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blackcatblog-blog · 6 years ago

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PAF tute 02

Question-1

What is the need for VCS ( Version Control System ) ?

Version control is the ability to manage the change and configuration of an application. Versioning is a priceless process, especially when you have multiple developers working on a single application, because it allows them to easily share files. Without version control, developers will eventually step on each other’s toes and overwrite code changes that someone else may have completed without even realizing it. Using these systems allows you to check files out for modifications, then, during check-in, if the files have been changed by another user, you will be alerted and allowed to merge them.

Version control systems allow you to compare files, identify differences, and merge the changes if needed prior to committing any code. Versioning is also a great way to keep track of application builds by being able to identify which version is currently in development, QA, and production. Also, when new developers join the team, they can easily download the current version of the application to their local environment using the version control system and are able to keep track of the version they’re currently running. During development, you can also have entirely independent code versions if you prefer to keep different development efforts separate. When ready, you can merge the files to create a final working version.

Another great use for versioning is when troubleshooting an issue, you are able to easily compare different versions of files to track differences. You can compare the last working file with the faulty file, decreasing the time spent identifying the cause of an issue. If the user decides to roll back the changes, you can implement the last working file by using the correct version.

https://bit.ly/2T6MH4s

Question-2

Differentiate the three models of VCSs, stating their pros and cons

Local Data Model:

This is the simplest variations of version control, and it requires that all developers have access to the same file system.

Client-Server Model:

Using this model, developers use a single shared repository of files. It does require that all developers have access to the repository via the internet of a local network. This is the model used by Subversion (SVN).

Distributed Model:

In this model, each developer works directly with their own local repository, and changes are shared between repositories as a separate step. This is the model used by Git, an open source software used by many of the largest software development projects.

https://bit.ly/2EoBc01

Question-3

Git and GitHub, are they same or different? Discuss with facts.

"Git is a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency"

Git is a distributed peer-peer version control system. Each node in the network is a peer, storing entire repositories which can also act as a multi-node distributed back-ups. There is no specific concept of a central server although nodes can be head-less or 'bare', taking on a role similar to the central server in centralised version control systems.

What is GitHub:

"GitHub is a web-based Git repository hosting service, which offers all of the distributed revision control and source code management (SCM) functionality of Git as well as adding its own features."

Github provides access control and several collaboration features such as wikis, task management, and bug tracking and feature requests for every project.

You do not need GitHub to use Git.

GitHub (and any other local, remote or hosted system) can all be peers in the same distributed versioned repositories within a single project.

Github allows you to:

Share your repositories with others.

Access other user's repositories.

Store remote copies of your repositories (github servers) as backup of your local copies.

https://bit.ly/2H1oaHN

Question-4

Compare and contrast the Git commands, commit and push

git commit. The "commit" command is used to save your changes to the local repository. Note that you have to explicitly tell Git which changes you want to include in a commit before running the "git commit" command. This means that a file won't be automatically included in the next commit just because it was changed.

The git push command is used to upload local repository content to a remote repository. Pushing is how you transfer commits from your local repository to a remote repo. ... Remote branches are configured using the git remote command.Pushing has the potential to overwrite changes, caution should be taken when pushing.

https://bit.ly/2EBUPAl

Question-5

Discuss the use of staging area and Git directory

To stage a file is simply to prepare it finely for a commit. Git, with its index allows you to commit only certain parts of the changes you've done since the last commit. Say you're working on two features - one is finished, and one still needs some work done. You'd like to make a commit and go home (5 o'clock, finally!) but wouldn't like to commit the parts of the second feature, which is not done yet. You stage the parts you know belong to the first feature, and commit. Now your commit is your project with the first feature done, while the second is still in work-in-progress in your working directory.

So the staging area is like:

a cache of files that you want to commit

not a series of tubes but actually a dump truck, ready to move the work you load it with, in to the repository

a magical place where selected files will be turned into stone with your wizardry and can be magically transported to the repository at your whim

the yellow brick road for the files to go happily to the repository (or fall off if you want to revert)

the fictional place at the sea port where files are received a pair of cement shoes and then thrown into the repository sea

the receptions desk at the library, you put the files there for the librarian to prepare for filing into the library

a box where you put things in before shoving it under your bed, where your bed is a repository of boxes you've previously have shoved in

the loading bay of files before it goes into the repository warehouse with the power loader

the filter of an electric drip coffee maker, if the files are like the coffee powder, then the committed files are the brewed coffee

the Scrooge McDuck's office next to the vault, the files are like the coins before they go into the vault of his massive Money Bin

the pet store, once you bring a pet home you're committed

https://bit.ly/2tyZIpd

Question-6

Explain the collaboration workflow of Git, with example

Question-7

Discuss the benefits of CDNs

Content Delivery Network and its Business BenefitsContent Delivery Networks (CDN) accounts for large share of delivering content across websites users and networks across the globe. The content found in the websites of today contain a variety of formats such as text, scripts, documents, images, software, media files, live streaming media and on-demand streaming media and so on. In order to deliver such diverse content to users across the globe efficiently, CDNs are deployed in datacenters. CDNs accelerate website performance and provide a numerous benefits for users and also for the network infrastructure.

The internet is a collection of numerous networks or datacenters. The growth of the world-wide-web and related technologies along with proliferation of wireless technologies, cloud computing, etc. is leveraging users to access the internet with multiple devices in addition to computers. Web servers deployed in networks on the internet cater to most of the user requests on the internet. But, when web servers are located in one single location it becomes increasingly difficult to handle multiple workloads. This has an effect on website performance and efficiency is reduced significantly. Further, users access a variety of applications such as interactive multimedia apps, streaming audio and video along with static and dynamic web pages across millions of websites which require efficient and robust network infrastructures and systems. In order to balance the load on infrastructures and to provide content quickly to end users CDNs are deployed in data centers.

Content Delivery Networks (CDN) is a system of servers deployed in different geographical locations to handle increased traffic loads and reduce the time of content delivery for the user from servers. The main objective of CDN is to deliver content at top speed to users in different geographic locations and this is done by a process of replication. CDNs provide web content services by duplicating content from other servers and directing it to users from the nearest data center. The shortest possible route between a user and the web server is determined by the CDN based on factors such as speed, latency, proximity, availability and so on. CDNs are deployed in data centers to handle challenges with user requests and content routing.

CDNs are used extensively by social networks, media and entertainment websites, e-commerce websites, educational institutions, etc. to serve content quickly to users in different locations. Organizations by implementing CDN solutions stand to gain in many ways that include,

Faster content load / response time in delivering content to end users.

Availability and scalability, because CDNs can be integrated with cloud models

Redundancy in content, thus minimizing errors and there is no need for additional expensive hardware

Enhanced user experience with CDNs as they can handle peak time loads

Data integrity and privacy concerns are addressed

The benefits of CDNs are more emphasized by examining its usage in a few real time application areas. Some common application areas include,

E-Commerce: E-commerce companies make use of CDNs to improve their site performance and making their products available online. According to Computer World, CDN provides 100% uptime of e-commerce sites and this leads to improved global website performance. With continuous uptime companies are able to retain existing customers, leverage new customers with their products and explore new markets, to maximize their business outcomes.

Media and Advertising: In media, CDNs enhance the performance of streaming content to a large degree by delivering latest content to end users quickly. We can easily see today, there is a growing demand for online video, and real time audio/video and other media streaming applications. This demand is leveraged by media, advertising and digital content service providers by delivering high quality content efficiently for users. CDNs accelerate streaming media content such as breaking news, movies, music, online games and multimedia games in different formats. The content is made available from the datacenter which is nearest to users’ location.

Business Websites: CDNs accelerate the interaction between users and websites, this acceleration is highly essential for corporate businesses. In websites speed is one important metric and a ranking factor. If a user is far away from a website the web pages will load slowly. Content delivery networks overcome this problem by sending requested content to the user from the nearest server in CDN to give the best possible load times, thus speeding the delivery process.

