#rashi script

[hyperpotamianarch]

So, I have probably offhandedly mentioned in the past that Ashkenazi and Sepharadi Jews had a lot of mutual influence on each other through the generations. If I didn't mention that - well, now you know. Usually, my focus for such topics is religious and halachic discussion - so you'll see me talk about Ramban and Rashba studying from the Tosafot writers, or the rabbis of Provence's admiration of Rambam - which they shared with Yemenite Jews, even if the latter group was more isolated and thus thiks influence was more pronounced. Alternatively, I could talk about Ibn Ezra's tendency to travel, and how he always corresponds with Rashi in his commentary on the Torah.

Today, however, I would like to talk about the handwriting system. You see, most every Israeli knows how to write the Hebrew so-called cursive. And while it's mostly prevalent among religious Jews, the Rashi script is known and can be readable. Why am I mentioning them side by side, you ask? Well, that's very simple. Both are handwriting scripts, for different communities: the Rashi script, despite its name, is the Sepharadi (or perhaps Italian? Though a Yemenite friend of mine writes in it as well) one, and the modern Hebrew "cursive" is the Ashkenazi one. I suppose that's kind of Ashkenormativity, but I'm not so sure of that - because of the next part. You see, the Rashi script got its name for a reason.

Sure, the reason's no mystery. Everyone can tell you that Rashi is written in the Rashi script. Some can even tell you that nearly all old books are written in this script - regardless of whether or not they're Sepharadi books. I honestly don't have anything grand to say here - it's simply that the first Hebrew printing presses were in Spain and Italy, and that some of the Italian Hebrew publishers were running away from the Alhambra decree, meaning they were also Sepharadi. When they wanted to differentiate the commentary from the body of the text, they used their handwriting, which had nothing to do with Rashi's handwriting. Heck, I've lately seen a manuscript written by Rambam himself during a tour in the Israeli National Library, and it was written in this script. That doesn't prove anything about Rashi, but I don't think we have his handwriting and this is enough evidence that "Cətav Rambam" is a more appropriate name for this script. Oh, and considering in Kafka's time there was no one to regulate which handwriting was used - while this is very late in relation to everything else, this post that circulated lately with his handwriting is in some degree proof that modern Hebrew "cursive" is the Ashkenazi handwriting. If an expert on manuscript pops up here and mentions old Ashkenazi manuscripts with this script it'd be great

So, yeah. That's it. Don't know how interesting this post is. Thank you for reading and everything! I totally wasn't pushed to write this after seeing Kalonymus' book in Otzar HaḤochma written in the Sepharadi handwriting! Not that it matters, since Kalonymus was well travelled and a language scholar so he/she might've known multiple scripts, or he may have written in a special Provençal script I don't know of.

[10siglosdehistoria]

El primer libro impreso en hebreo del mundo fue el comentario de Rashi a la Biblia, impreso por Abraham ben Gart en Reggio di Calabria, Italia, en 1475.

Por desgracia, se sabe muy poco sobre la vida personal de Abraham ben Garton. La mayoría de los estudiosos creen que nació en España y emigró a Calabria, en el sur de Italia, antes de la expulsión de los judíos de España en 1492. Muchos otros sefardíes españoles también emigraron a Calabria tras la expulsión.

En la edición de 1475, Abraham Garton creó y empleó, por primera vez, un tipo de letra basado en una semicursiva sefardí. Fue este mismo tipo de letra el que unos años más tarde, cuando el comentario y el texto se incorporaron en una página, se utilizaría para distinguir el comentario rabínico del texto propiamente dicho. Finalmente, este tipo de letra se conocería como escritura Rashi.

The world’s first printed book in Hebrew was Rashi’s commentary on the Bible, printed by Abraham ben Gart in Reggio di Calabria, Italy, in 1475.

Unfortunately, very little is known about the personal life of Abraham ben Garton. Most scholars believe he was born in Spain, and emigrated to Southern Italy's Calabria prior to the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492. Many other Spanish Sephardim also emigrated to Calabria following the expulsion.

The 1475 edition Abraham Garton created and employed, for the first time, a typeface based on a Sephardic semicursive hand. It was this same style of typeface that a few years later, when commentary and text were incorporated onto one page, would be used to distinguish Rabbinic commentary from the text proper. Ultimately, this typeface would be known as Rashi script.

View of the Interior of one of the chapels in the Cathedral of Reggio di Calabria—ancient Rhegium. This chapel focuses on the "giving of the law" to Moses. Note the prominent menorah.

Follow us on Instagram, @calabria_mediterranea

[waugh-bao]

Bordeaux: Days 5-10

[no-context-daf-yomi]

Talmud Study Resources

This will hopefully be an ever growing list. If you have any Talmud study resources you like (online or in print), please send them to me and I’ll update accordingly!

The most important resource for study is community, so if you have a local synagogue, check if they have study group

Free Online Resources

Sefaria Mishnah �� reading the Mishnah first can make the Gemara easier

Sefaria Talmud — the go-to free online translation. I believe it uses the Koren translation

Daf Yomi — daily image of the day’s daf with audio of it being read (not translated as far I can tell)

Hadran Courses — Absolutely top notch courses to give you the tools to study Talmud. Cannot recommend this enough.

