#pci express

[ourwitching]

We’ve seen a lot of PCIe hacks on Hackaday, and a fair few of them boil down to hackers pullin...

[quixqueen]

AHHHHH I hope my PC is done being repaired before BG3 drops 😭 pray 4 me 🙏

[paryana]

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[asistenta-virtuala]

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[metastatblog]

PCI Express (PCIe) 4.0 Retimer Market Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecasts 2023-2030

The Global PCI Express (PCIe) 4.0 Retimer market emerges as a crucial player, exemplifying the relentless pursuit of enhancing data transfer capabilities. This market, characterized by its robust technological underpinnings, plays a pivotal role in addressing the escalating demand for high-speed data transmission across various industries.

The Global PCI Express (PCIe) 4.0 Retimer market is a specialized segment within the broader realm of electronic components, dedicated to optimizing and refining the performance of PCIe 4.0 interfaces. These retimers, acting as signal conditioning devices, exhibit a profound impact on data integrity and signal quality, ensuring seamless communication within intricate electronic systems.

The significance of PCIe 4.0 Retimers lies in their ability to mitigate the challenges posed by signal degradation and attenuation in high-speed data transmissions. As data rates continue to surge, maintaining signal integrity becomes paramount, and these retimers play a pivotal role in revitalizing signals, thereby enabling the sustained delivery of data at unprecedented speeds. This technological prowess is particularly crucial in applications where real-time data processing and low-latency communication are imperative.

In electronic design and integration, the importance of PCIe 4.0 Retimers extends beyond mere signal conditioning. These components contribute significantly to the overall efficiency and reliability of electronic systems, fostering a seamless flow of information across interconnected devices. Whether in data centers, telecommunications infrastructure, or high-performance computing environments, the role of PCIe 4.0 Retimers is indispensable in meeting the escalating demands for faster and more reliable data transfer.

Furthermore, the Global PCI Express (PCIe) 4.0 Retimer market serves as a catalyst for innovation in the broader electronics industry. As the demand for higher data bandwidth continues to grow, the market drives research and development efforts to push the boundaries of signal processing and data transmission technologies. This fosters a competitive environment where advancements in PCIe 4.0 Retimers not only keep pace with market requirements but also anticipate future needs, positioning this segment as a cornerstone in the evolution of digital connectivity.

Global PCI Express (PCIe) 4.0 Retimer market is estimated to reach $20,260.0 Million by 2030; growing at a CAGR of 23.5% from 2023 to 2030.

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[tamamita]

how do you respond to the fact that there are two million arabs in israel with equal rights?

The fucking Nakba law prohibits PCI (Palestinians in the settler state) to discuss or commemorate the tragedy of the Nakba

The Arabs who were allowed to stay following the war in 1948 were subjected to military rule until 1966.

A Jewish person has the right to return and claim their citizenship, an Arab or PCI and their descendants in diaspora who is native to Palestine and the settler-occupied territories are not.

A Jewish convert in the west is somehow more eligible to citizenship in the settler state than a Palestinian Arab in the diaspora.

There is a wage gap between PCIs and Jewish people in the settler state;

More than half of the PCI families in the settler state are poor.

The settler state issued a Nation-state law in 2018 that stated that self-determination is unique to the settler state. Arabic lost its status as an official language and the settler-state mandates and promotes the establishment and development of kibbutzim.

This gives precedence to settlements in the West Bank as the Likud party considers the West Bank (Judea Samaria, lol) to be part of the settler state.

PCIs are not allowed to develop their own infrastructure or settlements unless with a permit, which is impossible to get if you're PCI.

Many PCI communities are forbidden the right to a weapon's license unlike their Jewish counterparts.

The Call to Prayer ban by Ben Gvir.

East Jerusalem Palestinians account for 350.000 of the Arabs in the settler state civil registry. They are not eligible to vote.

PCI communities are treated like fifth columns;

70% of PCIs are afraid of expressing their opinions on social media about Palestine, fearing backlash from the Settler state community. A notable case is when Israeli students started chanting "death to arabs" when a student expressed their sympathies for the Palestinians. The PCI student was expelled.

