#pregnenolone

[xanthippethecat]

Pronounce gender hormones like Italian pastas.

[murielcook]

Back on my bullshit. I'll do notes later but I don't want to lose it.

[poonamcmi]

Global Pregnenolone Supplements Market Is Estimated To Witness High Growth Owing To Increasing Demand for Hormone Balance Support

The global Pregnenolone Supplements Market is estimated to be valued at US$ 544.07 million in 2023 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 5.6% over the forecast period 2023-2030, as highlighted in a new report published by Coherent Market Insights. Market Overview: Pregnenolone is a hormone produced naturally in the body, mainly in the adrenal glands. It is a precursor hormone that plays a crucial role in the production of other hormones, such as testosterone, estrogen, and corticosteroids. Pregnenolone supplements are used to support hormone balance and provide various health benefits, including stress management, improved memory, and cognitive function. The need for pregnenolone supplements arises from factors such as hormonal imbalances, stress, aging, and certain medical conditions. These supplements provide a natural way to support the body's hormone production and restore balance. Pregnenolone supplements are available in different forms, including capsules, creams, and sublingual drops. Market Key Trends: One key trend in the pregnenolone supplements market is the increasing demand for hormone balance support. Hormonal imbalances can lead to a variety of health issues, including mood swings, fatigue, weight gain, and reproductive disorders. Pregnenolone supplements offer a natural solution to restore hormonal balance and alleviate these symptoms. Furthermore, there is growing awareness among consumers about the importance of hormonal balance and its impact on overall health and well-being. As a result, more individuals are seeking natural alternatives, such as pregnenolone supplements, to support their hormone levels and optimize their health. For example, women going through perimenopause or menopause may experience hormonal fluctuations that can cause hot flashes, mood changes, and sleep disturbances. Pregnenolone supplements can help regulate hormone levels and reduce these symptoms, providing relief and improved quality of life. PEST Analysis: - Political: No significant political factors are currently impacting the pregnenolone supplements market. - Economic: The economic factors driving the market include increasing disposable income, which allows consumers to invest in health and wellness products. - Social: The growing emphasis on holistic health and natural remedies is a social factor driving the demand for pregnenolone supplements. - Technological: Technological advancements in manufacturing processes and product formulations are enabling the production of high-quality pregnenolone supplements. Key Takeaways: 1. Market Size Related Content: The global Pregnenolone Supplements Market Growth  is expected to witness high growth, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.6% over the forecast period. This growth is driven by increasing demand for hormone balance support, as individuals seek natural alternatives to alleviate hormonal imbalances and related symptoms. 2. Regional Analysis: North America is the fastest-growing and dominating region in the pregnenolone supplements market, driven by a strong presence of key players, growing consumer awareness about hormonal health, and a well-established healthcare infrastructure. 3. Key Players: Key players operating in the global pregnenolone supplements market

[hiiragi7]

Wondering why PCOS is not considered medically to be under the CAH umbrella (since CAH is a group of conditions involving hyperandrogenism), does anyone happen to know the reason?

Is it the vagueness regarding the cause of PCOS, is it the amount of misunderstanding and misinformation surrounding PCOS, is it intersexism and misogyny? Or even a combination of these?

Looking at the literature, PCOS is indistinguishable from CAH without extensive bloodwork, and often CAH is misdiagnosed as PCOS due to less widespread knowledge of not only CAH's existence (despite it being extremely common) but also due to doctors rarely ever testing for anything that is not 21-OHD, if they decide to run tests at all. (Many PCOS patients are diagnosed without any tests or with only an ultrasound to check for ovarian cysts, which is not actually useful as any kind of evidence towards a PCOS diagnosis at all)

In fact, 3bHSD CAH at one point was even considered to be a type of PCOS rather than CAH. If the two are so similar, and CAH is already an umbrella term, why the distinction between PCOS and CAH at all?

If it's due to treatment implications, that doesn't seem to work because treatment implications are different even within different variations within the CAH umbrella and even further within the same CAH variation. My treatment needs and goals are different from someone with another CAH enzyme deficiency, because the location of the deficiency on the steroid pathway changes a lot about what your symptoms are and how to manage it. Someone with 3bHSD CAH may build up pregnenolone, while someone with 21-OHD CAH may build up progesterone, for example, and these can cause very different outcomes for physical health and needs. There's also vastly different implications between classic, non-classic, and salt-wasters.

