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dreadedmother · 6 years

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The Plutonian Drug ~ Clark Ashton Smith

'It is remarkable.' said Dr. Manners, 'how the scope of our pharmacopoeia has been widened by interplanetary exploration. In the past thirty years, hundreds of hitherto unknown substances, employable as drugs or medical agents, have been found in the other worlds of our own system. It will be interesting to see what the Allan Farquar expedition will bring back from the planets of Alpha Centaurt when -- or if — it succeeds in reaching then and returning to earth. I doubt, though, if anything more valuable than selenine will be discovered. Selenine, derived from a fossil lichen found by the first rocket-expedition to the moon in 1975, has, as you know, practically wiped out the old-time curse of cancer. In solution, it forms the base of an infallible serum, equally useful for cure or prevention.'

'I fear I haven't kept up on a lot of the new discoveries,' said Rupert Balcoth the sculptor, Manners' guest, a little apologetically. 'Of course, everyone has heard of selenine. And I've seen frequent mention, recently, of a mineral water from Ganymede whose effects are like those of the mythical Fountain of Youth.'

'You mean clithni, as the stuff is called by the Ganymedians. It is a clear, emerald liquid, rising in lofty geysers from the craters of quiescent volcanoes. Scientists believe that the drinking of clithni is the secret of the almost fabulous longevity of the Ganymedians; and they think that it may prove to be a similar elixir for humanity.'

'Some of the extraplametary drugs haven't been so beneficial to mankind, have they? ' queried Balcoth. 'I seem to have heard of a Martian poison that has greatly facilitated the gentle art of murder. And I am told that mnophka, the Venerian narcotic, is far worse, in its effects on the human system, than is any terrestrial alkaloid.'

'Naturally,' observed the doctor with philosophic calm, 'many of these new chemical agents are capable of due abuse. They share that liability with any number of our native drugs. Man, as ever; has the choice of good and evil... I suppose that the Martian poison you speak of is akpaloli, the juice of a common russet-yellow weed that grows in the oases of Mars. It is colorless, and without taste or odor. It kills almost instantly, leaving no trace, and imitating closely the symptoms of heart-disease. Undoubtedly many people have been made away with by means of a surreptitious drop of akpaloli in their food or medicine. But even akpaloli, if used in infinitesimal doses, is a very powerful stimulant, useful in cases of syncope, and serving, not infrequently to re-animate victims of paralysis in a quite miraculous manner.

'Of course,' he went on, 'there is an infinite lot still to be learned about many of these ultra-terrene substances. Their virtues have often been discovered quite by accident — and in some cases, the virtue is still to be discovered.

'For example, take mnophka, which you mentioned a little while ago. Though allied in a way, to the earthnarcotics, such as opium and hashish, it is of little use for anaesthetic or anodyne purposes. Its chief effects are an extraordinary acceleration of the time-sense, and a heightening and telescoping of all sensations, whether pleasurable or painful. The user seems to be living and moving at a furious whirlwind rate — even though he may in reality be lying quiescent on a couch. He exists in a headlong torrent of sense-impressions, and seems, in a few minutes, to undergo the experiences of years. The physical result is lamentable — a profound exhaustion, and an actual aging of the tissues, such as would ordinarily require the period of real time which the addict has "lived" through merely in his own illusion.

'There are some other drugs, comparatively little known, whose effects, if possible, are even more curious than those of mnophka. I don't suppose you have ever heard of plutonium?'

'No, I haven't,' admitted Balcoth. 'Tell me about it.'

'I can do even better than that — I can show you some of the stuff, though it isn't much to look at — merely a fine white powder.'

Dr. Manners rose from the pneumatic-cushioned chair in which he sat facing his guest, and went to a large cabinet of synthetic ebony, whose shelves were crowded with flasks, bottles, tubes, and cartons of various sizes and forms. Re turning, he handed to Balcoth a squat and tiny vial, twothirds filled with a starchy substance.

'Plutonium,' explained Manners, 'as its name would indicate, comes from forlom, frozen Pluto, which only one terrestrial expedition has so far visited — the expedition led by the Cornell brothers, John and Augustine, which started in 1990 and did not return to earth till 1996, when nearly everyone had given it up as lost. John, as you may have heard, died during the returning voyage, together with half the personnel of the expedition: and the others reached earth with only one reserve oxygen-tank remaining.

This vial contains about a tenth of the existing supply of plutonium. Augustine Cornell, who is an old schoolfriend of mine gave it to me three years ago, just before he embarked with the Allan Farquar crowd. I count myself pretty lucky to own anything so rare.

'The geologists of the party found the stuff when they began prying beneath the solidified gases that cover the surface of that dim, starlit planet, in an effort to learn a little about its composition and history. They couldn't do much under the circumstances, with limited time and equipment; but they made some curious discoveries — of which plutonium was far from being the least.

'Like selenine, the stuff is a bi-product of vegetable fossilization. Doubtless it is many billion years old, and dates back to the time when Pluto possessed enough internal heat to make possible the development of certain rudimentary plant-forms on its blind surface. It must have had an atmosphere then; though no evidence of former animal-life was found by the Cornells.

'Plutonium, in addition to carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, contains minute quantities of several unclassified elements. It was discovered in a crystalloid condition, but turned immediately to the fine powder that you see, as soon as it was exposed to air in the rocketship. It is readily soluble in water, forming a permanent colloid, without the least sign of deposit, no matter how long it remains in suspension.'

'You say it is a drug?' queried Balcoth. 'What does it do to you?'

'I'll come to that in a minute — though the effect is pretty hard to describe. The properties of the stuff were discovered by chance: on the return journey from Pluto, a member of the expedition, half delirious with space-fever, got hold of the unmarked jar containing it and took a small dose, imagining that it was bromide of potassium. It served to complicate his delirium for a while — since it gave him some brand-new ideas about space and time.

'Other people have experimented with it since then. The effects are quite brief (the influence never lasts more than half an hour) and they vary considerably with the individual. There is no bad aftermath, either neural, mental, or physical, as far as anyone has been able to determine. I've taken it myself, once or twice, and can testify to that.

'Just what it does to one, I am not sure. Perhaps it merely produces a derangement or metamorphosis of sensations, like hashish; or perhaps it serves to stimulate some rudimentary organ, some dormant sense of the human brain. At any rate there is, as clearly as I can put it, an altering of the perception of time — of actual duration — into a sort of space-perception. One sees the past, and also the future, in relation to one's own physical self, like a landscape stretching away on either hand. You don't see very far, it is true -merely the events of a few hours in each direction; but it's a very curious experience; and it helps to give you a new slant on the mystery of time and space. It is altogether different from the delusions of mnophka.'

'It sounds very interesting,' admitted Balcoth. 'However, I've never tampered much with narcotics myself; though I did experiment once or twice, in my young, romantic days with cannabis Indica. I had been reading Gautiet and Baudelaire, I suppose. Anyway, the result was rather disappointing.'

'You didn't take it long enough for your system to absorb a residuum of the drug, I imagine,' said Manners. 'Thus the effects were negligible, from a visionary standpoint, But plutonium is altogether different — you get the maximum result from the very first dose. I think it would interest you greatly, Balcoth, since you are a sculptor by profession: you would see some unusual plastic images, not easy to render in terms of Euclidean planes and angles. I'd gladly give you a pinch of it now, if you'd care to experiment.'

'You're pretty generous, aren't you, since the stuff is so rare?'

'I'm not being generous at all. For years, I've planned to write a monograph on ultra-terrestrial narcotics; and you might give me some valuable data. With your type of brain and your highly developed artistic sense, the visions of plutonium should be uncommonly clear and significant. All I ask is, that you describe them to me as fully as you can afterwards.'

'Very well,' agreed Balcoth. 'I'll try anything once.' His curiosity was inveigled, his imagination seduced, by Manner's account of the remarkable drug.

Manners brought out an antique whisky-glass, which he filled nearly to the rim with some golden-red liquid. Uncorking the vial of plutonium, he added to this fluid a small pinch of the fine white powder, which dissolved immediately and without effervescence.

'The liquid is a wine made from a sweet Martian tuber known as ovvra,' he explained. 'It is light and harmless, and will counteract the bitter taste of the plutonium. Drink, it quickly and then lean back in your chair.'

Balcoth hesitated, eyeing the golden-red fluid.

'Are you quite sure the effects will wear off as promptly as you say?' he questioned. 'It's a quarter past nine now, and I'll have to leave about ten to keep an appointment with one of my patrons at the Belvedere Club. It's the billionaire, Claud Wishhaven. who wants me to do a bas-relief in pseudo-jade and neo-jasper for the hall of his country mansion. He wants something really advanced and futuristic. We're to talk it over tonight — decide on the motifs, etc.'

"That gives you forty-five minutes," assured the doctor -- 'and in thirty, at the most your brain and senses will be perfectly normal again. I've never known it to fail. You'll have fifteen minutes to spare, in which to tell me all about your sensations.'

Balcoth emptied the little antique glass at a gulp and leaned back, as Manners had directed, on the deep pneumatic cushions of the chair; He seemed to be falling easily but endlessly into a mist that had gathered in the room with unexplainable rapidity; and through this mist he was dimly aware that Manners had taken the empty glass from his relaxing fingers. He saw the face of Manners far above him, small and blurred, as if in some tremendous perspective of alpine distance; and the doctor's simple action seemed to be occurring in another world.