No, 1.65 million Arabs/PCI are not enjoying the same rights as their jewish counterparts in the ethnosupremarcist state.

[geonixofficial]

Boost your device's speed and performance with the Geonix PCI Express USB 3.0 card. Get lightning-fast data transfer rates and seamless connectivity for all your devices. Upgrade your system effortlessly with this high-quality expansion card.

[seniordba]

History and Status of the PCI DSS

The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) was created in response to the rapid growth of credit card transactions in the 1990s causing thousands of small companies to start storing credit card data and processing consumer transactions on unprotected networks.  Since many of these small businesses didn’t know how to properly secure these credit card transactions, it also led to a…

[pfhwrittes]

title: citations needed (on ao3 here) pairing: none. characters: kate laswell, john price, kyle "gaz" garrick, simon "ghost" riley, john "soap" mactavish, kate laswell's wife and kyle "gaz" garrick's mums. rating: T

word count: 1.1k

cw/tw: swearing, alcohol, texting fic, basically a crack-fic.

a/n: a series of various text conversations documenting kyle “gaz” garrick’s evening as his mum’s plus one at an academic fundraiser. my eternal love goes to @gemmahale, @stuffireadandenjoy, @syoddeye and @391780 for encouraging this utter nonsense.

[Gaz has created a new group chat: SOS CODE RED] 

Soap Suds has been added to the chat Casper the Unfriendly Ghost has been added to the chat Cap has been added to the chat Casper the Unfriendly Ghost has left the chat Soap Suds has added Casper the Unfriendly Ghost to the chat Boss Lady has been added to the chat

Gaz: SOS. EMERGENCY EXFIL REQ. IMMEDIATELY.  Cap: No - John 👍 Soap Suds: 👀 Boss Lady: It’s not that bad Kyle. 

Casper the Unfriendly Ghost has left the chat Soap Suds has added Casper the Unfriendly Ghost to the chat

Gaz: CAP I WILL DO YOUR PAPERWORK BY HAND IF YOU SEND A CAR IMMEDIATELY. Cap: No - John 👍 Soap Suds: wats going on 👀 ur maw’s thing not goin well?? Boss Lady: It seems that Kyle was unaware that my wife and I would be attending tonight’s fundraiser. Cap: And you didn’t think to tell him, Kate? - John 👍 Soap Suds: tell us more laswell 👀 🍿

–

[A private conversation between Gaz and Soap Suds] 

Soap Suds: is laswell’s wife fit?? Gaz: Not now mate.  Soap Suds: ill pay u gd money to send me a pic 🥵 Gaz: You’re sick. Soap Suds: as a dog 👅 💦 Soap Suds: please???

–

[A private conversation between MacTavish and SR] 

SR: Stop adding me to the chat you twat. 

– 

[A private conversation between JP and KL] 

JP: Send me photos of Garrick losing his mind. KL: Contact F&A and I’ll consider it.  JP: Done.  KL: Nice doing business with you John. 

–

[A private conversation between two unidentified numbers] +447******913: kate pls can i have a pci of ur wife?? +447******913: *pic Withheld Number: No. 

+447******913 has been blocked

–

[Group chat: SOS CODE RED] Soap Suds: send us a pic of u n ur maw gaz Gaz: No. Cap: No - John 👍 Boss Lady: No. 

Casper the Unfriendly Ghost has removed Soap Suds from the chat

Cap: Thank you Simon - John 👍

–

[A private conversation between Kyle and Mama] 

Kyle: Why didn’t you say Kate and her wife would be here?! Mama: Shit. Don’t let your mum get into the red wine. Xx Kyle: Bit late for that!  Mama: LOL. Xx Mama: Good Luck! Xx

–

[A private conversation between KL and JP] JP: How’s it going? KL: Remember Marrakech?  JP: Bloody hell.

–

[A private conversation between Gaz and Soap Suds] Soap Suds: add me back to the chat 🥺 Gaz: Busy.  Soap Suds: please 🥺

–

[A private conversation between MacTavish and SR]  MacTavish: add me back to the chat 🥺 MacTavish: please 🥺

–

[A private conversation between JM and JP]  JM: add me back to the chat 🥺 JM: please 🥺 JP: Never send me that face again  - John 👍 JM: 🥺 JM: will u at least tell laswell to unblock me??

