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US Visa Interview Process - Know What To Expect

What is the document required for a US Visa?

The applicants have to arrive before the designated time with these documents:

A print of the Visa application confirmation document.

An appointment letter from NVC.

The unexpired passport. (Remember that your passport should not have an expiry date for the next six months.)

You should also produce civil documents as part of US Visa Documents.

Applicants must carry two passport-sized photos. 

Now, let's learn the routine procedure of a US Visa interview.

What is the interview process?

Once your fingerprint verification process is completed, you must wait in the queue for the interview with a US consultant officer. Here's how that interview process commences: 

Place your passport in the tray under the window.

The consular officer will scan your passport. The officer will further review the DS-160 you presented to schedule the interview.  

The consular officer will ask you US Visa Interview Questions. It would help if you answered them honestly through the microphone. 

Note: To respond appropriately, listen to the questions via speakers intently.

If you are not an English speaker, connect with the consultant officer for an interpreter. The interpreters are available based on location, i.e. Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, and Gujarati. 

If applicants haven’t requested an interpreter in the application, they can connect with staff on-spot.

The interview questions for tourist visas are generic. However, the immigration visa interview process is different. Let's learn more about them.

US Immigration Visa Process

The tourist visa interviews are short and quick. However, the immigration interviews for seeking employment opportunities in the US are a little time-consuming. Here's what you need to know about the US immigration Visa process:

The immigration-related interviews generally last up to 2 to 3 hours if your profile and all the documents are authenticated.

For a US immigration Visa interview, you will be asked to confirm your eligibility for being a law abiding resident in the US. Therefore, you must explain your international travel history. Further, let the officer know about your itinerary plans.

Then, the officer will ask you to state the purpose of travelling.

Note: Be focused. The chances of your immigration Visa approval increase if your responses are clear.

After the completion of the interview, the consulate officer will ask you to collect all your documents except your passport and leave the premises. Now, let's know what happens after the interview.

What happens after the interview?

You can be granted a US work permit visa if your answers correspond perfectly to the documents. Therefore, during the interview, you must be accurate with the responses. 

If your Visa is approved: 

The officer will retain your passport to print your Visa. Then, your Visa will be set on your passport once approved. 

You will receive the notification on the provided contact details when the Visa is ready. So, you have to collect the Visa at the given location. 

If your Visa is denied: 

If your Visa application is denied, your passport will be safely returned to you. The officer will explain the reason for rejection.

H-1B Visa is the required type of visa when you want to shift to the US for a long time and live your life there. 

According to Section 101, employers are permitted to hire non-immigrants as workers and provide them with employment opportunities. In such cases, the US government provides the H-1B visa to these non-immigrants.  

Eligibility requirements for H-1B Visa USA:

Candidates must possess practical knowledge of the job and its background.

They should at least have a bachelor's degree from an accredited university. 

Applicants must produce the state licence, certifications, and all the educational qualification documents.

A letter from the DOD.

A statement and letter describing the duties and purpose.

With a valid H-1B Visa from employers, the selected candidate can live up to 3 to 6 years in the US. 

Now, let’s look into the process to check the US Visa status.

How to check the US Visa status? 

After the interview, you must wait at least 60 days for the Visa approval message. In the meantime, you can conveniently track its status on the official website. 

Here is the step-by-step process that allows you to check your US Visa status:

You need to visit the Consular Electronic Application Centre website. Navigate the 'ceac.state.gov' webpage from any browser.

Now, the home page will be presented on the monitor.

The first option allows you to select the "Visa Application Type." Select one option from Immigrant and Non-immigrant. 

Later, enter the "Visa Card Number." (Immigrant or Non-immigrant.) 

Finally, enter the correct ReCaptcha value and hit on 'Submit.'

As a result, you can track your Visa and know its accurate status.

Now let’s look at some of the do's and don'ts that candidates going for a US Visa interview keep in mind. 

Do's:

Enter the consulate before the assigned time. 

For any questions, always turn to the consulate staff. 

If you want to reschedule your interview, visit this website 'https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/visa-information-resources/list-of-posts.html.' It will allow you to fix the appointment again. 

Carefully organise all your documents before leaving the interview.

Don'ts:

Never fail to attend the US Visa interview process without informing. If you don't obey the scheduled interview day, you must wait till next year.

False information during the interview may lead to Visa denial.

Never consult the consular officer regarding queries.

Apart from these do’s and don'ts which will definitely help you in the visa process. There are also a few things that you need to take care of, for instance the way you present and behave yourself and finally know that you only need to respond honestly and confidently to the interview questions. It boosts the chances of Visa approval.

So, did this article resolve your queries and provide essential information on what happens during the US Visa Application process? Do remember the do's and don'ts and other takeaway tips if your interview date is around the corner. Get in touch with WorkPermitZ, the best h1-b visa consultants in Hyderabad, for better and transparent understanding about the process.

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ALCOHOLIC DRINKS IN MALAYSIA

Malaysia is a Muslim nation and thusly alcohol isn't accessible at numerous Malay cafés. Beer is generally accessible at Chinese eateries, in any case, and beer, alcohol and wine are broadly accessible at Western-style inns, bars and cafés. The most well known brands of beer are Anchor, Tiger and Carlsberg. Imported wine and bourbon are costly.

The Malaysian government restricted the publicizing of alcohol, wine and beer as per Islamic disallowance of alcohol. Some Islamic pioneers have required an across the country boycott of alcohol. Malaysia has sharia courts which once in a while force caning sentences to male Muslims discovered drinking alcohol or submitting infidelity.

Beer utilization in Malaysia is 11 liters every year for each capita. Beer is accessible at Chinese-possessed eateries and lodgings. Tanquery based its formula for Malacca gin on flavors gathered during the 1800s.

Because of Malaysian permitting laws, the offer of alcoholic drinks is restricted to Non-Muslims at Refreshment Outlets, for example, Coffee Shops, Restaurants and Food Courts; or Night Entertainment Outlets, as Pubs, Karaoke, Clubs, Beer Gardens and Late-Opening Restaurants. In contrast to many created nations, in Malaysia most of alcohol utilization happens on premises. The 60 percent of the populace that is Malay and Muslim is presumed not to drink, rather than the Indian and Chinese minorities.