New addition! Hebrewbooks.org — quality pdf scans of the Vilna Shas. Also advertises 64,962 classical Hebrew books available for free download

New addition! Mercava — tools for translation, marking up, and displaying pages of Talmud. Only displays the central column, Rashi, and the Tosafot, but Torah Or and Mesoret haShas can also be accessed and Rashi script can be changed to block

New addition! Jastrow — free, searchable version of Jastrow’s famous dictionary for Hebrew and Aramaic

Books

Your local Shul’s library probably has a copy of these or similar books! They are far from the only books on these topics

Reference Guide to the Talmud by Rabbi Steinsaltz

I love this book. It has the answers for almost every question a beginner could ask, from how a page of Talmud is laid out to the basics of Mishnaic Hebrew and Aramaic

The Practical Talmud Dictionary by Yitzhak Frank

Not a comprehensive dictionary of Mishnaic Hebrew and Aramaic in comparison to Jastrow’s work, but it has a lot and is simple to use

Grammar for Gemara & Targum Onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic by Yitzhak Frank

Sister text to The Practical Talmud Dictionary. Good for beginners with at least some knowledge of Hebrew

Everyman’s Talmud by Abraham Cohen

Basic overview of topics covered in the Talmud. Very dense

The Essential Talmud by Rabbi Steinsaltz

More digestible than Cohen’s book, but not as comprehensive

[sefaradweb]

🇪🇸 Ladino es un idioma romance hablado principalmente por judíos sefardíes en Israel, los Balcanes, el norte de África, Grecia y Turquía, aunque está casi extinto en muchas de estas regiones. Este idioma tiene sus raíces en España y fue llevado a sus ubicaciones actuales por los descendientes de los judíos españoles que fueron expulsados después de 1492. Ladino conserva muchas palabras y características gramaticales que han desaparecido del español moderno. También tiene un sistema de sonidos más conservador; por ejemplo, mantiene los sonidos "f" y "g" donde el español moderno usa una "h" muda, como se puede ver en "fijo" y "fablar" del ladino en comparación con "hijo" y "hablar" en español, o en "agora" del ladino versus "ahora" en español. Históricamente, el ladino se escribía con escrituras hebreas como Rashi o Solitreo, pero en el siglo XXI es más comúnmente escrito con el alfabeto latino. Además, el ladino tiene una tradición literaria de siglos, incluyendo muchas obras traducidas.

🇮🇱 El ladino es una lingua romance ke es hablada prinsipialmente por djidios sefarditas en Israel, los Balcanes, el Norte de Afrika, Grecia i Turkiya, anke es pratikamente istinta en munchas de estas rejiones. Esta lingua tiene sus rases en Espanya i fue traída a sus lokalidades aktuales por los descendientes de los djidios espanyoles ke fueron eschados despues de 1492. El ladino guarda munchas de las palavras i karacteristikaz gramatikales ke disparecieron del espanyol moderno. Tambe tiene un sistema de sonios mas konservador; por eshemplo, mantiene los sonios "f" i "g" onde el espanyol moderno usa una "h" ke no se pronunsia, komo se ve en "fijo" i "fablar" del ladino kontra "hijo" i "hablar" en espanyol, o en "agora" del ladino kontra "ahora" en espanyol. Istorikamente, el ladino se eskrevia kon skripturas ebreas komo Rashi o Solitreo, pero en el siglo XXI es mas komunmente eskrito kon el alfabeto latino. Ademas, el ladino tiene una tradision literaria de siglos, inkluyendo munchas obras traduzidas.

🇺🇸 Ladino is a Romance language spoken by Sephardic Jews primarily in Israel, the Balkans, North Africa, Greece, and Turkey, though it is nearly extinct in many of these regions. This language has its roots in Spain and was carried to its current locations by the descendants of Spanish Jews who were expelled after 1492. Ladino retains many words and grammatical features that have disappeared from modern Spanish. It also has a more conservative sound system; for example, it maintains "f" and "g" sounds where modern Spanish uses a silent "h," as seen in Ladino's "fijo" and "fablar" versus Spanish's "hijo" and "hablar," or in Ladino's "agora" versus Spanish's "ahora." Historically, Ladino was written using Hebrew scripts like Rashi or Solitreo, but in the 21st century, it is more commonly written in the Latin alphabet. Additionally, Ladino has a centuries-old literary tradition, including many works in translation.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ladino language". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Dec. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ladino-language. Accessed 3 May 2024.

[snissel613]

There’s no greater feeling than finally tracking down that source, marching up to the bookshelf, plopping it down at your spot to open it up and find the a massive page of blotchy, minuscule Rashi script with no breaks

[apenitentialprayer]

The Format of a Talmudic Folio

Over the course of the sixteenth century, the glossed mise-en-page gradually diminished in importance in European non-Jewish printing. This may stem from the way in which printing increased the quantity of texts available at cheaper prices, making it easier to acquire several volumes of texts and commentary and making it less necessary to get them on the same page. It may also be related to the Protestant preference for unglossed Bibles. But it remained central to Gemara in specific and Rabbinic literature more generally. […] What, then, is the mise-en-page good for? What makes it appropriate for Talmud study? There is, of course, an obvious and true answer — it helps to have relevant texts, commentaries, and other literature available easily on the part of the learner. [… But it also] exemplifies the tradition of discursive and layered reading. The Mishna is placed in the center, marking it as most authoritative, while the Gemara follows it in the center, marking it as authoritative commentary. Both are in the more formal square script. Rashi and Tosafot, in a less formal semi-cursive script on the side, mark them as chronologically later layers, less authoritative, but visually revolving around the Gemara. Placing Rashi and Tosafot on opposite sides visually matches the regular and consistent disagreements between the commentaries, both about specific readings and about their reading strategies and methods. Having these texts and commentaries on the same page allow not only for multiple texts and commentaries, but represent a dialogue that is occurring over, chronological time and over concept, layer time.