Education: In the area of online education CDNs offer many advantages. Many educational institutes offer online courses that require streaming video/audio lectures, presentations, images and distribution systems. In online courses students from around the world can participate in the same course. CDN ensures that when a student logs into a course, the content is served from the nearest datacenter to the student’s location. CDNs support educational institutes by steering content to regions where most of the students reside.

In the internet, closer is always better to overcome problems in latency and performance, CDNs are seen as an ideal solution in such situations. Since CDNs share digital assets between nodes and servers in different geographical locations, this significantly improves client response times for content delivery. CDN nodes or servers deployed at multiple locations in data centers also take care of optimizing the delivery process with users. However, the CDN services and the cost are worked out in SLAs with the data center service provider.

https://bit.ly/1KoxNs2

Question-8

How CDNs differ from web hosting servers?

There was a time when traditional web hosting had lorded over everything else that happened over the World Wide Web. There were several hosting companies that housed basic as well as corporate websites, which were purely static and comprised of small files that could be viewed and downloaded by users on the internet. But, these days are long gone. Now, the internet has earned the reputation of being the central repository and delivery of personal, corporate and home multimedia content that has revolutionized education and entertainment. However, current technology and traditional web hosting is no longer capable of meeting the demands of websites.

CDN Hosting

Today, content delivery networks or CDNs have gained prominence. These are simply networked systems that are in cooperative mode and peak with neural networks. Powerful servers known as edge servers are located in various locations for serving large corporations and they provide numerous services to the users seamlessly, without letting them know the location of the server from where data is sent. These networked hosts, which are deployed in different parts of the world, now play a significant role in surpassing the computing resources of traditional web hosting in order to deliver rich and high-quality multimedia content in a reliable and cost-effective way, particularly when content delivery networks such as KeyCDN are used.

Differences Between CDNs and Web Hosting

Web Hosting is used to host your website on a server and let users access it over the internet. A content delivery network is about speeding up the access/delivery of your website’s assets to those users.

Traditional web hosting would deliver 100% of your content to the user. If they are located across the world, the user still must wait for the data to be retrieved from where your web server is located. A CDN takes a majority of your static and dynamic content and serves it from across the globe, decreasing download times. Most times, the closer the CDN server is to the web visitor, the faster assets will load for them.

Web Hosting normally refers to one server. A content delivery network refers to a global network of edge servers which distributes your content from a multi-host environment.

https://bit.ly/2DZXcgn

Question-9

Identify free and commercial CDNs

Free CDNs

Given that you’ve landed on this page for “free CDN for WordPress”, let’s dive down into the article.

1. CloudFlare

CloudFlare is popularly known as the best free CDN for WordPress users. It is one of the few industry-leading players that actually offer a free plan. Powered by its 115 datacenters, CloudFlare delivers speed, reliability, and protection from basic DDoS attacks. And it’s WordPress plugin is used in over 100,000 active websites.

2. Incapsula

Incapsula provides Application Delivery from the cloud: Global CDN, Website Security, DDoS Protection, Load Balancing & Failover. It takes 5 minutes to activate the service, and they have a great free plan and a WordPress plugin to get correct IP Address information for comments posted to your site.

Features offered by both CloudFlare and Incapsula:

In a nutshell, this is what Incapsula and CloudFlare does:

Routes your entire website’s traffic through their globally distributed network of high end servers (This is achieved by a small DNS change)

Real-time threat analysis of incoming traffic and blocking the latest web threats including multi-Gigabit DDoS attacks

Outgoing traffic is accelerated through their globally powered content delivery network

3. Photon by Jetpack

To all WordPress users – Jetpack needs no introduction. In their recent improvement of awesomeness, they’ve included a free CDN service (called Photon) that serves your site’s images through their globally powered WordPress.com grid. To get this service activated, all you have to do is download and install Jetpack and activate its Photon module.

WordPress users need no introduction to Jetpack. One of the coolest features Jetpack has to offer is their free CDN service called Photon. The best part? You don’t need to configure a thing! Simply install the plugin, login with your WordPress.com account and activate the photon module. That’s it. All you images will be offloaded to the WordPress grid that powers over hundreds of thousands of website across the globe.

Commercial CDNs

1.EdgeCast/Verizon

The Edgecast Content Delivery Network from Verizon Digital Media Services is a media-optimized CDN built to meet the demands of the modern Internet. With centralized SuperPop architecture, Anycast based routing and proprietary caching technologies, Edgecast CDN is one of the highest performing and most reliable CDNs in the world. Leading sites like Quora, Lenovo, Novica and CafePress rely on Verizon Digital Media Services to deliver optimal viewing experiences to every screen globally. Specific services include: PCI-Compliant dynamic acceleration, Application delivery, HTTP/HTTPs caching, Streaming, Storage, DNS, Web Application Firewall and DDoS mitigation.

2. Fastly

Fastly is a Content Delivery Network provider, founded in 2011 in San Francisco. Fastly’s global network is built with 10Gb Ethernet, multi-core CPUs, and all Solid State Drives (SSDs). They also offer access to real-time performance analytics, and the ability to cache frequently changing content at the edge.

3. Hibernia

Hibernia Networks is a privately held, US-owned, provider of global capacity telecommunication services. Hibernia Networks owns and operates a global network connecting North America, Europe and Asia. Hibernia offers over 120 network Points of Presence (PoPs) on over 24,000 kilometers of fiber. Hibernia’s network provides service, from 2.5 Gbit/s to 100 Gbit/s wavelengths and Ethernet from 10 Mbit/s to 100 Gbit/s. They are currently headquartered in Dublin, Ireland.

https://bit.ly/2GGHBG8

https://bit.ly/2SVcOvS

Question-10

Discuss the requirements for virtualization

Meeting hardware requirements for virtualization remains something of an art form. It is important to give each virtual machine the hardware it needs, but it is also important not to waste resources by over provisioning virtual machines. This decreases the total number of virtual machines that can simultaneously run on a host server, which increases costs. This article examines various techniques to ensure that you assign the proper hardware resources for virtual machines.

To meet hardware requirements for virtualization, heed application needs, guest machine limitations

Almost every application vendor publishes a list of hardware requirements for its applications. These requirements do not change just because an application runs on a virtual server. If an application requires 4 GB of memory, then you need to make sure the virtual machine on which you plan to run the application is provisioned with at least 4 GB of memory.

Some organizations prefer to give each virtual machine as much memory as it is ever likely to use, rather than taking the time to figure out how much memory each virtual machine really needs. Although this technique might waste memory, it does improve virtual machine performance, since the machine has been allocated plenty of memory.

If your organization uses this technique, one way to avoid wasting memory is to know the upper memory limits that each operating system supports. For example, 32-bit operating systems can address a maximum of 4 GB of memory. Assigning anything over 4 GB to a virtual machine running a 32-bit operating system would be a waste, since the operating system won’t even see the extra memory. (There are exceptions for servers using a Physical Address Extension).

To better identify your hardware requirements for virtualization of applications, the chart below illustrates the maximum amount of memory supported by various Windows Server operating systems.

Operating SystemMaximum Memory Supported

Windows Server 2008 R2 Datacenter 2 TB

Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise 2 TB

Windows Server 2008 R2 Foundation 8 GB

Windows Server 208 R2 Standard 32 GB

Assuming that you base virtual server memory allocations around how much memory the virtual servers actually need, as opposed to how much they can support, you can simplify the memory planning process by using single-purpose virtual machines.

Memory planning can become complicated when you try to host multiple applications on a single virtual machine. Since each application vendor specifies the amount of memory required by its applications, let's pretend that one application requires 4 GB of RAM and that the other application requires 2 GB. Does that mean that hardware requirements for a virtual machine hosting both applications would be 6 GB of RAM?

The answer is probably not. When an application vendor specifies the amount of memory required for their application, the estimate usually takes into account the memory required by the operating system. If you are hosting two separate applications, then you usually won't be able to simply add the memory requirements together to determine the total memory needed. Both sets of memory requirements probably take the operating systems memory requirements into account.