–

[Group chat: SOS CODE RED]  Cap has added Soap Suds to the chat

Cap: Sorry Kate. Lesser of two evils  - John 👍

Casper the Unfriendly Ghost has left the chat Soap Suds has added Casper the Unfriendly Ghost to the chat Casper the Unfriendly Ghost has left the chat Soap Suds has added Casper the Unfriendly Ghost to the chat

Boss Lady: Boys. Enough. 

Casper the Unfriendly Ghost: 👍 Soap Suds: sorry kate 🥺 Boss Lady: Never send me that face again.  Cap: LOL - John 👍

–

[A private conversation between JP and KL] KL: Really John? 

–

[A private conversation between MacTavish and SR]  SR: Pack it in you dozy cunt.  MacTavish: make me 😘

–

[Group chat: SOS CODE RED] Boss Lady: [Sent a picture of Gaz standing between two women with an uncomfortable expression on his face holding two empty glasses as they glare at each other] 

Soap Suds: 🥵🥵🥵 Boss Lady: 🤨  Soap Suds: i was talking about gaz!! Cap: Everyone looks very nice - John 👍

–

[A private conversation between Gaz and Soap Suds]  Soap Suds: mate 🥵

Gaz has blocked Soap Suds

–

[Group chat: SOS CODE RED] Boss Lady: Gaz, location.  Gaz: Seated at the table. Lost visual on Mum.  Gaz: You?  Boss Lady: Bar. Also lost visual.  Gaz: Shit.  Boss Lady: Call me.  Soap Suds: 👀

–

[A private conversation between KG and KL] KG: Sorry signal is shit. Update?  KL: Visual contact confirmed. They’re talking to the head of the department.  KG: Together?  KL: Yes.  KG: … The bald guy?  KL: Affirmative.  KG: Are you still at the bar?  KL: I’ve ordered tequila.  KG: Order me a shot.  KG: Please. KL: Already waiting for you.  KG: You’re the best, Kate.  KL: I know. 

–

[Group chat: SOS CODE RED]  Gaz: [Sent a voice note where two distinct voices, one American and one English, can be heard agreeing with each other at volume as another third voice attempts to interrupt them. The English voice can clearly be heard to say “Oh, do fuck off Richard!” before the voice note ends.] 

Gaz: Shit. Didn’t mean to send that.  Soap Suds: kate is that you??🥵 Boss Lady: No.  Cap: No - John 👍 Soap Suds: mrs laswell???  Casper the Unfriendly Ghost: Professor Laswell you twat.  Boss Lady: Thank you Simon. Casper the Unfriendly Ghost: 👍

–

[A private conversation between Wife ❤️ and Love Of My Life 💛]  Wife ❤️: Are you having fun, Darling? Xx

Love Of My Life 💛: [Sent a slightly blurry self taken photo of four people, three women and one young man, seated around a small round table. There are numerous empty glasses on the table in front of the quartet. Kyle is smiling with his face pressed close to an older woman who shares his same dark eyes. Kate is facing the camera but her eyes are directed towards the woman resting her head on her shoulder. Kate has a tiny smile on her face.] 

Wife ❤️: I can’t wait for you to come home. Xx

–

[A private conversation between Kyle and Mama] 

Mama: Time to cut your Mum off LOL. Xx Kyle: [Sent a slightly blurry photo of two full shot glasses] Mama: Time to cut YOU off. Xx

–

[A private conversation between Kate and S. Garrick] 

S. Garrick: [Forwarded a photo] S. Garrick: You all look lovely Kate. Xx Kate: Thank you. Brunch tomorrow?  S. Garrick: Absolutely. Xx

–

[A private conversation between KL and JP] 

KL: [Sent a photo of Kyle with his head in his hands]  JP: The Christmas 2008 story?  KL: Yep.  JP: Brilliant. 