- Yoel Finkelman ("From Bomberg to the Beit Midrash: A Cultural and Material History of Talmudic Page Layout")

[sheydyflora]

Just finished my first Ladino class today! Wow, this was actually fun? We studied Rashi script and how to write our names, some introductions in Ladino etc. and I didn't even have to speak up which is amazing because that kills my soul in language classes as an introvert. Oh! and I learned how to say 'herbalist' in Ladino! :D

You know you got a good teacher when the class is introvert friendly, you can ask questions in chat, and you forgot you had anxiety because everything was so interesting.

[catsallthewaydown]

100 days of Ladino, 1/100. (First day of a streak, not first day learning, but I am very much a beginner and not that far off.)

Practicing reading Rashi script with the help of La Amerika. I'm still so bad at this. :( I know it will come with practice, but wow am I still so bad at it.

[chaoticamelay]

was never on Duolingo but i love at-risk jewish languages so: tagging in with some free resources for learning Ladino/Judeo-Spanish, the threatened Sephardic Jewish language!

Video Courses

Ladino 101- Language and Song: An Intro Course to the Language and Culture of Ladino (Sephardic Jewish Brotherhood of America/ La Ermandad Sefaradi): Virtual lessons with recorded videos, Powerpoint slides, exercises with answers, vocabulary etc. It looks like some of the videos aren't on the site but if you open the playlist on youtube they are all there, albeit out of order!

Ladino 102- Language and Song: Intermediate Ladino (Sephardic Jewish Brotherhood of America/ La Ermandad Sefaradi): Second course of virtual Ladino lessons!

Kurso De Ladino (Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino i su Kultura): Youtube playlist of Ladino video lessons, but they are geared towards Hebrew speakers)

Books and Dictionaries:

Kantoniko: I LOVE THIS SITE... in Ladino kantoniko means "hidden corner" and this is truly a hidden corner of Ladino! It's an online dictionary, you can type in a word in English, French, Spanish, Castilian, Turkish, Portuguese, or Ladino (transliteration or Rashi script) and it will translate into as many of the others as it can!

Diksionario de Ladinokomunita: A Ladino to English and English to Ladino Dictionary pdf!

Manual of Judeo-Spanish: Language and Culture (Marie-Christine Varol): A manual for learning Ladino that also has pictures and Sephardi cultural info! It was made with a CD to accompany, but if you aren't willing to pay hundreds of dollars you can find just the manual on Anna's Archive or internet archive which is what I did

Beginner's Ladino (Alla Markova): This workbook is a good place to start if you're looking for a Ladino primer! You can apparently get it on Kindle but also: Anna's Archive

Tandem (App): Full disclosure I've never used this one, but allegedly you can learn Ladino on here... the premise of the app is basically it pairs you up with a native speaker

Soletreo: Writing the Ladino Script (Stroum Center for Jewish Studies): Just for funsies, a video lesson on how to write the letters of soletreo, Sephardic Ladino script!

Well, in light of all the dumb decisions duolingo is making right now, here's a few free/accessible resources for learning Yiddish:

Ultimate Yiddish Resources Masterpost

Yiddish/Ladino Queer Vocab Glossary

And some free PDFs:

Basic Yiddish: A Grammar and Workbook, by Rebecca Margolis

A Manual and Grammar of the Yiddish Language, by J. Mazin

Colloquial Yiddish: The Complete Course for Beginners, by Lily Kahn

Idisch y Latinoamerica, by Eliahu Toker

English-Yiddish Dictionary, by Alexander Harkevy

Cursive Alef Beys Writing Practice, YIVO standard, from YBC

Digital Yiddish Library, over 12k titles for free, from YBC

[whatiscalligraphy]

Hebrew Calligraphy Styles: Timeless Script Traditions

Hebrew Calligraphy Styles: Discover the Beauty of Timeless Script Traditions!

Hebrew Calligraphy Styles! Calligraphy is a timeless art that has been practiced for centuries, and Hebrew calligraphy is no exception. With its rich history and intricate lettering styles, Hebrew calligraphy is a captivating representation of Jewish culture and heritage. From the ancient scripts of Ashurit, Rashi, and Sephardic to more contemporary styles, Hebrew calligraphy offers a diverse range of visually stunning and meaningful script traditions. Explore the world of Hebrew calligraphy and discover the beauty and significance of its various script styles. From the elegant curves of Ashurit to the bold and angular forms of Rashi, each style has its own unique personality and historical context. Whether you're interested in learning the art of Hebrew calligraphy or simply appreciate its aesthetic value, this article will provide you with an introduction to the captivating world of Hebrew script styles. Key Takeaways: - Hebrew calligraphy encompasses a variety of script styles, each with its own distinct characteristics and historical significance. - Ashurit, Rashi, and Sephardic are examples of Hebrew calligraphy styles that showcase the beauty and diversity of the Hebrew script. - Hebrew calligraphy is deeply rooted in Jewish culture and is often used in religious texts, ceremonial art, and personal expression. - By exploring Hebrew calligraphy, you can gain a deeper understanding of the rich history and traditions of the Jewish people. - Whether you're a calligraphy enthusiast or simply curious about Hebrew script, the world of Hebrew calligraphy offers a captivating journey into an ancient and ongoing art form.