Us all being lumped under CAH has never stopped us from accessing the different treatment we need for whichever variation we have. Being grouped under an umbrella label does not mean we are all suddenly the exact same and have the same needs. This is true across all umbrella diagnoses and across spectrum disorders, and CAH is not any different.

A person with XY chromosomes and 3bHSD CAH may have ambiguous genitalia while a person with XX chromosomes and 3bHSD CAH may have completely "typical-appearing" or only slightly virilized genitals, some people with CAH may be infertile while others have no issues with fertility, some have ovarian cysts and some do not, some will go through "typical" puberty and others will have ambiguous or "opposite-sex" puberty, so on.

What vast amount of differences are there between PCOS and CAH that are not present between 21-OHD and 3bHSD, 11-beta, and StAR? PCOS and NCAH can even be more alike to each other than CAH variations can be to other CAH variations.

When we have studies which struggle to differentiate PCOS from CAH even on a biochemical level, why are we so confident in saying that PCOS is not yet another CAH presentation, or that it does not belong underneath that umbrella?

TERFs don't touch this post, I don't want to hear your shit today.

[biomatrixnutrition]

Unlock the Power of Hormone Balance with Biomatrix Liquid Pregnenolone

In the quest for optimal health and well-being, hormone balance plays a crucial role. Hormones affect everything from mood and cognitive function to stress response and aging. One of the most effective solutions to support hormonal balance and adrenal health is Biomatrix Liquid Pregnenolone. Let's explore how this powerful supplement can enhance your life.

What is Liquid Pregnenolone?

Liquid pregnenolone is a form of bioidentical hormone therapy derived from Diosgenin, a compound extracted from wild yam. Pregnenolone is a precursor hormone that the body uses to produce other essential hormones, including DHEA, testosterone, and progesterone. By supplementing with liquid pregnenolone, you support your body's ability to maintain hormonal balance and address age-related hormonal decline.

Why Choose Biomatrix Liquid Pregnenolone?

Effective Hormone Replacement Therapy (BHRT): Biomatrix’s liquid pregnenolone offers one of the most effective oral delivery methods available. The micronized formula ensures maximum absorption and efficacy, providing superior support for hormonal balance.

Defend Against Age-Related Hormonal Decline: As we age, our hormone levels naturally decline. Biomatrix Liquid Pregnenolone helps combat this decline by supporting the production of crucial hormones such as DHEA, testosterone, and progesterone.

Boost Mood and Cognitive Performance: Hormones play a significant role in mood regulation and cognitive function. By supporting brain hormone function, Biomatrix Liquid Pregnenolone can help enhance mood and improve cognitive performance.

Strengthen Stress Response and Promote Anti-Aging: The HPA axis, responsible for managing the body’s stress response, benefits from balanced hormone levels. Biomatrix Liquid Pregnenolone supports a healthy stress response and promotes anti-aging benefits, helping you feel your best at any age.

How to Incorporate Liquid Pregnenolone into Your Routine

Integrating Biomatrix Liquid Pregnenolone into your daily regimen is straightforward. Simply follow the dosage instructions provided with the product. Consistency is key to experiencing the full benefits, so make it a regular part of your wellness routine.

Why Biomatrix Nutrition?

Biomatrix Nutrition is committed to providing high-quality supplements that support your health and wellness goals. Their liquid pregnenolone formula is designed to deliver optimal results, ensuring you get the most out of your supplementation.

Take the Next Step Towards Hormonal Harmony

Ready to enhance your hormonal health and well-being? Order Biomatrix Liquid Pregnenolone today from Biomatrix Nutrition and experience the benefits of effective hormone balance and adrenal support. Whether you're looking to improve mood, cognitive function, or overall vitality, Biomatrix Liquid Pregnenolone offers a natural and powerful solution!