As indicated by USA Today: "Alcoholism has become an increasingly noteworthy wellbeing danger all through Malaysia, as even government authorities have perceived that alcohol utilization is a genuine medical issue. Before, WHO has likewise centered around alcohol issues related to general wellbeing in Malaysia. Accordingly, numerous not-for-profit associations and NGOs inside Malaysia have battled against alcohol and attempted to push for a progressively forceful national alcohol strategy. This incorporates observing alcohol and alcohol organizations' notices and advancements. Albeit direct publicizing, for example, on boards or TV ads, related to alcohol is illicit in a large portion of the nation, alcohol organizations have utilized different strategies, for example, supported occasions and forceful crusades, to target purchasers."

Somewhere in the range of 1994 and 1997, the importation of wine in Hong Kong, Thailand, Singapore, Taiwan and Malaysia nearly multiplied. It is accepted that most of purchasers were Chinese who had been convinced that red wine particularly was beneficial for one's wellbeing.

Malaysia Ranked World's tenth Largest Consumer of Alcohol

In may 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) named Malaysia as the world's tenth biggest purchaser of alcohol regardless of its little populace and size and enormous number of Muslims. As indicated by WHO insights, Malaysians burned through over$5000 million on alcohol with a for each capita utilization of seven liters. [Source: Christina Tan, The Star, May 23, 2011]

Christina Tan wrote in The Star, Deputy Women, Family and Community Development Minister Heng Seai Kie said the issue of alcohol utilization in the nation was quitting any and all funny business. "Alcohol isn't just causing a great deal of medical problems but at the same time is adding to a critical number of mishaps," she said here yesterday. Heng was addressing journalists in the wake of propelling booklets and workshops on "Advance Healthy way of life: Reduce Alcohol Harm" sorted out by the Kuala Lumpur and Selangor Chinese Assembly Hall (KLSCAH).She said the service, through the National Population and Family Development Board, would hold a crusade to make mindfulness on the peril of alcohol misuse.

Classes directed in Mandarin, Malay, English and Tamil were hedl and were pointed for the most part at those from the Chinese and Indian people group, which had a high alcohol misuse rate. "The general population needs to comprehend that alcohol isn't a piece of our culture and it will bring harm in the event that it is mishandled," she said. KLSCAH secretary-general Yong Yew Wei said the Road Safety Council assessed that drinking and driving caused 30 percent of street mishaps across the country, with 38 percent of these subsequent in fatalities. "An investigation additionally shows that non-appearance from working environment among alcoholics is multiple times higher than others," he stated, including that non-administrative bodies assumed a crucial job in advancing a sound way of life.

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Photo 1: Thavamany and Arunachalam on their 25th wedding anniversary,1965 Photo 2: Thavamany at 95 years old, 2015 Photo 3: Thavamany with her youngest granddaughter Luxmi who lives in the UK on her 18th bday, 2016 Photo 4: Thavamany with her great grandchildren Sasha and Ziva, and their appa and her eldest grandson Sajith, who live in in Hong Kong, 2016.  NAREN Florida, USA My amma, Thavamany,  was born on the 23rd of April 1921 at Inuvil Hospital, Uduvil Division in the Jaffna District. Her appa’s name was Thambu Chinniah and he worked as the Superintend of Minor Roads in the Kurunagala District.

At that time wild elephants were in plenty in the Kurunagala District and would harass local farmers. Thambu Chinniah was a good marksman and villagers would often seek his help to track the elephant and shoot it dead. This reputation of his overtook him and he was also known as “யானை சுட்ட சின்னையா”  (Chinniah who shot the elephant).  Thavamany’s amma’s name was Marimuttu Chellamah.  

My appa was the fifth child. She had two elder sisters Poomani (Ponnudurai) who was a housewife and Jeyamani (Brodie), a Government nurse as a spinster, and a housewife subsequent to marriage. She had two elder brothers Selvarajah, who retired as a Major in the Sri Lanka Army and Dharmalingam, a lawyer who practiced in the Kurunagala District Court. Her younger sibling was Rajadurai, who retired as chief mechanical engineer at Gal Oya Development Board. Rajadurai was also a Major in the Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force.

When Marimuttu Chellamah was eight months pregnant with Thavamany, she fell into a well while bathing. Back then the wells in Kurunagala had wooden planks on their rims. People would stand on the planks and draw the water with a rope and bucket. Ladies, when bathing, would wrap part of their sari around themselves and leave the other part on the wooden bars. On this said day, after drawing four buckets of water, the plank gave way and Marimuttu Chellamah fell into the well. Luckily her sari got entangled on the wooden bars and held her from going under water. Hearing her screams, the neighbors rushed to her and pulled her out of the well by her sari. That day Thambu Chinniah was away on work-related matters. He got the news three days later and rushed home with worry. When he opened the door, he was relieved that his wife was their soon to be born daughter, my amma were safe and healthy.

A humorous side note: if Chellamah had not been saved by her sari, I, her eldest son, would not be writing this and my amma would not be enjoying the excellent care she has been receiving at Jesmond Nursing Home in Sydney.

Sadly, Thavamany lost her appa when she was eight years old. After this, Chellamah left their home in Kurunagala, and moved to Jaffna. She found a place in Clock Tower Road in Jaffna Town. Chellamah was a very determined and industrious lady. She was also very determined to educate all six of her fatherless children. She managed to admit all three of her sons to St. Johns College in Chundikuli and the three girls to CMS Chundikuli Girls School. Chellamah being a strict disciplinarian made sure her children successfully completed their Senior Matriculation Examination - equivalent to the present day Senior School Certificate.

Chellamah earned money to raise her children by having a couple of milking cows. She supplied unadulterated milk to all her customers, including to the residence of the then Government Agent of Jaffna, a British Officer. She was famous for her cooking skills. The family had very little money, but she was rich in kindness and compassion and brought up her six children with these values and an understanding unity. They remained united until their last breath.

Thavamany helped her amma in so many ways: cooking, organising the milk supply and keeping accounts. When I was growing up, she did impart most of her knowledge and experience to me which helped me a lot in my later life.

Thavamany married Arunachalam, my appa,  in May 1940 in Kurunagala. At that time Arunachalam was working as a bookkeeper at the State Mortgage Bank in Colombo. Arunachalam lost his parents when he was child. St. John’s College, founded in 1823 by British Anglican missionaries, provided him with free board, lodging and education. He was also christened with the name Abraham. He was a good friend of Thavamany’s three brothers who he met at St. John’s College. Arunachalam served in the Ceylon Army Volunteer Force during the Second World War for a short period .

