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haunted-van-au · 5 years ago

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Roman pinched the bridge of his nose, focusing on the rose he was drawing in his notes rather than the math lesson happening in front of him. Logan would definitely be annoyed if he knew. Roman was already behind by a year in math and had been hearing about it since he came to live at Miss Morris’s. It had only gotten worse since they declared their truce. For someone who claimed not to care about anything (except for Patton when he was forced to answer directly), Logan certainly could be a fusspot.

Roman finished his drawing and glanced at the board. Well… it was too late now. He didn’t even know what ‘ln’ meant. Weren’t they talking about logarithms? He turned back to his notes, looking for an empty area to squeeze in another drawing, when he heard whispering behind him. Apparently, he wasn’t the only person not paying attention to math today.

“No, seriously, my cousin in Pamola City said the military’s in the street there,” a girl said behind him. Roman tuned into the conversation. “Something’s going on.”

“Rabid vampires?” her friend asked. Roman pulled his sweater sleeves over the bite mark scars on his wrists.

“Maybe,” the first girl replied, “but it’s so widespread. How could a coven get that far. Did you see the video?”

“Yeah, but channel 11 just said it was a silver drunk werewolf.”

“It didn’t look like a werewolf.”

“Well, it wasn’t the full moon…”

Roman bit his lip and glanced at the teacher before turning back halfway. “What video?” he asked in a whisper.

The girls stared at him like he was a gorgon who forgot his hat. Which was fair, because he didn’t think he’d ever spoken in this class other than to say ‘here’ during attendance.

“The man eater video they say is from Kutterville. It was posted yesterday but keeps being taken down. People think it’s either a hoax or a werewolf.”

So, that’s what Roman had heard whispers of throughout school today. No one really talked to him, but even he’d known something was going on.

“Mr. Royal. Ms Johnson, do the two of you have a comment?” Mrs. White asked from the board.

Roman winced and turned back.

“No ma’am,” the girl behind him said. Mrs. White turned back to the chalkboard.

Roman found himself tapping the desk with his pencil. He saw the guy next to him shoot him a nasty look but couldn’t manage to stop himself. He glanced at the clock. Ten minutes before school ended.

Roman is now open for questions.

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yngwrthr · 6 years ago

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If any of you are interested, beginning tonight and continuing incrementally over the next few days, I will be sharing overview sections of the Grundrisse -- that includes Martin Nicolaus’ introduction and up to page 170. I have found that I have to -- very carefully -- read and break down every page. I feel repetitious posting here could significantly enhance my understanding. The first segment will cover Nicolaus’ foreword and up to page 62.

Section II p. 13

1. Antithetical relation between money and capital (the two chapters in Grundrisse). p. 14

2. Critique of Proudhon: a.) Free credit b.) Currency based on labor time/ the value of labor p. 15

3. Liberty and equality: The social form of exchange and presupposition to the concept/ law of value in capitalist societies. pp. 17-18. Value = "Spine of Grundrisse" p. 16

4. "Labor power" vs "labor" first clarified in Grundrisse p. 21

Section III p. 24

1. Hegel's dialectic: Reasoning by splitting in two p. 28 : Significance of motion p. 28, mind p. 33, unity, negation/ suspension p. 32

2. Grundrisse: First attempt to apply Hegel's dialectic p. 43 Write history dialectically p. 42. Marx's critique of Hegel:

a. History not mind: Beginning not "being" pp. 33-35

b. Production and consumption p. 36; use value and exchange value pp. 37-38; wages and profits p. 41 not identical but opposites/ inverse

c. Method: Abstract, general relations to whole p. 36

d. End of capitalism: Then and only then the conditions of becoming p. 42

e. Marx’s "absolute" is conditional p. 42

Section IV p. 44

1. Labor theory of value: Greatest achievement of bourgeois economists p. 44

2. Concept of value: Presupposes bourgeois revolution; the equality of all sorts of labor p. 44

3. Marx: But bourgeois economists couldn't explain value of labor: p. 44

a. Many bourgeois economists: Value = worker's wages p. 44

b. Ricardo: Value = output: therefore, workers cheated p. 45

Marx: Both a & b = poor economics: Value of labor is and is not value of labor p. 45

4. Labor: Only commodity that is not a "thing". Labor is not value but creates value. Labor sells "power" of labor. Labor is invaluable. Measuring value of labor is like asking color of logarithm. Only measure is time. Consequently, this is a political as well as an economic act pp. 45-46

5. Answering the question: "What is value?" thus preserves revolutionary foundation of equality implicit in labor theory of value. Shows how bourgeois society is opposed to human

Liberty and equality. Explains why question of value was abandoned by bourgeois economists. Also answers question of accumulation and how capitalists acquire wealth. pp. 45-46

6. Engels: The difference between Labor theory of value and labor theory of surplus value/ theory of surplus value not clear before the Grundrisse. p. 47

7. Marx: Early ambiguity: First he posited absolute impoverishment; wages driven below animal survival. Then: Like Ricardo, he posited that there were fluctuations, but a downward spiral and an inverse correlation between profit and wages. Both are rejected in Grundrisse. pp. 47-48

8. Identity between profit and wages only in short run, when speed of production is constant. Long term, wages and profits can increase at same time. Workers can save; extensive cultural satisfaction; rise above "slaves". This justifies capitalism. And one faction of working class shares surplus value. p. 49

9. But with increased speed of production there is a greater surplus of labor: Some a reserve labor force, others paupers and lumpen proletariat. p. 49

10. There is an Increasing surplus as capitalism approaches limits with: crises of over-production; relative impoverishment; insecurity and a tendency for absolute impoverishment p. 49

11. Grundrisse: Capital is not a single trend formula. But labor unions: focus on single trend: absolute impoverishment. Marx: rejected "iron law of wages" pp. 49-50

12. Alienation: In 1844 manuscripts, objectification and alienation are the same. Bourgeois economists argue there is objectification -- therefore alienation -- in any society. p. 50

13. Grundrisse: Bourgeois society, historic phase where alienation is predominant form of objectification. But this is not just lamentable (a la Romantic critique), but a forward step that is predisposed to its abolition p. 50

14. Grundrisse: Two types of species being: a.) Private individual and private property: owner of means of production and owner of commodity labor power. 2.) Abolition of private property ends private individual. Social individual; classless society; from impoverished individual to rich development. p. 51

15. Machinery and automation not end to manual labor or vanguard of only engineers and technicians. Counter tendencies e.g., falling rate of profit. Most machinery forces longer hours; more hours than "savage" with simple tools. Weight of Marx's argument is that manual labor does not disappear. p. 51

Section V p. 52

1. Marx: Attacked narrowness of labor unions and anti-unionism of utopians and anarchists p. 62

2. Grundrisse: More understandable now than when written. More concrete with over-production/ millions on welfare/ revolutions, etc. p. 62

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shubhascbsescholars · 2 years ago

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What are the important topics for IIT JEE in 11th Standard?

With the passion to pursue engineering from a premier institute like IIT, a lot of students aim at cracking the IIT JEE to live this dream right from their 11th standard. Considered as one of the most difficult entrance exams across the globe, not many know how to prepare for JEE and lack correct guidance. Here we will discuss, how one needs to divide and dedicate time for important topics in 11th standard to score maximum marks in IIT JEE.IIT JEE consists of thirty multiple choice questions from Maths, Physics and Chemistry. With equal weightage given to all three subjects, one should know how to prepare for IIT and what topics to emphasize on to be able to answer most questions correctly in the assigned time.

To help students understand and prepare better, we have curated a list of important topics for JEE Mains from each subject for them to prioritize topics based on it.. Have a look.

Mathematics

Probability: Being one of the most important topics, one needs to cover Conditional Probability, Law of Total Probability and Bayes theorem in detail to score maximum marks in this subject.

Coordinate Geometry: One needs to be thorough with Circle

Logarithm: Basic Logarithm questions are only asked

Permutation and Combination: Important topics to cover here are circular permutation, Integral solution of linear equation and Division/ Arrangement of Groups

Quadratic Equation: One needs to focus on roots of an equations coefficients and most importantly on roots of an equation.

Physics

Units & Dimension: All concepts under this topic needs to be covered.

Rotational Motion: One should draw their focus on the concept of rigid body dynamics.

Kinematics of SHM: Questions asked on this are to test the understanding of Simple Harmonic Motion and one can expect around 3 questions from this concept.

Newton s Law of Motion: Application of the three laws of motion needs to be understood and effectively used in solving the questions.

Chemistry

Chemical Equilibrium: One needs to focus on concepts like Law of Mass Action, Acids and Bases and Solubility product.

Atomic Structure: Atomic structure preparation and atomic mass concepts are important . Theories like the Thomson, Bohr and Rutherford should be concentrated on.

Stoichiometry: Focusing on topic like the Mole and equivalent concept is very important in class 11th.

Gaseous State: States of matter, compressibilty factor and van der Waals equation are concepts to be focused on.

Chemical Bonding: One should focus on periodicity concept.

Organic Chemistry: Basic concepts of Organic Chemistry from 11th standard is usually asked. Hence one shouldn t ignore it and emphasize on the basics.