[suckhoe247]

TOP 3 nhóm thuốc trị u vú hiệu quả hiện nay

Tùy theo từng mục tiêu điều trị mà bác sĩ có thể chỉ định các thuốc trị u vú phù hợp cho bệnh nhân. Trong đó có 3 nhóm thuốc điều trị phổ biến và mang lại hiệu quả điều trị cao. Cùng dược sĩ Lê Linh của Khỏe 247 phân tích về 3 nhóm thuốc điều trị bệnh trong bài viết dưới đây nhé!

Tư vấn sử dụng thuốc trị u vú tại Khỏe 247

Để lựa chọn được loại thuốc trị nang vú phù hợp với tình trạng bệnh và đáp ứng được nhu cầu điều trị thì chị em nên đến bệnh viện để tiến hành thăm khám, trao đổi với bác sĩ chuyên khoa nhé.

Thuốc cải thiện triệu chứng u tuyến vú

Để cải thiện triệu chứng do bệnh u tuyến vú, bác sĩ thường chỉ định chủ yếu là sử dụng các thuốc giảm đau ở dạng bôi như progestogel 1% hay các thuốc giảm đau đường uống như paracetamol, ibuprofen, naproxen. 

Bên cạnh đó, vitamin E và magie cũng được các chuyên gia khuyến khích sử dụng để giảm triệu chứng đau nhức vú do khối u gây ra. Tuy nhiên, 2 chất bổ sung này thường chỉ được sử dụng trong các trường hợp đau nhức ở mức độ nhẹ và vừa.

Đối với các trường hợp người bệnh có tình trạng đau nhức vú nghiêm trọng khi gần tới ngày hành kinh thì có thể sử dụng Postcare 100.

Thuốc hỗ trợ giảm kích thước u tuyến vú

Một số thuốc trị u vú có thành phần từ thảo dược thuốc nam có tác dụng hữu hiệu trong việc hỗ trợ làm giảm kích thước khối u tuyến vú.

Đặc biệt, một số vị thuốc nam đã được nghiên cứu và chứng minh tác dụng trong việc hỗ trợ làm giảm kích thước u tuyến vú như trinh nữ hoàng cung, náng hoa trắng, tam thất, tam lăng, củ mài đắng…

Chị em có thể tham khảo sử dụng sản phẩm An Phụ Khang của Công ty cổ phần dược phẩm An Châu. Đây là sản phẩm bắt nguồn từ bài thuốc tiêu u của Viện Y Học Bản Địa Việt Nam và được nghiên cứu khoa học chứng minh tác dụng.

An Phụ Khang được nhiều chị em lựa chọn sử dụng cho tình trạng u tuyến vú

Nhiều chị em cho biết, các triệu chứng đau nhức vú do khối u gây ra được cải thiện đáng kể chỉ sau 1 tháng sử dụng An Phụ Khang. Sau 3 tháng sử dụng, nhiều chị em đã cho phản hồi tích cực phản ánh thông qua kết quả siêu âm kích thước khối u.

Các chuyên gia khuyến cáo chị em nên kết hợp sử dụng An Phụ Khang cùng chế độ ăn kiêng để hiệu quả sản phẩm đạt được là tối ưu nhất.

Thuốc phòng ngừa u tuyến vú tái phát

Theo các chuyên gia, nguyên nhân hình thành u tuyến vú là do sự rối loạn nội tiết. Do đó, chỉ khi sử dụng các thuốc điều trị u xơ vú giúp cân bằng nội tiết thì khối u mới ngừng phát triển và phòng ngừa bệnh hiệu quả.

Hoạt chất Pregnenolone được chiết xuất từ củ đắng có tác dụng tốt trong việc hỗ trợ cân bằng nội tiết và loại bỏ nguyên nhân gây bệnh. Từ đó mang tới tác dụng tốt trong việc phòng ngừa u tuyến vú tái phát sau phẫu thuật.

[isaligroup]

Viên Uống Co khít Âm Đạo Sun Eva Plus hỗ trợ tăng cường nội tiết tố nữ, tăng cường khả năng sinh lý nữ, có công dụng co khít vùng kín Phụ Nữ hiệu quả với phần lớn thành phần được chiết xuất từ các loại cao quý có nguồn gốc từ thiên nhiên nên sản phẩm lành tính và an toàn với sức khỏe người tiêu dùng.