He continued to fall and float through eternal mist, in which all things were dissolved as in the primordial nebulae of chaos. After a timeless interval, the mist which had been uniformly gray and hueless at first, took on a flowing iridescence, never the same for two successive moments; and the sense of gentle falling turned to a giddy revolution, as if he were caught in an ever-accelerating vortex.

Coincidentally with his movement in this whirlpool of prismatic splendor, he seemed to undergo an indescribable mutation of the senses. The whirling colors, by subtle, ceaseless gradations, became recognizable as solid forms. Emerging, as if by an act of creation, from the infinite chaos, they appeared to take their place in an equally infinite vista. The feeling of movement, through decrescent spirals, was resolved into absolute immobility. Balcoth was no longer conscious of himself as a living organic body: he was an abstract eye, a discorporate center of visual awareness, stationed alone in space, and yet having an intimate relationship with the frozen prospect on which he peered from his ineffable vantage.

Without surprise, he found that he was gazing simultaneously in two directions. On either hand, for a vast distance that was wholly void of normal perspective, a weird and peculiar landscape stretched away, traversed by an unbroken frieze or bas-relief of human figures that ran like a straight undeviating wall.

For awhile, the frieze was incomprehensible to Balcoth, he could make nothing of its glacial, flowing outlines with their background of repeated masses and complicated angles and sections of other human friezes that approached or departed, often in a very abrupt manner, from an unseen world beyond. Then the vision seemed to resolve and clarify itself, and he began to understand.

The bas-relief, he saw, was composed entirely of a repetition of his own figure; plainly distinct as the separate waves of a stream, and possessing a stream-like unity. Immediately before him, and for some distance on either hand. the figure was seated in a chair — the chair itself being subject to the same billowy repetition. The background was composed of the reduplicated figure of Dr. Manners, in another chair; and behind this, the manifold images of a medicine cabinet and a section of wall-paneling.

Following the vista on what, for lack of any better name, might be termed the left hand, Balcoth saw himself in the act of draining the antique glass, with Manners standing before him. Then, still further, he saw himself previous to this, with a background in which Manners was presenting him the glass, was preparing the dose of plutonium, was going to the cabinet for the vial, was rising from his pneumatic chair. Every movement, every attitude of the doctor and himself during their past conversation, was visioned in a sort of reverse order, reaching away, unalterable as a wall of stone sculpture, into the weird, eternal landscape. There was no break in the continuity of his own figure; but Manners seemed to disappear at times, as if into a fourth dimension. These times, he remembered later, were the occasions whem the doctor had not been in his line of vision. The perception was wholly visual; and though Balcoth saw his own lips and those of Manner's parted in movements of speech, he could hear no word or other sound.

Perhaps the most singular feature of the vision was the utter absence of foreshortening. Though Balcoth seemed to behold it all from a fixed, immovable point, the landscape and the intersecting frieze presented themselves to him without diminution, maintaining a frontal fullness and distinctness to a distance that might have been many miles.

Continuing along the left-hand vista, he saw himself entering Manners' apartments, and then encountered his image standing in the elevator that had borne him to the ninth floor of the hundred story hotel in which Manners lived. Then the frieze appeared to have an open street for background, with a confused, ever-changing multitude of other faces and forms, of vehicles and sections of buildings, all jumbled together as in some old-time futuristic painting. Some of these details were full and clear, and others were cryptically broken,and blurred, so as to be scarcely recognizable. Everything, whatever its spatial position and relation, was re-arranged in the flowing frozen stream of this temporal pattern.

Balcoth retraced the three blocks from Manners' hotel to his own studio, seeing all his past movements, whatever their direction in tri-dimensional space, as a straight line in the time-dimemion. At last he was in his studio; and there the frieze of his own figure receded into the eerie prospect of space-transmuted time among other friezes formed of actual sculptures. He beheld himself giving the final touches with his chisel to a symbolic statue at the afternoon's end, with a glare of ruddy sunset falling through an unseen window and flushing the pallid marble. Beyond this there was a reverse fading of the glow, a thickening and blurring of the half-chiselled features of the image, a female form to which he had given the tentative name of Oblivion. At length, among half-seen statuary, the left-hand vista became indistinct, and melted slowly in amorphous mist. He had seen his own life as a continuous glaciated stream, stretching for about five hours into the past.

Reaching away on the right hand, he saw the vista of the future. Here there was a continuation of his seated figure under the influence of the drug, opposite the continued bas relief of Dr. Manners and the repeated cabinet and wall panels. After a considerable interval, he beheld himself in the act of rising from the chair. Standing erect, he seemed to be talking awhile, as in some silent antique film, to the listening doctor. After that, he was shaking hands with Manners, was leaving the apartment, was descending in the lift and following the open brightly-lighted street toward the Belvedere Club where he was to keep his appointment with Claud Wishhaven.

The Club was only three blocks away, on another street; and the shortest route, after the first block, was along a narrow alley between an office building and a warehouse. Balcoth had meant to take this alley; and in his vision, he saw the bas-relief of his future figure passing along the straight pavement with a background of deserted doorways and dim walls that towered from sight against the extinguished stars.

He seemed to be alone: there were no passers — only the silent, glimmering endlessly repeated angles of arc-lit walls and windows that accompanied his repeated figure. He saw himself following the alley, like a stream in some profound canyon; and there midway, the strange vision came to an abrupt inexplicable end, without the gradual blurring into formless mist, that had marked his retrospective view of the past.

The sculpture-like frieze with its architectural ground appeared to terminate, broken off clean and sharp, in a gulf of immeasurable blackness and nullity. The last wave-like duplication of his own person, the vague doorway beyond it, the glimmering alley-pavement, all were seen as if shorn asunder by a falling sword of darkness, leaving a vertical line of cleavage beyond which there was — nothing.

Balcoth had a feeling of utter detachment from himself, an eloignment from the stream of time, from the shores of space, in some abstract dimension. The experience, in its full realization, might have lasted for an instant only — or for eternity. Without wonder, without curiosity or reflection, like a fourth-dimensional Eye, he viewed simultaneously the unequal cross-sections of his own past and future.

After that timeless interval of complete perception, there began a reverse process of change. He, the all-seeing eye, aloof in super-space, was aware of movement, as if he were drawn back by some subtle thread of magnetism into the dungeon of time and space from which he had momentarily departed. He seemed to be following the frieze of his own seated body toward the right, with a dimly felt rhythm or pulsation in his movement that corresponded to the merging duplications of the figure. With curious clearness, he realized that the time-unit, by which these duplications were determined, was the beating of his own heart.

Now with accelerative swiftness, the vision of petrific form and space was re-dissolving into a spiral swirl of multitudinous colors, through which he was drawn upward. Presently he came to himself, seated in the pneumatic chair, with Dr. Manners opposite. The room seemed to waver a little, as if with some lingering touch of the weird transmutation; and webs of spinning iris hung in the corners of his eyes. Apart from this, the effect of the drug had wholly vanished, leaving, however, a singularly clear and vivid memory of the almost ineffable experience.

Dr. Manners began to question him at once, and Balcoth described his visionary sensations as fully and graphically as he could.

'There is one thing I don't understand,' said Manners at the end with a puzzled frown. 'According to your account, you must have seen five or six hours of the past, running in a straight spatial line, as a sort of continuous landscape; but the vista of the future ended sharply after you had followed it for three-quarters of an hour; or less. I've never known the drug to act so unequally: the past and future perspectives have always been about the same in their extent for others who have used plutoninum.'

'Well,' observed Balcoth, 'the reaI marvel is that I could see into the future at all. In a way, I can understand the vision of the past. It was clearly composed of physical memories — of all my recent movements; and the background was formed of all the impressions my optic nerves had received during that time. But how could I behold something that hasn't yet happened?'

'There's the mystery, of course,' assented Manners. 'I can think of only one explanation at all intelligible to our finite minds. This is, that all the events which compose the stream of time have already happened, are happening, and will continue to happen forever. In our ordinary state of consciousness, we perceive with the physical senses merely that moment which we call the present. Under the influence of plutonium, you were able to extend the moment of present cognition in both directions, and to behold simultaneously a portion of that which is normally beyond perception. Thus appeared the vision of yourself as a continuous, immobile body, extending through the time-vista.'

Balcoth, who had been standing, now took his leave. 'I must be going,' he said, 'or I'll be late for my appointment.'

'I won't detain you any longer,' said Manners. He appeared to hesitate, and then added: 'I'm still at a loss to comprehend the abrupt cleavage and termination of your prospect of the future. The alley in which it seemed to end was Falman Alley, I suppose — your shortest route to the Belvedere Club. If I were you, Balcoth, I'd take another route, even if it requires a few minutes extra.'

'That sounds rather sinister,' laughed Balcoth. 'Do you think that something may happen to me in Falman Alley?'

'I hope not — but I can't guarantee that it won't.' Manners' tone was oddly dry and severe. 'You'd better do as I suggest.'

Balcoth felt the touch of a momentary shadow as he left the hotel — a premonition brief and light as the passing of some night-bird on noiseless wings. What could it mean -that gulf of infinite blackness into which the weird frieze of his future had appeared to plunge, like a frozen cataract? Was there a menace of some sort that awaited him in a particular place, at a particular moment?

He had a curious feeling of repetition, of doing something that he had done before, as he followed the street. Reaching the entrance of Falman Alley, he took out his watch. By walking briskly and following the alley, he would reach the Belvedere Club punctually. But if he went on around the next block, he would be a little late. Balcoth knew that his prospective patron, Claud Wishhaven, was almost a martinet in demanding punctuality from himself and from others. So he took the alley.