The Origins of Calligraphy

Calligraphy, an ancient art form celebrated for its beautiful lettering and designs, has its roots in civilizations that date back thousands of years. The art of calligraphy can be traced back to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, where intricate symbols and characters were carefully carved into stone and clay tablets. These early forms of calligraphy laid the foundation for the development of writing systems and artistic expressions that would shape the future of calligraphy. In Egypt, hieroglyphics served as a form of calligraphy, with each symbol conveying a specific meaning. The hieroglyphics were not only functional but also visually striking, representing the rich history and culture of ancient Egypt. In Mesopotamia, cuneiform script emerged as a significant form of calligraphy, characterized by wedge-shaped impressions made on clay tablets. This writing system marked a crucial development in the history of calligraphy, as it allowed for more efficient and widespread communication. Chinese calligraphy also played a pivotal role in the evolution of calligraphy as an art form. With brush and ink, Chinese calligraphers created strokes and characters with varying thickness and rhythm, embodying the harmony between writing and art. Chinese calligraphy became highly regarded and was deeply intertwined with Chinese culture and philosophy. The Table Below Shows the Ancient Writing Systems: Writing System Origin Key Characteristics Egyptian Hieroglyphics Ancient Egypt Intricate symbols carved in stone Mesopotamian Cuneiform Ancient Mesopotamia Wedge-shaped impressions on clay tablets Chinese Calligraphy Ancient China Brush and ink used to create strokes and characters These ancient writing systems provided the foundation for calligraphy as we know it today. They showcased the remarkable creativity and skill of early civilizations, paving the way for the diverse calligraphy styles and techniques that we can still admire and practice.

Types of Calligraphy Styles

Calligraphy is a diverse art form that encompasses various styles from different cultures and regions. Each style has its own distinct characteristics and techniques, adding to the rich tapestry of calligraphy as an artistic expression. Let's take a closer look at some of the prominent calligraphy styles: Western Calligraphy Western calligraphy refers to the calligraphy styles developed in Western cultures, such as Gothic, Italic, Uncial, and Copperplate. These styles are known for their elegant and ornate letterforms, with intricate details and flourishes. Chinese Calligraphy Chinese calligraphy is one of the oldest and most revered calligraphy traditions. It encompasses different scripts, including Regular Script, Running Script, Cursive Script, and Seal Script. Chinese calligraphy focuses on brush and ink techniques, with an emphasis on balance, rhythm, and stroke variation. Japanese Calligraphy Japanese calligraphy, or Shodo, has evolved from Chinese calligraphy but has its own unique style. It includes scripts such as Kaisho, Gyosho, and Sosho. Japanese calligraphy emphasizes the beauty of simplicity and harmony, with brushwork that reflects the artist's state of mind. Arabic Calligraphy Arabic calligraphy is a highly respected art form in the Islamic world. It includes styles such as Naskh, Thuluth, and Diwani. Arabic calligraphy is known for its flowing lines and intricate designs, combining aesthetics with religious significance. Indian Calligraphy Indian calligraphy encompasses scripts such as Devanagari, Bengali, and Tamil. These scripts reflect the rich cultural and linguistic diversity of India. Indian calligraphy features intricate letterforms and ornamental embellishments, often used in religious texts and manuscripts. Persian Calligraphy Persian calligraphy includes styles like Nasta'liq, Shekasteh, and Ta'liq. Persian calligraphy is known for its graceful and rhythmic letterforms, often combined with intricate floral motifs. It has been historically used in Persian literature and poetry. Tibetan Calligraphy Tibetan calligraphy is closely tied to Buddhist art and culture. It features scripts such as Uchen, Umê, and Drutsa. Tibetan calligraphy emphasizes clarity and precision, with letterforms that serve as visual representations of sacred texts and teachings. Korean Calligraphy Korean calligraphy has styles such as Kaishu, Gyosho, and Sosho. Korean calligraphy combines brush and ink techniques with a focus on harmony and balance. It often includes elements of nature and is deeply rooted in Korean culture. Hebrew Calligraphy Hebrew calligraphy is based on the Hebrew script and includes styles such as Ashurit, Rashi, and Sephardic. Hebrew calligraphy is characterized by its angular and geometric letterforms, which are often used in religious texts and ceremonial art. Latin Calligraphy Latin calligraphy refers to the calligraphy of the Latin alphabet. It includes scripts such as Carolingian, Gothic, and Roman. Latin calligraphy has a long history and has been used in various artistic and practical applications, including manuscripts, inscriptions, and decorative lettering. Each calligraphy style has its own beauty and cultural significance, showcasing the versatility and artistic depth of this timeless craft.

Contemporary Use of Calligraphy

Modern calligraphy continues to be a versatile and valued art form, finding its place in various creative industries. One of the prominent applications of calligraphy is in design and branding. Many businesses and organizations incorporate calligraphy into their logos, packaging, and marketing materials to create a unique visual identity that resonates with their target audience. The elegant and personalized touch of calligraphy adds a level of sophistication and craftsmanship that can elevate a brand's image. Moreover, calligraphy is valued as an artistic expression in its own right. Many artists and designers use calligraphy techniques to create stunning graphics, illustrations, and visual art pieces. The combination of traditional calligraphy skills with contemporary styles and mediums produces captivating and visually appealing artworks that attract art enthusiasts and collectors. "Calligraphy is not just about creating beautiful letters; it's a form of self-expression that connects the artist and the viewer on a deeper level," says renowned calligrapher, Sarah Brown. Furthermore, calligraphy workshops and classes are popular among individuals seeking to explore their creativity and develop their calligraphic skills. These classes provide a platform for beginners to learn the basics of calligraphy and practice various scripts under the guidance of experienced instructors. The accessibility of online courses and tutorials has made learning calligraphy more convenient, allowing enthusiasts to learn at their own pace and from the comfort of their homes. Overall, modern calligraphy continues to thrive in design, branding, and artistic realms. Its timeless allure and distinct visual appeal make it a valuable asset for businesses, artists, and individuals alike.