Thành phần của Viên Uống Co khít Âm Đạo Sun Eva Plus

Cao Củ gai: 200mg

Cao Đương quy: 50mg

Chiết xuất mầm đậu nành: 200mg

Cao Bạch truật: 50mg

Cao Vọng cách: 120mg

Cao Sài hồ: 50mg

Cao Thông thảo: 100mg

Cao Thăng ma: 30mg

Cao Nam đỗ trọng: 100mg

Cao Hương phụ: 30mg

Cao Hoàng kỳ: 60mg

Pregnenolone (chiết xuất từ củ mài): 15mg

Phụ liệu: Lactose, bột talc vừa đủ 01 viên.

Công dụng của Viên Uống Co khít Âm Đạo Sun Eva Plus

Hỗ trợ tăng cường nội tiết tố nữ, hỗ trợ tăng cường khả năng sinh lý nữ và giúp cải thiện các biểu hiện do suy giảm nội tiết tố nữ

Đối tượng sử dụng

Phụ nữ mãn kinh, tiền mãn kinh, suy giảm nội tiết tố nữ với các biểu hiện: Chóng mặt, mất ngủ, cơn bốc hoả, suy giảm sinh lý nữ.

Phụ nữ vùng kín bị giãn rộng (đặc biệt phụ nữ sau sinh con bằng đường dưới).

Hướng dẫn sử dụng

Người trưởng thành: Uống 2 viên/lần x 02 lần/ngày. Dùng liên tục 2 đến 3 tháng.

TIÊU CHUẨN: TCCS.

BẢO QUẢN: Bảo quản nơi khô ráo, thoáng mát, tránh ánh nắng trực tiếp.

Chú ý: Chỉ dùng cho phụ nữ, không dùng cho phụ nữ có thai, phụ nữ sau sinh ít nhất 03 tháng, sản phẩm không ảnh hưởng số lượng và chất lượng sữa của sản phụ.

Quy cách đóng gói: Hộp 01 lọ x 30 viên nén.

SỐ đăng ký: 668/2020/ĐKSP

Thực phẩm này không phải là thuốc, không có tác dụng thay thế

=======================

Thông tin thêm về thương hiệu

Sản phẩm được phân phối độc quyền bởi: CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN ISALI VIỆT NAM

Trụ sở công ty: Nhà 2, Ngõ 2, Đường Tôn Đức Thắng, phường Khai Quang, thành phố Vĩnh Yên, tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc, Việt Nam.

Chi Nhánh: Lô 19S8 Đường Nguyễn Tuân, Khu đô thị Hà Tiên, Phường Liên Bảo, Thành Phố Vĩnh Yên, Tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc

Điện thoại: 0976 033 368 hoặc 0985746656

Email: isaligroup1@gmail.com=

[koorat12]

Can pain kill a person?

Even the slightest collision of the toe with objects causes severe pain. But can severe pain cause human death?

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A good example of excessive pain is stubbing your toe against objects. When your toe hits the corner of the dining room table, you feel like your toe bone is sticking out of your skin, but five minutes later you're fine. Considering the intensity of the feeling caused by such a small discomfort, the question arises, can pain kill a person?

What is pain?

Humans are very sensitive because of the complex network of nerves that exist throughout the body. Filled with nociceptors, our nerves can pick up changes in temperature, chemical balance, or pressure, but nerves don't feel pain because pain is sensed by the brain.

Pain does not appear in your toe when your toe hits something. Pain is the result of the brain evaluating information and combining sensory information with expectations based on past pain experience. This means that when the brain feels pain, it chooses its location based on its best guess scenario. Most of the time, the brain correctly locates the pain, but sometimes it doesn't; For example, the brain may feel pain in the shoulder area, while in reality the pain occurred in the abdomen area.

Can pain kill you?

Pain itself cannot kill you, but its physiological effects can incapacitate you. It is not surprising that pain is one of the hallmark symptoms of a range of potentially fatal illnesses and injuries.

Severe and uncontrolled pain can cause a lot of damage to the body

When you are infected with a virus, the immune system reacts to protect your body. In this condition, the immune system causes inflammation and pain is one of the main symptoms of inflammation.