The place appeared to be entirely deserted, as in his vision. Midway, Balcoth approached the half-seen door — a rear entrance of the huge warehouse — which had formed the termination of the time prospect. The door was his last visual impression, for something descended on his head at that moment, and his consciousness was blotted out by the supervening night he had previsioned He had been sand- bagged, very quietly and efficiently, by a twenty-first century thug. The blow was fatal; and time, as far as Balcoth was concerned, had come to an end.

#clark ashton smith #plutonium #full story

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statetalks · 3 years

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How Many Republicans Voted To Impeach Trump

Here Are The 7 Republicans Who Voted To Convict Trump

Republicans who voted to impeach Donald Trump facing severe voter backlash

Seven Republican senators voted to convict former President Trump on the charge of incitement to insurrection, joining Democrats to make it it a far more bipartisan vote than Mr. Trump’s first impeachment trial. But the final vote of 57-43 fell short of the 67 votes that would have been needed for conviction.

The Republicans voting to convict were Senators Richard Burr of North Carolina, Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, Susan Collins of Maine, Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, Mitt Romney of Utah, Ben Sasse of Nebraska and Pat Toomey of Pennsylvania.

Romney’s vote was all but a given, and the votes from Collins and Murkowski weren’t unexpected. Perhaps the most surprising vote came from Burr.

But something distinguishes most of the Republicans who voted to convict Mr. Trump most of them aren’t up for reelection soon. Murkowski is the only one of the group facing reelection in 2022. Burr and Toomey aren’t running for another term.

Collins and Murkowski asked some of the most probing questions on Friday when senators had the chance to pose questions to the defense and to the House impeachment managers.

Collins, Murkowski, Romney and Sasse also joined Democrats in voting to call witnesses Saturday, as did Repubilcan Senator Lindsey Graham. But Democrats ultimately backed off on calling witnesses.

Several of the senators released statements explaining their decisions following the vote Saturday.

How Will Democrats Address A Skeptical Senate

The managers says they have an open-and-shut case. But they also know they’re dealing with a Senate that includes many who want to acquit Trump for fear of losing their political careers.

The impeachment managers’ brief, led by Rep. Jamie Raskin of Maryland, argues that Trump is “singularly responsible for the violence and destruction that unfolded in our seat of government on January 6.”

They will seek to connect the dots from the riot to Trump’s rhetoric falsely claiming that the election was stolen and his encouragement of the rioters.

Notably, the Democrats’ brief also includes a section arguing that the unconstitutionality claims are “wrong” and “dangerous.” They say the framers of the Constitution didn’t want the country to be “virtually defenseless against a president’s treachery in his final days” or to create a “January Exception” to impeachment or anything else in the Constitution.

Nixons Support In Congress Deteriorates

Despite a triple whammy of events in late Julythe widely covered Judiciary Committee hearings, the Supreme Courts order to surrender the tapes, and six Republican defectionsNixon, according to White House Chief of Staff Alexander Haig, had not changed one iota his sense of selfconfidence and sense of determination to see this thing through. He was closely studying the possible vote counts that impeachment in the House or trial in the Senate would get; Henry Kissinger later sympathetically described the president at this time as a man awake in his own nightmare. Republican leaders in Congress were also estimating vote counts. During a July 29 meeting between House Minority Leader John Rhodes and Senate Minority Leader Hugh Scott, Rhodes estimated that impeachment in the House would get as many as 300 votes and Scott surmised that there were 60 votes for conviction in the Senate . Both felt that the situation was deteriorating for the president.

Public support for the president was also deteriorating. A Harris Poll completed August 3 found that twothirds of the American public believe that President Nixon should be impeached over Watergate scandals and tried. The proimpeachment total had increased by 13 percentage points during the course of the Judiciary Committees televised debate and votes on the articles of impeachment.

Numerous Gop Primary Challengers Could Split Anti

As they prepare to face primary challengers, the 10 House Republicans who voted to impeach then-President Donald Trump after his supporters stormed the Capitol on Jan. 6 raised significantly more money during the first quarter of 2021 than they did two years earlier.

The group, leveraging the power of incumbency, also swamped their GOP primary opponents in almost every instance during the first round of fundraising since angering Mr. Trump with their votes, new Federal Election Commission filings show.

While all the incumbents outraised challengers who filed campaign finance reports, it is still early in the two-year election cycle and money is just one factor in typically low-turnout primaries.

Mr. Trumps political-action committees could also weigh in financially on some of the contests, and his endorsements could carry significant weight with the partys base. The PACs arent required to report their latest totals until July, but one of them, Save America PAC, started the year with $31 million in the bank and has continued to raise money since then.

In a speech earlier this year at the Conservative Political Action Conference, where he called out all 10 by name, Mr. Trump told his supporters to get rid of them all in next years elections.

Lisa Murkowski Of Alaska

Ms. Murkowski, 63, a senator since 2002, is up for re-election in 2022. She has appeal for both Democrats and independents and won a write-in campaign in 2010 after losing the Republican primary. She has harshly criticized Mr. Trumps actions before and during the Capitol rampage, calling his conduct unlawful.

Its not about me and my life and my job, Ms. Murkowski told a Politico reporter who asked about the political risk she took with her vote. This is really about what we stand for. If I cant say what I believe that our president should stand for, then why should I ask Alaskans to stand with me?

House Votes To Impeach Trump But Senate Trial Unlikely Before Bidens Inauguration

9. Rep. John Katko, New Yorks 24th: Katko is a moderate from an evenly divided moderate district. A former federal prosecutor, he said of Trump: It cannot be ignored that President Trump encouraged this insurrection. He also noted that as the riot was happening, Trump refused to call it off, putting countless lives in danger.

10. Rep. David Valadao, Californias 21st: The Southern California congressman represents a majority-Latino district Biden won 54% to 44%. Valadao won election to this seat in 2012 before losing it in 2018 and winning it back in the fall. Hes the rare case of a member of Congress who touts his willingness to work with the other party. Of his vote for impeachment, he said: President Trump was, without question, a driving force in the catastrophic events that took place on January 6. He added, His inciting rhetoric was un-American, abhorrent, and absolutely an impeachable offense.

Impeachment Of Donald Trump 2019

Policy positions

Donald Trump was impeached twice. This page covers the first impeachment. , which took place in 2021.

On February 5, 2020, President Donald Trump was acquitted of abuse of power by a vote of 52-48 and obstruction of Congress by a vote of 53-47.

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi first announced the House would pursue an inquiry into Trump on September 24, 2019, following allegations that Trump requested the Ukrainian government investigate former Vice President Joe Biden and his son, Hunter Biden, in exchange for aid.

Trump denied the allegations and called the inquiry the worst witch hunt in political history.

Following weeks of public hearings, the House voted to impeach Trump on December 18, 2019, charging him with abuse of power by a vote of 230-197 and obstruction of Congress by a vote of 229-198. For a breakdown of the U.S. House votes by representative and party, .

The trial began on January 16, 2020, after seven impeachment managers from the U.S. House of Representatives presented the two articles of impeachment to the U.S. Senate.

Sen. Mitt Romney was the only Republican to vote guilty on the abuse of power charge, becoming the first senator in U.S. history to vote to convict a president from his own party in an impeachment trial. The vote on obstruction of Congress ran along party lines.

For an overview and timeline of the impeachment trial proceedings, .

The Gop Impeachment 10 Try To Navigate Cheneys Demise And Their Own Futures

When 10 Republicans voted to impeach President Donald Trump on Jan. 13, it marked a historic milestone: It was the most House members from a presidents party to vote to remove him from office.

But since that vote, the 10 lawmakers have cut different paths in grappling with the fallout as they consider their political futures in a party still beholden to Trump.

Reps. Liz Cheney and Adam Kinzinger have made their votes career-defining, arguing that pushing back against Trumps false assertions that the 2020 election was stolen is about protecting democracy and the soul of the Republican Party.

Others, such as Reps. Anthony Gonzalez , Jaime Herrera Beutler and Peter Meijer , have vocally defended their votes and Cheney amid a caucuswide push to oust her from leadership, though they have not sought to make it a marquee issue.

The rest have moved on, even if they stand by their decision, seemingly in line with House GOP leaderships argument that what is important now is opposing President Bidens agenda and regaining the majority in the 2022 midterms, not what happened after the 2020 election.

In a letter sent to his Republican colleagues on Monday, House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy said it was time for Cheney to go.

Trump Calls For ‘no Violence’ As Congress Moves To Impeach Him For Role In Riot

Several House Republicans to vote to impeach President Trump

This time, there will be more. Some Republican senators have called on Trump to resign, and even Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell said he is undecided at this point.

Trump’s impeachment won’t lead to his removal even if he is convicted because of the timeline. The Senate is adjourned until Tuesday. The next day, Biden will be sworn in as the 46th president. But there’s another penalty the Constitution allows for as a result of a Senate conviction that could be appealing to some Republican senators banning Trump from holding “office” again.

While there is some debate as to the definition of “office” in the Constitution and whether that would apply to running for president or even Congress, that kind of public rebuke would send a strong message that Republicans are ready to move on from Trumpism.

With Trump Facing His Second Impeachment Trial In The Senate Republicans Are Arguing It Would Be Unconstitutional To Try Trump Now That Hes A Civilian

Senator Rand Paul on Tuesday introduced a motion to dismiss the single article of impeachment against former President Donald Trump claiming it is unconstitutional. The argument goes that impeachment is for removing an incumbent president so the Senate does not have the constitutional authority to try Trump now that he has left office. The motion was defeated but forty-five of his colleagues agreed with him.