Arunachalam was also a hard-working and industrious man. Subsequent to his marriage he attended evening classes at the then known Colombo Technical College and obtained his Diploma in Accountancy. This helped him in his professional career and when he retired, he was the chief accountant at the State Mortgage Bank.

After their marriage, they set up house in Hunupituya, Wattala, about 10 miles north of Colombo. As the family expanded, they moved from one house to another and finally settled down in a reasonably spacious house to accommodate their seven children. The house also had a large yard with coconut trees. This allowed appa to have two milking cows and some banana trees. Amma in addition to being a housewife and mother, cared for a couple of goats and some poultry, which provided eggs for the family. It was tough for the couple who did not have any dowry assets or inherited assets. But by sheer hard work and frugal living they made sure all the basic needs of the children were met and provided the children with a good education. They also made sure to teach their children good social values, good manners, to be respectful to elders and all other human beings. Since they also had cows, goats, poultry and dogs, they also taught the children how to care for them and be kind to them.

Most of the residents in Hunupitiya were middle class Sinhalese Buddhists. Because of this amma and appa picked up the Sinhala language as did we, her children. Thavamany, an observant and willing learner, became very proficient in preparing most of the Sinhalese specialty dishes like achcharu, kalu thothal, lunu miris, katta sambol and few others.

When the 1958 pogrom started, appa was away in Omanthai, Vavuniya and could not return back, nor could he make contact with the family. We didn’t even know if he had survived. Thavamany and her six children (I was not with them as I was in Jaffna Hindu College Hostel) sought refuge at the Royal College in Colombo, which had been set up as a refugee Camp with thousands of other Tamils. Amma made the brave decision to secure her children's safety by joining the Tamils who were fleeing the south by  open boat to Jaffna. As a woman with three young daughters and a baby only a few months old, in a time of such uncertainty and violence, this would have been an incredibly tough decision to make. We had no family property in Jaffna, but she had her siblings and extended family who showed us love and kindness.

This caused a big setback to the family. We had to close down everything in Hunupitiya, set up house in Chavakacheri, and attend new schools in Jaffna. During this difficult period appa continued to work at the State Mortgage bank in Colombo. He was boarded in a house in Pickering Road Kotehena. Most Fridays he would take the mail train from Colombo Fort Station and arrive in Chavakacheri on Saturday Morning. He would return back to Colombo taking the Sunday afternoon Yaldevi.

Amma continued to develop her Sinhala skills by reading books and studying  with her children, as she stayed up with the girls, into the late hours of the night. At 41 years of age, when her second son sat for his  Senior School Certificate (SSC) exam in 1962, she persuaded my appa to let her sit the SSC Sinhala language exam as a private student. She received a Distinction - the highest mark for the Sinhala language exam among all her children.  

In Chavakacheri, a few youngsters heard about amma’s fluency in Sinhalese and were keen to learn from her, as finding jobs without knowing the language was becoming tough. Understanding the importance of her knowledge and the difficulties the young Tamils were in, she taught anybody who was willing to learn. As a result she had a  regular stream of students who learnt Sinhalese.

Wanting to give the children the opportunities to have a good education they moved houses to Jaffna Town, then to Nallur and finally Tirunelveli where they owned their first house.

By this time most of the children completed their education, finding employment - some locally and some overseas.

Thavamany’s children settled in three different countries: the UK, America and Australia. She and appa travelled to various countries and stayed with their children for long periods of time.

Appa passed away while living with my sister Thevi and her family in Zambia on 2nd of August 1987. Although scattered all over the world, all seven of his children attended his funeral in Zambia. After his death, amma settled down in Australia with her three children. She was fortunate to be able to spend quality time with all her grandchildren and some of her great grandchildren who would regularly visit Australia and spend many of her birthdays with her.

Amma was a big fan of Swami Vivekananda. She was also very religious and practiced her spirituality without talking about it or enforcing her will on others.

One of her noble traits was patience and acceptance without complaint. She would often tell her children “பொறுமையாய் இரு. பொறுத்தார் அரசாள்வார்” (Be patient, for those who wait will rule the world).

*This story was written early in 2020 by Naren, Thavamany’s eldest son. Thavamany passed away in her sleep on 22 October 2020 with her daughters and granddaughter by her side. She had spent her last years at Jesmond Nursing Home in Sydney close to her son, two daughters and their families. She was loved and cherished dearly by all who knew her. 

[y-axisoverseascareers]

Global Indian in the News - Jay Vijayan, Founder & CEO of Tekion

The way you buy and service your car will never be the same again.

Story of a Chennai youth who rose from a failed training center to become the CEO of a unicorn that could change the way you buy a car.

Who is Jay Vijayan? • (Jayaprakash) Vijayan is an Indian entrepreneur, engineer and investor. • He is the Founder and CEO of Tekion Corp, a San Ramon, California based unicorn company catering to the automotive retail industry • He is the former Chief Information Officer (CIO) for Tesla Inc. • He was reporting to Elon Musk, Chairman, Product Architect and CEO of Tesla all through his tenure at Tesla. • Prior to which, Vijayan was with VMware and Oracle.

Tekion joins the unicorn club

• Tekion, a cloud tech company, has raised $150 million as part of its Series C financing led by private equity firm Advent International round at over $1 billion valuation

About Tekion | Automotive Industry | USA

• We started with the automotive industry by re-imagining automotive retail and bringing value to everyone in the ecosystem. • Tekion’s flagship platform, Automotive Retail Cloud, is built using the most modern technology stack available.

Jay Vijayan Journey -

Born: Chennai, India Citizenship: United States Education: Loyola School, AVM Matriculation School, Avichi Higher Secondary School Alma mater: University of Madras Experience: Own Software Training  Company, Worked in a software company in Muscat, Worked in USA with VMWare, Oracle, Tesla

Claim  to Fame -

• Worked closely with Elon Musk for 4 years. • Jayaprakash Vijayan, the only person Musk has promoted to the C-suite just nine months into the job.

Life Lessons -

• Jay, as he's known, had barely finished his post-graduation from AC Tech college in Chennai when his father decided to start a computer education business.

"I paid three times what we really borrowed... but it taught me how to be frugal with money“

• It did well for a while but had to be shut as competition intensified. "It was a very difficult period in my life," said Vijayan, who then got a job in Muscat at a software development company.

• For the next few years, most of Vijayan’s salary went toward repaying bank loans. - Economic Times

Family -

• His father is longtime Congress worker who's now general secretary of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee.