Pain is caused because the body's nerves sense that the immune cells are active and therefore your body is under attack. The nerves respond by sending signals to the brain to tell you to rest and not move too much until the immune system does its job and the inflammation subsides. Apart from diseases or injuries that cause severe discomfort, pain can also contribute to the risk of death due to the stress it places on the body.

What does pain do to the body?

Severe stress pain is terrible. Severe acute or chronic pain causes the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to produce glucocorticoids (cortisol and pregnenolone) and catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) in an attempt to biocontrol stress.

Catecholamines have a strong and direct stimulatory effect on the cardiovascular system and result in severe tachycardia (high resting heart rate) and high blood pressure. Such flares of pain can raise the heart rate to more than 100 beats per minute and cause a dangerous increase in blood pressure, which is especially devastating in patients with underlying health problems.

study' 3

In addition to the release of catecholamines from the adrenal glands, pain causes excessive activity of the sympathetic nervous system (one of the components of the autonomic nervous system) and this increases the stimulation and tachycardia caused by catecholamines and high blood pressure.

A combination of the physiological effects of excessive catecholamine release and sympathetic nervous system activity may exert pressure on the heart, leading to coronary artery spasm, cardiac arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm), and sudden death.

Therefore, while pain does not directly cause death, if not well controlled, it can have a significant impact on the patient's condition. Fortunately, the field of anesthesia helps us to block out even the most intense pain, allowing surgeons to cut into people's bodies without them feeling anything.

But how can we neutralize the pain of our little toe? In that case, we can only try to increase our pain threshold

[budandtender]

Understanding Overmedication with Cannabis: Risks, Symptoms, and Management

Introduction to Cannabis Overmedication

Overmedication with cannabis, while not a life-threatening situation, can lead to a series of highly unpleasant symptoms that can last from three to eight hours. Despite the discomfort, it's important to note that there have been no recorded fatalities resulting from a cannabis overdose. This is in stark contrast to other substances such as opioids or alcohol, which have a well-documented history of fatal overdoses.

Cannabis Overdose: Most Common Form and Symptoms

Oral administration, such as through edibles or oils, is the most common route leading to cannabis overdose. When cannabis is ingested, its effects are delayed and can be more potent than when smoked or vaped, often leading users to consume more than intended.

The symptoms of a cannabis overdose can range from mild to severe, and they typically include hallucinations, paranoia, panic, rapid heartbeat, and nausea. These symptoms can be disconcerting for the individual experiencing them and can cause significant distress. However, it's crucial to remember that these symptoms are temporary and will subside as the body metabolises the cannabis.

Managing a Cannabis Overdose: Reassurance and Comfort

When dealing with an individual who has overconsumed cannabis, the best approach is reassurance and making the person as comfortable as possible. It's essential to remind them that they are not in danger and that their feelings of discomfort will pass. Encouraging rest is also crucial, as sleep can help expedite the process of metabolising the cannabis.

Hydration is also recommended, but it should not be forced. If the person is unwilling or unable to drink water, it should not be pushed. Forcing hydration could potentially lead to further discomfort or even choking.

Emergency Procedures: Children and Adults

In cases where the individual who has consumed too much cannabis is a child, immediate contact with the nearest poison control centre is advised. The professionals at these centres can provide guidance on what steps to take and whether emergency medical attention is necessary.

For adults, transportation to a hospital may be necessary in some cases. At the hospital, they will typically be given an anti-anxiety medication to help manage their symptoms before being sent home to rest.

Potential Treatments: The Role of Pregnenolone

New treatments for severe cannabis overdose are currently under investigation, with pregnenolone showing promise. Pregnenolone is one of the body's own steroid precursors, which has been shown to prevent intoxication from cannabis. While more research is needed, this could represent a significant advancement in the treatment of cannabis overconsumption.

Responsible Use: Informed Dosage and Underlying Conditions

While cannabis can offer therapeutic benefits for various conditions, it's essential that its use is carefully monitored and dosed. Up to 99 percent of all adverse effects from cannabis can be controlled through careful and informed dosage. This requires understanding the potency of the product being used and starting with a low dose, especially when using edibles or oils.

It's also crucial to consider any underlying health conditions that may preclude the use of cannabis. Certain conditions or medications may interact negatively with cannabis, and its use should always be discussed with a healthcare provider.