To give you a more concrete example, suppose the applications were running on Windows Server 2008, which requires at least 512 MB of memory. However, Microsoft recommends equipping servers with at least 2 GB of memory. In that case, then the first application (the one requiring 4 GB) probably requires 2 GB for itself and 2 GB for the operating system. The second application (the one requiring 2 GB) probably does not use any more memory than some of the optional Windows system services, and, therefore, works fine with 2 GB of memory, assuming that nothing else is running on the server.

he two applications used in this example would probably work fine with a little over 4 GB of RAM. The problem is that we don’t really know that for sure. To address the hardware requirements for virtualization, it is a lot easier to run each application in its own virtual machine rather than guess how much memory is required.

Of course, using a dedicated virtual machine for each application can consume more memory than would be used running multiple applications on a single virtual machine. The tradeoff, however, is that using a separate virtual machine for each application increases security and it makes it possible to shut down a virtual machine without affecting multiple applications. For health care organizations virtualizing mission-critical applications, this piece of mind is probably worth the extra memory consumption.

Performance Monitor not best choice for gauging hardware requirements for virtualization

In the past, the tool of choice for determining a system's hardware usage has always been the Performance Monitor. In a virtual environment, however, the Performance Monitor is of limited use. It works well for tracking memory usage and can be helpful for virtual machine capacity planning, but it does not work so well for tracking CPU or disk I/O consumption.

When you run the Performance Monitor inside a virtual machine, the Performance Monitor can only look at the resources that have been allocated to that virtual machine, not the resources available on the system as a whole. As such, if you use the Performance Monitor to measure the impact that the virtual machine is having on the physical hardware, the measurements will be skewed.

https://bit.ly/2XiPgzF

Question-11 Discuss and compare the pros and cons of different virtualization techniques in different levels

Advantages of Virtualization

Following are some of the most recognized advantages of Virtualization, which are explained in detail.

Using Virtualization for Efficient Hardware Utilization

Virtualization decreases costs by reducing the need for physical hardware systems. Virtual machines use efficient hardware, which lowers the quantities of hardware, associated maintenance costs and reduces the power along with cooling the demand. You can allocate memory, space and CPU in just a second, making you more self-independent from hardware vendors.

Using Virtualization to Increase Availability

Virtualization platforms offer a number of advanced features that are not found on physical servers, which increase uptime and availability. Although the vendor feature names may be different, they usually offer capabilities such as live migration, storage migration, fault tolerance, high availability and distributed resource scheduling. These technologies keep virtual machines chugging along or give them the ability to recover from unplanned outages.

The ability to move a virtual machine from one server to another is perhaps one of the greatest single benefits of virtualization with far reaching uses. As the technology continues to mature to the point where it can do long-distance migrations, such as being able to move a virtual machine from one data center to another no matter the network latency involved.

Disaster Recovery

Disaster recovery is very easy when your servers are virtualized. With up-to-date snapshots of your virtual machines, you can quickly get back up and running. An organization can more easily create an affordable replication site. If a disaster strikes in the data center or server room itself, you can always move those virtual machines elsewhere into a cloud provider. Having that level of flexibility means your disaster recovery plan will be easier to enact and will have a 99% success rate.

Save Energy

Moving physical servers to virtual machines and consolidating them onto far fewer physical servers’ means lowering monthly power and cooling costs in the data center. It reduces carbon footprint and helps to clean up the air we breathe. Consumers want to see companies reducing their output of pollution and taking responsibility.

Deploying Servers too fast

You can quickly clone an image, master template or existing virtual machine to get a server up and running within minutes. You do not have to fill out purchase orders, wait for shipping and receiving and then rack, stack, and cable a physical machine only to spend additional hours waiting for the operating system and applications to complete their installations. With virtual backup tools like Veeam, redeploying images will be so fast that your end users will hardly notice there was an issue.

Save Space in your Server Room or Datacenter

Imagine a simple example: you have two racks with 30 physical servers and 4 switches. By virtualizing your servers, it will help you to reduce half the space used by the physical servers. The result can be two physical servers in a rack with one switch, where each physical server holds 15 virtualized servers.

Testing and setting up Lab Environment

While you are testing or installing something on your servers and it crashes, do not panic, as there is no data loss. Just revert to a previous snapshot and you can move forward as if the mistake did not even happen. You can also isolate these testing environments from end users while still keeping them online. When you have completely done your work, deploy it in live.

Shifting all your Local Infrastructure to Cloud in a day

If you decide to shift your entire virtualized infrastructure into a cloud provider, you can do it in a day. All the hypervisors offer you tools to export your virtual servers.

Possibility to Divide Services

If you have a single server, holding different applications this can increase the possibility of the services to crash with each other and increasing the fail rate of the server. If you virtualize this server, you can put applications in separated environments from each other as we have discussed previously.

Disadvantages of Virtualization

Although you cannot find many disadvantages for virtualization, we will discuss a few prominent ones as follows −

Extra Costs

Maybe you have to invest in the virtualization software and possibly additional hardware might be required to make the virtualization possible. This depends on your existing network. Many businesses have sufficient capacity to accommodate the virtualization without requiring much cash. If you have an infrastructure that is more than five years old, you have to consider an initial renewal budget.

Software Licensing

This is becoming less of a problem as more software vendors adapt to the increased adoption of virtualization. However, it is important to check with your vendors to understand how they view software use in a virtualized environment.

Learn the new Infrastructure

Implementing and managing a virtualized environment will require IT staff with expertise in virtualization. On the user side, a typical virtual environment will operate similarly to the non-virtual environment. There are some applications that do not adapt well to the virtualized environment.

https://bit.ly/2EnIl0B

Question-12

Identify popular implementations and available tools for each level of visualization

Big Data and the ever-growing access we have to more information is the driving force behind artificial intelligence and the wave of technological change sweeping across all industries.

But all the data in the world is useless – in fact it can become a liability – if you can’t understand it. Data visualization is about how to present your data, to the right people, at the right time, in order to enable them to gain insights most effectively.

Shutterstock

Luckily visualization solutions are evolving as rapidly as the rest of the tech stack. Charts, videos, infographics and at the cutting edge even virtual reality and augmented reality (VR & AR) presentations offer increasingly engaging and intuitive channels of communication.

Here’s my run-down of some of the best, most popular or most innovative data visualization tools available today. These are all paid-for (although they all offer free trials or personal-use licences). Look out for another post soon on completely free and open source alternatives.

Tableau

Tableau is often regarded as the grand master of data visualization software and for good reason. Tableau has a very large customer base of 57,000+ accounts across many industries due to its simplicity of use and ability to produce interactive visualizations far beyond those provided by general BI solutions. It is particularly well suited to handling the huge and very fast-changing datasets which are used in Big Data operations, including artificial intelligence and machine learning applications, thanks to integration with a large number of advanced database solutions including Hadoop, Amazon AWS, My SQL, SAP and Teradata. Extensive research and testing has gone into enabling Tableau to create graphics and visualizations as efficiently as possible, and to make them easy for humans to understand.

Qlikview

Qlik with their Qlikview tool is the other major player in this space and Tableau’s biggest competitor. The vendor has over 40,000 customer accounts across over 100 countries, and those that use it frequently cite its highly customizable setup and wide feature range as a key advantage. This however can mean that it takes more time to get to grips with and use it to its full potential. In addition to its data visualization capabilities Qlikview offers powerful business intelligence, analytics and enterprise reporting capabilities and I particularly like the clean and clutter-free user interface. Qlikview is commonly used alongside its sister package, Qliksense, which handles data exploration and discovery. There is also a strong community and there are plenty of third-party resources available online to help new users understand how to integrate it in their projects.

FusionCharts

This is a very widely-used, JavaScript-based charting and visualization package that has established itself as one of the leaders in the paid-for market. It can produce 90 different chart types and integrates with a large number of platforms and frameworks giving a great deal of flexibility. One feature that has helped make FusionCharts very popular is that rather than having to start each new visualization from scratch, users can pick from a range of “live” example templates, simply plugging in their own data sources as needed.