• Lives in Palo Alto with his wife and two children.

Y-Axis, the world’s No.1 Immigration & Visa Consultant, brings you the latest news on immigration and visa processing. Tune-in to us for all you need to know about travel, immigration, and study/work abroad. Established in 1999.

Call us for FREE Counseling & make your Overseas Careers dream a reality. DUBAI: +971 (0) 42 483 900 AUSTRALIA: + 61 3 99394818 INDIA: +91 7670 800 000

#immigration #cio #tesla #techcompany #adventinternational #automotiveindustry #automotiveretailcloud #universityofmadras #softwaretrainingcompany #elonmusk #yaxis #jayaprakashvijayan #economictimes #globalindian #california #sanramon #indianentrepreneur #entrepreneur #engineer #investor #oracle #vmware #jayvijayan #tekion #ceo #congressworker #paloalto #tamilnadu #usa #creatingglobalindians

[ourmomzone-blog]

Wings of Fire: Autobiography of APJ Abdul Kalam, the Missile Scientist Turned President of India

I: Autobiographies, An introduction:

Writing an autobiography is a risky affair since any person is subject to personal weaknesses and failures. He is expected to openly admit his failures, notwithstanding the criticisms. Only a very few people like Mahatma Gandhi would be able to venture it. Since they are very great people their failures and weaknesses would not be able to diminish their popular and genuine images

There are some autobiographies, covering only one aspect of their lives (say, their profession), where there is not much exposure to their personal weaknesses. So there is no need to openly tell them since they will not come in the way of their narration. Most of the autobiographies we read nowadays belong to this second category.

II: Autobiography of APJ Abdul Kalam:

'A.P.J Abdul Kalam' is a magic name, sending electrical signal to millions of Indians, especially the youth who want to achieve something in their lives for the country. He is like Mahatma Gandhi in simplicity, Kennedy in charisma and Einstein in advancement of Science and Technology. As told in the foregoing paragraphs, in his autobiography he has covered the 'failures' in his experiments and personal losses too and hence his autobiography is also a must read for all the youth, like 'My Experiments With Truth' of Mahatma Gandhi.

In this book, he has covered important aspects of a Missile Technologist and how to come out successful in his mission. In the course of his narration, he has also given importance to Faith in God with a secular approach, devotion to elders, obedience to teachers, utmost loyalty and single minded dedication to duty, efficient managerial capabilities with a sense of team work etc which have taken him to the highest step in the ladder of profession and public life.

This is a brief review of his autobiography presented for the benefit of readers with a request to share the pleasure of taking right managerial decisions at the right time.

III. A Brief Discussion of His Autobiography:

His life may broadly be classified into three parts:

1. His early life till he becomes a missile Scientist, for which only a brief coverage is given in this review.

2. His role as a Scientist and Head of DRDO: This is the essential part of his book and hence this review. His rise from an ordinary Science Assistant to Chief of Directorate of Defence Laboratory with reasons thereof up to the eve of retirement is explained in this part.

3. Life after his retirement including his getting the highest civilian award Bharath Rathna and also his service as the President of India (2002-2007) are not covered in the book and so or in this review. Let us sincerely hope that concluding part of his autobiography, covering these aspects of his life may come out in a near future for our pleasure.

IV: His Early Life till He Joins as a Technical Assistant.

The first three chapters, widely classified into one group under the head 'Orientation' Cover his early life till he becomes the chief of the Rocket launching station at coastal town Tumba (Kerala).

He was born in an ordinary family in the Holy coastal town of Rameswaram in Tamilnadu, India. His father was a boat owner having fishing as his profession. He had a very humble beginning and had a very simple life as a school boy. On several occasions he had to earn to take care of himself.

There were several reasons for his possession of an honest, faithful, devoted, orthodox and secular outlook all along his life. He belonged to a simple orthodox Muslim family and hence he followed Muslim way of worship. He was born in a Hindu Pilgrim Centre (A visit to Rameswaram will clear a Hindu from all his sins) and so he had (and continues to have) great respect for Hindu Religion. He was taught by Christian and Hindu Brahmin teachers whom he acknowledges as the greatest influence in his life. Above all, he is an un-tiring worker who works 18 hours a day, even at the age of 81. Later chapters in this book show him as a very good go-getter, having excellent command over team working which are the most essential qualities of management. He is a lover of Karnatic music and is able to play Veena one of the most difficult musical instruments. He is highly religious, has unshakeable faith in the Divine will and pre-decided destiny. For this, he often quotes from Quran and other religious scriptures. He is a poet himself and writes poems in his mother language Tamil successful single mothers stories.

An account of his education at Rameswaram, Ramanathapuram, Trichy, and M.I.T at Chennai was given in the beginning chapters. Then the book narrates how he narrowly missed a job in Air force and got a job in Directorate of Technical Development and Production.

The rest is History and is covered in subsequent parts.

V: The Becoming: The Success Story of India's Space Rocketry.

In fact, the Techno-Scientific life of Dr Kalam started so early as when he, along with his two juniors constructed a model Hover Aircraft named Nandi (Bull, the vehicle of the Hindu God Shiva), which was appreciated by none other than the then defence minister of India Mr V.K.Krishna Menon. However, the project Nandi was shelved. Later he was sent for a six months training in NASA which changed the course of his life.

Abdul Kalam traces the History of Indian Rocketry to the period of Tipu Sultan who ruled Mysore in 1799. After the death of Tipu Sultan, Indian Rocketry also met with its demise, to be reborn after 150 years due to the technological vision of the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Prof Vikram Sarabhai, the Chairman of Indian Space research Organisations.

The following is the sequence of Space missions sent directly under the supervision of Mr Abdul Kalam.

V.1. On his return from NASA, India's first rocket launch took place on 21st Nov, 1963. It was a sounding rocket named Nike-Apache and made at NASA. It provided excellent flight data. (Dr Kalam records with deep regret, the assassination of J.F.Kennedy, the then President of USA, the next day evening.)

V.2. The first Rohini rocket, consisting of single solid propulsion motor weighing a mere 32 kg lifted a nominal 7 kg payload to an altitude of 10 km was launched next. It was followed by another, to which one more solid propellant stage was added to dispatch multi-experiment payloads weighing nearly 100 kg to an altitude of over 350 km.