Conclusion: Overmedication is Manageable but Avoidable

Overmedication with cannabis, while uncomfortable and distressing, is a manageable situation. However, with proper education and responsible use, it is largely avoidable. As cannabis continues to become more widely accepted and used, both recreationally and medicinally, it's essential that users understand the risks of overconsumption and how to use the substance responsibly.

[poonamcmi]

Pregnentolone Supplements Market is Estimated to Witness High Growth Owing to Increasing Awareness Regarding Health Benefits

Pregnenolone supplements are dietary supplements containing pregnenolone, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands and brain. Pregnenolone supplements are known to help in enhancing energy levels, improving mood, boosting libido and increasing mental clarity. Pregnenolone also help in supporting memory function by promoting brain development and nerve growth. The increasing awareness regarding cognitive health benefits of pregnenolone such as enhancing memory and concentration among the aging population is driving the growth of the pregnenolone supplements market.

The global pregnenolone supplements market is estimated to be valued at US$ 606.75 Mn in 2024 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 5.6% over the forecast period 2024 to 2031.

Key Takeaways

Key players operating in the pregnenolone supplements are Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Agilent Technologies, Inc, bioMérieux SA, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , QIAGEN, Illumina, Inc., Oxford Nanopore Technologies plc., BGI, PerkinElmer Genomics, and Pierian. Key opportunities in the market include increasing research for developing application of pregnenolone in various medical conditions. Globally, the pregnenolone supplements market is expanding majorly in North America and Europe owing high health awareness. Market drivers

The Pregnenolone Supplements Market Demand is the increasing awareness regarding cognitive health benefits of pregnenolone. Studies show that pregnenolone helps in enhancing memory and concentration, particularly among the aging population. With rising life expectancy, there is growing focus on maintaining brain health through supplements which is propelling the growth of pregnenolone supplements market. PEST Analysis

Political: The pregnenolone supplements market is regulated by various laws and regulations set by governments and regulatory bodies to ensure the quality of products. These regulations have to be adhered to for the production and distribution of supplements. Economic: Factors such as rising disposable income, increasing healthcare expenditure, growing awareness regarding personal health and fitness are fueling the demand for pregnenolone supplements in various countries.

Social: Increasing health consciousness among individuals is driving demand for pregnenolone supplements. Social media is also playing a role in raising awareness about supplements and their benefits. ​ Technological: Advancements in supplement production technology have improved quality and efficiency. Supplement companies are using digital platforms for marketing and sales which has boosted the accessibility of these products.

The North American region accounts for the largest share of the Pregnenolone Supplements Market Size And Trends in terms of value. This can be attributed to rising cognizance regarding health benefits of supplements and growing consumer expendable earnings in the region. The Asia Pacific region is expected to exhibit the fastest growth over the forecast period owing to rising living standards, healthcare developments and expanding consumer base in emerging nations like India and China.

Concentration of pregnenolone supplements market in terms of value is highest in North America followed by Europe and Asia Pacific region. The Asia Pacific region is projected to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period. Get More Insights On, Pregnentolone Supplements Market About Author: Money Singh is a seasoned content writer with over four years of experience in the market research sector. Her expertise spans various industries, including food and beverages, biotechnology, chemical and materials, defense and aerospace, consumer goods, etc. (https://www.linkedin.com/in/money-singh-590844163)

[rebeccavoszphlebotomycareers]

19659001 TIMESTAMPS (By Alvaro J D): 0:00:00– Livestream Begins! 0:00:47– Favorite Mitochondrial Support Supplement 19459006 0:02:09– Thoughts On Using TRT + Primo/Mast While High BF? 0:03:14– Effects Of Sublingual 6mg Anavar Pre-Workout 0:04:25– Thoughts On Using Deca & Anavar 19459006 0:05:15– Thoughts On TRT Doc Saying Pregnenolone Can Raise E2 Levels Too High 19459006 0:06:46–…

[tibbivearomatikbitkiler]