Question-13

What is the hypervisor and what is the role of it?

A hypervisor is one of two main ways to virtualize a computing environment. By ‘virtualize’, we mean to divide the resources (CPU, RAM etc.) of the physical computing environment (known as a host) into several smaller independent ‘virtual machines’ known as guests. Each guest can run its own operating system, to which it appears the virtual machine has its own CPU and RAM, i.e. it appears as if it has its own physical machine even though it does not. To do this efficiently, it requires support from the underlying processor (a feature called VT-x on Intel, and AMD-V on AMD).

One of the key functions a hypervisor provides is isolation, meaning that a guest cannot affect the operation of the host or any other guest, even if it crashes. As such, the hypervisor must carefully emulate the hardware of a physical machine, and (except under carefully controlled circumstances), prevent access by a guest to the real hardware. How the hypervisor does this is a key determinant of virtual machine performance. But because emulating real hardware can be slow, hypervisors often provide special drivers, so called ‘paravirtualized drivers’ or ‘PV drivers’, such that virtual disks and network cards can be represented to the guest as if they were a new piece of hardware, using an interface optimized for the hypervisor. These PV drivers are operating system and (often) hypervisor specific. Use of PV drivers can speed up performance by an order of magnitude, and are also a key determinant to performance.

Type 1 and Type 2 hypervisors

Hypervisors are often divided between Type 1 and Type 2 hypervisors.

A Type 1 hypervisor (sometimes called a ‘Bare Metal’ hypervisor) runs directly on top of the physical hardware. Each guest operating system runs atop the hypervisor. Xen is perhaps the canonical example.

One or more guests may be designated as special in some way (in Xen this is called ‘dom-0’) and afforded privileged control over the hypervisor.

A Type 2 hypervisor (sometimes called a ‘Hosted’ hypervisor) runs inside an operating system which in turn runs on the physical hardware. Each guest operating system then runs atop the hypervisor. Desktop virtualization systems often work in this manner.

A common perception is that Type 1 hypervisors will perform better than Type 2 hypervisors because a Type 1 hypervisor avoids the overhead of the host operating system when accessing physical resources. This is too simplistic an analysis. For instance, at first glance, KVM is launched as a process on a host Linux operating system, so appears to be a Type 2 hypervisor. In fact, the process launched merely gives access to a limited number of resources through the host operating system, and most performance sensitive tasks are performed by a kernel module which has direct access to the hardware. Hyper-V is often thought of as a Type 2 hypervisor because of its management through the Windows GUI; however, in reality, a hypervisor layer is loaded beneath the host operating system.

Another wrinkle is that the term ‘bare metal’ (often used to signify a Type 1 hypervisor) is often used to refer to a hypervisor that loads (with or without a small embedded host operating system, and whether or not technically a Type 1 hypervisor) without installation on an existing platform, rather like an appliance. VMware describes ESXi as a ‘bare metal’ hypervisor in this context. Flexiant Cloud Orchestrator’s deployment of both Xen and KVM also fit into this category: we PXEboot a tiny operating system image dedicated to the running of the hypervisor. However, both hypervisors could be installed in a conventional server environment.

https://bit.ly/2tR4LV1

Question-14

How does the emulation is different from VMs?

The purpose of a virtual machine is to create an isolated environment.

The purpose of an emulator is to accurately reproduce the behavior of some hardware.

Emulation or virtualization: What’s the difference?

Emulation and virtualization carry many similarities, yet they have distinct operational differences. If you’re looking to access an older operating system within a newer architecture, emulation would be your preferred route. Conversely, virtualized systems act independent of the underlying hardware. We’ll look to separate these often confused terms, and describe what each of them mean for business IT operations.

What’s the difference?

Emulation, in short, involves making one system imitate another. For example, if a piece of software runs on system A and not on system B, we make system B “emulate” the working of system A. The software then runs on an emulation of system A.

In this same example, virtualization would involve taking system A and splitting it into two servers, B and C. Both of these “virtual” servers are independent software containers, having their own access to software based resources – CPU, RAM, storage and networking – and can be rebooted independently. They behave exactly like real hardware, and an application or another computer would not be able to tell the difference.

Each of these technologies have their own uses, benefits and shortcomings.

Emulation

In our emulation example, software fills in for hardware – creating an environment that behaves in a hardware-like manner. This takes a toll on the processor by allocating cycles to the emulation process – cycles that would instead be utilized executing calculations. Thus, a large part of the CPU muscle is expended in creating this environment.

Interestingly enough, you can run a virtual server in an emulated environment. So, if emulation is such a waste of resources, why consider it?

Emulation can be effectively utilized in the following scenarios:

• Running an operating system meant for other hardware (e.g., Mac software on a PC; console-based games on a computer)

• Running software meant for another operating system (running Mac-specific software on a PC and vice versa)

• Running legacy software after comparable hardware become obsolete

Emulation is also useful when designing software for multiple systems. The coding can be done on a single machine, and the application can be run in emulations of multiple operating systems, all running simultaneously in their own windows.

Virtualization

In our virtualization example, we can safely say that it utilizes computing resources in an efficient, functional manner – independent of their physical location or layout. A fast machine with ample RAM and sufficient storage can be split into multiple servers, each with a pool of resources. That single machine, ordinarily deployed as a single server, could then host a company’s web and email server. Computing resources that were previously underutilized can now be used to full potential. This can help drastically cut down costs.

While emulated environments require a software bridge to interact with the hardware, virtualization accesses hardware directly. However, despite being the overall faster option, virtualization is limited to running software that was already capable of running on the underlying hardware. The clearest benefits of virtualization include:

•Wide compatibility with existing x86 CPU architecture

•Ability to appear as physical devices to all hardware and software

•Self-contained in each instance

Between emulation and virtualization, your business can perform most virtual systems functions. While both services sound alike, it all revolves around how you utilize the software. If you want the software to get out of the way, virtualization allows guest code to run directly on the CPU. Conversely, emulators will run the guest code themselves, saving the CPU for other tasks.

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Question-15

Compare and contrast the VMs and containers/dockers, indicating their advantages and disadvantages

Both VMs and containers can help get the most out of available computer hardware and software resources. Containers are the new kids on the block, but VMs have been, and continue to be, tremendously popular in data centers of all sizes.

If you’re looking for the best solution for running your own services in the cloud, you need to understand these virtualization technologies, how they compare to each other, and what are the best uses for each. Here’s our quick introduction.

Basic Definitions — VMs and Containers

What are VMs?

A virtual machine (VM) is an emulation of a computer system. Put simply, it makes it possible to run what appear to be many separate computers on hardware that is actually one computer.

The operating systems (“OS”) and their applications share hardware resources from a single host server, or from a pool of host servers. Each VM requires its own underlying OS, and the hardware is virtualized. A hypervisor, or a virtual machine monitor, is software, firmware, or hardware that creates and runs VMs. It sits between the hardware and the virtual machine and is necessary to virtualize the server.

Since the advent of affordable virtualization technology and cloud computing services, IT departments large and small have embraced virtual machines (VMs) as a way to lower costs and increase efficiencies.

VMs, however, can take up a lot of system resources. Each VM runs not just a full copy of an operating system, but a virtual copy of all the hardware that the operating system needs to run. This quickly adds up to a lot of RAM and CPU cycles. That’s still economical compared to running separate actual computers, but for some applications it can be overkill, which led to the development of containers.

Benefits of VMs

All OS resources available to apps

Established management tools

Established security tools

Better known security controls

Popular VM Providers

VMware vSphere

VirtualBox

Xen

Hyper-V

KVM

What are Containers?

With containers, instead of virtualizing the underlying computer like a virtual machine (VM), just the OS is virtualized.