Tools and Materials for Calligraphy

Calligraphy, as a beautiful art form, requires specific tools and materials to create stunning letterforms. Whether you're a beginner or a seasoned calligrapher, having the right tools is essential to achieve the desired results. Here are some key tools and materials commonly used in calligraphy: Calligraphy Pen A calligraphy pen is an essential tool for creating elegant and intricate letters. It typically consists of a pen holder and a removable metal or plastic nib. The nib determines the thickness and shape of the strokes, allowing you to achieve different calligraphy styles. Experiment with various nib sizes to find the one that suits your preferred script. Ink Calligraphy ink plays a crucial role in achieving smooth and consistent lines. It is specially formulated to flow smoothly and dry quickly, reducing the chances of smudging. Calligraphy ink comes in various colors, allowing you to add vibrant hues to your artwork. Paper Choosing the right paper is important in calligraphy, as it affects the final appearance of your lettering. Calligraphy paper is typically smooth and absorbent, allowing the ink to flow without bleeding. Opt for heavyweight paper to prevent ink from seeping through and to achieve crisp lines. Nibs The nib is the heart of a calligraphy pen and determines the style of lettering you can create. Nibs come in different shapes and sizes, each offering unique line variation and stroke characteristics. Some common nib types include pointed nibs for fine lines, broad-edged nibs for broad strokes, and flex nibs for creating distinctive letterforms. Brushes In certain calligraphy styles, such as Chinese and Japanese calligraphy, brushes are used instead of traditional pens. Calligraphy brushes have long bristles that hold a large amount of ink, allowing you to create bold and expressive strokes. Brushes offer a unique tactile experience and add a touch of artistic flair to your calligraphic creations. Additional Materials While the above tools are essential for calligraphy, additional materials can enhance your artistic process. These may include rulers or T-squares for precise measurements and straight lines, erasers and correction fluid for fixing mistakes, and drying racks for organized workspaces. Illumination materials, such as gold leaf or metallic inks, can also be used for embellishments and decorations. By having the right tools and materials at your disposal, you can fully immerse yourself in the art of calligraphy and create beautifully crafted letterforms. Calligraphy Tools Materials Calligraphy Pen Paper Ink Nibs Brushes Additional Materials

The Evolution of Calligraphy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vxcjzy2wq88 The art of calligraphy has a long and fascinating history that spans across cultures and centuries. The development of calligraphy can be traced back to the Phoenician alphabet, which introduced simplified and easily engraved characters that influenced subsequent writing systems. In ancient cultures such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece, calligraphy played an integral role in the recording of important texts and manuscripts. During the Middle Ages, Gothic scripts emerged as a dominant style in calligraphy, characterized by intricate flourishes and decorative letterforms. These scripts, often used in religious manuscripts, showcased the artistic skill and attention to detail of the scribes. However, with the invention of the printing press in the 15th century, the practice of calligraphy declined as printed materials became more accessible. Despite the decline, calligraphy was preserved and practiced by dedicated individuals, including monks and scribes, who recognized its cultural and artistic significance. In the 20th century, calligraphy experienced a resurgence as artists and designers integrated handcrafted elements into their work. Today, calligraphy continues to be admired and appreciated as a timeless art form that combines meticulous craftsmanship with aesthetic beauty. Key Highlights of Calligraphy Evolution Phoenician alphabet introduced simplified characters Gothic scripts with elaborate flourishes emerged during the Middle Ages Invention of the printing press led to a decline in calligraphy Calligraphy was preserved by monks and scribes Resurgence of calligraphy in the 20th century

Introduction to Hebrew Calligraphy Styles Course

If you've ever been captivated by the beauty of Hebrew calligraphy and wanted to learn this ancient art form, the Introduction to Hebrew Calligraphy course is the perfect opportunity. Led by Allison Barclay, a traditionally-trained Jewish scribe, this online course takes you on a journey into the world of Hebrew Square Script. Whether you're a beginner with no previous experience or have some background in calligraphy, this course offers the foundational knowledge and techniques needed to create stunning Hebrew letterforms. Throughout the course, you'll dive into 14 engaging lessons that cover everything from understanding the basic strokes to mastering the intricacies of the Hebrew Square Script. Allison Barclay's expert guidance ensures that you develop the skills needed to write Hebrew letters with precision and style. You'll explore the art of using black ink and gold-pointed vowels, creating visually striking compositions. The final project of the Introduction to Hebrew Calligraphy course provides an opportunity to showcase your newly acquired skills. You'll be tasked with recreating the 23rd Psalm in traditional Biblical Hebrew, using black ink and gold-pointed vowels. This project allows you to apply the techniques and knowledge learned throughout the course, culminating in a beautiful calligraphy artwork that reflects your journey and progress. By the end of the course, you'll not only have a deeper appreciation for Hebrew calligraphy but also possess the skills to continue your exploration of this timeless script. Whether you aspire to create personal artworks, design unique invitations, or simply want to immerse yourself in the rich cultural heritage of Hebrew calligraphy, this course is the ideal starting point. Sign up for the Introduction to Hebrew Calligraphy course today and embark on your calligraphic journey. "Learning Hebrew calligraphy through the Introduction to Hebrew Calligraphy course has been an incredible experience. Allison Barclay's expertise and passion shine through in each lesson, making the learning process enjoyable and inspiring. I now have the confidence and skills to create beautiful Hebrew letterforms, and I look forward to continuing my calligraphic journey." — Sarah D., Course Participant Course Details: - Instructor: Allison Barclay - Duration: 14 lessons - Additional Resources: 20 - Experience Level: Beginner - Prerequisites: None Final Project: Your final project for the Introduction to Hebrew Calligraphy course is to create a calligraphy artwork using a short text in Hebrew. You'll have the opportunity to choose your own text, practice layout drafts, apply black ink, and add gold-pointed vowels. This project allows you to showcase your skills and creativity as you apply the techniques and knowledge learned throughout the course. Upon completion, you'll receive a certificate of completion, validating your achievement in mastering the art of Hebrew calligraphy.