V.3. Prof Vikram Sarabhai, Director decided in 1969 to go full steam ahead with the task of establishing indigenous (fully made in India) capability in building and launching our own satellites. SHAR Rocket Launch Station was born in Sriharikota, near Chennai. It was then the Satellite Launch Vehicle was conceived.

On 10th Aug, 1979 the first experimental flight trial of SLV 3 was launched. The first stage was a success. There was a smooth transition to II stage. Suddenly it went out of control. The flight splashed into sea 560 km away from Sriharikota.Hence, launching of SLV 3 on 10.8.79 was a failure.

VI: Failures and Losses:

As hinted already, Dr Kalam lists out the failures in his mission and tragic losses in his family in his autobiography. He listed three major failures of his career in his book. The first one was the death of his hovercraft project (Nandi), the second one was shelving of the project RATO (Rocket Assisted Take-off System) and the third was abortion of the SLV 3.

On the family front, he mentions about the death of his parents and his elder brother, thus he had to take the burden of his entire family, mainly his brother's younger daughter. In the beginning, he met only with failures. How did he pursue fresh dreams and came in terms with success is the most important part of his autobiography, which he shares with the readers without reservations so that youngsters will stand to gain and start Dreaming about a prospective future. "Start dreaming in a constructive manner" is the Mantra of Dr Kalam and thousands of youth were benefited by following this guidance in achieving their goals in their lives.

VI: Further Space Missions:

VI.1: The First Success: Un-deterred by the failures in missions and losses in family, Dr kalam started concentrating in his further space missions. On 18.7.1980, SLV 3 was again launched with Rohini Satellite carried as payload. Dr Kalam writes so: "Mission Director calling all stations. Stand by for an important announcement. The fourth stage apogee motor has given the required velocity to put Rohini Satellite into orbit". He says that these are the most important words he spoke in his life. There were happy cries everywhere; there was a great jubilation and celebration. The mission was a total success!.

The modesty and simplicity in Dr Kalam makes him to contribute this success to the Team and not for him. While he accepted the whole responsibility for the earlier failure, he shared the victory with all. Is it not a good quality for a Manager to be followed by everybody?

VI.2: If launching of SLV 3 with Rohini satellite is number one important day in his life, inauguration of IGMDP (Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme) was considered the second important day in his life. The proposed (integrated) projects were reflections of India's long cherished self reliance and christened in India's most traditional names as follows:

[moonchronicles-blog]

The Vyapam Scam - What Was Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss Doing?

Madhya Pradesh. This central Indian state is currently under the rule of the BJP under three time CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan and heading for a fourth consecutive win with the house of the opposition party Congress divided into warring factions.

Shivraj Chouhan of the BJP became CM of Madhya Pradesh on 11/29/2005 while the Congress was in power at the center.

But what plagues this state? The massive Vyapam scam that is roughly estimated to be INR 65 billion or $1 billion (conservative). Now what is the Vyapam scam? It’s a scam involving admissions into medical colleges.

Vyapam (Vyavsayik Pariksha Mandal) or Professional Examination Board is an autonomous body in the state which conducts exams to enter professional courses such as medicine and engineering and also get MP government jobs. There were scams in all professional courses/degrees, but in the case of medicine, it was exceptional as each seat was literally auctioned for INR 1 to 7 million! This will be covered soon.

Unlike us in Tamil Nadu, who (till traitor OPS and his criminal gang sold out our interests late last year) write our board exams alone to get admissions to top medical institutes like Stanley’s / MMC, in other states, they need to write an entrance exam. India wide, medical seats are coveted and so the cost for each seat goes into millions. Even in our case, getting a medical seat without an entrance exam in Ramachandra’s Medical College or SRM would cost us minimum 5 to 6 million. In other parts of India, it’s much more valuable. 

What were the highlights of the Vyapam scam? 1 A middleman arranged for bright students to impersonate applicants during exams while invigilators looked the other way. Invigilators were bribed to allow applicants to cheat by copying impersonators. In such cases, applicants apparently left their answer sheets blank to be filled up later based on the marks they were given. 2 Question papers were leaked before exams so students could prepare the answers in advance. 3 OMR sheets were left blank to be filled in later based on the marks given to applicants. 4 Final results and medical seats were influenced by money power. Each medical seat was auctioned from INR 1 million to 7 million. 5 In other words, truly meritorious students were short-charged and had to pursue other courses. In some extreme cases, it led to suicides.

Irregularities in medical test results were detected in 2009 and hundreds of arrests were made in 2011 after an investigation. It was only in 2013 that the gravity of the scam came to light, with information about the involvement of different officials at different hierarchical levels in the government.

DMAT scam: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Dental-and-Medical-Admission-Test-Scamsters-operated-in-cyber-cafes-colleges/articleshow/23920256.cms Dental & Medical Admission Test scam. DMAT is an exam in MP written for admission to private medical colleges in MP. Massive money power came into play. Applicants, based on money, were given the DMAT scores they paid for and were instructed to leave their OMR sheets blank to be filled up later. The middlemen were medical college owners who wanted to sell their medical seats to kids of rich parents. They mediated between the parents and the officials who conducted DMAT. MBBS seats were sold in the range of INR 5 to 10 million.

MP PMT scam: 1 http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/mp-pmt-scam-racketeers-targeted-quota-candidates/story-4H7QHa4n8xbSgY9Kc5ClJJ.html 2 http://www.news18.com/videos/india/mp-scam-splits-mp-students-arrested-phoner-696333.html 3 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/100-fake-doctors-MP-hit-by-Munnabhai-scam/articleshow/11285266.cms This was yet another scam wherein impersonators, usually bright students from UP & Bihar, were paid around 50k to 100k to write exams for applicants, once again rich kids. At least 6 private medical colleges were involved in this scam. Plenty of arrests were made in 2013 regarding this issue.

This scam started way back in the 1990s itself, but became chronic after BJP took over in 2005. This puts the reliability of MP’s hospitals and its doctors in the dumps. There were irregularities in the MP PMT (Madhya Pradesh Pre Medical Tests) in the years 2008, 2009 and 2011 as far as we know.

Till date, there have been at least 48 known deaths of people who went to investigate the matter. 

Now on to the next part of my titular question.

Who was the health minister during UPA 1 from 2004 to 2009 around the same time BJP took over MP? It was none other than PMK’s Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss.

Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss has a case in CBI pending against him. 1 http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Anbumani-illegally-allowed-admission-in-medical-college-CBI/article12138428.ece 2 http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-chargesheets-anbumani-for-abuse-of-office/article3360845.ece

This is for illicit admissions to 2 colleges: One in Uttar Pradesh (Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital in Bareilly) and the other in Madhya Pradesh. The IMCHRC (Index Medical College, Hospital & Research Center at Bhopal, MP) was founded by Suresh Singh Bhadoriya in 2006. This college didn’t have enough infrastructure, facilities nor eligible faculty to be even deemed an eligible medical college. The MCI (Medical Council of India) had warned Dr. Anbumani against giving clearance to IMCHRC. Even after MCI inspectors said admissions may not be permitted due to its deficiencies, Bhadoriya and Anbumani formed a central team to obtain a favorable report and issue permission to renew admissions for the 2008-09 batch. https://www.pressreader.com/oman/oman-daily-observer/20150820/281895886984543

The other prominent people in CBI’s charge-sheet are: 1 K. V. Rao, a director in the Cabinet Secretariat 2 Sudarshan Kumar, section officer in the Health and Family Welfare Ministry 3 Dr. J. S. Dhupia and Dr. D. K. Gupta, two senior faculty members at Delhi's Safdarjung Hospital 4 S.K. Tongia, ex-Dean of IMCHRC, K.K. Saxena, Medical Director of IMCHRC, Nitin Gothwal, HR manager, Pawan Bhambani, director of administration, medical director Dr. K.V. Saxena and some other people under various provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act.

What are the charges against Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss regarding this matter? A sitting MP, Ramadoss has been accused of criminal conspiracy, cheating, forgery, using forged documents as genuine under the Indian Penal Code and under the Prevention of Corruption Act. http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/ramadoss-to-be-charged-with-corruption-in-medical-college-admissions/142887.html 

Here’s something very interesting: http://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/judgments/announcement.php?WID=3880 If you love reading meticulous articles, I suggest reading the above! 

These dysfunctional money grabbing dungeons were given clearance by Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss who also aided admissions to the same! Imagine the plight of future patients who might have to be treated by these fraud MBBS ‘doctors’!

So it’s becoming increasingly clear that Ramadoss knew what was brewing in Madhya Pradesh under Shivraj Singh Chouhan. My question is: Why was he silent over the matter (and still is)? Is this the action of a responsible doctor? The same way, he never opposed NEET despite its blatant discrepancies. In fact, the only party in TN to oppose NEET is DMK. Everybody else has yielded with no resistance.

Here is some circumstantial evidence regarding irregularities in the PMT exam (Pre Medical Tests, which have been around since the late 1990s/early 2000s) in India over the years. http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20140828171239580 If you read the article, the highlight lies here: “Hundreds of students have been suspended in recent months for allegedly using “unfair means” to clear the Pre Medical Test, or PMT, conducted between 2006 and 2013 and secure admission to undergraduate medical courses.” Who was the health minister during UPA 1? Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss. Who was the health minister during UPA 2? Ghulam Nabi Azad. If, and IF, the above allegation is true, both should be investigated over irregularities in PMT over the years.

Now the question essentially becomes this: Are RMC in UP and IMCHRC in MP the only colleges Anbumani was involved in, or are there more colleges in India affected by Anbumani’s lapses? Only a thorough investigation can bring further matters to light.

That for Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss.

Now on to the final and the most crucial part of it all - my warning to DMK regarding this man.

This is something I discussed within closed circles, but it seems the time to release this for public reading has come.

We’re all witness to the serial murders around late JJ’s Kodanad Estate and the death of MLA Vijayabhaskar’s friend. It eerily resembled the Vyapam murders. Of course, for the well informed, it’s the handiwork of BJP. However what has Anbumani got to do with this?

CBI halted the investigation against Anbumani earlier this year. Around the same time, political circles in Tamil Nadu are well aware of the fact that Modi/BJP paid PMK a sum of INR 20 billion to attack DMK and keep public attention off BJP’s failures and deceit. 

Sounds plausible? In a way yes, that was how Vaiko played JJ’s B-team in the name of People’s Welfare Front. But what’s the difference in the case of PMK playing BJP’s/Modi’s B-team? 

Dear DMK friends, remember Rajiv Gandhi? Most of us know the REAL man behind his assassination. However DMK had to bear the blame for the crime of LTTE which was funded by MGR & LTTE sympathizers in the USA and aided logistically by Subramanian Swamy. More on that episode here: http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php/Lanka_Guardian_1991.10.15 Read pages 2 to 6 to know more of it.

Any response to PMK by DMK would most possibly be used by BJP to ensnare DMK. Just like Subramanian Swamy and Natarajan setup the LTTE & Rajiv Gandhi to ensnare DMK, Modi & Amit Shah are setting up Anbumani Ramadoss. In other words, Modi & Shah are most probably attempting a Subramanian Swamy / Rajiv Gandhi Mark-II on DMK. This is something Modi & Shah are highly capable of carrying out. I am personally happy that MK Stalin & DMK are keeping their distance from PMK. DMK should maintain this and ignore PMK till the end. Given the power BJP has over the media, it’s best never to fall into this BJP trap. Ignore PMK and engage the common public over the pressing issues they face in everyday life due to the inefficiency of the ADMK administration and the insanity of the central Modi administration.

I’m NOT alleging BJP are doing this yet, but I believe they are highly capable of it, given their greed for power. 

With that, I conclude this post. More details will be added as and when I get them.

Thank you all for reading. Have a great day.

[natgeoyourshot]

HASHTAG CHALLENGE: #01January2017

As you read this, wherever you are in the world, I believe that there is another Your Shot photographer also reading this. Reflect on that reality. With over 780,000 photographers representing 195 countries, Your Shot is truly a global community. Together you have shared more than seven million photos. Now think about the endless possibilities we can do together. Daydream with me how Your Shot can positively impact the world one photo at a time.

Besides sharing lovely photos from your everyday life, the goal of the #01January2017 hashtag challenge was for you to notice the similarities and differences in our lives. We may not all agree politically, culturally, religiously—but that just means we should respect and love one another. Ultimately we are all fathers and mothers, sons and daughters, brothers and sisters, husbands and wives, friends and strangers—we are all humans sharing this one planet.

I’ve arranged the 10 photos by time stamp; try to remember what you were doing on January 1, 2017 at the same time. I find it really fascinating to contemplate not just my own reality, but what the other seven billion people around the world are doing at the exact same time. I plan on repeating this type of time-based project in the future, so stay tuned.