The size of the support among GOP members does not bode well for a conviction of the former president who was impeached by the House for a second time just over a week before he left office. Two-thirds of the Senate would need to vote to convict Trump after the trial which is set to begin 9 February. That means 17 Republicans would have to side with Democrats in finding him guilty of inciting insurrection.

Impeachment Of Donald Trump 2021

Cabinet White House staff Transition team Policy positions Polling indexes: Opinion polling during the Trump administration

On February 13, 2021, former President Donald Trump was acquitted of incitement of insurrection. Fifty-seven senators voted to convict and 43 voted to acquit. Conviction requires a two-thirds vote of senators present.

On January 13, 2021, the House of Representatives voted to impeach Trump by a vote of 232-197 for incitement of insurrection. The resolution followed the January 6, 2021, breach of the U.S. Capitol, which disrupted a joint session of Congress convened to count the electoral votes from the 2020 presidential election. Ten Republicans supported the impeachment.

The resolution alleged that Trump attempted to subvert and obstruct the certification of the election results and incited a crowd to breach the Capitol, leading to vandalism, threats to members of the government and congressional personnel, the death of law enforcement, and other seditious acts. to read the resolution.

On January 12, 2021, Trump called the impeachment resolution the “continuation of the greatest witch hunt in the history of politics.” He added, “For Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer to continue on this path, I think it’s causing tremendous danger to our country and it’s causing tremendous anger.”

This page contains an overview of the following topics:

10Footnotes

Letters To The Editor Aug 20 2021

Ten House Republicans crossed party lines on Wednesday and voted to impeach President Trump which is 10 more than the amount to go against him the first time around.

The GOP lawmakers aligned with Democrats to formally charge the outgoing commander-in-chief with inciting violence against the government of the United States in last weeks storming of the Capitol by supporters he had addressed during a rally near the White House.

No Republicans voted in 2019 to impeach Trump the first time.

Here are the 10 GOP members who voted to impeach on Wednesday:

Majority Of House Republicans Who Voted To Impeach Trump Will Face America First Primary Challengers

Nine out of ten House Republicans who voted to impeach former President Donald Trump over the incident in the US capital on January 6 are facing primary challenges from America First candidates.

Reps. Liz Cheney , Tom Rice , Jaime Herrera Beutler , Adam Kinzinger , Dan Newhouse , Anthony Gonzalez , Fred Upton , Peter Meijer , and David Valadao are all expecting primary challenges from Republicans.

Trump vows to work against those Republicans as they run for reelection in 2022, and has already endorsed one primary challenger and signaled there are more to come,Fox News reported.

Instead of attacking me and, more importantly, the voters of our movement, top establishment Republicans in Washington should be spending their energy in opposing Biden, Pelosi, Schumer and the Democrats, Trump said in his February CPAC speech, Get rid of them all, he said of the Republicans who voted to impeach him, the outlet wrote.

TRENDING:They Openly Mock Us Now: Taliban Hangs Traitor by the Throat From US Helicopter in Kandahar Left Behind by Joe Biden

Rep. John Katko is the only Republican who has yet to encounter an America First challenger despite his support for impeachment. In May, Katko collaborated with House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to create a commission to investigate the January 6 incidents. In the end, the commission failed in the Senate.

Rep. Madeleine Dean said she is focused on substantive issues. Not just retribution for a failed, corrupt president.

Richard Burr North Carolina

Burr, who has said he will not seek re-election, had previously voted to dismiss the impeachment trial on constitutional grounds. Burr’s term expires in 2022.

“I have listened to the arguments presented by both sides and considered the facts. The facts are clear,” explained Burr in a statement.

“By what he did and by what he did not do, President Trump violated his oath of office to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States,” he explained, adding that he didn’t come to “this decision lightly.”

Who Are The 7 Republican Senators That Voted To Convict Trump In Second Impeachment Trial

WASHINGTON Seven Republicans voted Saturday to convict former President Donald Trump in his Senate impeachment trial, easily the largest number of lawmakers to ever vote to find a president of their own party guilty at impeachment proceedings.

While lawmakers voted 57-43 to find Trump guilty, the evenly divided Senate fell well short of the two-thirds majority required to convict an impeached president, acquitting Trump of inciting an insurrection for riling up a crowd of his supporters before they attacked the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6.

Voting to find Trump guilty were GOP Sens. Richard Burr of North Carolina, Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, Susan Collins of Maine, Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, Mitt Romney of Utah, Ben Sasse of Nebraska and Patrick Toomey of Pennsylvania.

Susan Collins

The Maine centrist was the only Republican senator re-elected in 2020 in a state also won by Biden. She said Trump had incited the Jan. 6 riot.

President Trump subordinating the interests of the country to his own selfish interests bears significant responsibility for the invasion of the Capitol, Collins said on the Senate floor shortly after Former President Donald Trumps acquittal.

LISA MURKOWSKI

BILL CASSIDY

The Trump legal team responded to Cassidys question by saying, Directly no, but I dispute the premise of your facts.

RICHARD BURR

BEN SASSE

Illinois Rep Adam Kinzinger

Kinzinger, first elected to Congress in 2010 when voters swept House Republicans into power, has relied on his military background in crafting his legislative priorities, especially on foreign policy. The veteran of wars in Iraq and Afghanistan serves on the House Foreign Affairs panel, as well as Energy and Commerce. Kinzinger initially defended Trumps foreign policy and national security posture, but by 2018 he had become a critic of the commander in chief.

He voted in line with the president on legislation 90 percent of the time during the Trump years, according to CQ Vote Watch. Kinzinger voted with Trump 85 percent of the time in 2019. Trump carried Kinzingers 16th District, which stretches from Illinois Wisconsin border north of Rockford to its line with Indiana, in 2020. Trump got 57 percent of the vote in the district, according to Daily Kos Elections, while Kinzinger got 65 percent.

He immediately condemned Trump in a video statement on Jan. 6. The storming of the Capitol was a coup attempt, with the purpose of overturning the election of a duly elected president, he said. The current president incited this coup, encouraged it, and did little to protect the Capitol and the Constitution.

Trump Senate Republicans No Chief Justice: What To Watch For During The Impeachment Trial

Here are the 10 Republicans who voted to impeach President Donald Trump

WASHINGTON The impeachment trial of former President Donald Trump begins this week, returning the recently departed leader to the limelight.

As in his first impeachment trial a year ago, it will be difficult for Democrats to muster the two-thirds Senate majority required to convict him. But the trial is still expected to absorb the nation’s attention.

The case rests on a single charge approved by the Democratic-led House, with the support of 10 Republicans: that Trump incited the deadly Jan. 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol.

Even though Trump was defeated for re-election last year, the stakes of the trial are high for the country and for a Republican Party that is tethered to him as long as he remains popular among its core voters and has the option to run for president again.

As of Sunday evening, the structure of the trial and possible witnesses hadn’t yet been announced.

Here are five things to watch for when it begins:

South Carolina Rep Tom Rice

Rices vote for impeachment stunned those familiar with the South Carolina lawmakers record as a staunch Trump defender, especially during his first impeachment.

I have backed this President through thick and thin for four years. I campaigned for him and voted for him twice, Rice said in a statement Wednesday evening. But, this utter failure is inexcusable.

Rice voted for motions to object to certifying Bidens Electoral College victories in Arizona and Pennsylvania last week, votes that came after security teams cleared the building of rioters and members returned from a secure location. Rice told local media he waited until the last minute to cast those votes because he was extremely disappointed in the president after the riots and that Trump needed to concede the election. He also said last week that he did not support impeaching the president or invoking the 25th Amendment to remove him from office.

Rice, a member of the Ways and Means Committee, has supported the Trump administrations position 94 percent of the time over the past four years. He represents a solidly Republican district in the Myrtle Beach area that Trump carried by 19 points in November. Rice, who has had little difficulty holding his seat since his first 2012 victory, won his race by 24 points in November.

House Impeaches Trump A 2nd Time Citing Insurrection At Us Capitol

This vote could expose some of them to potential primary challenges from the right as well as possible safety threats, but for all of them Trump had simply gone too far. Multiple House Republicans said threats toward them and their families were factors weighing on their decisions on whether to impeach this president.

Ten out of 211 Republicans in the House is hardly an overwhelmingly bipartisan vote, and clearly, most Republicans’ sympathies still lie with Trump and his ardent base of followers. But the 10 represent something significant the most members of a president’s party to vote for his impeachment in U.S. history.

Trump Impeachment Results: How Democrats And Republicans Voted

FEB. 5, 2020

67 votes needed to convict

Not Guilty

67 votes needed to convict

Not Guilty 0 53

The deeply divided Senate on Wednesday acquitted President Donald J. Trump on the two articles of impeachment abuse of power and obstruction of Congress brought by the House. See how every senator voted below.

The votes fell far short of the two-thirds majority required to convict and remove the president from office. The Senate rejected the abuse of power charge 52 to 48, largely along party lines. Senators then voted 53 to 47 to defeat the second article charging Mr. Trump with obstruction of Congress.

One Republican, Senator Mitt Romney of Utah, broke with his party and voted in favor of the first article of impeachment, supporting the effort to remove the president.

Motion to Consider Witnesses or Documents

Vote failed on Friday.