We advice students to be through with all three subjects mentioned above and give additional attention to these important topics of class 11 for IIT JEE mains to score maximum marks. Good Luck!

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deepinstitute · 3 years ago

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What Are The Important Topics For IIT JEE In 11th And 12th Standard?

With the passion to pursue engineering from a premier institute like IIT, a lot of students aim at cracking the IIT JEE to live this dream right from their 11th standard. Every year, about 1.2 million candidates appear for the JEE Main exam, out of which, a fraction of students qualify to appear for the JEE Advanced exam. Considered as one of the most difficult entrance exams across the globe, not many know how to prepare for JEE and lack correct guidance. ISS coaching in Lucknow will discuss in this article, how one needs to divide and dedicate time for important topics in 11th standard to score maximum marks in IIT JEE.

IIT JEE consists of thirty multiple choice questions from Maths, Physics and Chemistry. With equal weightage given to all three subjects, one should know how to prepare for IIT and what topics to emphasize on to be able to answer most questions correctly in the assigned time.

To help students understand and prepare better, we have curated a list of important topics for JEE Mains from each subject for them to prioritize topics based on it.. Have a look.

Mathematics

Generally, the weightage of topics of class 11 mathematics is 40% to 50% in JEE.

· Probability: Being one of the most important topics, one needs to cover Conditional Probability, Law of Total Probability and Bayes theorem in detail to score maximum marks in this subject.

· Coordinate Geometry: One needs to be thorough with Circle

· Logarithm: Basic Logarithm questions are only asked

· Permutation and Combination: Important topics to cover here are circular permutation, Integral solution of linear equation and Division/ Arrangement of Groups

· Quadratic Equation: One needs to focus on roots of an equations coefficients and most importantly on roots of an equation.

· Complex Number

· Conic Section

· Circle

· Calculus

· Vector & 3 D

· Trigonometric Equation

· Properties of Triangles

· Quadratic Equation

· Sequence and Series

Physics

In Physics, the weightage of the syllabus of class 11 and 12 is almost equal -- it is around 50% for each. Some important chapters of Physics in class 11 include Waves, Simple Harmonic Motion, Units and Dimensions, Rotational Motion, and Newton’s Laws of Motion. The class 12 Physics topics that carry heavy weightage in JEE include Electrostatics, Magnetism, Current Electricity, Optics, Modern Physics.

· Units & Dimension: All concepts under this topic needs to be covered.

· Rotational Motion: One should draw their focus on the concept of rigid body dynamics.

· Kinematics of SHM: Questions asked on this are to test the understanding of Simple Harmonic Motion and one can expect around 3 questions from this concept.

· Newton s Law of Motion: Application of the three laws of motion needs to be understood and effectively used in solving the questions.

Chemistry

In JEE chemistry, generally, the weightage of the class 12 syllabus is more than that of class 11. Generally, the weightage of the class 11 chemistry syllabus in JEE is around 30% to 40%. Many topics that are taught in class 11 are the basic ones and serve as a foundation for a deeper understanding of many class 12 topics. So, even though the weightage of the class 11 syllabus is slightly on the lower side, the topics taught in class 11 should not be ignored or taken for granted.

· Chemical Equilibrium: One needs to focus on concepts like Law of Mass Action, Acids and Bases and Solubility product.

· Atomic Structure: Atomic structure preparation and atomic mass concepts are important . Theories like the Thomson, Bohr and Rutherford should be concentrated on.

· Stoichiometry: Focusing on topic like the Mole and equivalent concept is very important in class 11th.

· Gaseous State: States of matter, compressibility factor and van der Waals equation are concepts to be focused on.

· Chemical Bonding: One should focus on periodicity concept.

· Organic Chemistry: Basic concepts of Organic Chemistry from 11th standard is usually asked. Hence one shouldn’t t ignore it and emphasize on the basics.

· Electrochemistry

· Coordination compound

· Salt analysis

· Ionic equilibrium

· Thermodynamics & thermochemistry

· Aldehydes and ketones

· Aromatic hydrocarbons

· GOC isomerism

· Liquid solutions

· Alkyl halides and aryl halides

JEE Main Important Topics 2021- Best Books to Cover

Students should cover all the JEE Mains 2021 important topics and chapters from the below best-recommended books by various subject experts, previous year JEE Main toppers and many test takers. Students are advised to follow only one or two books for each subject and do not refer to so many books. Beside all the recommendations, NCERT books is highly recommended for JEE Main preparation.

JEE Main Best Books 2021

I. Subject : Mathematics

Recommended Books:

1) NCERT Class 11 and 12 Textbooks

2) Differential and Integral Calculus by Amit M Aggarwal

3) Trigonometry and Coordinate Geometry by SL Loney

4) Complete Mathematics for JEE Main by TMH Publication

5) Algebra by Dr.SK Goyal

II. Subject : Physics

Recommended Books:

1) NCERT Class 11 and 12 Textbooks

2) Concepts of Physics by HC Verma (Volume 1 and 2)

3) Fundamentals of Physics by Halliday, Resnick & walker

4) Problems in General Physics by I.E Irodov

III. Subject : Chemistry

Recommended Books:

1) NCERT Class 11 and 12 Textbooks

2) Organic Chemistry by OP Tandon

3) Physical Chemistry by P Bahadur

4) Inorganic Chemistry by JD Lee

5) Modern Approach to Chemical Calculations by RC Mukherjee

JEE is a very tough competition, where the difference of even 1 mark can cause a lot of damage to one’s rank. Hence, it is important to be equally proficient in all the topics, both from class 11 and class 12. Even though it may seem like that a majority of JEE questions are from the class 11 syllabus, however, you must notice that JEE questions generally involve a mix of several concepts, and hence, you should be comfortable with all the concepts involved to apply them in a single question. Generally, in class 11, the foundations of several advanced concepts are laid. Hence, you should pay equal attention to the syllabus of class 11 and 12, both.

We advice students to be through with all three subjects mentioned above and give additional attention to these important topics of class 11 for IIT JEE mains to score maximum marks. Good Luck!

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impurelight · 6 years ago

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How Screwed Are We?

I recently started listening to NPR's Indicator. And one thing they love to talk about is Yield Curves. And why not? The Yield Curve has accurately predicted every single recession since the 1960's. Or so they claim in their episode, Behind The Curve.

So, here's the thing, saying 'The Yield Curve' is a bit misleading. First some background. The Yield Curve of US bonds, the Yield Curve in question, is actually made up of multiple return rates or yields. Each yield corresponds to a different time to maturity. So you could have a 2 month bond that returns 2%. That is one yield. And there are actually 11 such yields with rates that update daily. There is the 1 month yield, the 2 month yield, etc.

And normally the return for longer term bonds are higher than shorter term bonds. And if you graph it out it looks like a logarithmic curve. Hence the name 'Yield Logarithmic Curve'. Erm- I mean 'Yield Curve'. It normally looks like this (click on the image link):

This is the #YieldCurve for 2018-04-05. Source: https://t.co/DVcnCAxwR4 pic.twitter.com/D1Uz2WroB1

— Yield Curve (@DailyYieldCurve) April 5, 2018

I know what you're saying, "That's not a curve, that's just a bunch of lines." Well, interpolate it with a degree 2 polynomial. Or better yet a cubic spline. That's actually how the yield curve is generated in the first place. If you read the 'methodology' section on the yield curve page.

So anyways this is what it looks like now:

This is the #YieldCurve for 2019-06-28. Source: https://t.co/DVcnCAxwR4 pic.twitter.com/WQgQBATDfs

— Yield Curve (@DailyYieldCurve) June 28, 2019

So as you can see it is very clearly inverted. That is there is at least one place where the curve is going down. Well, mathematically it's not inverted. The mathematical definition of inversion is the curve is flipped in the Y = X axis which would make the curve look exponential rather than logarithmic. Here it's only flipped in the X axis (Y = some constant) and only at certain points. But I guess inverted sounds cooler than reflected. Or concave up. Or bumpy. Or some other more technically correct term.

So back to the original point. There's not just 1 Yield Curve. There are actually 66 yield pairs.

Back up a second. What do we mean when we say The Yield Curve is inverted? Well, we take two points (a pair) on the Yield Curve and compare them. We expect the one on the right to be higher than the point on the left. If it is not the pair is said to be inverted. Technically these two points are their own mini-yield curve because you can graph them. But as you only have 2 points (the main curve has 12) all you can make is a line which I argue is not a curve and so it is much better to call these two values a yield pair rather than a yield curve.

But now we see a problem. The graph of the yield curve only has lines between every two adjacent bonds meaning 11 different pairs. But there are more pairs we can analyze. What about the 1 month/2 year pair? Is that on the graph? Well, you could squint and say, "Technically it is on there because if you drew a line between the 1 month and 2 year curve you could have it." But this is a ridiculous argument because if you did that with every pair the graph would be a mess with lines all over the place.