Until then, submit to our “Empathy Gap” assignment, curated and edited by documentary photographer Daniella Zalcman (Submission deadline: February 6, 2017). We also have another hashtag challenge, #NGMAdventure, inviting you to share what your daily adventure looks like; this is your chance to be published on the Your Shot page in National Geographic magazine (Submission deadline: January 30, 2017). Also don’t forget to follow us on Instagram (@natgeoyourshot), where we share the Top Shot and our favorite Your Shot photos. I do have one note: Despite including specific parameters for this hashtag challenge, many people submitted absolutely lovely photos that were NOT taken on January 1, 2017. This immediately eliminated their photo from consideration. Please carefully read every assignment introduction, and follow any guidelines requested by the editor. Thank you for being a part of the Your Shot community. I love my job because of you. David Y. Lee | Associate Photo Editor | National Geographic Your Shot Photographs by: Jilson Tiu, Tomoaki Matsushita, Terra Fondriest, Tony Gallucci, Drew S., Brenda Snape, T.L. Unzicker, Gloria M., Pranav Krishnan, Kelly Beckta

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NCERT Class 12 Sociology Chapter 6 The Challenges of Cultural Diversity

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology: Indian Society

Chapter 6 The Challenges of Cultural Diversity

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED :

Q. 1.What is meant by cultural diversity? Why is India considered to be a very diverse country? Ans. :

The term diversity implies differences rather than inequalities.

When we say that India is a nation of great cultural diversity, we mean that there are many different types of social groups and communities living here.

Different types of social groups and communities live here. There are communities with different cultural markers like language, religion, sect, race or caste.

India is a pluralistic society. There is unity in diversity but its excessive diversity is becoming a challenge.

When diverse communities (linguistic communities, religious communities, sects and so on) are, also, a part of a larger entity like a nation, then difficulties may be created by competition or conflict between them.

Cultural diversity can present challenges which arise from the fact that cultural identities are very powerful-they can arouse intense passions and are often able to mobilize large numbers of people.

Sometimes, cultural differences are accompanied by economic and social inequalities and this further complicates things.

Measures to address the inequalities or injustices suffered by one community can provoke opposition from other communities.The situation gets worse when scarce resources like water, jobs or government

funds have to be shared.

1632 different languages and dialects, different religions, diversity in climatic conditions and topography are causing serious challenges to the country.

Q. 2. What is community identity and how is it formed? Ans. :

1. Community identity is based on birth and belonging rather than on some forms of acquired qualifications or accomplishments. 2. These kind of identities are called ascriptive i.e. they are determined by birth and individual’s choice is not involved. 3. People feel a deep*sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities. 4. Ascriptive identities such as community identities are difficult to shake off; even if we choose to disown them, others may continue to identify us by those very markers of belonging. 5. Expanding and overlapping circles of community ties like family, kinship, ethnicity, language give meaning to our world and gives us a sense of identity. 6. Ascriptive identities and community feelings are universal. Everyone has a motherland, a mother tongue, a family, a faith. And we all are equally committed to our respective identities. 7. Our community provides us with our mother-tongue and the cultural values through which we comprehend the world. It, also, anchors our self-identity. 8. The process of socialization involves continuous dialogue with our significant surroundings such as parents, kin, family and community. Thus, community is a very important part of our identity. 9. Community conflicts are very hard to deal with since each side thinks of the other side as a hated enemy and there is a tendency to exaggerate the virtues of one’s own side as well as the vices of the other side. 10. It is very hard for people on either side to sec that they are constructing matching but reversed mirror images of each other. 11. At times, both sides are indeed equally wrong or right; at other times, history may judge one side to be the aggressor and the other to be the victim. 12. But this can happen long after the heat of the conflict has cooled down. 13. Some notion of a mutually agreeable truth is hard to arrive at in situations if identity conflict. Q. 3. Why is it difficult to define the nation? How are nation and state related in modem society? Ans. :

A nation is a peculiar sort of community that is easy to describe but hard to define.

We can describe many nations founded on the basis of common cultural, historical institutions like a shared religion, language, ethnicity, history or regional culture.

But it is hard to come up with any defining features for nation.

For every possible criterion there are exceptions and counter examples.

For example-there are many nations that do not share a common language, religion, ethnicity and so on. On the other hand, there are many languages, religions or ethnicities that are shared across nations. But this does not lead to the transformation of a single unified nation.

Nation at the simplest level, is a community of communities. Members of a nation share the desire to be a part of the same political collectivity. Nations are communities that have a state of their own.

In modem times, there has been a one-to-one bond between nation and state. But this development is new.

It wasn’t true of the past that a single state could represent a single nation or every nation must have its own state.

For example, Soviet Union explicitly recognized that the peoples it governed were of different nations.

Also, people constituting a nation may actually be citizens or residents of different states. There are more Jamaicans living outside Jamaica than in Jamaica.

Dual citizenship could, also, be a possibility. These laws allow citizens of a particular state to also simultaneously be citizens of another state. Example, Jewish AmericansMnay be citizens of Israel as well as the USA.

Thus, nation is a community that has been able to acquire a state of its own. It‘s, also seen that states are finding it more and more necessary to claim that they represent a nation.

A feature of the modem era is the establishment of democracy and nationalism as dominant sources of political legitimacy. This implies that nation is the most accepted or proper justification for a state, while people are the ultimate source of legitimacy of the nation.

Q 4. Why are states often suspicious of cultural diversity? Ans. :

States try to establish their political legitimacy through nation-building strategies.

They sought to secure the loyalty and obedience of their citizens through policies of assimilation or integration.

This is because most states have generally been suspicious of cultural diversity and have tried to reduce or eliminate it. The states fear that the recognition of varied culturally diverse identities such as language, ethnicity, religion will lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society.

Also, apart from the fear of fragmentation, accommodating these differences is politically challenging.

Thus so many states have resorted to either suppressing these identities or ignoring them in the political domain.

Q. 5.What is regionalism? What factors is it usually based on? Ans. :

Regionalism in India is rooted in India’s diversity of languages, cultures, tribes and religions.

It is encouraged by the geographical concentration of these identity markers in particular regions, and fuelled by a sense of regional deprivation.

Indian federalism has been a means of accommodating these regional sentiments.

From Presidencies to States

After Independence, initially the Indian state continued with the British-Indian arrangement dividing India into large provinces, called Presidencies. Madras, Bombay and Calcutta were the three major presidencies.