On Friday, Senate Republicans succeeded in blocking a motion to consider additional witnesses and documents in the trial, including testimony from John R. Bolton, the presidents former national security adviser.

The crucial vote was cast largely along party lines and paved the way for Mr. Trumps acquittal in the third presidential impeachment trial in the nations history.

For the latest updates, follow our live coverage of the impeachment trial.

Michigan Rep Peter Meijer

The freshman Republican, who won a primary last summer in the 3rd District with the backing of House GOP leaders such as Kevin McCarthy, already is cutting an image for himself independent of his party after two weeks on the job. Its less surprising considering that former Rep. Justin Amash, the Republican-turned-independent-turned-Libertarian who split with Trump, held the seat before Meijer. Amash voted to impeach Trump in 2019.

The scion of the Meijer family, which founded the grocery store chain of the same name, is a veteran of the Iraq War. Trump won the 3rd District, which includes Grand Rapids and Battle Creek, with 51 percent of the vote. Meijer, who turned his campaign operation into a grocery delivery service in the early weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic, outperformed Trump in November, taking 53 percent of the vote.

Trump Acquitted In Impeachment Trial; 7 Gop Senators Vote With Democrats To Convict

The Senate on Saturday voted to acquit former President Donald Trump on a charge of incitement of insurrection despite significant Republican support for conviction, bringing an end to the fourth impeachment trial in U.S. history and the second for Trump.

Seven Republicans voted to convict Trump for allegedly inciting the deadly Jan. 6 riot at the Capitol, when a mob of pro-Trump supporters tried to disrupt the electoral vote count formalizing Joe Biden’s election win before a joint session of Congress. That is by far the most bipartisan support for conviction in impeachment history. The final vote was 57 to 43, 10 short of the 67 votes needed to secure a conviction.

Republican Sens. Richard Burr of North Carolina, Susan Collins of Maine, Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, Mitt Romney of Utah, Ben Sasse of Nebraska and Pat Toomey of Pennsylvania all voted guilty.

The vote means the Senate cannot bar Trump from holding future federal offices.

Moments after the vote concluded, the former president issued a statement praising his legal team and thanking the senators and other members of Congress “who stood proudly for the Constitution we all revere and for the sacred legal principles at the heart of our country.”

“This has been yet another phase of the greatest witch hunt in the history of our Country. No president has ever gone through anything like it,” Trump said.

source https://www.patriotsnet.com/how-many-republicans-voted-to-impeach-trump/

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livesets-dj-mixes-edm-podcasts · 3 years

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Download Call of the Wild 355 (10 Year Anniversary - Artist Takeover) for free now!

Artist: Show: Call of the Wild 355 (10 Year Anniversary – Artist Takeover) Quality: 320 Kbps 48000 Khz Genre: House, Dubstep Source: RSS

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Call of the Wild 355 (10 Year Anniversary – Artist Takeover) Tracklist

An unbound exploration of sound with the latest electronic music. Join thousands of people across the globe who are ready to break free from anything ordinary. Featuring unreleased previews, artist takeovers, and an immersive community. Whether partying, studying, or dreaming of the next big thing, these are the songs that define your journey into the wild. Listen or download Call of the Wild 355 (10 Year Anniversary – Artist Takeover) now!

00:45 Case & Point – All On Me (ft. Gamble & Burke) 04:30 Hellberg & Rich Edwards – Ashes (Burn Your Love) [ft. Danyka Nadeau] 08:47 Nitro Fun – New Game 10:47 Tut Tut Child – Hot Pursuit 15:11 Pegboard Nerds – Self Destruct 17:14 Grant, Anevo & Conro – Without You (ft. Victoria Zaro) 19:00 Bad Computer – Sanctuary 23:16 Pixel Terror – Contra (ft. Sara Skinner) 27:09 Going Quantum – Raw 30:27 Rogue, Stonebank & Slippy – Unity 33:48 MUZZ, Koven & Feint – Worth The Lie 36:20 Ephixa – Dubstep Killed Rock ’n’ Roll 38:51 Stephen Walking – The Difference Between Us And The Aliens 43:11 Protostar – Genesis 47:46 Mr FijiWiji, Direct & Aruna – Time to Say Goodbye (Aruna vs Rameses B Remix) 54:18 TwoThirds & Laura Brehm – Waking Dreams (Drum & Bass VIP Mix) 59:03 Laszlo – Our Arrival

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#Call of the Wild #Podcasts &amp; Radio Shows

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edmlivesets4u-blog · 3 years

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Call of the Wild 355 (10 Year Anniversary – Artist Takeover) Tracklist

#Call of the Wild #Podcasts &amp; Radio Shows

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moretalk · 4 years

Text

“Odds and Even Money

...The closer the fight is in fact to even money, the less attractive the long end of the odds will appear and, therefore, the shorter it must be if there are to be takers. That this is the case is apparent from mere inspection, from the Balinese's own analysis of the matter, and from what more systematic observations I was able to collect. Given the difficulty of making precise and complete recordings of side betting, this argument is hard to cast in numerical form, but in all my cases the odds-giver, odds-taker consensual point, a quite pronounced mini-max saddle where the bulk (at a guess, twothirds to three-quarters in most cases) of the bets are actually made, was three or four points further along the scale toward the shorter end for the large-center-bet fights than for the small ones, with medium ones generally in between. In detail, the fit is not, of course, exact, but the general pattern is quite consistent: the power of the center bet to pull the side bets toward its own even-money pattern is directly proportional to its size, because its size is directly proportional to the degree to which the cocks are in fact evenly matched. As for the volume question, total wagering is greater in large-center-bet fights because such fights are considered more "interesting," not only in the sense that they are less predictable, but, more crucially, that more is at stake in them--in terms of money, in terms of the quality of the cocks, and consequently, as we shall see, in terms of social prestige.) 17

The paradox of fair coin in the middle, biased coin on the outside is thus a merely apparent one. The two betting systems, though formally incongruent, are not really contradictory to one another, but part of a single larger system in which the center bet is, so to speak, the "center of gravity," drawing, the larger it is the more so, the outside bets toward the short-odds end of the scale. The center bet thus "makes the game," or perhaps better, defines it, signals what, following a notion of Jeremy Bentham's, I am going to call its "depth."

The Balinese attempt to create an interesting, if you will, "deep," match by making the center bet as large as possible so that the cocks matched will be as equal and as fine as possible, and the outcome, thus, as unpredictable as possible. They do not always succeed. Nearly half the matches are relatively trivial, relatively uninteresting--in my borrowed terminology, "shallow"--affairs. But that fact no more argues against my interpretation than the fact that most painters, poets, and playwrights are mediocre argues against the view that artistic effort is directed toward profundity and, with a certain frequency, approximates it. The image of artistic technique is indeed exact: the center bet is a means, a device, for creating "interesting," "deep" matches, not the reason, or at least not the main reason, why they are interesting, the source of their fascination, the substance of their depth. The question why such matches are interesting--indeed, for the Balinese, exquisitely absorbing--takes us out of the realm of formal concerns into more broadly sociological and social-psychological ones, and to a less purely economic idea of what "depth" in gaming amounts to.18

Bentham's concept of "deep play" is found in his The Theory of Legislation.19 By it he means play in which the stakes are so high that it is, from his utilitarian standpoint, irrational for men to engage in it at all. (If a man whose fortune is a thousand pounds (or ringgits) wages five hundred of it on an even bet, the marginal utility of the pound he stands to win is clearly less than the marginal disutility of the one he stands to lose. In genuine deep play, this is the case for both parties. They are both in over their heads. Having come together in search of pleasure they have entered into a relationship which will bring the participants, considered collectively, net pain rather than net pleasure. Bentham's conclusion was, therefore, that deep play was immoral from first principles and, a typical step for him, should be prevented legally.

But more interesting than the ethical problem, at least for our concerns here, is that despite the logical force of Bentham's analysis men do engage in such play, both passionately and often, and even in the face of law's revenge. For Bentham and those who think as he does (nowadays mainly lawyers, economists, and a few psychiatrists), the explanation is, as I have said, that such men are irrational--addicts, fetishists, children, fools, savages, who need only to be protected against themselves. But for the Balinese, though naturally they do not formulate it in so many words, the explanation lies in the fact that in such play, money is less a measure of utility, had or expected, than it is a symbol of moral import, perceived or imposed.

It is, in fact, in shallow games, ones in which smaller amounts of money are involved, that increments and decrements of cash are more nearly synonyms for utility and disutility, in the ordinary, unexpanded sense--for pleasure and pain, happiness and unhappiness. In deep ones, where the amounts of money are great, much more is at stake than material gain: namely, esteem, honor, dignity, respect--in a word, though in Bali a profoundly freighted word, status. 20It is at stake symbolically, for (a few cases of ruined addict gamblers aside) no one's status is actually altered by the outcome of a cockfight; it is only, and that momentarily, affirmed or insulted. But for the Balinese, for whom nothing is more pleasurable than an affront obliquely delivered or more painful than one obliquely received--particularly when mutual acquaintances, undeceived by surfaces, are watching--such appraisive drama is deep indeed.)

This, I must stress immediately, is not to say that the money does not matter, or that the Balinese is no more concerned about losing five hundred ringgits than fifteen. Such a conclusion would be absurd. It is because money does, in this hardly unmaterialistic society, matter and matter very much that the more of it one risks the more of a lot of other things, such as one's pride, one's poise, one's dispassion, one's masculinity, one also risks, again only momentarily but again very publicly as well. In deep cockfights an owner and his collaborators, and, as we shall see, to a lesser but still quite real extent also their backers on the outside, put their money where their status is.