So how many pairs are there? Well, for 1 month we can pair it up with 2 months, 3 months,... 30 years. Or 11 combinations. With 2 months we can go 3 months, 6 months,... 30 years. Continuing the pattern we get 11+10+...+1. This is just the sum of natural numbers up until 11. Recall the formula for this is n*(n+1)/2. Putting in n = 11 we get 11*12/2 = 66.

We can now put this in a 12x12 matrix like so:

We could have also computed the number of cells by counting the number of populated cells. 12x12 = 144 total cells. Of course we don't care about comparing bonds with themselves (i.e. 1 month/1 month) as these will never invert no matter how poorly the economy is doing. This leaves us with 132 yield curves. And then we divide this by 2 because the matrix is symmetrical (the 2 month/1 year yield curve is the same as the 1 year/2 month yield curve). This leaves us with 66 possible yield curves.

Note that in the first way of counting our equation was n(n+1)/2 where n is the number of bonds minus one whereas in the second one we simply took (s2-s)/2 where s is the number of bonds. Factoring out the s from the top gives s(s-1)/2. So converting s to n we just put in s = n+1 and get (n+1)(n+1-1)/2 or (n+1)n/2. They are the same!

Getting back to our table, we can now populate each cell with whether or not the associated pair is inverted. However thinking back to the Indicator Episode again we note that it only really matters if the pair is inverted for an entire quarter. So that's what I did. I computed what percentage of days each of the 66 possible yield pairs was inverted for in one fiscal quarter. And it was a lot of work. Nah, I just used Excel.

So the above pairs are actually for Q3 2018. These 0's indicate the yield pair has been inverted for precisely 0 days. It's really only bad if we see a 1. And given that everything is 0 it would appear as though everything is just fine.

Here is Q4 2018. That is last October, November, and December. It looks fine. A few inversions but they are very small. If I saw this back in the day I would not be worried.

Here are the first 2019 numbers. For January, February, and March. It is alarming. We can see that the 2 year/3 year yield pair has inverted and stayed inverted for the entirety of the quarter.

If I saw this I'd say the economy is in a pretty rough shape and potentially heading into a recession.

Here are the most recent numbers. Q2 2019. April, May, and June. Yeah, I know, June isn't finished yet but the treasury doesn't post numbers on weekends so these numbers won't change for the rest of June. And even if they did it is unlikely that the 3 month/5 year yields will uninvert. The delta between them is like 0.4 which is about 20%. The earliest I see them uninverting is in a few weeks.

So on to the chart here you can see a huge swath of the table is red as if bisecting the left and right sides. The pairs that have been inverted are... well, I was going to list them but when I did it just took up too much space.

In all 17 pairs have been inverted an entire quarter or over 25% of all pairs. This includes the all important 3 month/5 year pair which is claimed to predict a recession if it inverts for an entire quarter.

So if I saw these pairs I'd be like, "Hide your wife, hide your kids. A recession is coming."

However, it's not the worst it has ever been. Here are the Q1 2007 yield pairs.

There are a whopping 28 inversions. Plus all the 2 month bonds are N/A for some reason so there were only 55 pairs meaning over 50% inversion. Yes, 50. Five Zero.

However in some ways we're worse than 2007 as the current 3 month yield is over 25% higher than the current 5 year yield which is a lot higher than in 2007 where the difference was only 10%. Although in absolute terms the difference is about the same. It's interesting to note, but I wouldn't take anything from this as I have no idea what this means.

Also worth noting that in 2006 and 2007 the 20 year/30 year pair is inverted. Which makes no sense. How is this pair inverted when there are no nearby pairs even close to inverting? I kept on thinking I made a mistake but no, it's there in the data clear as day. 20 year and 30 year values are inverted. I suspect the US treasury is doing the same thing League of Legends does and instead of making that curve N/A they just nerf it so no one wants to choose it.

So brace yourselves for the 2020 recession. And when it does come I have no doubt that it will be called the Trump recession and people will blame it on the tariffs. I don't know if that's fair. I mean we haven't had a recession since the 2008 one and we usually get a recession once every 10 or so years. So I don't know how much it's to blame on tariffs.

But you know, I originally thought when Trump was elected he would cause a recession. And when he was elected the market actually fell but then immediately recovered. So maybe I was right all those years ago. I just had to wait 3 and a half more years.

#Yield Curve

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juudgeblog · 7 years ago

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How to prepare Maths for CLAT

This article is written by Anmol Singla of RGNUL.

CLAT is an exam which tests students analytical ability, mathematical skill, reasoning ability, language skills, general awareness and application of legal phenomena. Mathematics is one of the major differentials in one’s score as a lot of students fail to do well in this section. It is for some reason the most hated subject of most of the aspirants. This article will focus on how to target that eternal enemy and conquer it to score well in the exam.

Students who have a strong grasp of fundamentals of mathematics will find this section quite scoring. As long as you avoid silly calculation mistakes, concepts related to CLAT math section are easy. Make sure you cover these topics in mathematics:

• Number system

• Roots

• Decimals and fractions

• Surds and indices

• Average

• HCF and LCM

• Approximation

• Ration and proportion

• Logarithm

• Profit and loss

• Discounts

• Interest calculation

• Areas and volumes

So coming to it, 20 questions out of 200, exactly 10 percent of the total marks. It seems so little. Why do I need to do it? Well, it is a subject purely based upon your skill and practice. If you practice it with due diligence it will never betray you.

The questions asked in the examination are usually based upon the following topics:

Number system

Example – The number obtained by interchanging a two-digit number is 27 more than the original number. If the sum of the two digits is 13, what is the original number?

1) 63 2)74 3)85 4)58

Anita had to multiply two positive integers. Instead of taking 35 as one of the multipliers, she incorrectly took 53. As a result, the product went up by 540. What is the price of the new product?

1) 1050

2) 540

3) 1440

4) 1520

5) 1590

RootsIn a class, each of the students contributed as many paise as there are number of students. If the total collection was Rs. 64, what is the number of students in the class?

1) 90

2) 82

3) 80

4) 40

Decimals and Fractions

(⅖ of 0.5 + ⅜ of 4.8) x ( ⅞ of 2.4 + 6/11 of 5.5 ) =

13.28

14.28

14.18

14.26

Average

The average weight of three men ‘X’, ‘Y’ and ‘Z’ is 75 kgs. Another man ‘A’ joins the group and the average weight now becomes 80 kgs. If another person ‘B’ whose weight is 5 kgs more than ‘A’ replaces ‘X’, then the average weight of ‘Y’, ‘Z’, ‘A’ and ‘B’ will be 85 kgs. What is the weight of ‘X’?

80 kgs.

84 kgs.

82 kgs.

78 kgs.

Areas and Volumes

A circular park, 42 m in diameter, has a path 3.5 m wide running around it on the outside.

Find the cost of gravelling the path at Rs. 4 per m2

Ans.

Rs. 1672

Rs. 1652

Rs. 2002

Rs. 2048

Ratio and proportion

Gold and copper are as heavy as water by 19 and 9 times respectively. The ratio in which these two metals be mixed so that the mixture is 17 times as heavy as water is:

2:3

3:2

4:1

3:4

Profit and Loss

A trader sells rice at a profit of 20% and uses weights which are 10% less than the correct weight. The total gain earned by him is:

33 1/3%

22 2/9%

30%

35%

Interest Calculation

A man buys Rs. 20 shares paying 9% dividend. The man expects to have an interest of 12% on his money. The market value of each share is?

Rs. 18

Rs. 15

Rs. 12

Rs. 21

As we can see that all of the topics are taught in elementary school and are not difficult by any means. All it needs is the dedication to practice on a regular basis. How to do that?

Play with numbers in your daily life

If you are going outside, check out the number plate of the vehicles. Play with the numbers by finding out the sum and product of each number plate. Add variations like finding the difference of the squares, dividing the product of three numbers by third and more.

In case you are visiting shops, especially during sales, try to calculate the prices of all the products by adding up the discounts. Similarly apply your numerical knowledge in other real-life scenarios like a cricket game or a football game, dealing with debts and much more. This way you will be familiar with the core mathematical operations and will find your calculation speed increasing gradually.

This link will lead to you to another fun game to improve maths while you are outside.

Practice daily for at least three months before the exam

Make it a goal to solve at least 20 relevant questions daily. Go with practising specific topics for the first two months and mixed topics for the whole of the last month. Time yourself regularly. If you are diligent enough and grasp the concepts you should be able to solve most of the questions within a minute as you approach the end of your preparation.

Memorize all the formulas and relevant tricks by applying them thoroughly

Every topic has its own formulas and certain tricks that can help you to save time. Prepare a formula sheet and stick it at some place you can look at daily. Keep the tricks in mind while solving the questions. A few tricks for average, ratio and proportion have been given in this article.

Analyze your mistakes and work on them

Don’t just practice, EVALUATE YOURSELF! As you proceed with the topics you will start to identify your strong and weak areas. A common mistake made by candidates is that they tend to overdo their weaknesses and ignore their strengths. You have to make consistent efforts to work on both and not lose your grasp.

A few useful tips:

Memorize tables upto 20, squares upto 30 and cubes upto 20. This will be useful in both maths as well as the logical reasoning section.