Containers sit on top of a physical server and its host OS — typically Linux or Windows. Each container shares the host OS kernel and, usually, the binaries and libraries, too. Shared components are read-only. Sharing OS resources such as libraries significantly reduces the need to reproduce the operating system code, and means that a server can run multiple workloads with a single operating system installation. Containers are thus exceptionally light — they are only megabytes in size and take just seconds to start. Compared to containers, VMs take minutes to run and are an order of magnitude larger than an equivalent container.

In contrast to VMs, all that a container requires is enough of an operating system, supporting programs and libraries, and system resources to run a specific program. What this means in practice is you can put two to three times as many as applications on a single server with containers than you can with a VM. In addition, with containers you can create a portable, consistent operating environment for development, testing, and deployment.

Types of Containers

Linux Containers (LXC) — The original Linux container technology is Linux Containers, commonly known as LXC. LXC is a Linux operating system level virtualization method for running multiple isolated Linux systems on a single host.

Docker — Docker started as a project to build single-application LXC containers, introducing several changes to LXC that make containers more portable and flexible to use. It later morphed into its own container runtime environment. At a high level, Docker is a Linux utility that can efficiently create, ship, and run containers.

Benefits of Containers

Reduced IT management resources

Reduced size of snapshots

Quicker spinning up apps

Reduced & simplified security updates

Less code to transfer, migrate, upload workloads

Popular Container Providers

Linux Containers

Docker

Windows Server Containers

LXC

LXD

CGManager

Uses for VMs vs Uses for Containers

Both containers and VMs have benefits and drawbacks, and the ultimate decision will depend on your specific needs, but there are some general rules of thumb.

VMs are a better choice for running apps that require all of the operating system’s resources and functionality, when you need to run multiple applications on servers, or have a wide variety of operating systems to manage.

Containers are a better choice when your biggest priority is maximizing the number of applications running on a minimal number of servers.

What’s the Diff: VMs vs Containers

VMs Containers

Heavy weight Lightweight Limited performance Native performance Each VM runs in its own OSAll Containers share the host OS Hardware-level virtualization OS virtualization Startup time in minutes Startup time in milliseconds Allocates required memory Requires less memory space

For most, the ideal setup is likely to include both. With the current state of virtualization technology, the flexibility of VMs and the minimal resource requirements of containers work together to provide environments with maximum functionality.

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cleancutpage · 6 years ago

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How To Search For Real Estate

This post originally appeared on Marketplace Advertiser, QuantumListing Blog and is republished with permission. Find out how to syndicate your content with theBrokerList.

Learn all the best ways to search for commercial real estate listings.

Recently at the QuantumListing offices, we were doing Google searches to see where QuantumListing shows up in the results.

Some searches yielded better results than others. Interestingly, some of those searches, like “commercial real estate listing sites,” yielded links to articles that were about real estate listing websites, not the listing sites themselves. And these articles were not so much touting the pros and cons of each, but drawing attention to their existence.

Mentioned again and again in these articles were CoStar and Loopnet. This makes sense as they are the collective godfather of the online commercial real estate listing search. You can’t have an article about commercial real estate listing sites without mentioning those two.

CoStar and LoopNet, which are both owned by the CoStar Group, have set the standard for real estate search tools. And, according to their own marketing materials, 83% of all commercial site searches on the internet start on their platforms.

In my brokerage company, Perlmutter Properties, I have used both CoStar and LoopNet. The information was flawed but good enough that I used both services for many years. And the flaws in the data are as much the fault of brokers and owners as the platforms themselves.

According to commercial real estate listing platform, Reonomy, there are over 50,000,000 commercial properties in the United States. Every year, there are millions of leases and sales of commercial property. Statista reports that there were $490 billion in real estate transactions in 2016. I’ve seen statistics valuing the U.S. commercial real estate market between $6 and $ 11 trillion. The spread between the two numbers is probably the difference in valuations between buyers and sellers!)

Does it sound economically healthy to have 83% of the information regarding those nearly $500 billion in transactions flowing through one company?

Kudos to them for making it happen. Shame on us for letting it happen.

So if you want to venture beyond CoStar and LoopNet in your CRE search, below you may find a list of articles that will give you the landscape of resources for your commercial real estate listing marketing and search, depending on which side of the transaction you fall at any given moment. Some of the articles predate QuantumListing, and also Xceligent’s demise, but nonetheless contain still-useful information. Without any further editorializing, other than noting that posts referencing QuantumListing be at the beginning of the list, here are some useful resources to help you in your commercial real estate search:

National Association of Realtors – Commercial Data and Listing Resources SharpLaunch – The Ultimate Guide to Commercial Real Estate Listing Sites Commercialrealestatelistingservices.com CREOutsider.com App News Featuring Griddig, QuantumListing, SharpLaunch and Nuzzel Real Estate Tech News Reviews QuantumListing 9 Free LoopNet Alternatives to Find Commercial Real Estate Reonomy – The Guide to the Best Commercial Real Estate Listing Platforms SVN Graham, Langlois & Legendre – Top Commercial Real Estate Listing Sites Bigger Pockets – Commercial Real Estate Listing Tools, News & Discussions The American Genius – 32 Commercial Real Estate site you should be familiar with (OMG it’s from 2010 and written by Duke Long!) CREoutsider.com – CoStar/Loopnet, What Are the Alternatives?

Do you have a great list of commercial real estate listing sites you’d like to share? Let us know in the comments!

RSS Feed provided by theBrokerList Blog - Are you on theBrokerList for commercial real estate (cre)? and How To Search For Real Estate was written by David Perlmutter.

How To Search For Real Estate published first on https://greatlivinghomespage.tumblr.com/

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robertbryantblog · 5 years ago

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siliconwebx · 6 years ago

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WordPress Competitors – 19 Popular Alternatives to WordPress

WordPress is popular, and we love it, but it is not the only publishing platform. There are WordPress alternatives that you can use to build your website.

Each of these WordPress competitors are different and have their own pros and cons. You need to understand those differences and limitations when choosing a WordPress alternative.

In this article, we will show you some of the most popular alternatives to WordPress currently available on the market.

1. Wix

Wix is a completely hosted web site builder. It offers a limited free version to use for personal or small business website. Both free and paid plans come with pre-designed templates that users can modify using a drag and drop page builder.

Wix also has eCommerce support with its paid plans which allows site owners to accept online payments using PayPal or Authorize.net. See our article on Wix vs WordPress for a side by side comparison of the two platforms.

If you are already using Wix and want to transfer it to WordPress, then see our article on how to properly switch from Wix to WordPress.

2. Gator by HostGator

Gator is a fully hosted website builder created by HostGator. They are one of the top website hosting companies in the world and know their stuff when it comes to hosting websites.

Gator comes with ready-made website designs that you can customize with a user-friendly drag and drop website builder. Even absolute beginners can quickly familiarize themselves with the app without any learning curve.

Their Starter and Premium plans are suitable for small business websites. You will need their eCommerce plan to add shopping cart and other eCommerce features. Each plan also includes a free domain name and a free SSL certificate.

3. BigCommerce

If you are looking for an eCommerce ready alternative to WordPress, then BigCommerce could be the right platform for you. It is a fully-hosted eCommerce website builder with drag and drop tools and beautiful templates to get you started.

It supports many payment gateways including PayPal, Stripe, Appley Pay, and Pay with Amazon. One notable advantage of using BigCommerce is that they don’t charge you for transactions.

BigCommerce allows you to add unlimited products, view your store performance, and use built-in tools to optimize conversions and boost sales. It also comes with a native WordPress integration, so you can use BigCommerce for your store while WordPress for your main content website.

BigCommerce works with a lot of other third-party apps that you will need to grow your business.

4. Shopify

If you want to build an online store, then Shopify is a great alternative to WordPress. It provides easy to use tools to create your own online shop. You can sell your products and accept payments.

Shopify comes with a simple guided setup that helps you quickly get started with your eCommerce store. It has ready-made templates, apps, and lots of integration options.