It is in large part because the marginal disutility of loss is so great at the higher levels of betting that to engage in such betting is to lay one's public self, allusively and metaphorically, through the medium of one's cock, on the line. And though to a Benthamite this might seem merely to increase the irrationality of the enterprise that much further, to the Balinese what it mainly increases is the meaningfulness of it all. And as (to follow Weber rather than Bentham) the imposition of meaning on life is the major end and primary condition of human existence, that access of significance more than compensates for the economic costs involved.21 Actually, given the even-money quality of the larger matches, important changes in material fortune among those who regularly participate in them seem virtually nonexistent, because matters more or less even out over the long run. (It is, actually, in the smaller, shallow fights, where one finds the handful of more pure, addict-type gamblers involved--those who are in it mainly for the money--that "real" changes in social position, largely downward, are affected. Men of this sort, plungers, are highly dispraised by "true cockfighters" as fools who do not understand what the sport is all about, vulgarians who simply miss the point of it all. They are, these addicts, regarded as fair game for the genuine enthusiasts, those who do understand, to take a little money away from--something that is easy enough to do by luring them, through the force of their greed, into irrational bets on mismatched cocks. Most of them do indeed manage to ruin themselves in a remarkably short time, but there always seems to be one or two of them around, pawning their land and selling their clothes in order to bet, at any particular time.) 22

This graduated correlation of "status gambling" with deeper fights and, inversely, "money gambling" with shallower ones is in fact quite general. Bettors themselves form a sociomoral hierarchy in these terms. As noted earlier, at most cockfights there are, around the very edges of the cockfight area, a large number of mindless, sheer-chance type gambling games (roulette, dice throw, coin-spin, pea-under-the-shell) operated by concessionaires. Only women, children, adolescents, and various other sorts of people who do not (or not yet) fight cocks--the extremely poor, the socially despised, the personally idiosyncratic--play at these games, at, of course, penny ante levels. Cockfighting men would be ashamed to go anywhere near them. Slightly above these people in standing are those who, though they do not themselves fight cocks, bet on the smaller matches around the edges. Next, there are those who fight cocks in small, or occasionally medium matches, but have not the status to join in the large ones, though they may bet from time to time on the side in those. And finally, there are those, the really substantial members of the community, the solid citizenry around whom local life revolves, who fight in the larger fights and bet on them around the side. The focusing element in these focused gatherings, these men generally dominate and define the sport as they dominate and define the society. When a Balinese male talks, in that almost venerative way, about "the true cockfighter," the bebatoh ("bettor" ) or djuru kurung ("cage keeper"), it is this sort of person, not those who bring the mentality of the pea-and-shell game into the quite different, inappropriate context of the cockfight, the driven gambler (potet, a word which has the secondary meaning of thief or reprobate), and the wistful hanger-on, that they mean. For such a man, what is really going on in a match is something rather closer to an affaire d'honneur (though, with the Balinese talent for practical fantasy, the blood that is spilled is only figuratively human) than to the stupid, mechanical crank of a slot machine.

What makes Balinese cockfighting deep is thus not money in itself, but what, the more of it that is involved the more so, money causes to happen: the migration of the Balinese status hierarchy into the body of the cockfight. Psychologically an Aesopian representation of the ideal/demonic, rather narcissistic, male self, sociologically it is an equally Aesopian representation of the complex fields of tension set up by the controlled, muted, ceremonial, but for all that deeply felt, interaction of those selves in the context of everyday life. The cocks may be surrogates for their owners' personalities, animal mirrors of psychic form, but the cockfight is--or more exactly, deliberately is made to be--a simulation of the social matrix, the involved system of crosscutting, overlapping, highly corporate groups--villages, kingroups, irrigation societies, temple congregations, "castes"--in which its devotees live.23 And as prestige, the necessity to affirm it, defend it, celebrate it, justify it, and just plain bask in it (but not given the strongly ascriptive character of Balinese stratification, to seek it), is perhaps the central driving force in the society, so also--ambulant penises, blood sacrifices, and monetary exchanges aside--is it of the cockfight. This apparent amusement and seeming sport is, to take another phrase from Erving Goffman, "a status bloodbath."24...

THE MORE A MATCH IS . . .

1. Between near status equals (and/or personal enemies)

2. Between high status individuals

THE DEEPER THE MATCH.

1. The closer the identification of cock and man (or: more properly, the deeper the match the more the man will advance his best, most closely-identified-with cock).

2. The finer the cocks involved and the more exactly they will be matched.

3. The greater the emotion that will be involved and the more the general absorption in the match.

4. The higher the individual bets center and outside, the shorter the outside bet odds will tend to be, and the more betting there will be over-all.

5. The less an economic and the more a "status" view of gaming will be involved, and the "solider" the citizens who will be gaming.26.

Inverse arguments hold for the shallower the fight, culminating, in a reversed-signs sense, in the coin-spinning and dice-throwing amusements. For deep fights there are no absolute upper limits, though there are of course practical ones, and there are a great many legend-like tales of great Duel-in-the-Sun combats between lords and princes in classical times (for cockfighting has always been as much an elite concern as a popular one), far deeper than anything anyone, even aristocrats, could produce today anywhere in Bali.

Indeed, one of the great culture heroes of Bali is a prince, called after his passion for the sport, "The Cockfighter," who happened to be away at a very deep cockfight with a neighboring prince when the whole of his family-father, brothers, wives, sisters-were assassinated by commoner usurpers. Thus spared, he returned to dispatch the upstarts, regain the throne, reconstitute the Balinese high tradition, and build its most powerful, glorious, and prosperous state. Along with everything else that the Balinese see in fighting cocks--themselves, their social order, abstract hatred, masculinity, demonic power--they also see the archetype of status virtue, the arrogant, resolute, honor-mad player with real fire, the ksatria prince.27″ - http://hypergeertz.jku.at/GeertzTexts/Deep_Play.htm

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afaikpodcast · 7 years

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Tracklist: 00:00:00 Miami 82 (Novabroken Vision) - Syn Cole 00:03:46 Wake The Giant (ft. JHart) - Tommy Trash 00:06:39 41 Days - Merk & Kremont 00:08:09 Make Your Move - Croatia Squad & Lika Morgan 00:09:26 The End - Tommy Trash 00:11:25 Emergency (ft. Natasha Waterman) - Chris Ramos 00:15:03 It’s You - Syn Cole 00:17:03 Anytime - Don Diablo 00:19:18 Begin Again - Knife Party 00:22:03 Full Moon - Apster 00:24:26 L'Amour Toujours (ft. Delaney Jane) (Tiesto Edit) - Dzeko & Torres 00:26:18 Evolve - Julian Calor 00:29:37 You Don’t Know - Tom Piper 00:31:41 No Way Out (ft. Kat Nestel) - Vicetone 00:33:56 All Cried Out (ft. Alex Newell) (Don Diablo Remix) - Blonde 00:35:41 Move (Showtek Edit) - twoloud 00:37:41 Savior (Reez & KSHMR Remix) - Bassjackers 00:40:01 Strong - R3hab & KSHMR 00:42:04 Here For You (ft. Q'AILA) - PIXL 00:44:13 Aftermath - Quintino & Sandro Silva 00:45:13 Delirium (ft. Rykka) (Far Too Loud Remix) - Zomboy 00:46:28 Virus (How About Now) - Martin Garrix & MOTi 00:49:20 All Night - Tujamo & Jacob Plant 00:50:50 Flashlight - R3hab & Deorro 00:51:35 Money Maker (ft. Aston Merrygold & Lunchmoney Lewis) - Throttle 00:53:20 Without You - Third Party 00:55:20 Eyes - Merk & Kremont vs Sunstars 00:58:13 What You Waiting For - Chris Ramos & MC Flipside 01:01:12 Ghostchild (ft. Spree Wilson) - Firebeatz & Apster 01:03:13 Starlight (Tut Tut Child Remix) - Televisor 01:05:13 Waking Dreams vs Next Big Thing (ft. Laura Brehm) - TwoThirds vs Throttle 01:07:13 Hands of Time (ft. Jonny Rose) - Hellberg 01:09:43 Dat Disco Swindle - Firebeatz & Schella 01:11:43 Pillow Fight (Galantis & CID VIP Mix) - Galantis 01:13:54 Angels (ft. Kat Nestel) - Vicetone 01:15:39 Secrets (ft. Vassy) (Don Diablo’s VIP Mix) - Tiesto & KSHMR 01:17:28 Give Me Some - Fedde Le Grand, Merk & Kremont 01:18:58 Just Wait For It (ft. Juvon Taylor) - Chris Ramos 01:22:46 No Money (Dillon Francis Remix) - Galantis 01:24:31 Tom’s Diner (Bingo Players 2016 Re-Work) - Bingo Players 01:26:31 Chronic - Matroda 01:28:01 Break Through The Silence - Martin Garrix, Matisse & Sadko 01:30:54 Heartbeat (ft. Collin McLoughlin) (Cash Cash Remix) - Vicetone 01:33:16 Make Me Feel - Cedric Gervais & Willy Monfret 01:35:01 Pink Cloud (ft. Max Collins) [Toby Green Remix] - Pegboard Nerds 01:38:04 No Place Like Home (ft. Rosette) - Blasterjaxx 01:40:41 Fugitive - Case & Point 01:42:41 JAMMU - KSHMR 01:44:36 War VIP - Astronaut & Far Too Loud 01:46:09 Superstar - Knife Party 01:49:17 Flatline - Skifonix 01:51:56 Razor Sharp VIP (Vocal Mix) - Pegboard Nerds & Tristam 01:53:47 Frame of Mind - Tristam & Braken