Work upon the variations in the practical usage of formulas. For example, in mensuration, the formulas need to be applied judiciously to arrive at the right result.

Out of the 20 questions, at least 10 can be solved in under 1 minute. Identify them first, to maximize your score.

Don’t spend more than 15 minutes on this section unless you have completed the rest of the exams already.

Some of the recommended books are

Quantitative Aptitude by RS Aggarwal

NCERT textbooks for classes 8,9 and 10.

At the end of the day, maths is all about making efforts but making them smartly. One doesn’t need to be scared or feel like one has to move mountains. It is just another section of the exam which is feared way too much. If you are able to incorporate the given methodology into your preparation, you will surely do well in this section. As most of the students have relatively low scores in this section, a score of above ten can really increase your chances of securing a good rank and getting into your dream Law University.

To conclude there’s a quote, not from any old philosopher but from the idol of millions of youth in our nation, Virat Kohli:

“Self-belief and hard work will always earn you success.”

The post How to prepare Maths for CLAT appeared first on iPleaders.

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loyallogic · 7 years ago

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How to prepare Maths for CLAT

This article is written by Anmol Singla of RGNUL.

• Number system

• Roots

• Decimals and fractions

• Surds and indices

• Average

• HCF and LCM

• Approximation

• Ration and proportion

• Logarithm

• Profit and loss

• Discounts

• Interest calculation

• Areas and volumes

The questions asked in the examination are usually based upon the following topics:

Number system

Example – The number obtained by interchanging a two-digit number is 27 more than the original number. If the sum of the two digits is 13, what is the original number?

1) 63 2)74 3)85 4)58

Anita had to multiply two positive integers. Instead of taking 35 as one of the multipliers, she incorrectly took 53. As a result, the product went up by 540. What is the price of the new product?

1) 1050

2) 540

3) 1440

4) 1520

5) 1590

RootsIn a class, each of the students contributed as many paise as there are number of students. If the total collection was Rs. 64, what is the number of students in the class?

1) 90

2) 82

3) 80

4) 40

Decimals and Fractions

(⅖ of 0.5 + ⅜ of 4.8) x ( ⅞ of 2.4 + 6/11 of 5.5 ) =

13.28

14.28

14.18

14.26

Average

80 kgs.

84 kgs.

82 kgs.

78 kgs.

Areas and Volumes

A circular park, 42 m in diameter, has a path 3.5 m wide running around it on the outside.

Find the cost of gravelling the path at Rs. 4 per m2

Ans.

Rs. 1672

Rs. 1652

Rs. 2002

Rs. 2048

Ratio and proportion

Gold and copper are as heavy as water by 19 and 9 times respectively. The ratio in which these two metals be mixed so that the mixture is 17 times as heavy as water is:

2:3

3:2

4:1

3:4

Profit and Loss

A trader sells rice at a profit of 20% and uses weights which are 10% less than the correct weight. The total gain earned by him is:

33 1/3%

22 2/9%

30%

35%

Interest Calculation

A man buys Rs. 20 shares paying 9% dividend. The man expects to have an interest of 12% on his money. The market value of each share is?

Rs. 18

Rs. 15

Rs. 12

Rs. 21

As we can see that all of the topics are taught in elementary school and are not difficult by any means. All it needs is the dedication to practice on a regular basis. How to do that?

Play with numbers in your daily life

This link will lead to you to another fun game to improve maths while you are outside.

Practice daily for at least three months before the exam

Memorize all the formulas and relevant tricks by applying them thoroughly

Analyze your mistakes and work on them

A few useful tips:

Memorize tables upto 20, squares upto 30 and cubes upto 20. This will be useful in both maths as well as the logical reasoning section.

Work upon the variations in the practical usage of formulas. For example, in mensuration, the formulas need to be applied judiciously to arrive at the right result.

Out of the 20 questions, at least 10 can be solved in under 1 minute. Identify them first, to maximize your score.

Don’t spend more than 15 minutes on this section unless you have completed the rest of the exams already.

Some of the recommended books are

Quantitative Aptitude by RS Aggarwal

NCERT textbooks for classes 8,9 and 10.

To conclude there’s a quote, not from any old philosopher but from the idol of millions of youth in our nation, Virat Kohli:

“Self-belief and hard work will always earn you success.”

The post How to prepare Maths for CLAT appeared first on iPleaders.

How to prepare Maths for CLAT published first on https://namechangers.tumblr.com/

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aphilosopherchair · 5 years ago

Text

[Hey, That’s Her] The Riemann Sphere is Her Mirror on the Wall

MBC 드라마 《신입사관 구해령》 (2019)

There may be such a woman.

For at least eleven hours a day, her analytical, artistic, emotional and ethical minds are collectively locked up in a Taylorist cell block where the mantra is familiarly simple: Don’t question, don’t tell. Every reasonable client is aware that this is a dog-eat-dog world, so it is up to him or her to look out for personal interests not yet covered by contract law or even fiduciary law. If you value your principles and dreams over your corporation’s needs, you are a selfish hypocrite. Oh, and complain all you want at the water cooler; just remember to put back your angel mask and keep your head low at meetings.

That much is not really astonishing. No one in this place is a one-day-old. What stuns more is the utterly dim calaboose she toils away at her daytime lockup to return her body to every night, where broken bottles and suspicious pools of liquids bedeck the streets, literal rock concerts never cease, homeless druggies openly spread their limp bodies on pavements, and drunken Cinderellas and Cinderfellas bang on random doors when the clock strikes twelve.

Change might come with time but, given a burgeoning workload and an increasingly creepy cardiac rhythm, it must come soon. So, one night, she decides that if all jobs are this suffocating, she might as well take the best-paid one. It’s time to head back to graduate school, except that, this time, economic logic shall prevail over passion and intrigue.

As part of her research on Wealth and Investment Management MScs, she hunts down sample class videos from different business schools. Nestled among the suggested clips accompanying one search result, though, is a familiarly curious title that hypnotizingly whispers to her, Shopaholic Louis-style. It is the name an adviser, frowning over yet another overloaded course plan from her, pressed her into canceling out all those years ago right when meeting times for the semester did not conflict with those of her core classes. And soon, before her eyes, is an entire playlist for her narrowly missed destiny.

What harm could playing the introductory video at 2x do? Business schools’ admissions websites would not vanish in 30 minutes’ time. Ah, that was a collegiate equivalent of a soulful tearjerker but covered mostly basics she learnt in other classes. Application deadlines are half a year away, so there is ample room for a second lecture. Cool! The plot thickened pretty fast. Her college and graduate school debts are still badly in arrears. Can she be certain that she truly understands everything without attempting an unseen problem? Fetch homework sets from the official homepage tomorrow. Had she been bolder in imagination, she would have gotten question 7 right. Try harder for lecture three’s assignments. She has run out of eligible guarantors for a third loan. Lecture 11. Course completed. What a satisfying visual feast! Hey, the blurb of the follow-up course sounds fascinating too. It is not that she does not love investment banking. How about challenging herself at that course while the material of this course is still fresh in her mind? It is that she loathes investment banking. Mathematical logic has trumped economic logic.

How do you hold every number up to infinity in the palm of your hand without a poetic soul? Scoop out a round piece of dough and fancy being able to spread it so thin that it stretches to infinity. But instead of actually spreading it, roll up the edge to form a sphere. Let the bottom tip represent zero and the top tip represent infinity. As a point on the surface moves up from the bottom, it can have components that are each positive or negative, real or imaginary, depending on which pairs of opposite longitudes you assign the real number line and imaginary number line (recall: e.g. …, -10i, -9.99i, … , 0, … , 9.99i, 10i, …, where i is the square root of -1) to. The rise in value of each component accelerates with height, such that the physical gap representing any given numerical difference shrinks infinitely on the surface of the sphere as infinity approaches, making it harder and harder to advance and actually reach infinity. You are now cradling a physical version of the Riemann sphere.

© Jean-Christophe BENOIST, modified under the permission of CC BY-SA 3.0. P(A), around 1.5 in value, on the sphere corresponds to A on the grid, which represents the same numerical system in a typical boundless, regularly spaced 2D format. Similarly, P(B), around -0.5 in value, on the sphere corresponds to B on the grid.

The macrocosm of universal random structures, infinite products, manifolds and many more is a dearly missed oracle that reveals her inadequacies for what they are, without miserliness, patronizing sugar-coating, or, ironically, calculation: her inflexibility, her inattentiveness, her impatience and her indolence. “Shortcuts and cookie-cutter approaches cannot be your default,” it states plainly. So long as they do not cross a certain line, tactful hypocrites, on the whole, seem to be treated better by their surrounding adult peers than sharp-tongued, straight-talking observers with pure intentions in her circle. Yet the more she experiences of the grown-up world, with the heightened stakes and heightened awareness of interpersonal dangers that deter verbalization of contrarian opinions on the one hand and massive clots of intractable ills on the other, the more she wishes to cherish many of those straight talkers. The ideal living beings are, of course, the severely scarce breed who efficiently marry the circumspection, civility and altruistic strategizing that come with tact with the determination to convey, where necessary, uncomfortable truths.