Wondering how it compares to WooCommerce (the best WordPress eCommerce plugin)? ]

See our article on Shopify vs WooCommerce for a detailed comparison of the two platforms.

5. 1&1 IONOS Builder

1&1 IONOS Website Builder is another fully-hosted solution with simple drag and drop tools. You don’t have to worry about managing software, installing updates, or making backups. It comes with a guided setup that helps you choose a website design based on your website’s industry or topic.

All designs come with relevant placeholder content that you can then replace with your own. Each plan gives you hosting, a free domain name, and your own branded email addresses.

6. Weebly

Weebly is another completely hosted website builder. It allows you to create your own website using pre-designed templates and their drag-drop page builder.

Weebly has limited eCommerce support, but you can use custom domain names. For a full comparison see our comparison of WordPress vs Weebly.

If you are already using Weebly and want to switch to WordPress, then see our step by step guide on how to properly move from Weebly to WordPress

7. Medium

Medium is a popular publishing platform. It is different than WordPress in many ways. It is not a full content management system. Their focus is on blogging and the community aspect. It aims to connect people with stories and ideas that matter to them.

Medium is designed to provide a clutter-free writing area for publishers and similar reading experience for the readers. It looks beautiful on all devices and screen sizes. Users don’t have to worry about themes or plugins because there are none.

Instead of comments, Medium has in-line notes and responses. You don’t need to worry about the software as Medium is a completely hosted platform. Medium does not allow custom domain names anymore, which means you cannot use your own domain name for your publication.

See our comparison of Medium vs WordPress to see the difference between two platforms.

We also have a step by step tutorial for users who want to move their articles from Medium to a WordPress website.

8. Ghost

Several WordPress users who wanted to focus on blogging felt that WordPress was going in a different direction. This gave birth to Ghost, which is a NodeJS based blogging software.

The difference is that Ghost is entirely focused on blogging and keeping the clutter away. It provides a clean writing and browsing experience for bloggers and readers.

9. Joomla

Joomla is a popular CMS software and an open source WordPress competitor. It is a strong, multi-purpose, and flexible CMS platform with a large community of users and developers.

Joomla allows you to do many of the things that WordPress can do, and then some more. Like WordPress themes and plugins, Joomla comes with extensions and templates. It is already used by millions of users, small businesses, corporations, government and nonprofits all over the world.

Just like WordPress, Joomla has a community support system, extensive documentation, and it runs on most web hosting platforms.

Wondering how it stacks up against WordPress? See our article on WordPress vs Joomla vs Drupal for a comparison of these three open source CMS platforms.

We also have a step by step tutorial for users who want to move from Joomla to WordPress.

10. Drupal

Drupal is another very popular open source CMS. Just like WordPress and Joomla, Drupal has a strong user base and developer community. It powers nearly 2.1% of all websites on the internet including The White House, The Economist, State of Georgia, and many more.

Drupal has modules and themes just like WordPress plugins and themes. It shares the same software requirements as WordPress and Joomla, so it can run on pretty much any web host that supports WordPress.

11. Jekyll

Jekyll is a static site generator. It is written in Ruby and requires NodeJS. It is a lot different than WordPress. For starters, it is a static site generator which means it takes your text and generates static HTML pages for your site (no database).

You can use free hosting provided by GitHub Pages with Jekyll. This means that if you are familiar with Markdown, SVN, Git, and command line, then you will be up and running in no-time. In other words, this is made for developers!

12. Tumblr

Tumblr is a popular free blogging platform. Tumblr combines blogging with social and makes it quite fun. It has a strong user base despite the fact that it was acquired by Yahoo in 2013.

Tumblr allows users to choose from free or premium themes. Users can also use custom domain names for their Tumblr blogs. Apart from your blog, you can also create pages. It is a completely hosted solution, so you don’t have to worry about installing or maintaining any software.

Tumblr has several limitations when compared to WordPress. You cannot easily monetize your content or run an eCommerce store. You also have to follow their content guidelines otherwise your website will be suspended.

We have a step by step tutorial on how to move from Tumblr to WordPress for users looking for a Tumblr alternative with more freedoms.

13. CMS Made Simple

CMS Made Simple is another open source CMS with similar features as WordPress, Drupal, and Joomla. It is written in PHP and uses MySQL for the database.

It also has themes and modules which allow users to easily extend built-in features. It provides on-screen instructions plus there is free community support and extensive documentation to get you started.

14. Squarespace

Squarespace is a paid site builder that can be used as a WordPress alternative. It is extremely easy to use and a completely hosted solution.

Just like Wix and Weebly, Squarespace also offers ready-to-use templates that you can customize. There are no plugins or additional modules to install. You can only use the features provided by Squarespace. See our comparison of Squarespace vs WordPress.

Due to its limitations, many Squarespace users eventually move to WordPress. For those users, we have a step by step guide on how to move from Squarespace to WordPress.

15. Textpattern

Textpattern is another open source content management system. It shares the same server requirements as WordPress. It is a much simpler and straight forward CMS with a limited following.

It comes with a built-in user log for statistics and a native commenting system. It uses Textile to convert plain text into HTML.

16. Expression Engine

Expression Engine is a PHP+MySQL based paid CMS. There is a basic free version with very limited features available for download. Unlike other open source CMS in our list, Expression Engine requires a license fee and most additional features are available as paid addons.

17. Google Sites

Google Sites is an easy and simple way to build small websites. It is extremely easy to use, free to host, and you can even use your own custom domain for your site.

It cannot be compared with CMS software in our list, but it can be compared with services like Wix, Weebly, and Squarespace.

18. Statamic

Statamic is a paid, and flat file CMS software. Unlike other CMS software in our list, Statamic does not store your site’s data in a database. Instead it uses PHP, YAML and Markdown to generate pages.

19. Blogger

Last but not least, Blogger is still alive. It is a free blog service by Google. It has most of the features you would need for blogging. A commenting system, built-in social capabilities, easy to use, templates, and the option to use your own domain name.

We have written a full comparison between Blogger vs WordPress (Pros and Cons). If you are using Blogger and want to switch to WordPress, then follow this guide.

We hope this article provided you a chance to look at some popular WordPress alternatives. While looking at these alternatives, you may want to take a look at our complete WordPress review and top reasons why you should use WordPress.

If you liked this article, then please subscribe to our YouTube Channel for WordPress video tutorials. You can also find us on Twitter and Facebook.

The post WordPress Competitors – 19 Popular Alternatives to WordPress appeared first on WPBeginner.

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sheilalmartinia · 6 years ago

Text

WordPress Competitors – 19 Popular Alternatives to WordPress

WordPress is popular, and we love it, but it is not the only publishing platform. There are WordPress alternatives that you can use to build your website.

Each of these WordPress competitors are different and have their own pros and cons. You need to understand those differences and limitations when choosing a WordPress alternative.

In this article, we will show you some of the most popular alternatives to WordPress currently available on the market.

1. Wix

If you are already using Wix and want to transfer it to WordPress, then see our article on how to properly switch from Wix to WordPress.

2. Gator by HostGator

Gator is a fully hosted website builder created by HostGator. They are one of the top website hosting companies in the world and know their stuff when it comes to hosting websites.

3. BigCommerce

It supports many payment gateways including PayPal, Stripe, Appley Pay, and Pay with Amazon. One notable advantage of using BigCommerce is that they don’t charge you for transactions.

BigCommerce works with a lot of other third-party apps that you will need to grow your business.

4. Shopify

If you want to build an online store, then Shopify is a great alternative to WordPress. It provides easy to use tools to create your own online shop. You can sell your products and accept payments.

Shopify comes with a simple guided setup that helps you quickly get started with your eCommerce store. It has ready-made templates, apps, and lots of integration options.

Wondering how it compares to WooCommerce (the best WordPress eCommerce plugin)? ]

See our article on Shopify vs WooCommerce for a detailed comparison of the two platforms.

5. 1&1 IONOS Builder

All designs come with relevant placeholder content that you can then replace with your own. Each plan gives you hosting, a free domain name, and your own branded email addresses.