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leanstooneside · 4 years

Text

AMERICAN AUTHORS (WINDSTOP)

sovereignty remains unresolved; UNadministered ceasefire has remained in effect since September 1991 administered by the UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MINURSO but attempts to hold a referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals; several states have extended diplomatic relations to the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic represented by the Polisario Front in exile in Algeria while others recognize Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara; most of the approximately 102000 Sahrawi refugees are sheltered

North America is commonly understood

geopolitical purposes the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula is often included as part

other areas are landlocked these include: Afghanistan Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Bhutan Bolivia Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Central African Republic Chad Czech Republic Ethiopia Holy See Vatican City Hungary Kazakhstan Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liechtenstein Luxembourg Macedonia Malawi Mali Moldova Mongolia Nepal Niger Paraguay Rwanda San Marino Serbia Slovakia Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uganda Uzbekistan West Bank Zambia Zimbabwe

global population of 8.8 million registered refugees and as many as 24.5 million IDPs in more than 50 countries; the actual global population of refugees is probably closer

common currency of much of Western Europe in January 1999 while paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse poses economic risks because the participating nations are culturally

all members of the UN are parties

ocean depth is the Mariana Trench

legal status of territory and issue of sovereignty unresolved; territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a governmentinexile the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic SADR near Tindouf Algeria led by President Mohamed ABDELAZIZ; territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976 when Spain withdrew with Morocco acquiring northern twothirds; Mauritania under pressure from Polisario guerrillas abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control; the Polisario's governmentinexile was seated as an Organization of African Unity OAU member in 1984; Morocco between 1980 and 1987 built a fortified sand berm delineating the roughly 80 percent of Western Sahara west of the barrier that currently is controlled

oceanic realm Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench is the lowest point lying

above groupings are the most common different continental dispositions

larger section is in Asia

most imported electricity is from Israel; Jerusalem District Electric Company buys

all women are illiterate 2005 est

Western Sahara has a small marketbased economy whose main indutries are fishing phosphate mining and pastoral nomadism

independent TV and 25 radio stations operating; Jordanian TV is available; satellite TV

domestic: Israeli company BEZEK and the Palestinian company PALTEL are responsible

former portion is divided into large water bodies termed oceans

hot dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents

Western Sahara's main longterm economic challenge is the development

economicpolitical institution is steadily

low literacy rates are concentrated in three regions

overcrowded globe is exacerbating the problems

most common classification recognizes seven which are from largest

medical equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small portion of nonOECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these technological forces; the accelerated development of new industrial and agricultural technology is complicating already grim environmental problems

other entities are islands

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two-thirds · 2 years

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70% of Americans want stricter gun control laws.

#twothirds #twothirds party #twothirds is enough #politics #gun control

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Literature Review on the Impact of Parenting on Adolescent Alcohol use

Parenting has always and mostly been considered as the most critical part in the life of the person. Many people determine the person’s behaviour and future through the kind of parents that raise and as the matter of fact, parents have a great influence to a larger extent towards the behaviour of the children in any society. However, alcohol abuse has increased and become a pandemic to many adolescents around the world. Based on family socialization theory, it was hypothesized that family factors, particularly parental support and monitoring, would influence individual trajectories in the development of alcohol misuse. Six waves of data were analyzed, based on interviews with 506 adolescents in the general population of a northeastern metropolitan area. Using growth‐curve longitudinal analysis, results show that parenting significantly predicts adolescents' initial drinking levels (intercepts) as well as their rates of increase in alcohol misuse (slope).

The goal of this literature review is to examine if there is a relationship between parental perceptions of adolescents use of alcohol and if so, what is that relationship. We will also review the relationship between parental drinking behaviors and that of their adolescents. We will explore three social learning theories in attempt to better understand any predispositions associated with adolescent drinking. In addition, we will look at the connection, if any, between consequences imposed by parents and their adolescent's drinking behavior. We will briefly explore the differences, if any, between adolescents' drinking patterns in rural communities and the drinking habits of adolescents' in urban communities.

Theories of Adolescent Alcohol Use

There are three prominent theories that have attempted to explain adolescent alcohol use and the early initiation of alcohol use (Windle, 2000). The theories are Biogenetic-Dispositional Model, Socialization Model, and Affect Regulation Model. The Biogenetic-DispositionallVlodel proposes that adolescents who initiate alcohol use early are predisposed to do so because of certain personality characteristics. These personality characteristics, such as high activity levels or high levels of sensational seeking, cause these adolescents as children to have disruptive social behaviors that set them up to join deviant peer groups. Deviant peer groups then experiment with alcohol at earlier ages (Windle, 2000). These personality characteristics may set up children for aggressive behavior, conduct disorders, antisocial personality disorders, and other substance-abuse problems throughout their lives.

Adolescent affect and mood regulation is the center of the Affect Regulation Model of adolescent alcohol use. Adolescence is a period of major development, both social and biological. This stage of development is marked by both hormonal/physical and psychological changes. This is also a time of many other transitions; those involving school, moving from primary to middle school and again 13 to high school. Additionally, during adolescence, social networks are also top priority. Young people often make changes with peer groups and start spending more time with friends and less with family.

They are encouraged to conform, to fit in and belong; thus increasing the stress level for the adolescents. This is especially true if they feel they are losing their social status. As change can be difficult for adults, it is even more stressful for young people. Furthermore, many students begin thinking about college and life after high school. All this happens at a time when their brains are going through profound and unique maturation. The Affect Regulation Model argues that adolescents that have not learned appropriate coping skills early in childhood are those that are predisposed to use alcohol to deal with the stress of being an adolescent. According to Windle (2000), adolescents drink to cope with their moods during stressful and negative times. This often follows them into adulthood to continue coping with alcohol and may lead to alcohol dependence and abuse.

Many researchers support the Social Learning Theory which argues that adolescent alcohol consumption mirrors that of their parents (Andrews, et aI., 1993; Barnes, et aI., 1986; Windle, 1990; Barnes,1990). This theory purports that people learn new behaviors by observing others and modelling that behavior. These new behaviors are then reinforced or altered by rewards or punishments by society or their role models. The behaviors can also be altered by watching the model being rewarded or punished (Andrews, et aI., 1993). For example, a child may learn to avoid a hot stove by watching her mother get burned from the stove. The child has learned from the consequences without having to experience them herself. The alternative is for the child to model the behavior, touch the stove, and learn for herself that a hot stove burns and a cold stove will not. According to Barnes (1990), the family is "the basic social unit of society" (p. 137). Therefore, it is assumed the drinking behavior of the adolescent will be influenced by the family, specifically, the parents. Barnes (1990) also reports that the first experience with alcohol often occurs within the family. Parents modeling when and how much alcohol it is appropriate to consume; with appropriateness defined by the family. Researchers thus argue that parents and children have that same drinking patterns are explained using the social learning theory (Barnes, et ai., 1986; Windle, 1990). Theoretically, parents' attitudes should also influence adolescents' behaviors (Andrews, et ai.,1993). Thus, we might conclude that a parent's attitude towards alcohol and any cautionary statements they tell their adolescent would influence the alcohol consumption of the adolescent.

Parental Perceptions and Punishments of Underage Drinking

In Attitudes and Practices Regarding Underage Drinking (Beck, et ai., 1995), adults were surveyed on their perceptions about underage drinking in general. Parents were also surveyed regarding their perceptions of their own adolescents and the punishments that they enforced. The results show that 37 percent of the male adults were more likely to think underage drinking was acceptable on special occasions (37%) and at meals (15%) than their female counterparts. Overall, only 54 percent of adults believed that it is never acceptable for adults to provide alcohol to adolescents. Over 80 percent of adults believe that underage drinking is a serious problem in their community; however, females were more likely to believe underage drinking was a serious problem (88%) versus males. Females also believed that there should be more severe consequences for underage drinking, parents who provide alcohol to adolescents, and other alcohol providers, such as bars and gas stations. Surprisingly, over 80 percent of adults also preferred stricter punishments for peers over 21 who serve alcohol to minors, although only 57 percent preferred stricter punishments for parents who serve alcohol to minors. Married parents were more likely to prefer stricter punishments for alcohol violations than single parents. (Beck, et ai., 1995).

Beck, et aI., (1995) also compared the perceptions of Caucasian adults and African-American adults. Overall, African-Americans were less likely to think serving adolescents alcohol at special occasions, holidays, and meal was acceptable. They also favored stiffer punishments for adolescents, peers, parents, and community businesses that violated underage drinking laws. Interestingly, Caucasians were more likely to know parents who serve adolescents alcohol and know adolescents who drink. Caucasians were also more likely to know someone who was arrested for drunk driving, died from a drunken driving accident, and had an alcohol dependency than African American adults (Beck, et aL,1995).