Bitkilerde kardenolid oluşumu inceleniyor

Bitkilerde kardenolid oluşumu inceleniyor

#BitkiBileşenleri, #BitkiBiyokimyası, #BitkiBiyosentezi, #BitkiHücreleri, #BitkiKimyası, #BitkiMetabolizması, #BitkiSavunmaMekanizmaları, #BitkiToksinleri, #BitkilerdeDoğalIlaçlar, #BitkilerdeKardenolidIçerenTürler, #BitkilerdeKardenolidOluşumuSüreci, #BitkilerdeKardenolidSentezi, #BitkilerdeKardenolidler, #DoğalBileşenler, #KardenolidAlkaloidleri, #KardenolidAlkaloidlerinEtkileri, #KardenolidIçerenBitkiAileleri, #KardenolidKaynakları, #ToksinÜretimi https://is.gd/gWPs2C https://www.tibbivearomatikbitkiler.com/blog/bitkilerde-kardenolid-olusumu-inceleniyor/

Bitkilerde kardenolid oluşumu sürecini inceleyen  Jena’daki Max Planck Kimyasal Ekoloji Enstitüsü’ndeki bilim adamları bitkilerde kardenolidlerin oluşumuna yol açan, daha önce büyük ölçüde bilinmeyen biyosentetik yolu araştırıyorlar.

Nature Plants dergisinde yayınlanan bir çalışmada , iki farklı bitki ailesinde bitki steroidlerinin biyosentezinin öncüsü olan pregnenolonun oluşumunu katalize eden anahtar enzimler olarak CYP87A ailesinden iki enzim sunulmaktadır. Bu tür enzimlerin keşfi, tıbbi kullanım için yüksek kaliteli steroid bileşiklerinin ucuz ve sürdürülebilir üretimine yönelik platformların geliştirilmesine yardımcı olacaktır .

Bitkiler, tıbbi açıdan değerli birçok steroid de dahil olmak üzere etkileyici bir dizi metabolit üretir. Bitkilerden elde edilen bu sınıftaki maddelerin iyi bilinen örnekleri kardenolidlerdir. 1785 gibi erken bir tarihte, İngiliz doktor William Withering (1741-1799) kırmızı yüksük otu ve tıpta kullanımı üzerine bir kitap yayınladı .Birmingham 1785).

Deneylerde, bitki özlerinin alınmasının hasta kişilerde idrar akışını arttırdığını ve böylece vücutta su tutulmasını tedavi ettiğini keşfetmişti. Ancak yüksük otu yapraklarındaki etken maddelerin kalbe doğrudan etki ettiğini bilmiyordu.

19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından bu yana, bitkilerden elde edilen kardenolidler, kalp kası üzerindeki etkilerinden dolayı kalp yetmezliği veya aritmi tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır.

“Kalbin kontraktilitesi üzerindeki etkilerine ek olarak, kardenolidler son yıllarda çeşitli kanserlerin tedavisinde büyük bir başarıyla kullanıldı. Bununla birlikte, bu steroid moleküllerinin insandaki başarısına rağmen, karşılık gelen bitki biyosentetik yolları büyük ölçüde bilinmiyordu . Tıp. Bu nedenle amacımız, bitkilerin bu son derece karmaşık molekülleri tahmin edilen ancak basit öncüllerden nasıl sentezlediğini anlamaktı” diye açıklıyor ilk yazar Maritta Kunert.

Araştırma ekibi, yüksükotu Digitalis purpurea’nın yanı sıra başka bir bitki türü olan kauçuk ağacı Calotropis procera’yı da inceledi. Bu iki bitki farklı bitki familyalarına ait olmasına rağmen, her ikisi de büyük miktarlarda kardenolitler üretmektedir.

İncelenen türler, genomları sıralanan ve birçok gen fonksiyonunun bilindiği model bitkiler olmadığından, proje başlangıçta araştırmacılar için bir nevi “kara kutu” gibiydi; zira ellerinde mevcut veri setleri ya da geri dönecek standart yöntemler yoktu. Açık.

Çalışmanın başlangıç ​​noktası yüksük otu ile ilgili bir tür üzerinde daha önce yapılan bir çalışmaydı; bu çalışma, biyosentezin, bazen “tüm steroid hormonların anası” olarak anılan pregnenolon molekülü yoluyla gerçekleştiğini öne sürüyordu; çünkü testosteron, progesteron ve progesteron gibi tüm ana steroid hormonları, İnsanlardaki östrojenin kökeni pregnenolonun öncüsüne kadar takip edilebilir.