6. Weebly

Weebly is another completely hosted website builder. It allows you to create your own website using pre-designed templates and their drag-drop page builder.

Weebly has limited eCommerce support, but you can use custom domain names. For a full comparison see our comparison of WordPress vs Weebly.

If you are already using Weebly and want to switch to WordPress, then see our step by step guide on how to properly move from Weebly to WordPress

7. Medium

See our comparison of Medium vs WordPress to see the difference between two platforms.

We also have a step by step tutorial for users who want to move their articles from Medium to a WordPress website.

8. Ghost

Several WordPress users who wanted to focus on blogging felt that WordPress was going in a different direction. This gave birth to Ghost, which is a NodeJS based blogging software.

The difference is that Ghost is entirely focused on blogging and keeping the clutter away. It provides a clean writing and browsing experience for bloggers and readers.

9. Joomla

Joomla is a popular CMS software and an open source WordPress competitor. It is a strong, multi-purpose, and flexible CMS platform with a large community of users and developers.

Just like WordPress, Joomla has a community support system, extensive documentation, and it runs on most web hosting platforms.

Wondering how it stacks up against WordPress? See our article on WordPress vs Joomla vs Drupal for a comparison of these three open source CMS platforms.

We also have a step by step tutorial for users who want to move from Joomla to WordPress.

10. Drupal

11. Jekyll

12. Tumblr

Tumblr is a popular free blogging platform. Tumblr combines blogging with social and makes it quite fun. It has a strong user base despite the fact that it was acquired by Yahoo in 2013.

We have a step by step tutorial on how to move from Tumblr to WordPress for users looking for a Tumblr alternative with more freedoms.

13. CMS Made Simple

CMS Made Simple is another open source CMS with similar features as WordPress, Drupal, and Joomla. It is written in PHP and uses MySQL for the database.

14. Squarespace

Squarespace is a paid site builder that can be used as a WordPress alternative. It is extremely easy to use and a completely hosted solution.

Due to its limitations, many Squarespace users eventually move to WordPress. For those users, we have a step by step guide on how to move from Squarespace to WordPress.

15. Textpattern

Textpattern is another open source content management system. It shares the same server requirements as WordPress. It is a much simpler and straight forward CMS with a limited following.

It comes with a built-in user log for statistics and a native commenting system. It uses Textile to convert plain text into HTML.

16. Expression Engine

17. Google Sites

Google Sites is an easy and simple way to build small websites. It is extremely easy to use, free to host, and you can even use your own custom domain for your site.

It cannot be compared with CMS software in our list, but it can be compared with services like Wix, Weebly, and Squarespace.

18. Statamic

19. Blogger

We have written a full comparison between Blogger vs WordPress (Pros and Cons). If you are using Blogger and want to switch to WordPress, then follow this guide.

If you liked this article, then please subscribe to our YouTube Channel for WordPress video tutorials. You can also find us on Twitter and Facebook.

The post WordPress Competitors – 19 Popular Alternatives to WordPress appeared first on WPBeginner.

from WPBeginner https://www.wpbeginner.com/showcase/wordpress-competitors-23-popular-alternatives-to-wordpress/

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cracksoulsblog · 7 years ago

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pattersondonaldblk5 · 7 years ago

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Onboarding: A College Student Discovers A List Apart

What would you say if I told you I just read and analyzed over 350 articles from A List Apart in less than six weeks? “You’re crazy!” might have passed through your lips. In that case, what would you say if I was doing it for a grade? Well, you might say that makes sense.

As a part of an Independent Research Study for my undergraduate degree, I wanted to fill in some of the gaps I had when it came to working with the World Wide Web. I wanted to know more about user experience and user interface design, however, I needed the most help getting to know the industry in general. Naturally, my professor directed me to A List Apart.

At first I wasn’t sure what I was going to get out of the assignment other than the credit I needed to graduate. What could one website really tell me? As I read article after article, I realized that I wasn’t just looking at a website—I was looking at a community. A community with history in which people have struggled to build the right way. One that is constantly working to be open to all. One that is always learning, always evolving, and sometimes hard to keep up with. A community that, without my realizing it, I had become a part of. For me, the web has pretty much always been there, but now that I am better acquainted with its past, I am energized to be a part of its future. Take a look at some of the articles that inspired this change in me.

A bit of history

I started in the Business section and went back as far as November 1999. What a whirlwind that was! I had no idea what people went through and the battles that they fought to make the web what it is today. Now, I don’t mean to date any of you lovely readers, but I would have been three years old when the first business article on A List Apart was published, so everything I read until about 2010 was news to me.

For instance, when I came across Jeffrey Zeldman’s “Survivor! (How Your Peers Are Coping with the Dotcom Crisis)” that was published in 2001, I had no idea what he was talking about! The literal note I wrote for that article was: “Some sh** went down in the late 1990s???” I was in the dark until I had the chance to Google it and sheepishly ask my parents.

I had the same problem with the term Web 2.0. It wasn’t until I looked it up that I realized I didn’t know what it was, because I never experienced Web 1.0 (having not had access to the internet until 2004). In that short time, the industry had completely reinvented itself before I ever had a chance to log on!

The other bit of history that surprised me was how long and hard people had to fight to get web standards and accessibility in line. In school I’ve always been taught to make my sites accessible, and that just seemed like common sense to me. I guess I now understand why I have mixed feelings about Flash.

What I learned about accessibility

Accessibility is one of the topics I took a lot of notes on. I was glad to see that although a lot of progress had been made in this area, people were still taking the time to write about and constantly make improvements to it. In Beth Raduenzel’s “A DIY Web Accessibility Blueprint,” she explains the fundamentals to remember when designing for accessibility, including considering:

keyboard users;

blind users;

color-blind users;

low-vision users;

deaf and hard-of-hearing users;

users with learning disabilities and cognitive limitations;

mobility-impaired users;

users with speech disabilities;

and users with seizure disorders.

It was nice to have someone clearly spell it out. However, the term “user” was used a lot. This distances us from the people we are supposed to be designing for. Anne Gibson feels the same way; in her article, she states that “[web] accessibility means that people can use the web.” All people. In “My Accessibility Journey: What I’ve Learned So Far,” Manuel Matuzović gives exact examples of this:

If your site takes ten seconds to load on a mobile connection, it’s not accessible.

If your site is only optimized for one browser, it’s not accessible.

If the content on your site is difficult to understand, your site isn’t accessible.

It goes beyond just people with disabilities (although they are certainly not to be discounted).

I learned a lot of tips for designing with specific people in mind. Like including WAI-ARIA in my code to benefit visually-impaired users, and checking the color contrast of my site for people with color blindness and low-vision problems. One article even inspired me to download a Sketch plugin to easily check the contrast of my designs in the future. I’m more than willing to do what I can to allow my website to be accessible to all, but I also understand that it’s not an easy feat, and I will never get it totally right.

User research and testing methods that were new to me

Nevertheless, we still keep learning. Another topic on A List Apart I desperately wanted to absorb was the countless research, testing, and development methods I came across in my readings. Every time I turn around, someone else has come up with another way of working, and I’m always trying to keep my finger in the pie.

I’m happy to report that the majority of the methods I read about I already knew about and have used in my own projects at school. I’ve been doing open interview techniques, personas, style tiles, and element collages all along, but I was surprised by how many new practices I’d come across.

The Kano Model, the Core Model, Wizard of Oz prototyping, and think-alouds were some of the methods that piqued my curiosity. Others like brand architecture research, call center log analysis, clickstream analysis, search analytics, and stakeholder reviews I’ve heard of before, but have never been given the opportunity to try.

Unattended qualitative research, A/B testing and fake-door testing are those that stood out to me. I liked that they allow you to conduct research even if you don’t have any users in front of you. I learned a lot of new terms and did a lot of research in this section. After all, it’s easy to get lost in all the jargon.