For all its uninhibited criticism, mathematics gives credit where it is due and those who converse with it are frequently safe in the knowledge that it means its flattery. It reassures this corporate internee who feels increasingly stuck in her ways that she still has what it takes to master new grammars and vocabularies. It rewards her finesse at plugging gaps in background knowledge by improvising from scratch techniques taught only in later, simpler courses. What if these skills could let her pivot directly to some sector slightly less lucrative but also less odious to her than investment banking, never mind exactly how competitively relevant her prior higher education and corporate experience are?

Far more certain is that her deliciously madcap approach to this discipline with a matchingly rebellious streak has magically quietened the rock concerts and the intoxicated fairy tales and almost erased the jail bars. Nonetheless, as the faded bars unveil more and more vistas stretching beyond the horizons, she starts to wonder if she will live long enough to look a little further, if she will ever squirrel away enough bucks—after all those deductions for debt payments, taxes, food, rent, basic maintenance and transport—to hike a little closer, and if her wrinkled, financially secure self will continue to have the visual and cognitive acuities to deconstruct or even remember the sights a little longer. The jail bars resolidify to some degree.

Still, if positive infinity and negative infinity have been rendezvousing in a dimension invisible until intrepid mind adventurers outed them, and if functions as diverse as trigonometric functions, inverse polynomials and logarithmic functions share the same class of undercover identities, i.e. infinite sums of terms with increasing powers, maybe, she thinks, escape hatches exist somewhere nearby after all.

There may be such a woman. There may be such a snowless ending by a grilled window.

Note: This work of fiction commemorating Pi Day was inspired by an old Dramabeans guest post campaign, a few heartfelt entries of which have appeared in the admin’s Twitter feed. There is no intention, however, to establish any kind of association with the site. Interested readers can find slightly similar math-life themes in the book versions of Kim Ji-young, Born 1982 (82년생 김지영) and The Devotion of Suspect X (容疑者Xの献身).

#women in stem #female representation #STEAM #television #short fiction #Pi Day

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aartisenblog · 6 years ago

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GET THIS BOOK

Author:

Catherine Wilson

Published in: Princeton University Press Release Year: 1997 ISBN: 978-8193-24527-9 Pages: 145 Edition: 1st File Size: 17 MB File Type: pdf Language: English

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Description of Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy

Please hold on! I know many people typically do not read the Preface of a book. But I strongly recommend that you read this particular Preface. It is not the main objective of Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easybook to present you with the theorems and proofs on data structures and algorithms. I have followed a pattern of improving the problem solutions with different complexities (for each problem, you will find multiple solutions with different, and reduced, complexities). Basically, it’s an enumeration of possible solutions. With this approach, even if you get a new question, it will show you a way to think about the possible solutions. You will find Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy book useful for interview preparation, competitive exams preparation, and campus interview preparations.

As a job seeker, if you read the complete book, I am sure you will be able to challenge the interviewers. If you read it as an instructor, it will help you to deliver lectures with an approach that is easy to follow, and as a result your students will appreciate the fact that they have opted for Computer Science / Information Technology as their degree. Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy book is also useful for Engineering degree students and Masters degree students during their academic preparations. In all the chapters you will see that there is more emphasis on problems and their analysis rather than on theory. In each chapter, you will first read about the basic required theory, which is then followed by a section on problem sets.

In total, there are approximately 700 algorithmic problems, all with solutions. If you read the book as a student preparing for competitive exams for Computer Science / Information Technology, the content covers all the required topics in full detail. While writing Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy book, my main focus was to help students who are preparing for these exams. In all the chapters you will see more emphasis on problems and analysis rather than on theory. In each chapter, you will first see the basic required theory followed by various problems. For many problems, multiple solutions are provided with different levels of complexity. We start with the brute force solution and slowly move toward the best solution possible for that problem. For each problem, we endeavor to understand how much time the algorithm takes and how much memory the algorithm uses.

Table Contents of Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy

1. Introduction

1.1 Variables

1.2 Data Types

1.3 Data Structures

1.4 Abstract Data Types (ADTs)

1.5 What is an Algorithm?

1.6 Why the Analysis of Algorithms?

1.7 Goal of the Analysis of Algorithms

1.8 What is Running Time Analysis?

1.9 How to Compare Algorithms

1.10 What is Rate of Growth?

1.11 Commonly Used Rates of Growth

1.12 Types of Analysis

1.13 Asymptotic Notation

1.14 Big-O Notation [Upper Bounding Function]

1.15 Omega-Q Notation [Lower Bounding Function]

1.16 Theta-Θ Notation [Order Function]

1.17 Important Notes

1.18 Why is it called Asymptotic Analysis?

1.19 Guidelines for Asymptotic Analysis

1.20 Simplyfying properties of asymptotic notations

1.21 Commonly used Logarithms and Summations

1.22 Master Theorem for Divide and Conquer Recurrences

1.23 Divide and Conquer Master Theorem: Problems & Solutions

1.24 Master Theorem for Subtract and Conquer Recurrences

1.25 Variant of Subtraction and Conquer Master Theorem

1.26 Method of Guessing and Confirming

1.27 Amortized Analysis

1.28 Algorithms Analysis: Problems & Solutions

2. Recursion and Backtracking

2.1 Introduction

2.2 What is Recursion?

2.3 Why Recursion?

2.4 Format of a Recursive Function

2.5 Recursion and Memory (Visualization)

2.6 Recursion versus Iteration

2.7 Notes on Recursion

2.8 Example Algorithms of Recursion

2.9 Recursion: Problems & Solutions

2.10 What is Backtracking?

2.11 Example Algorithms of Backtracking

2.12 Backtracking: Problems & Solutions

3. Linked Lists

3.1 What is a Linked List?

3.2 Linked Lists ADT

3.3 Why Linked Lists?

3.4 Arrays Overview

3.5 Comparison of Linked Lists with Arrays & Dynamic Arrays

3.6 Singly Linked Lists

3.7 Doubly Linked Lists

3.8 Circular Linked Lists

3.9 A Memory-efficient Doubly Linked List

3.10 Unrolled Linked Lists

3.11 Skip Lists

3.12 Linked Lists: Problems & Solutions

4. Stacks

4.1 What is a Stack?

4.2 How Stacks are used

4.3 Stack ADT

4.4 Applications

4.5 Implementation

4.6 Comparison of Implementations

4.7 Stacks: Problems & Solutions

5. Queues

5.1 What is a Queue?

5.2 How are Queues Used?

5.3 Queue ADT

5.4 Exceptions

5.5 Applications

5.6 Implementation

5.7 Queues: Problems & Solutions

6. Trees

6.1 What is a Tree?

6.2 Glossary

6.3 Binary Trees

6.4 Types of Binary Trees

6.5 Properties of Binary Trees

6.6 Binary Tree Traversals

6.7 Generic Trees (N-ary Trees)

6.8 Threaded Binary Tree Traversals (Stack or Queue-less Traversals)

6.9 Expression Trees

6.10 XOR Trees

6.11 Binary Search Trees (BSTs)

6.12 Balanced Binary Search Trees

6.13 AVL(Adelson-Velskii and Landis) Trees

6.14 Other Variations on Trees

7. Priority Queues and Heaps

7.1 What is a Priority Queue?

7.2 Priority Queue ADT

7.3 Priority Queue Applications

7.4 Priority Queue Implementations

7.5 Heaps and Binary Heaps

7.6 Binary Heaps

7.7 Heapsort

7.8 Priority Queues [Heaps]: Problems & Solutions

8. Disjoint Sets ADT

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Equivalence Relations and Equivalence Classes