–

[Group chat: SOS CODE RED] 

Gaz: [Sent a self taken picture of a woman with a wide but slightly tired smile on her face. In the background Kyle can be seen resting his head on the table, possibly asleep. Over her shoulder a pair of women are slightly blurred as Kate helps her wife wrap a pashmina around her shoulders] 

Gaz: Exfil requested? X

Cap: Of course - John 👍 Soap Suds: ur lookin very bonnie mrs garrick😘 Casper the Unfriendly Ghost: ETA 5 minutes. Will give you a hand with him.  Cap: Good lad  - John 👍 Gaz: Thank you sweetheart X

[never-obsolete]

PCI Express Maximum PC - November 2004

[nhaneh]

funny thing with retro PC hardware is how the further back in history you go, the less you can really expect the mainboard to do for you.

you take a modern mainboard and it'll likely have most functions and features you're likely to need already integrated by default, be it sound, network, WiFi... there's usually even going to be video out from whatever barebones GPU is very likely integrated into the CPU by default, as well as a plethora of USB ports for whatever peripherals or other devices you might possibly want. It's basically almost a complete system in and of itself - just add a CPU, RAM, and some kind of storage medium and off you go. Plenty of boards of today will even have built-in support for plugging in fancy chassis RGB lighting straight into the mainboard itself.

Not so with older mainboards - the one I'm looking at using for my retro build project supports basically the typical two channels of IDE/Parallel ATA for a total of four main drives of whatever combination of hard- and optical, a single floppy drive, two PS/2 ports, one keyboard one mouse, a parallel LPT port, a few serial COM ports, an old AT DIN-5 keyboard port, and - shockingly - two USB ports that I'm guessing are ancient 1.0 standard. And that's it. There's no sound, no graphics, no networking - that's all stuff you have to add via expansion cards. You basically cannot use this computer at all without adding at least a graphics card - the Power On Self Test (or POST) will fail and straight up refuse to boot the system if no graphics card is detected. You go back far enough in history to the original IBM PC and it won't even have integrated hard drive support, necessitating an expansion card just to add fixed storage space.

And this is basically why the PC is such an inherently flexible platform - it was and is built pretty much grounds up to be extensible, providing the option to add just about whatever functions and features you might require via expansion slots built on open standards, allowing pretty much anyone with the prerequisite know-how and manufacturing capabilities to build their own. With the relative ease and low cost of circuit board manufacture of today combined with the ready access to powerful microcontrollers like the Raspberry Pi Pico, there's a good number of hobbyists making expansion cards that can more or less be programmed to do pretty much whatever.

Though this is technically still possible to do on modern PCs, the relative speed and complexity involved with modern PCI Express interfaces makes it far less accessible than making your own ISA expansion cards.

[paryana]

Aip Manufacturers in india

[where-i-bitch-about-nashville]

how far is too far

to take this old socket 423 motherboard? it’s really only limited by the boot drive speed and the cpu cooling/fans at this point, it’s nearly maxed out

so socket 423 was the oldest Pentium IV stuff, though it may have supported some celeron chips if i’m not mistaken. The fastest cpu was 2.0GHz with 400MHz RD-RAM bus with 256KB of L2 cache.

What I have was someone’s rejected server board from 1999 that I got used in 2000 or 2001 maybe, and this has been its third refresh 😅 but for the slowest most uncommon p4, it is great, it has ATA100 RAID and that can mean using up to 4 drives as one for more speed or redundancy.

it has irda for some infrared data, several old school serial ports, parallel, AGP 4x, and 5 PCI ports.

I had already given it 2GB of ECC RAM, some multiformat DVD burners (one sports DVD-RAM support), a 3.5” floppy, and even a SATA soft RAID PCI card,

but I am questioning now that SSD’s are cheap, whether 4 SSD’s would be faster over 33MHz PCI soft RAID or ATA100 hardware based RAID at the full 100MHz ? maybe this thing would be seriously fast, for what it is

I also learned that AGP 4x was as much real bandwidth as any GPUs of the era ever could saturate since AGP8x didn’t last long before being replaced by PCI-express 2.0 16x slots for most GPUs… So AGP 8x cards work just fine here.