“İki bitki türünün karşılaştırmalı analiziyle kardenolid biyosentezinde yer alan aday genleri belirledik. Bu bitkilerdeki kardenolidlerin yapıları hem örtüşen hem de farklı profillere sahiptir. Bu nedenle bitkilerin genomları hakkındaki bilgilerin, özellikle de hangi genlerin ifade edildiğine ilişkin bilgilerin karşılaştırılması Doğa Bölümü’nde “Bitkilerde Steroidal Özel Metabolizma” proje grubuna başkanlık eden çalışma lideri Prashant Sonawane, “Bu iki bitkide metabolitlerin oluşumuyla ilgili olarak, pregnenolonun oluşumunda yer alan enzimlerin tanımlanmasında çok yardımcı oldu” diyor Ürün Biyosentezi.

Buna ek olarak bilim insanları, ilgilenilen metabolitlerin bitkilerin farklı kısımlarında nerede biriktiğini bile bilmiyorlardı. “Kardenolidlerin dokuya özgü lokalizasyonu, genetik veri setlerinin 13 aday genin seçimine olanak tanıyacak şekilde kullanılması açısından çok önemliydi. Bu veri setlerini farklı bitkilerle karşılaştırmak, daha ileri karakterizasyon için aday genlerin sayısını azaltmamıza yardımcı oldu” diye açıklıyor. Prashant Sonawane.

Son olarak, yüksük otu ve Calotropis procera’da hem kolesterol hem de fitosterollerin pregnenolon’a dönüşümünü katalize eden sitokrom P450 ailesi 87A’nın iki enzimi tanımlandı. Bu, yalnızca uzaktan akraba olan bu iki bitkide kardenolid biyosentetik yolundaki ilk adımdı. Daha da önemlisi bu, sitokrom P450’nin bu alt ailesi için rapor edilen ilk enzimatik fonksiyondur.

Bilim adamları bulgularını, Arabidopsis thaliana model sisteminin bitkilerini daha fazla CYP87A enzimi üretecek şekilde değiştirerek test ettiler. Genetiği değiştirilmiş Arabidopsis bitkileri alışılmadık derecede yüksek seviyelerde pregnenolon biriktirdi.

CYP87A enzimlerinin pregnenolon oluşumuna dahil olduğuna dair diğer kanıtlar, yapraklarında CYP87A enzimleri bulunmayan genetiği değiştirilmiş yüksük otu bitkilerinden geldi. Bu bitkilerde pregnenolon ve kardenolidlerin oluşumu büyük ölçüde azaldı. Yazarlar, özel metabolitlerin incelenmesi amacıyla yüksük otu bitkilerini değiştirmek için ilk kararlı dönüşüm sistemini kurdular.

Araştırma ekibi, kardenolid biyosentezinin ilk enzimatik adımını çözmekten çok uzak. “Farklı bitki türlerinde kardenolidlerin oluşumuna yönelik alt adımlar üzerinde halihazırda çalışıyoruz. Bu biyosentetik yol uzun ve son derece karmaşıktır. En son dizileme, biyoenformatik ve metabolomik yöntemleri birden fazla bitki türüne uygulama yeteneği ile bu sorunu çözmeyi umuyoruz. yakında bu bulmacayı çözeceğiz” diyor Prashant Sonawane.

Bitkiler birçok farmasötik bileşik üretir. Bu doğal ürünlerin çıkarılması hala çok karmaşıktır ve çoğu zaman pek de sürdürülebilir değildir. Max Planck Kimyasal Ekoloji Enstitüsü’nün Sarah O’Connor liderliğindeki Doğal Ürün Biyosentezi Bölümü, tıbbi açıdan önemli fitokimyasalların biyosentetik yollarını açıklamayı amaçlıyor.

Sarah O’Connor , “CYP87A gibi enzimlerin keşfi, biyosentezleri için diğer bitkileri kullanarak yüksek değerli bitki bileşiklerinin sürdürülebilir üretimi için biyolojik platformların geliştirilmesine yardımcı olabilir” diyor.

Kaynak: Max Planck Topluluğu 

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