The endless amount of abbreviations

I spent a lot of my time Googling terms during this project—especially with the older articles that mentioned programs like Fireworks that aren’t really used anymore. One of my greatest fears in working with web design is that someone will ask me something and I will have no idea what they are talking about. When I was reading all the articles, I had the hardest time with the substantial amount of abbreviations I came across: AJAX, API, ARIA, ASCII, B2B, B2C, CMS, CRM, CSS, EE, GUI, HTML, IIS, IPO, JSP, MSA, RFP, ROI, RSS, SASS, SEM, SEO, SGML, SOS, SOW, SVN, and WYSIWYG, just to name a few. Did you manage to get them all? Probably not.

We don’t use abbreviations in school because they aren’t always clear and the professors know we won’t know what they mean. To a newbie like me, these abbreviations feel like a barrier. A wall that divides the veterans of the industry and those trying to enter it. I can’t imagine how the clients must feel.

It seems as if I am not alone in my frustrations. Inayaili de León says in her article “Becoming Better Communicators,” “We want people to care about design as much as we do, but how can they if we speak to them in a foreign language?” I’m training to be a designer, I’m in Design, and I had to look up almost every abbreviation listed above.

What I learned about myself

Prior to taking on this assignment, I would have been very hesitant to declare myself capable of creating digital design. To my surprise, I’m not alone. Matt Griffin thinks, “… the constant change and adjustments that come with living on the internet can feel overwhelming.” Kendra Skeene admits, “It’s a lot to keep track of, whether you’ve been working on the web for [twenty] years or only [twenty] months.”

My fear of not knowing all the fancy lingo was lessened when I read Lyza Danger Gardner’s “Never Heard of It.” She is a seasoned professional who admits to not knowing it all, so I, a soon-to-be-grad, can too. I have good foundations and Google on my side for those pesky abbreviations that keep popping up. As long as I just remember to use my brain as Dave Rupert suggests, when I go to get a job I should do just fine.

Entering the workplace

Before starting this assignment, I knew I wanted to work in digital and interaction design, but I didn’t know where. I was worried I didn’t know enough about the web to be able to design for it—that all the jobs out there would require me to know coding languages I’d never heard of before, and I’d have a hard time standing out among the crowd.

The articles I read on A List Apart supplied me with plenty of solid career advice. After reading articles written by designers, project managers, developers, marketers, writers, and more, I’ve come out with a better understanding of what kind of work I want to do. In the article “80/20 Practitioners Make Better Communicators,” Katie Kovalcin makes a good point about not forcing yourself to learn skills just because you feel the need to:

We’ve all heard the argument that designers need to code. And while that might be ideal in some cases, the point is to expand your personal spectrum of skills to be more useful to your team, whether that manifests itself in the form of design, content strategy, UX, or even project management. A strong team foundation begins by addressing gaps that need to be filled and the places where people can meet in the middle.

I already have skills that someone desperately needs. I just need to find the right fit and expand my skills from there. Brandon Gregory also feels that hiring isn’t all about technical knowledge. In his article, he says, “personality, fit with the team, communication skills, openness to change, [and] leadership potential” are just as important.

Along with solid technical fundamentals and good soft skills, it seems as if having a voice is also crucial. When I read Jeffrey Zeldman’s article “The Love You Make,” it became clear to me that if I ever wanted to get anywhere with my career, I was going to have to start writing.

Standout articles

The writers on A List Apart have opened my eyes to many new subjects and perspectives on web design. I particularly enjoyed looking through the game design lens in Graham Herrli’s “Gaming the System … and Winning.” It was one of the few articles where I copied his diagram on interaction personality types and their goals into my notebook. Another article that made me consider a new perspective was “The King vs. Pawn Game of UI Design” by Erik Kennedy. To start with one simple element and grow from there really made something click in my head.

However, I think that the interview I read between Mica McPheeters and Sara Wachter-Boettcher stuck with me the most. I actually caught myself saying “hmm” out loud as I was reading along. Sara’s point about crash-test dummies being sized to the average male completely shifted my understanding about how important user-centered design is. Like, life-or-death important. There is no excuse not to test your products or services on a variety of users if this is what’s at stake! It’s an article I’m glad I read.

Problems I’ve noticed in the industry

During the course of my project, I noticed some things about A List Apart that I was spending so much time on. Like, for example, it wasn’t until I got to the articles that were published after 2014 that I really started to understand and relate to the content; funnily enough, that was the year I started my design degree.

I also noticed that it was around this time that female writers became much more prominent on the site. Today there may be many women on A List Apart, but I must point out a lack of women of color. Shoutout to Aimee Gonzalez-Cameron for her article “Hello, My Name is <Error>,” a beautiful assertion for cultural inclusion on the web through user-centered design.

Despite the lack of representation of women of color, I was very happy to see many writers acknowledge their privilege in the industry. Thanks to Cennydd Bowles, Matt Griffin, and Rian van der Merwe for their articles. My only qualm is that the topic of privilege has only appeared on A List Apart in the last five years. Because isn’t it kinda ironic? As creators of the web we aim to allow everyone access to our content, but not everyone has access to the industry itself. Sara Wachter-Boettcher wrote an interesting article that expands on this idea, which you should read if you haven’t already. However, I won’t hold it against any of you. That’s why we are here anyway: to learn.

The takeaway

Looking back at this assignment, I’m happy to say that I did it. It was worth every second (even with the possible eye damage from reading off my computer screen for hours on end). It was worth it because I learned more than I had ever anticipated. I received an unexpected history lesson of the recent internet past. I was bombarded by an explosion of new terms and abbreviations. I learned a lot about myself and how I can possibly fit into this community. Most importantly, I came out on the other end with more confidence in myself and my abilities—which is probably the greatest graduation gift I could receive from a final project in my last year of university. Thanks for reading, and wish me luck!

Thanks

Thanks to my Interactive Design professor Michael LeBlanc for giving me this assignment and pushing me to take it further.

https://ift.tt/2kjXQf3

#Onboarding: A College Student Discovers A List Apart

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dustinwootenne · 7 years ago

Text

Onboarding: A College Student Discovers A List Apart

A bit of history

What I learned about accessibility

keyboard users;

blind users;

color-blind users;

low-vision users;

deaf and hard-of-hearing users;

users with learning disabilities and cognitive limitations;

mobility-impaired users;

users with speech disabilities;

and users with seizure disorders.

If your site takes ten seconds to load on a mobile connection, it’s not accessible.

If your site is only optimized for one browser, it’s not accessible.

If the content on your site is difficult to understand, your site isn’t accessible.

It goes beyond just people with disabilities (although they are certainly not to be discounted).

User research and testing methods that were new to me

The endless amount of abbreviations

What I learned about myself

Entering the workplace

Standout articles

Problems I’ve noticed in the industry

The takeaway

Thanks

Thanks to my Interactive Design professor Michael LeBlanc for giving me this assignment and pushing me to take it further.

https://ift.tt/2kjXQf3

#Onboarding: A College Student Discovers A List Apart

0 notes

joannlyfgnch · 7 years ago

Text

Onboarding: A College Student Discovers A List Apart

A bit of history

What I learned about accessibility

keyboard users;

blind users;

color-blind users;

low-vision users;

deaf and hard-of-hearing users;

users with learning disabilities and cognitive limitations;

mobility-impaired users;

users with speech disabilities;

and users with seizure disorders.

If your site takes ten seconds to load on a mobile connection, it’s not accessible.

If your site is only optimized for one browser, it’s not accessible.

If the content on your site is difficult to understand, your site isn’t accessible.

It goes beyond just people with disabilities (although they are certainly not to be discounted).

User research and testing methods that were new to me

The endless amount of abbreviations

What I learned about myself

Entering the workplace

Standout articles

Problems I’ve noticed in the industry

The takeaway

Thanks

Thanks to my Interactive Design professor Michael LeBlanc for giving me this assignment and pushing me to take it further.

https://ift.tt/2kjXQf3

#Onboarding: A College Student Discovers A List Apart

0 notes