8.3 Disjoint Sets ADT

8.4 Applications

8.5 Tradeoffs in Implementing Disjoint Sets ADT

8.8 Fast UNION Implementation (Slow FIND)

8.9 Fast UNION Implementations (Quick FIND)

8.10 Summary

8.11 Disjoint Sets: Problems & Solutions

9. Graph Algorithms

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Glossary

9.3 Applications of Graphs

9.4 Graph Representation

9.5 Graph Traversals

9.6 Topological Sort

9.7 Shortest Path Algorithms

9.8 Minimal Spanning Tree

9.9 Graph Algorithms: Problems & Solutions

10. Sorting

10.1 What is Sorting?

10.2 Why is Sorting Necessary?

10.3 Classification of Sorting Algorithms

10.4 Other Classifications

10.5 Bubble Sort

10.6 Selection Sort

10.7 Insertion Sort

10.8 Shell Sort

10.9 Merge Sort

10.10 Heap Sort

10.11 Quick Sort

10.12 Tree Sort

10.13 Comparison of Sorting Algorithms

10.14 Linear Sorting Algorithms

10.15 Counting Sort

10.16 Bucket Sort (or Bin Sort)

10.17 Radix Sort

10.18 Topological Sort

10.19 External Sorting

10.20 Sorting: Problems & Solutions

11. Searching

11.1 What is Searching?

11.2 Why do we need Searching?

11.3 Types of Searching

11.4 Unordered Linear Search

11.5 Sorted/Ordered Linear Search

11.6 Binary Search

11.7 Interpolation Search

11.8 Comparing Basic Searching Algorithms

11.9 Symbol Tables and Hashing

11.10 String Searching Algorithms

11.11 Searching: Problems & Solutions

12. Selection Algorithms [Medians]

12.1 What are Selection Algorithms?

12.2 Selection by Sorting

12.3 Partition-based Selection Algorithm

12.4 Linear Selection Algorithm - Median of Medians Algorithm

12.5 Finding the K Smallest Elements in Sorted Order

12.6 Selection Algorithms: Problems & Solutions

13. Symbol Tables

13.1 Introduction

13.2 What are Symbol Tables?

13.3 Symbol Table Implementations

13.4 Comparison Table of Symbols for Implementations

14. Hashing

14.1 What is Hashing?

14.2 Why Hashing?

14.3 HashTable ADT

14.4 Understanding Hashing

14.5 Components of Hashing

14.6 Hash Table

14.7 Hash Function

14.8 Load Factor

14.9 Collisions

14.10 Collision Resolution Techniques

14.11 Separate Chaining

14.12 Open Addressing

14.13 Comparison of Collision Resolution Techniques

14.14 How Hashing Gets O(1) Complexity?

14.15 Hashing Techniques

14.16 Problems for which Hash Tables are not suitable

14.17 Bloom Filters

14.18 Hashing: Problems & Solutions

15. String Algorithms

15.1 Introduction

15.2 String Matching Algorithms

15.3 Brute Force Method

15.4 Rabin-Karp String Matching Algorithm

15.5 String Matching with Finite Automata

15.6 KMP Algorithm

15.7 Boyer-Moore Algorithm

15.8 Data Structures for Storing Strings

15.9 Hash Tables for Strings

15.10 Binary Search Trees for Strings

15.11 Tries

15.12 Ternary Search Trees

15.13 Comparing BSTs, Tries and TSTs

15.14 Suffix Trees

15.15 String Algorithms: Problems & Solutions

16. Algorithms Design Techniques

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Classification

16.3 Classification by Implementation Method

16.4 Classification by Design Method

16.5 Other Classifications

17. Greedy Algorithms

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Greedy Strategy

17.3 Elements of Greedy Algorithms

17.4 Does Greedy Always Work?

17.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Greedy Method

17.6 Greedy Applications

17.7 Understanding Greedy Technique

17.8 Greedy Algorithms: Problems & Solutions

18. Divide and Conquer Algorithms

18.1 Introduction

18.2 What is the Divide and Conquer Strategy?

18.3 Does Divide and Conquer Always Work?

18.4 Divide and Conquer Visualization

18.5 Understanding Divide and Conquer

18.6 Advantages of Divide and Conquer

18.7 Disadvantages of Divide and Conquer

18.8 Master Theorem

18.9 Divide and Conquer Applications

18.10 Divide and Conquer: Problems & Solutions

19. Dynamic Programming

19.1 Introduction

19.2 What is Dynamic Programming Strategy?

19.3 Properties of Dynamic Programming Strategy

19.4 Can Dynamic Programming Solve All Problems?

19.5 Dynamic Programming Approaches

19.6 Examples of Dynamic Programming Algorithms

19.7 Understanding Dynamic Programming

19.8 Longest Common Subsequence

19.9 Dynamic Programming: Problems & Solutions

20. Complexity Classes

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Polynomial/Exponential Time

20.3 What is a Decision Problem?

20.4 Decision Procedure

20.5 What is a Complexity Class?

20.6 Types of Complexity Classes

20.7 Reductions

20.8 Complexity Classes: Problems & Solutions

21. Miscellaneous Concepts

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Hacks on Bit-wise Programming

21.3 Other Programming Questions

References

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theliberaltony · 6 years ago

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via Politics – FiveThirtyEight

It’s been 60 years since a new state entered the union, but now Democrats and liberals are accelerating efforts to gain statehood for Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico. One of their motivations is the future of the U.S. Senate, which is currently biased toward the Republican Party. The logic goes that if Democrats can get unified control of the federal government after the 2020 election, they could push through statehood for both, adding four more seats to the Senate, and all four would likely be Democratic leaning.

That might seem far-fetched, but the U.S. has a rich history of partisan state-making.

Democrats have reason to worry about the Senate — their party is reliant on a coalition of voters predominantly situated in and around major population centers, making it harder to compete in rural states, which get the same number of senators regardless of population. Indeed, the more densely populated a state is, the more it tends to lean Democratic.1

“It’s sort of a tilted playing field,” said Frances Lee, a political scientist at the University of Maryland who studies Congress’s upper chamber. “It’s easier for Republicans to elect a majority to the Senate than Democrats.”

Thirty-one states lean more Republican than the country as a whole, according to FiveThirtyEight’s partisan lean metric,2 so it’s easy to see why the party currently holds a 53-seat majority in the Senate.

Which brings us back to D.C. and Puerto Rico. Both would likely vote Democratic — D.C. is solidly Democratic in presidential elections and Puerto Rico would probably go blue, though that’s not a given.3 Theoretically, the two new states would give Democrats four more seats in the upper chamber. But first Democrats would need to win control of Congress (to get statehood legislation passed) and very likely the presidency (to sign the bill). The Constitution grants Congress the power to admit new states, but doesn’t say much else about the process for admission or what requirements new states have to meet. And passing such legislation won’t necessarily be easy, even if Democrats do gain full control of Congress.

Efforts to push D.C. and Puerto Rican statehood seem to be gaining momentum, but they’ve still been uneven. Over 200 House Democrats — most of the party’s 235-member majority — have signed on to a bill that would grant D.C. statehood. While it’s unlikely to pass in the GOP-controlled Senate, companion legislation has also been introduced there, with more than 30 Democrats backing it. The House and Senate bills seek to circumvent thorny constitutional questions about D.C. statehood — the Constitution gives Congress authority over the seat of government — by shrinking the federal district to encompass just the areas around the U.S. Capitol, the White House and the National Mall. The rest would become a new state called “Washington, Douglass Commonwealth,” in honor of Frederick Douglass. And Washingtonians definitely want statehood: 86 percent voted for it in a 2016 referendum. (As anyone who has seen a D.C. license plate knows, many residents aren’t happy about “taxation without representation.”)

Statehood for Puerto Rico actually has more support among the public than statehood for the District of Columbia, but congressional Democrats haven’t demonstrated the same level of commitment to making the island a state. Although the House has introduced statehood legislation for Puerto Rico, the bill has fewer than 20 cosponsors — less than one-tenth of the support the D.C. bill is getting. But in contrast to the D.C. legislation, the Puerto Rican statehood bill actually got some House Republicans to sign on. And while Puerto Rico doesn’t have any companion legislation in the Senate, Florida Republican Sens. Marco Rubio and Rick Scott have expressed support for the island’s statehood.

People advocating for Puerto Rican statehood may be able to drum up Republican support because some conservatives think that residents’ desire for autonomy within the U.S. federalist governing structure might actually make Puerto Rico less receptive to Democratic candidates. But Puerto Ricans have more mixed views about statehood than Washingtonians do. Although 97 percent of voters backed statehood in a 2017 referendum, only 23 percent of registered voters turned out, and a 2018 poll found that 48 percent of Puerto Ricans supported statehood compared to 26 percent who wanted to it remain a territory and 10 percent who wanted it to become an independent nation. Nonetheless, Gov. Ricardo Rossello is pushing hard for statehood.

But even if Democrats went all in on statehood for both D.C. and Puerto Rico, there are serious obstacles to achieving either. First, Democrats would have to win the presidency and Senate in 2020 while holding onto the House. And even if they manage that, the Senate requires a supermajority of 60 votes to get most things done. It’s nearly impossible to imagine Democrats gaining 13 Senate seats to get from the 47 they already have to the supermajority they’d need to pass bills without any Republican votes. So it may be difficult to corral enough bipartisan support to pass statehood legislation for Puerto Rico and, especially, D.C. Historically, Lee said, new states were often added in pairs (a slave and a free state, or a Democratic-leaning and a Republican-leaning state) to balance each other out, thus getting buy-in across party or sectional lines. As a result, Lee is skeptical that Democrats can get statehood for both D.C. and Puerto Rico because “anytime a proposal will benefit one party, you can expect it to be fought ferociously.”

Instead, Democrats might have to take the “nuclear option” by changing Senate rules to essentially end the filibuster — which some Democratic senators seem wary of doing. Still, it would not be the first time a party has tried to add states to boost its political standing in the Senate. Charles Stewart, a political scientist at MIT, has examined late-19th century Republican efforts to achieve statehood for territories that were expected to vote Republican. “Back then there was very active interest in manipulating the election system to partisan advantage,” said Stewart. “Although there is a lot of controversy about it these days, we ain’t seen nothing yet.”

During and after the Civil War, Republicans worked to bring in sparsely populated states such as Idaho, Nevada and Wyoming to help the party retain power. So from 1875 to 1897, the GOP controlled the Senate — which was elected by state legislatures back then — for nine out of 11 Congresses even though Democrats held the popularly-elected House eight times. As a result, Democrats achieved unified control of government (including the presidency) for just one of those 11 Congresses. This helped the GOP protect many policies it had put in place as the dominant party during the Civil War and Reconstruction. Plus, Republicans controlled both the presidency and Senate for more than half that time, enabling them to make favorable judicial appointments that helped preserve the party’s preferred laws.