Final Project and Conclusion - Hebrew Calligraphy Styles

Now that you have completed the Introduction to Hebrew Calligraphy course, it's time to put your newfound skills to the test with the final project. This project allows you to showcase your creativity and mastery of Hebrew calligraphy. Your final project will involve creating a beautiful calligraphy artwork using a short text in Hebrew. You can choose any text that holds personal meaning for you, whether it's a favorite quote, a verse from the Bible, or a special message. Before you begin, it's a good idea to practice different layout drafts to determine the best arrangement of your text. Once you have finalized your layout, it's time to apply black ink to your calligraphy piece. Take your time and use the techniques you have learned throughout the course to create smooth and elegant letterforms. To add an extra touch of beauty, you can incorporate gold-pointed vowels into your design. Completing the final project is not only a way to demonstrate your skills, but also a significant milestone in your calligraphy journey. When you finish your artwork, you will receive a certificate of completion, recognizing your accomplishment and commitment to learning Hebrew calligraphy. Congratulations on reaching this point!

FAQ - Hebrew Calligraphy Styles

What is calligraphy? Calligraphy is the art of creating beautiful and visually appealing letters and designs. What is the history of calligraphy? Calligraphy has been practiced for centuries and can be traced back to ancient civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China. What are the different types of calligraphy styles? There are various calligraphy styles, including Western Calligraphy, Chinese Calligraphy, Japanese Calligraphy, Arabic Calligraphy, Indian Calligraphy, Persian Calligraphy, Tibetan Calligraphy, Korean Calligraphy, Hebrew Calligraphy, and Latin Calligraphy. How is calligraphy used today? Calligraphy is commonly used in formal invitations, logo design, branding, packaging, and as a form of artistic expression in modern design. What tools and materials are needed for calligraphy? Read the full article

[lesbian-eunuch]

Check out my work on Cohost! I will not apologize for posting all of these, but if you enjoy my work, there is more of it to be found!

This one was just a weird style I was fooling around with until I decided it could be made into Space Hebrew letters, though it's actually based on the "Rashi" script rather than the traditional square letters.

[fromchaostocosmos]

I am Jewish, specifically I am an Ashkenazi Jew born, raised, and living in the USA.

I grew up in an Orthodox Jewish community and went to an all girl Orthodox elementary school and high school, specifically a Bais Yaakov.

I spent all those years having the first half of my day be filled with Judaic studies and those involved being in Hebrew. Not modern Hebrew mind you, but Hebrew all the same.

My tests were in Hebrew, I learned to write in Hebrew first in print and then in script, I also learnt how to do Rashi style.

As I got further and further in my education more and more Hebrew was used until I had classes were teachers only spoke Hebrew and gave tests that were solely in Hebrew.

We would also get to a point were vowels were not used anymore.

And it was a nightmare for me.

I have learning disabilities and I don't know if it was that or something else, but something about my brain would and could not grasp languages.

I had a tutor for a couple of years while I was still in elementary school that I would work with after school just so I could try and the pronunciation right.

So I could get the spelling down. The hours and hours that would spent on one letter and various sounds it could make was unreal.

And this would be done after a school day that went from 8:30 am to 3:30pm

I dreaded being picked on in class to read out loud in Chumash or Navi class.

In junior high I would get permission to use a English/Hebrew Chumash and Navi.

Once in High School I would have two Chumashim in class one that solely in Hebrew and had all the various commentaries we needed and one that was again an English/Hebrew one.

I would have to talk each Judaic studies teacher to get them to give me my tests with some amount of english on it so I wouldn't fail it because I didn't understand what was sitting in front of me.

12th grade was the worst year because my Chumash teacher and my Navi teacher refused to give any accommodations even though that is illegal.

I flunked every single Navi test until my Navi teach finally have way through the school year relented and started to give partial English on the test and I started scoring in the 80's and 90's.

If one was to look through my father's sefarim and find the Chumashim and Navi'im I used in Highschool they will see sticky notes with my notes in it and parts written in pencil over words what the english translation is for that word.

Especially in the Chumash I used in my senior year because I was not allowed to use an English/Hebrew Chumash in addition to my all Hebrew Chumash.

Now some people with the attitude that the-catboy-minyan is pushing back against might say that they are not talking about me when they say that you need to know/speak Hebrew to be Jewish.

To be honest I do not care and am not willing to take that chance.

Knowing Hebrew is helpful in understanding what the words actually mean and the intention and purpose behind what is written and said. And yes that is important very much so.

But not knowing Hebrew and/speaking it does not make you any less of Jew. That is just not how it works.

Words are how we communicate and language is the conduit for the those words.

What you say is far more important then the vessel you use.

There is also an understanding that it is better and more meaningful for a person to communicate with G-d in way that the person understand what they understand what they are saying so if someone will not understand what they are saying in Hebrew then it is better they say it in their vernacular because they will understand what they are saying and so it will have more meaning.

Hashem is not going to be hindered by something as silly as what language someone speaks in.

Yes Hebrew is Lashon Hakodesh, but what good does that do if you do not know, do not understand what you are saying.

If you can not put meaning to you words and in turn feel the fullness of what it is you are saying.