I found a GeForce 7600 GS 512MB model that needed recapped, amd so I havent tried it; then i found an ATi HD 3650 512MB AGP8x GPU to try in the meantime. Originally in 99 or 2000 this box was rocking an ATi All-In-Wonder Rage 128 card, but I foolishly gave it the ATi All-In-Wonder Radeon 8500dv for the greater 64MB vram and a couple firewire 1394a ports. It was a fine card, but analog TV is gone, rendering the tuner useless, and the A/D/A converter quality was actually pretty bad on this card with a lot of extra noise added on anything you plugged in. Once I got a miniDV camcorder I just used its converters foe everything, as it looked so much better!

I also got it with a Creative Labs SoundBlaster Live! 5.1 card, which was super cool at the time, but until I had any 5.1 speakers to use it with, it was pointless versus the nearly-identical 2-channel onboard AC’97 chip, or the other nearly identical AC’97 chip on the Radeon card! I wasnmt even bright enough to disable the onboard audio in the BIOS, at the time so I was always doing some dumb routing and wasting resources on all 3 sound cards

Then I did something even more dumb later on and got a GeForce MX420 card with the same 64MB vRAM but less rendering capability than the Radeon card at the time. (As I understand it now, these were more of a display adapter than a GPU?)

I’ll try to remember to benchmark these options against one another at some point, bc i have a feeling the GPU and boot drive is going to make all the difference in the gaming performance

Beyond all that, the peripheral cards made a big difference too! I added a VIA 1394 card, an NEC USB2.0 card, and a SiS combo USB2.0 and 1394a card. The NEC seemed much more snappy at USB2.0! I also accidentally disabled the system once by plugging the irDA to the i2c SMbus header below it by mistake. So it has i2c support! I may try to learn how to use it and make a PWM fan controller for it! It would be sick to have something read the core temps and apply the PWM slopes for all the fans accordingly.

IF I can do that, i’ll definitely swap CPU fans! I heard some socket 775 coolers can be adapted to fit! I’d love to know if anyone has experience with adapting the two. If all fails, I have a drill press and a smart g/f…. Maybe I’ll post any updates

should I burden this beast with Vista to run DX10??

[objects-i-find-cute]

MSI Ventus GeForce RTX 4060 8GB GDDR6 PCI Express 4.0 x8 ATX Video Card RTX 4060 VENTUS 2X BLACK 8G OC

[sheepytina]

What's the issue with GPUs that use x8 lanes of PCIe?

This will be my attempt at a simplified explanation.

I might get some details wrong, so if I've made a mistake, please politely let me know.

Short explanation

8 lanes will have half the available bandwidth of 16 lanes. On a cutting-edge computer this isn't an issue at all, as that's all these smaller GPUs need.

However, these budget/mainstream GPUs are more likely to be used with older hardware, and when paired with older systems with slower PCIe speeds (i.e. PCIe version), having fewer PCIe lanes available will result in a tighter bandwidth crunch.

Image attribution: PCI Express – Wikipedia. CC BY-SA 4.0

Technical explanation, using real world examples

The newest generations of GPUs run as high as PCIe 5.0, which is still pretty recent in consumer hardware, so there are still a lot of systems with PCIe 4.0 graphics slots, and plenty more with PCIe 3.0.

Users of these systems may be in search of a GPU upgrade right now. Chances are if you're using an older system, you're eyeing up a cheaper GPU. – This is something I can personally speak to.

Radeon RX 6600 and RX 7600 series and NVIDIA RTX 3050 and RTX 4060 series run at PCIe 4.0 x8. Higher-end models from these lineups are 4.0 x16, including RTX 3060.

NVIDIA RTX 5060 and RTX 5060 Ti run at PCIe 5.0 x8. On paper, this is the same as PCIe 4.0 x16. – When used with a PCIe 4.0 slot however, it'll be knocked down to 4.0 x8, half the available bandwidth that other GPUs would have on this system.

It's just been revealed this week that AMD's direct price/performance competitor in Radeon RX 9060 XT actually runs at PCIe 5.0 x16. In a PCIe 5.0 slot it probably isn't fast enough to saturate all PCIe lanes while gaming, but in a PCIe 4.0 x16 slot, you still have access to the same bandwidth that the RTX 5060 Ti would have at PCIe 5.0.