With this history in mind, Democrats could take statehood politics to its logical extreme. Democratic Sen. Brian Schatz of Hawaii recently tweeted that American Samoa and Guam should get voting representation in Congress along with D.C. and Puerto Rico. Statehood for Guam might seem outlandish — as of the 2010 census, it had about 160,000 people, much less than even the least-populous current state, Wyoming, which was home to 560,000 people. But some states the GOP brought into the union during the late 19th century had far fewer people than the average House district. Nevada was particularly egregious — it became a state in 1864 but had an estimated population of only about 21,000 people, 17 percent of the average House district at the time, according to research by Stewart and his co-author Barry Weingast of Stanford University. As of 2010, the average House district had about 710,000 people, so Guam’s population would be equivalent to about 22 percent of the average district, comparably larger than Nevada’s in 1864. If Democrats could get full control, were willing to sacrifice the filibuster and really wanted to go all out, pursuing statehood for all U.S. territories might be an end that would justify the incredibly incendiary means.

However, if Democrats pursued such a course, Stewart says it might encourage Republicans to attempt countermeasures. He points out that Republicans in the 1880s pushed to split the Dakota Territory in two rather than bring it in as one state. “The next time the GOP controls everything, why not pass a law for Texas to split into five states?” Stewart asks. “Where does this end? That’s really the question, how partisan and how nasty are people willing to get.” If Democrats overcome the obstacles and get statehood for D.C. and Puerto Rico, we might find out.

#IFTTT #Politics – FiveThirtyEight #politics #538 #Geoffrey Skelley

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bitcoingape · 6 years ago

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“Absolute Lowest” Bitcoin Will Reach Is $4,000, BTC To Soon Leave Current Levels “Forever”

Bitcoin To Leave $4,000 Forever

Is the bottom in? That the question that has been paining cryptocurrency investors for weeks and months now. According to popular analyst Moon Overlord, known for his astute noticings about long-term Bitcoin (BTC) cycles, this asset class may just have bottomed. He looks to historical trends, which show that after a capitulation event, BTC begins to trade in a slightly-sloped uptrend. In 2012, the uptrend was angled at 15 degrees, in 2015, 11 degrees. The fact that Bitcoin is currently holding an 11 degree uptrend, just like it did in 2015, led Overlord to the conclusion that BTC is currently in a “clear accumulation period.”

After each #bitcoin bear market there's a clear accumulation period.

You're likely in it right now, and time's almost up.$BTC pic.twitter.com/Rymc3E9UiS

— Moon Overlord (@MoonOverlord) April 25, 2019

He further outlined his conclusions:

The bitcoin bottom is in

The absolute lowest price $BTC can reach is now around $4,000 (even this seems unlikely at this point)

There’s a few months tops of accumulation left before it leaves these price levels forever

Trying to throw even more weight behind his call, Overlord remarked that Bitcoin is currently holding above its long-term parabolic and logarithmic trend line, which has supported the asset since it became liquid and tradable.

Overlord isn’t the only analyst to have looked to $4,000 as a key level for BTC. As reported by Ethereum World News yesterday, Chris Burniske, a partner at Placeholder (Ventures) and the author of “Cryptoassets”, recently remarked that Bitcoin returning to $4,000 off the recent Tether/Bitfinex debacle won’t be a bad sign. In fact, Burniske explained that

And David Puell, a partner at Adaptive Capital, has expressed a similar sentiment too. In a recent analysis piece on chartist Tone Vays’ channel, Puell noted that while he expects a move to $4,000, a strong rebound off the level would confirm his conjecture that the bottom is in.

The Harrowing Case For Lower Lows

While $4,000 is seemingly the absolute low Bitcoin will see… potentially for the rest of its life, some analysts are adamant that a move under the low-$3,000s are inbound.

In a recent episode of technical analysis on Tone Vays’ Youtube channel, the former institutional investor, along with three of his peers, postulated that as per the Hyperwave Theory, Bitcoin’s drawdown to $3,150 was only part of the leg down, not it in its entirety.

For those who missed the memo, a Hyperwave is a parabolic trend and a massive drawdown pattern that asset classes/markets with the potential to catalyze large macroeconomic shifts tend to experience at one point or another. Hyperwave creator Tyler Jenks has accurately applied the Hyperwave to the Dotcom boom and bust, the growth of Japan’s economy in the 70s and 80s, and, of course, cryptocurrencies.

If Bitcoin finishes its ongoing Hyperwave, which predicted the rally to $20,000 and subsequent drawdown, BTC could fall to as low as the $1,000s. In fact, Lead Wald, a subscriber/student of Jenks’ theories, and Jenks himself recently bet analyst Filb Filb that Bitcoin will hit $1,500 before $6,500. But will this pan out?

Photo by André François McKenzie on Unsplash

The post “Absolute Lowest” Bitcoin Will Reach Is $4,000, BTC To Soon Leave Current Levels “Forever” appeared first on Ethereum World News.

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mathematicianadda · 6 years ago

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Nov 28, Logarithm Questions and Answers Class 11

Logarithm Questions and Answers Class 11 from Math Blog https://ift.tt/2Dm667R from Blogger https://ift.tt/2XVqZjG

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ib-tutors-hut · 6 years ago

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IB maths exploration ia

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This is top class ib tutors .This list is for SL and HL students – if you are doing a Maths Studies IA then go to this page instead. The authors of the latest Pearson Mathematics SL and HL books have come up with 200 ideas for students doing their maths explorations. I have supplemented these with some more possible areas for investigation. With a bit of ingenuity you can enrich even quite simple topics to bring in a range of mathematical skills.

Be aware that this page gets a large amount of traffic from IB students – do not simply copy articles – it may well be spotted by the moderators. Use this resource as a starting point and inspiration for your own personal investigation. Before choosing a topic you also need to read this page which gives very important guidance from the IB. Do not skip this step!

Algebra and number

Modular arithmetic

– This technique is used throughout Number Theory. For example, Mod 3 means the remainder when dividing by 3.

Goldbach’s conjecture:

“Every even number greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes.” One of the great unsolved problems in mathematics.

3) Probabilistic number theory

4) Applications of

complex numbers

: The stunning graphics of Mandelbrot and Julia Sets are generated by complex numbers.

Diophantine equations

: These are polynomials which have integer solutions.

Fermat’s Last Theorem

is one of the most famous such equations.

Continued fractions

: These are fractions which continue to infinity. The great Indian mathematician

Ramanujan

discovered some amazing examples of these.

Patterns in Pascal’s triangle

: There are a large number of patterns to discover – including the Fibonacci sequence.

Finding prime numbers

: The search for prime numbers and the twin prime conjecture are some of the most important problems in mathematics. There is a $1 million prize for solving the

Riemann Hypothesis

and $250,000 available for anyone who discovers a new, really big prime number.

9) Random numbers

10)

Pythagorean triples

: A great introduction into number theory – investigating the solutions of Pythagoras’ Theorem which are integers (eg. 3,4,5 triangle).

11)

Mersenne primes

: These are primes that can be written as 2^n -1.

12)

Magic squares and cubes

: Investigate magic tricks that use mathematics. Why do magic squares work?

13) Loci and complex numbers

14)

Egyptian fractions

: Egyptian fractions can only have a numerator of 1 – which leads to some interesting patterns. 2/3 could be written as 1/6 + 1/2. Can all fractions with a numerator of 2 be written as 2 Egyptian fractions?

15) Complex numbers and transformations

16)

Euler’s identity:

An equation that has been voted the most beautiful equation of all time, Euler’s identity links together 5 of the most important numbers in mathematics.

17)

Chinese remainder theorem

. This is a puzzle that was posed over 1500 years ago by a Chinese mathematician. It involves understanding the modulo operation.

18)

Fermat’s last theorem

: A problem that puzzled mathematicians for centuries – and one that has only recently been solved.

19) Natural logarithms of complex numbers

20)

Twin primes problem

: The question as to whether there are patterns in the primes has fascinated mathematicians for centuries. The twin prime conjecture states that there are infinitely many consecutive primes ( eg. 5 and 7 are consecutive primes). There has been a recent breakthrough in this problem

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ashishkumarletslearn · 7 years ago

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Free education is the right of every student. Ashish Kumar – Let’s Learn is providing deep and detailed explanations of full syllabus, all important questions, all important examples and all NCERT solutions for Class 11 Maths through videos on YouTube Channel as well as Blogs and PDFs on website.

Students can learn through videos and blogs and can ask their doubts on Website’s Discussion panel or on YouTube’s Comments Page. Students will also be provided notes, assignments, books and various other educational resources in electronic forms like PDFs, Docs, mp4 etc., which will help them to prepare for CBSE Class 12 Board Exams but more importantly for their upcoming life’s adventures.