It is better to do so in your language.

That is why we understand and discuss within Judaism how talking with Hashem in not just limited to speech because for some people the way they talk to Hashem is by singing or maybe it is by dancing or perhaps it is by sitting in silence.

Perhaps it is by crying or screaming, or painting, gardening, or people watching.

We do not get to dictate how another speaks with G-d.

We can only establish boundaries on we would like to be spoken to i.e with respect and dignity and in turn treat others with respect and dignity.

Let not language become a barrier, a fence, a gate. Rather instead make it a present with which you gift understanding.

{this all of course does not include messiancs, just to be clear}

due to a certain asshole spewing bullshit in spacelazarwolf's notes, I wanna emphasize something:

YOU DON'T HAVE TO KNOW HEBREW TO BE JEWISH

YOU DON'T HAVE TO LEARN HEBREW TO BE JEWISH

YOU DON'T HAVE TO WANT TO LEARN HEBREW TO BE JEWISH

the only thing you need to be Jewish is to be Jewish. a Jew is a Jew.

(this message does not include messianic jews)

[acharyaganesh123]

Taurus Mastery: Navigating the Professional Terrain in Dashamsha

Astrology has long been a source of insight into various aspects of our lives, offering a cosmic perspective on our personalities, relationships, and even our professional paths. The Dashamsha, a divisional chart in Vedic astrology, plays a crucial role in unraveling the intricacies of one's career journey. For those born under the sign of Taurus, this chart unveils a unique roadmap to professional mastery.

Understanding Dashamsha: The Tenth Divisional Chart

In Vedic astrology, the birth chart or Rashi chart is just the beginning. Dashamsha, often referred to as D-10, is the tenth divisional chart, specifically dedicated to decoding the nuances of one's career and profession. Each divisional chart acts as a magnifying glass, zooming into specific areas of our lives. In the case of Dashamsha, the focus is on professional endeavors, achievements, and challenges.

Taurus: The Steadfast Trailblazers

Taurus individuals are known for their persistence, determination, and practical approach to life. Ruled by Venus, the planet of beauty and luxury, Taurus individuals often exhibit a strong work ethic and a keen sense of aesthetics. In Dashamsha, these traits are amplified, providing a detailed look into how Taurus navigates the professional terrain.

The Bull's Professional Landscape

Taurus individuals, when mapped onto the canvas of Dashamsha, showcase a mastery of the professional landscape. The chart reveals their natural inclination towards stable and lucrative career paths. Taureans are likely to thrive in environments where their practical skills, determination, and attention to detail are valued.

Venusian Influence: Aesthetic Excellence in Career

With Venus as their ruling planet, Taurus individuals often bring a touch of aesthetic excellence to their professional pursuits. Whether it's in the fields of art, design, or any industry that values beauty, Taurus individuals find their stride. Dashamsha sheds light on how this Venusian influence plays out in the workplace, guiding them toward roles where creativity and aesthetics are paramount.

Challenges and Growth: Insights from Dashamsha

No astrological analysis is complete without acknowledging challenges and growth opportunities. Dashamsha for Taurus individuals might reveal potential obstacles related to stubbornness or resistance to change. Understanding these challenges allows Taurus individuals to proactively navigate their professional paths, embracing adaptability and growth.

Conclusion: 

Taurus in Dashamsha – A Professional Symphony

In the grand symphony of astrology, Taurus in Dashamsha emerges as a melody of steadfast determination, aesthetic prowess, and practical wisdom. As individuals born under the sign of the Bull navigate the professional terrain, the insights provided by Dashamsha act as a celestial guide, helping them master their chosen paths.

Remember, astrology serves as a tool for self-discovery and empowerment. While the stars may influence, it is our choices and actions that shape our destinies. Taurus Mastery in Dashamsha is not a predetermined script but a cosmic blueprint awaiting exploration and realization in the professional journey of those born under this earthy and determined sign.

[bookoformon]

Joseph Smith and the White Salamander.

Did Joseph Smith really meet a White Salamander in order to discover and transcribe the text of the Book of Mormon? As a sibling of the Torah, this is how the Spirit of God would perform this kind of work.

From the writings contained in the Holy Talmud:

September 17, 2017

Sanhedrin 63b ~ The Fireproof Salamander

A salamander unharmed in the fire. From Koninklijke Bibliotheek, KB, KA 16, Folio 126r, c 1350. From here.

סנהדרין סג, ב 

אף חזקיה מלך יהודה ביקש אביו לעשות לו כן אלא שסכתו אמו סלמנדרא 

During a discussion of idol worship, today's page of Talmud notes that some cult practices demanded that parents sacrifice their children by burning them alive. “Even the father of Hezekiah the king of Judea wanted to sacrifice him in this way, but his mother saved him by covering him with the blood of the salamander.” Rashi gives this explanation:

The salamander is a small creature that emerges from a furnace which has been burning for seven consecutive years. Fire cannot burn someone who has smeared himself with the blood of the salamander.

From where did Rashi get the idea that the salamander emerges from a fire that has been burning for seven years?  Perhaps from the Midrash Tanchumah, where it burns not seven years but seven days.

מדרש תנחומא (ורשא) פרשת וישב סימן ג

 בריות הגדלות באור ואין גדלות באויר ואיזו זו סלמנדרא כיצד הזגגין העושין את הזכוכית כשהן מסיקין את הכבשן שבעה ימים ושבעה לילות רצופין מכובד האור יוצא משם בריה הדומה לעכביש (ס"א לעכבר) והבריות קורין אותה סלמנדרא אדם סך ידו מדמה או אחד

  למה? על שתחילת בריאתה מן האור מאיבריו אין האור שולטת באותו מקום 

There are creatures that thrive in fire and not in air, like the salamander. How is it created? When glassmakers leave a furnace continuously alight for seven days and seven nights, out of the fire there emerges a creature that resembles a spider (or a mouse). That creature is called the salamander. If you cover your arm or any limb with its blood, it that place will become impervious to fire. Why is does the salamander have this ability? Because it was created from fire.