Soon after Independence and the adoption of the constitution, all these units of the colonial era had to be reorganized into ethno-linguistic states within the Indian union in response to strong popular agitations.

Language coupled with regional and tribal identity and not religion has provided the most powerful instrument for the formation of ethno-national identity in India.

But this does not mean that all linguistic communities have got statehood. For example- Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand. In their formation, language did not play*any role. A combination of ethnicity based on tribal identity, language, regional deprivation and ecology provided the basis.

Q. 6. In your opinion, has the linguistic reorganisation of states helped or harmed India? Ans. :

Language coupled with regional and tribal identity-and not religion-has provided the most powerful instrument for the formation of ethno-national identity in India. Language ensures better communication and results in more effective administration.

Madras presidency was divided into Madras State, Kerala and Mysore State. The Report of the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) which was implemented on November 1, 1956, has helped transform the political and institutional life of the nation.

It has proved to be perfectly consistent to be Kannadiga and Indian, Bengali and ’ Indian, Tamil an4 Indian, Gujarati and Indian.

In 1953, Potti Sriramulu, died seven weeks after beginning a fast unto death. His death provoked violent protests and led to the creation of the state of Andhra Pradesh. It also led to the formation of the SRC, which in 1956 put the formal, final seal of approval on the principle of linguistic states. These states based on language sometimes quarrel with each other. While these disputes are not pretty, they could in fact have been far worse.

Currently there are 29 states (federal units) and 7 Union territories (centrally administered) within the Indian nation-state. Q. 7. What is a ‘minority’? Why do minorities need protection from the state? Ans. :

Minority usually involves some sense of relative disadvantage.

Privileged minorities such as extremely wealthy people are not usually referred to as minorities; if they are, the term is qualified in some way, as in the phrase “privileged minority’.

When minority is used without any qualification, it implies a relatively small and also, disadvantaged group.

The sociological sense of minority implies that the members of the minority form a collectivity i.e. they have a sense of group solidarity, a feeling of togetherness and belonging.

This is linked to disadvantage because the experience of being subjected to prejudice and discrimination usually heightens feelings of intra-group loyalty and interests.

Groups may be a minority in statistical sense, such as people who are left-handed or people bom on 29th February, are not minorities in sociological sense because they do not form a collectivity.

Religious or cultural minority groups need special protection because of the demographic dominance of majority.

These groups are politically vulnerable. They must face the risk that the majority community will capture political power and use the state machinery to suppress their religious or cultural institutions, ultimately forcing them to abandon their identity.

Exceptions

Religious minorities like Parsis or Sikhs may be relatively well off economically but they may still be disadvantaged in the cultural sense because of their small numbers compared to overwhelming majority Hindus.

Another set of complications arise by the fact of India state’s simultaneous commitment to secularism as well as the protection of minorities.

The protection of minorities requires that they be given special consideration in a context where the normal working of the political system places them at a disadvantage vis-s-vis the majority.

This leads to the accusation of favouritism. But supporters would state that without this protection, secularism can turn into an excuse for imposing majority community’s values and norms on minorities.

Q. 8. What is Communalism? Ans. : 

Communalism refers to aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity.

Chauvinism is itself an attitude that sees one’s own group as the only legitimate or worthy group, with other groups being seen as inferior, illegitimate and opposed.

Communalism is an aggressive political ideology linked to religion.

This is a peculiarly Indian or South Asian meaning which is different from the ordinary English word.

In the English language, ‘communal’ means something related to a community or collectivity as different from an individual. The English meaning is neutral, whereas the South Asian meaning is strongly charged.

Communalism is about politics not about religion. Although, communalists are intensely involved with religion, there is no necessary relationship between personal belief and communalism. A communalist may or may not be a devout person, and devout persons may or may not be communalists.

Communalists cultivate an aggressive political identity and are prepared to condemn or attack everyone who does not share their identity.

One of the most important features of communalism is that religious identity overrides everything else, it, also, constructs large and diverse groups as singular and homogenous.

Examples of communal riots in our country- Anti Sikh riots of 1984; the Gujarat riots.

But, India also has a long tradition of religious pluralism, ranging from peaceful co-existence to actual mixing or syncretism. This syncretic heritage is reflected in the devotional songs and poetry of the Bhakti and Sufi movements.

Q. 9. What are the different senses in which ‘secularism’ has been understood in India? Ans. :

1. The Indian meanings of secular and secularism imply that state does not favour any religion. This implies equal respect for all religions rather than separation or distancing. 2. In the western context, secularism implies separation of church and state. This implies the progressive retreat of religion from public life, as it was converted from a mandatory obligation to a voluntary personal practice. 3. Secularization was related to the arrival of modernity and the rise of science and rationality as alternatives to religious ways of understanding the world. 4. One difficult issue that arises from this is the tension between the western sense of state maintaining distance from religion and the Indian sense of the state giving equal respect to all religions. Q. 10. What is the relevance of civil society organisations today? Ans. :

Civil society is the name given to the arena which lies beyond the private domain of the family, but outside the domain of both state and market.

Civil society is a non-state and non-market part of the public domain in which individuals get together voluntarily to create institutions and organisations.

It is a sphere of active citizenship: individuals take up social issues, try to influence the state or make demands on it, pursue their collective interests or seek support for a variety of causes.

It consists of voluntary institutions formed by group of citizens. It includes political parties; media institutions, trade unions, NGOs, religious organisations and other kinds of collective entities.

The main criteria for inclusion in civil society are that the organisation should not be state controlled, and it should not be purely profit making entity.

Examples-Doordarshan is not a civil society entity though private television channels are. The Indian people had an encounter with authoritarian rule during ‘Emergency’ enforced between June 1975 and 1977. Forced sterilisation programmes; censorship on media and government officials; civil liberties revoked.

Civil Society Today

Today the activists of civil society organizations have a wide range of issues including advocacy and lobbying activity with national and international agencies as well as active participation in various movements.

The issues taken jip range from tribal struggles for land rights; devolution of urban governance; campaigns against rape and violence against women, primary education reform, etc.

Media, also, has started to play an important role in the civil society initiatives.

Example-the Right to Information. Beginning with an agitation in rural Rajasthan for the release of information on government funds spent on village development, this effort grew into a nation-wide campaign. Despite opposition from the bureaucracy. Government was forced to respond to the campaign and pass a new law formally acknowledging citizens’ right to information.

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