That's a lot of talk about bandwidth, but is this even an issue? Well… it depends.

As for the "why" of all of this…

Depending on what you use your system for, all of this bandwidth talk might not even be an issue for you. – I myself am using a PCIe 4.0 x16 GPU on a PCIe 2.0 system like some kind of weirdo.

But, to attempt to explain why this might be an issue:

(This is inevitably going to derail into a discussion about if 8GB of video memory is enough for games today, and I apologise for that.)

The reason that PCIe bandwidth has been a talking point lately is because modern game engines rely a lot more on streaming assets from storage into video memory as they're required. Many new games are pretty smart about using whatever available video memory they have access to, but some games do start having issues once the system runs out of VRAM.

Now, it's my personal opinion that the online hate for 8GB GPUs, while not unwarranted, is overblown – however,

The fact is that an 8GB GPU, such as these 60-class mainstream models, is going to be swapping memory a lot more frequently than a GPU with 12 or 16GB, and so having as much PCIe bandwidth as possible becomes paramount the less VRAM you have.

As people have been talking about this more and outlets have been testing the newest GPU models, we've seen just how potentially problematic this pair of VRAM and bandwidth limitations can be in some newer games.

Recently there's been some infamous coverage from Hardware Unboxed showing that the RTX 5060 Ti 8GB has a visible performance degradation compared to RTX 5060 Ti 16GB. – There are some flaws to their methodology and it's certainly a sensational headline that people have been relentlessly quoting, but the issue they demonstrate is real.

When it comes to PCIe bandwidth, TechPowerUp has observed through testing the RTX 5060 Ti that the RTX 5060-series is really hampered when knocked down to PCIe 4.0, something that isn't currently a huge issue with the higher end RTX 50 models which use the full 16 lanes.

In most games available today, VRAM issues can still be mitigated by using reasonable settings levels. The concern is that this won't be enough forever, and a small selection of games are already pushing what these ubiquitous 8GB VRAM GPUs can handle.

Wrap-up

Steam user surveys suggest that 8GB desktop and laptop GPUs, particularly from NVIDIA, are still some of the most popular GPUs used for gaming. It's also worth noting however that the most popular PC games tend to be the free or esports titles that don't necessarily need cutting edge hardware.

There are still a lot of players gaming on CPUs from 7 or more years ago too. When you're upgrading an older system and don't have a lot of money, you're going to buy what you can afford, and when it comes to graphics cards that may soon be the RTX 5060 (non-Ti). VRAM limits paired with bandwidth limits of these cards on older systems may prove problematic in future, and people may not be aware of why they're getting the performance issues they are.

[yoiku]

I think I'm done testing the pc now, it's been a week without any issues. I still feel the anxiousness about it lingering every day but I'm hoping that will start to dissipate day by day now that it seems to be working as it should. Finally got around testing with bg3 + a bunch of other things running, and that was a nice thing to witness. I think bg3 is the "heaviest" game i have on hand to test with, and i still have it in recent memory how it ran on my old pc to compare. My old pc could barely run it on lowest settings with the temps hovering in the 80's even with the side of the case entirely off, during winter when my room temp is below 20C. This thing runs it at max settings at steady 50C during a heatwave when it's 25+ in here as well. Aside from the momentary spikes while loading scenes as usual, but didn't notice any of those go beyond 70 either. Which to me seems pretty good for a setup that "is going to run very hot" according to many. The case still has space for extra fans at the top as well if i ever need a little more wind in there. My old machine served well for 8 years, so here's to hoping this can do the same now that it works. Specs under read more for anyone curious

Intel Core i7-14700KF + Thermalright Peerless Assassin 120 heatsink GeForce RTX 4070 12 GB GDDR6X MSI MAG Z790 Tomahawk Lexar NM790 4 TB PCI Express 4.0 NVMe Corsair Vengeance 2 x 16 GB, DDR5, 6000 MHz EVGA SuperNOVA 850 P6 Fractal Design North