Elsewhere in the Talmud the fire-proof properties of the salamander are used as a homiletic device:

 חגיגה  כז , א

תלמידי חכמים אין אור של גיהנם שולטת בהן, קל וחומר מסלמנדרא; ומה סלמנדרא שתולדת אש היא - הסך מדמה אין אור שולטת בו, תלמידי חכמים, שכל גופן אש, דכתיב הלוא כה דברי כאש נאם ה' - על אחת כמה וכמה 

The fires of hell do not burn Torah scholars, and this is learned a fortiori. Consider the salamander which is created from fire and its blood protects from fire. How much more so is a Torah scholar protected, for his entire body is fire, as it is written "for my words are not as fire, says God" (Jeremiah 23:29).

This is all rather strange. Where does this legend come from, and does science have anything to say about fireproof salamander? Read on.

“[The salamander] has no digestive organs, and gets no food but from the fire, in which it constantly renews its scaly skin.

— Leonardo da Vinci, Book XX: Humorous Writings, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, edited by Jean Paul Richter, 1880.

This is further proof the Book of Mormon was written by highly literate Jews for the sake of broadening the understanding of the Gospels and their potential use as a medium for ending slavery in America.

So, what is different between the White Salamander and Moroni? Moroni is a Holy Phenomenon of God that is designed to partially illuniminate the contents of a new, unborn Script, like the Book of Mormon was at the time. All Scribes and Prophets must be human; only human beings can be fully illuminated in the Glories of God. Angels cannot aspire to the Fullest of Glories.

So, after Seven Days in the fire, which meant the sins of America had ripened, out of the Aether comes Moroni who used a vehicle for transcription called a White Salamander, a looking glass into the DNA of the new script which was written in the salamander's blood, which was of the purest white like the lizard itself, transparent except to the most trained of eyes.

The Gematria for a white salamander is 1295, אב‎טה abata, "a gift from father to son."

White salamander yields 1294, אבט‎‎ד‎, avatav, which is Hebrew for avatar, or "a form of the formless infinite." It is my belief the Angel of the Lord showed the Prophet a luminiscent white salamander in the fores, was directed to refer to the Talmud for an explanation, and then he began working on the Book of Mormon in real time.

Angels have been known to show prophets the contents of compressed files within iconic images, so this is the most plausible explanation for the mention of the salamander in Joseph Smith's letter.

The Book of Mormon is almost certainly a miracle, certainly not the result of a bunch of mysterious crates filled with brass plates showing up in Joseph Smith's back yard in upstate New York. The Book of Mormon is 588 pages long. There is no conceivable way they were just dropped off into a big hole in the forest by primitive people.

It is critical we treat the reality of the Document properly. It was given to mankind beginning in 1824 as a response to the most uninventive horror that has ever existed, and it is imperative we give God and the Prophets that carried its message to victory their due.

Imagine if it really worked- the Book of Mormon warns us about the evils of mechanized wars and they broke out seconds after the Civil War concluded, the Book's champions killed or scattered.

If Abraham Lincoln survived, there is no doubt Mormon Missionaries, the real things, could have changed history all around the world as they did during his brief time.

[soylazaro]

Xiaomi I Ideas from Emile Rafael on Vimeo.

Director: Emile Rafael (@helloemile) Producer: Mojas Perovic (@mojasmojasmojas) Production Company: Stink Executive Producers: Klara Kralickova (@klaruse), Desmond Loh (@desmondlhb) Director of Photography: David Hoffman (@hofmann__david) Creative Supervisor: Atila Martins (@atilamartinsl) Production Manager: Klára Plechsson (@plechsson) Production Designers: Top Service (@top__services) First Assistant Director: Petr Heinrich Starring: Sebastien Siegenthaler (@ siegenthaler), Ana Pribi (@pribiana) Editors: Jakub Jelinek, Brendan Jenkins (@jumpkins) VFX Supervisor: Mario Dubec (@maxtorag) VFX by: UPP (@upp_advertising) Post - Producer: Kristýna Řádková Music by: Benjamin Gordon (@benjamingordon__) at All Good Folks (@allgoodfolks) Sound Design: Martin Blauber (@martinblauber) at Napa Records (@naparecords) Grade: Pete Oppersdorff (@peter_oppersdorff_colour) at MPC (@ movingpicturecompany) Color Producer: Leianna Campbell (@leiannacampbell) Make-up: Filip Kuneš Wardrobe: Martin Polák (@martinpolak_) Location Manager: Ondrej Novak, Ondřej Křůpala Focus Puller: Jan Hofmann Stedicam: Filip Rybář (@apathoflight) Second AC: Jáchym Kocman (@jachymkocman) VTR: Hosheen Al Rashy DIT: Matej Pastrnek Technical Support: Jakub Hrabánek Gaffer: Alex Bare�� (@alexbares) Grip: Petr Macál Script: Pavla Šubertová Art Department: Vojta Kálecký Props on Set: Martin Tlamicha BTS Photography: Stefano Marotta (@stefano.marotta.ph) Extras Coordinator: Roman Klimeš Transport: Adel Kokešová Production PA: Kristýna Rousková (@kykyna_rouskova)