You can easily access all chapters with NCERT Solutions for class 11 maths on this page: https://www.ashishkumarletslearn.com/cbse/class-11/maths/

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Unit-I: Sets and Functions

1. Sets:

Sets and their representations. Empty set. Finite and Infinite sets. Equal sets. Subsets. Subsets of a set of real numbers especially intervals (with notations). Power set. Universal set. Venn diagrams. Union and Intersection of sets. Difference of sets. Complement of a set. Properties of Complement.

2. Relations & Functions:

Ordered pairs. Cartesian product of sets. Number of elements in the Cartesian product of two finite sets. Cartesian product of the set of reals with itself (upto R x R x R). Definition of relation, pictorial diagrams, domain, co-domain and range of a relation. Function as a special type of relation. Pictorial representation of a function, domain, co-domain and range of a function. Real valued functions, domain and range of these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum, exponential, logarithmic and greatest integer functions, with their graphs. Sum, difference, product and quotients of functions.

3. Trigonometric Functions:

Positive and negative angles. Measuring angles in radians and in degrees and conversion from one measure to another. Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle. Truth of the identity sin2x+cos2x=1, for all x. Signs of trigonometric functions. Domain and range of trigonometric functions and their graphs. Expressing sin (x±y) and cos (x±y) in terms of sinx, siny, cosx & cosy and their simple applications. Deducing identities. Identities related to sin2x, cos2x, tan2x, sin3x, cos3x and tan3x. General solution of trigonometric equations of the type siny = sina, cosy = cosa and tany = tana.

Unit-II: Algebra

4. Principle of Mathematical Induction:

Process of the proof by induction, motivating the application of the method by looking at natural numbers as the least inductive subset of real numbers. The principle of mathematical induction and simple applications.

5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations:

Need for complex numbers, especially √ , to be motivated by inability to solve some of the quadratic equations. Algebraic properties of complex numbers. Argand plane and polar representation of complex numbers. Statement of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, solution of quadratic equations (with real coefficients) in the complex number system. Square root of a complex number.

6. Linear Inequalities:

Linear inequalities. Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their representation on the number line. Graphical solution of linear inequalities in two variables. Graphical method of finding a solution of system of linear inequalities in two variables.

7. Permutations and Combinations:

Fundamental principle of counting. Factorial n. (n!) Permutations and combinations, derivation of formulae for and and their connections, simple applications.

8. Binomial Theorem:

History, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices. Pascal’s triangle, General and middle term in binomial expansion, simple applications.

9. Sequence and Series:

Sequence and Series. Arithmetic Progression (A. P.). Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) Geometric Progression (G.P.), general term of a G.P., sum of n terms of a G.P., infinite G.P. and its sum, geometric mean (G.M.), relation between A.M. and G.M. Formulae for the following special sums.

Unit-III: Coordinate Geometry

10. Straight Lines:

Brief recall of two dimensional geometry from earlier classes. Shifting of origin. Slope of a line and angle between two lines. Various forms of equations of a line: parallel to axis, point -slope form, slope intercept form, two-point form, intercept form and normal form. General equation of a line. Equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines. Distance of a point from a line.

Unit-IV: Calculus

13. Limits and Derivatives:

Derivative introduced as rate of change both as that of distance function and geometrically. Intuitive idea of limit. Limits of polynomials and rational functions trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Definition of derivative relate it to scope of tangent of the curve, derivative of sum, difference, product and quotient of functions. Derivatives of polynomial and trigonometric functions.

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paulckrueger · 8 years ago

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2017 Annual Bond Market Awards

Bond of the Year – Veolia 0% due 11/20. It’s not that a BBB-rated French company was able to borrow at ZERO percent, it’s that they actually charged lenders a premium for the privilege of holding their debt: 100.078 on the reoffer, or a negative yield to maturity of -0.03%! Either lending in the public markets isn’t what it used to be or we’ll look back on this as another symptom of over-exuberant monetary policy distortion. My only question is, if they had over EUR 1B in interest, why did they only issue EUR 0.5B?!? For those wondering, I am happy to report that we passed on the new issue.

Central Banker of the Year – Jerome “Jay” Powell. Honestly, I love the choice. He’s a very balanced blend of real markets experience and official institutions ideology. He’s willing to challenge the consensus views at times, but once a decision is made, he has a history of getting behind it and making it work. But how on earth did he do it?!? He was on no-one’s list at mid-year, yet effortlessly took down Cohn, Yellen, Taylor and Warsh. We should keep a very close eye on him – he’s politically more astute than he gets credit for. Now, Jay…just painlessly ‘normalize’ and deregulate so that you get re-nominated next year!

Lifetime Achievement Award – Janet Yellen. She’s done it! She’s the first Fed chair in about 40 years without a recession on their watch. She also started the normalization process with both rates and the balance sheet…while keeping the economy rolling ahead and the capital markets humming. I hope we continue to hear her policy musings in the future…she’s one cool lady!

Currency of the Year – Mexican Peso. Wait a minute…wasn’t that currency supposed to be dead and buried with a new US president and administration hell-bent on ‘America first’ and protectionist policies? It’s a powerful reminder that a currency can get oversold and that there are two sides to the trade. Congrats to Banxico for stepping in to support their currency with a powerful policy response and to the investors that happily went along for the ride.

Comeback Player of the Year – Developed Market Government Bonds. I know I’m a bond manager but, frankly, I’m getting a little tired of this. Wasn’t this supposed to be the year that we saw central banks tighten monetary policy, stimulus from DC and government bond yields reset at higher levels? The global economy is just fine and inflation is OK – sure, we’d like a bit more of both – but where is the need for these emergency central bank policies that are keeping real yields at zero? While it is true that the yield of the entire US Treasury market is up about 25 bps this year, longer maturity yields are actually down and the Treasury index has generated a positive total return of over 2% so far in 2017. It’s time for central banks to take the punch bowl away and let bond yields find their own level without the distortion and price-insensitive buying they have created.

Unsung Hero – The Yield Curve. So important, but so misunderstood. If it weren’t for a flattening yield curve, bond market returns would look poor if not negative. In some respects, it was just BAU: the Fed raises rates and the curve flattens around where investors play ‘guess the terminal Fed funds rate’. This time around, moderate inflation expectations and the ongoing torrent of cash exported from overseas into the US market also weighed on the long end of the US yield curve. It has since created some anxiety in the markets as flattening yield curves are the traditional precursor to recession. We’re not worried. For the time being its pretty normal and we’ll see what happens to the curve when the Fed and ECB dial down the size and growth in the balance sheets. What WOULD worry us is an inverted yield curve. BTW: the runner up in this category was European bank capital notes. Good yield, tidier loan books and onerous regulation designed to prevent another crisis – what’s not to like?

Villain in a Leading Role – Bitcoin. I confess that I was getting worried about a month ago. Every asset class and asset was so well behaved, I wasn’t sure we would even have the award this year. And then it happened – like a holiday miracle – Bitcoin went vertical. We know the unprecedented amount of money printing has created significant asset price inflation – but where was the bubble? We always have one at this stage in the cycle which needs bursting. One of the great definitions of an asset bubble is that you can graph the price of the asset on a logarithmic chart, and if there is upward curvature in the line – BUBBLE! Well, here it is. I’m not going to waste my time explaining the sound concepts of ‘store of value’, ‘blockchain’ or ‘digital currency’. They will all make more sense to me once a central bank administers them. But moves of 10-20% in a day reek of monetary excess and mania.

Rookie of the Year – Cross Currency Swap Basis. Who knew that this little known domain of currency and bond geeks would emerge into the spotlight as the prerequisite for understanding 2017 capital market flows? In short, the pools of capital resident outside the US are finding their way into US assets, and are then hedged back to their home currency. The calculation on the cost of the currency hedge is based off of the differential in short term interest rates and helps to quantify the yield and/or return potential of the investment. For the bond market, shape of the yield curve in the US and the home market are important, for other asset classes, not so much. Anyway, when the cross currency swap improves, foreign flows accelerate into the US; when it declines, flows tail off. Fed normalization is going to make this a heck of a lot more fun in 2018!

Runners up – Corporate bonds and municipals. Just grinding appreciation all year…every back up was met with buying…BORING. Tax reform ought to impact these sectors next year as both the amount and type of issuance should change along with the base of potential buyers.

Most Valuable Player – QE. I really wanted ‘volatility’ (the absence of it) to be the MVP, but I just couldn’t do it. We knew that the vast pool of money printed via QE was sloshing around the markets and depressing volatility while inflating prices. There was no point fighting it, and we along with other investors made money by just going with it. Sure the macro economy was fine…sure corporate fundamentals were improving…sure central banks were being patient in withdrawing accommodation. But how to explain the rich valuations across markets? The benign backdrop simply created the cover for the vast pools of liquidity to flow into markets. This time next year it will be different. The global Central Banks’ aggregate balance sheet will shift from expansion to contraction. Then we will see if investors had been picking up nickels in front of a steamroller since Q1 2016!

The post 2017 Annual Bond Market Awards appeared first on http://blog.jpmorganinstitutional.com/.

from Surety Bond Brokers? Business https://blog.jpmorganinstitutional.com/2017/12/2017-annual-bond-market-awards/

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