comment on, and have it be completely independent of all the other webpages, and use this wonderful global internetwork as a means to share information"

geocities: "what if you didn't have to pay for web hosting to be able to create your own website?"

myspace: "what if webpages were social?"

facebook: "what if you didn't have to learn how to code to share your thoughts online?"

reddit: "what if social pages weren't oriented around people but around communities and were managed by committee?"

social platforms, one by one: "what if we took away the ability for each individual page to have its own theming? that shit was ugly af anyways"

and, one by one, feature by feature, users forget they ever could

[edebiyatiturk]

ccie sertifikası

CCIE Sertifikası: Ağ Mühendisliği Alanında Kariyer Yapmanın Yolu 1. CCIE Sertifikası Nedir? CCIE (Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert) Sertifikası, Cisco tarafından verilen ve ağ mühendisliği alanında en prestijli sertifikalardan biri olarak kabul edilir. Bu sertifika, bireylerin ağ altyapısı kurma, yönetme ve optimize etme konusundaki yetkinliklerini kanıtlamalarını sağlar. CCIE, yalnızca ağ…

[literaturereviewhelp]

This paper seeks to identify various computer information security certifications available for professional within the IT sector. It will discuss the requirements for one to be certified and areas that one can receive certification. In addition the paper will evaluate the employment opportunities available after receiving certifications. Introduction Computers systems and networks face many security threats such as unauthorized access and intrusion. Consequently, it is critical to employ highly skilled persons on this area to guarantee safety of organizational information and data. To give assurance to organizations that the employee being hired has the desired skills, several certifications are offered. Computer Information Security Certification Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) certification is offered by Cisco. It is internationally recognized as the highest level certification in technical networking. For one to be CCIE certified, they have to be tested on particular skills in networking through written exams and performance assessed in the laboratory (Hochmuth, 2004). CCIE certification is divided into seven tracks including; routing and switching, security, service provider, service provider operations, storage networking, voice and wireless tracks (Hochmuth, 2004). CCIE certified persons are recognized as highly skilled engineers and secure employment in communication sector such as mobile phone service providers and internet providers. Moreover, the individuals can be employed in organizations using information technology systems such as banks and supermarkets. Certified Computing Professional (CCP) is a senior level certification offered by ICCP. The certification is offered to Information Technology Management and Business and Systems Analysts professionals (Plishner, 2001). Moreover, it is offered to computer professionals globally. To receive this certification, one has to pass a core test in addition to scoring more than 70 percent in specialty examinations. Read the full article