However, the results shifted when researchers changed their questioning to parents and their own adolescents. Punishments and perceptions had changed (Beck, et aL, 1995). Only 23% of parents reported allowing their adolescent to drink inside the home. The majority of parents believed their adolescents attended parties where alcohol was present, but fewer than 20% believed their adolescent consumed alcohol at these parties. Parents also believe that the friends of their adolescent were more likely to drink and drive than their own adolescent. Thus, revealing that parents are unrealistic about their own children's drinking behavior, but more realistic when assessing other adolescents. Six percent of parents reported their adolescents were never allowed to drink or were only allowed to drink on special occasions with supervision (Beck, et aL, 1995). Although, over half of the parents reported that they would allow their adolescent to go to a party where they knew alcohol was being served. Furthermore, most parents reported that the parties they hosted were always being monitored so that underage consumption could not happen. While parents reported watching their own adolescent's parties, there appears to be little monitoring when their adolescent go out to parties.

Forty-three percent of parents rarely or never wait up for their child to come home at night. When asked if they contacted other parents to verify that a parent will be present during a party, only twothirds of the parents replied they would. (Beck, et aL, 1995) Consequences enforced by parents for underage drinking varied widely. For those adolescents who came home with alcohol on their breath the consequences the surveyed parents reported: groundand discipline permanently; discipline, but not ground; discipline, but not severely; and discuss, but not discipline (Beck, et ai., 1995). About a quarter of the parents reported they would not punish their adolescent for needing to be picked up because she was too drunk to drive.

When asked if there were punishments for breaking the family rules for underage drinking, only 55% said yes and 7% of parents reported that they did not know. African-American parents, on the other hand, were more likely to punish their child for being too drunk to drive. African-American parents reported waiting up for their child to get home at night more often than Caucasian parents. Unexpectedly, there were no significant differences between marital statuses for the punishment measures. Beck, et al. (1995) stated that parents of adolescents were not realistic about their own adolescents alcohol use and their punishments failed to be consistent over time.

Adolescent Alcohol Use in Relationship to Parental Alcohol Use

When a parent uses a certain drug (alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana) it increases the chance that their adolescent will use the same drug (Andrews, et ai., 1993; Barnes, et ai., 1986). According to Andrews, et al. (1993), an adolescent's start to using alcohol was positively related to the mother's use of cigarettes and marijuana. This study also found that a father's alcohol and cigarette use was directly related to an adolescent's consistent use of alcohol over an extended period of time. Conversely,

Barnes, et al. (1986) shows that mothers who did not use alcohol had a higher percentage of children who also abstained from alcohol versus the mothers who were moderate to heavy drinkers. However, curiously, researchers have found a curvilinear relationship with parent's alcohol use and adolescent's alcohol use. For those mothers who abstain from alcohol, while they had higher percentage of abstaining adolescents, they also had a higher percentage of adolescents who were heavy drinkers as compared to the mothers who were moderate drinkers. Barnes, et al. (1986) concluded that parental control must be a variable in this curvilinear relationship. He assumes that adolescents with very rigid parenting would rebel and consume alcohol. This research further reviewed that heavy drinking parents did indeed have a higher percentage of adolescents who were heavy drinkers as compared to the abstaining parents and moderate drinking parents. They also concluded more often than not, adolescents' drinking patterns mirror their parents' drinking patterns (Barnes, et aI., 1986).

In data collected between 1988 to 1990 from Caucasian and African-American adolescents, differences were evident. Caucasian adolescents between the ages of 12 and 14 were more likely to have engaged in alcohol consumption than the African-American adolescents. However, by the time the adolescents reached 15, there were no significant differences (Peterson, et aI., 1994). It is assumed that the delay in initiation of alcohol use by African-American adolescents is linked to the African-American reports of less alcohol use and stricter alcohol norms than their Caucasian counterparts (Peterson, et aI., 1994). However, Windle (2000) found that parental alcohol use was not statistically significant in predicting adolescent alcohol use. He found that an adolescent's drinking habits more closely correlates to older siblings and peer drinking habits than parents'. Older siblings may make it easier to access alcohol as an adolescent, especially if the sibling is over the age of 21. Windle (2000) believes especially during middle adolescence years when adolescents are beginning to rely more heavily on peer relationships, adolescents may begin to mirror their peers' behaviors; whereas, children and young adolescents are more influenced by parental alcohol use. DeHaan and Thompson (2003) suggest that only when the adolescent and parent have a close bond did parental alcohol use influence adolescent alcohol use.

The availability of alcohol in the home could pose an additional risk of adolescent alcohol use as well. Komro, et al. (200&) has looked at the availability and easy access of alcohol in the home, but results are inconclusive. Some findings point to an increase in adolescent alcohol use if it's available in the home and yet other findings show no significant differences. Komro, et al. (2007) also reports that approximately 19 percent of middle school children between 5th and 8th grade have easy access to alcohol within the home. Some adolescents report drinking fewer drinks when they received the alcohol from a parent and they were less likely to engage in binge drinking and drunk driving within the last two weeks. Some parents believe when a parent provides alcohol to an adolescent and supervises the consumption; the adolescent is protected from the risky behaviors that are associated with underage drinking. Komro, et aI., (2007) also found that although an adolescent has limits on their alcohol consumption in the home, they continue to engage in heavy drinking with friends outside the home.

They found that adolescents who were provided alcohol in the home were twice as likely to have drank alcohol in the last month, have been drunk at school, and have driven drunk. It was also found that adolescents with easy access to alcohol in the home reported consuming alcohol more frequently than adolescents without access to alcohol in the home. Peterson, et al. (1994) found that adolescents who are allowed to serve alcoholic drinks or mix alcoholic drinks for their parents are also at risk for early alcohol initiation and use because the parents are indirectly transferring their social alcohol norms on to their child. Komro, et al. (2007) also found that as the perceived difficulty of alcohol access from parents increased, the likelihood of the adolescent becoming drunk in the future increased as well. This find contradicts her earlier findings that suggest alcohol consumption at home with parents providing the alcohol increased adolescent consumption.

Adolescent Alcohol Use in Relationship to Parental Perceptions

Parental nurturance and parental control also influences adolescence's alcohol use (Andrews, etaI., 1993; Foxcroft & Lowe, 1997; Windle, 1990). Windle (1990) reports an inverse relationship with adolescents' alcohol use and parental nurturing, the higher the nurturance and control the less likely the adolescent is to use alcohol. However, even the combination of two abstaining parents with either an indifferent attitude towards alcohol or a perceived low parental control contributed to a higher level of alcohol consumption by adolescents (Foxcroft & Lowe, 1997). In 2009, Latendresse, et al. also found 19 that alcohol use by 14-year-olds was at a low level if the adolescent reported high levels of warmth, knowledge, and independence from their parents. This group did not differ from the adolescents who had extremely strict parents or the adolescents who reported above average tension with parents. The common thread between the three groups with low alcohol use was the adolescent's knowledge that their parents knew their whereabouts at all times. Latendresse, et al. (2008; 2009) stressed that parental monitoring has a significant impact on the adolescent's initiation of alcohol use and continued alcohol use.

In addition, the more quality time parents spent with their adolescents and the more quality communication between parents and adolescents also decreased the likelihood that the adolescent would use alcohol (Windle, 1990). Kafka and London (1991) found that open communication between the parents and adolescents decreased any kind of substance abuse as well. Brody, et al. (2000) studied the effects of internalization, the transferring of parental norms to the adolescent. They hypothesized that over time the adolescent will internalize the parent's norms and learn to self-regulate according to parent's norms. However the research showed this was only true if the relationship between the parent and child is open and warm. Although parental norms are completely rejected when the child perceives the parents do not support him or if the communication between them is faulty. Brody, et al. (2000) also found that when family conflict increased drastically, adolescents ignored their parents' alcohol perceptions and relied heavily on peers' perceptions of alcohol use. Specifically, fathers' relationships with adolescents seemed to be a key factor in adolescents' drinking behaviors. Adolescents were less likely to engage in underage drinking if arguments with the father were effectively solved (Brody, et aI.,

2000). An open relationship with a parent was not found in any of the heavy drinking adolescents' lives (Kafka & London, 1991). Parents who do not warn their adolescents about drug use also had more adolescents who drank alcohol. Adolescents who had parents with a positive attitude towards alcohol were more likely 20 to consume alcohol and initiate alcohol use earlier (Andrews, et aI., 1993; DeHaan & Thompson, 2003).

Adolescents were less influenced by their peers and delayed alcohol initiation if they thought their parents disapproved of underage drinking (DeHaan & Thompson, 2003). Adolescents between the ages of 14 and 15 were less likely to consume alcohol if their parents had set clear expectations about alcohol consumption and positively reinforced appropriate behavior when the adolescent was younger(Peterson, et aI., 1994). Although for those parents who refused to talk with their adolescents about their thoughts on underage drinking, their adolescents were more likely to rely on peer perceptions and their parents' actual alcohol use as their guide to alcohol use (Brody, et aI., 2000). Parents with preteens, teens, and post-teens were asked about their attitudes towards alcohol discussions with their child (Beck, et al.,

1995). While all three groups of parents felt comfortable discussing alcohol with their child, parents of preteens were least likely to have discussed it and 29 percent of parents of preteens never discussed alcohol consumption with their child. Parents of post-teens felt that they were not capable of preventing alcohol dependence or abuse in their child. Parents of both preteens and teens were more willing than parents of post-teens to participate in community activities to educate themselves and their child about alcohol misuse. Surprisingly, parents of preteens were more likely to reprimand someone else's drinking adolescent, while parents of post-teens were more likely to do nothing if they saw an adolescent consuming alcohol. (Beck, et aI., 1995) Significant differences between single parents and married parents were also found. Married parents felt they were able to control and prevent their adolescents' alcohol use more often than the single parents reported. There were differences between

African-American parents and Caucasian parents as well. African-American parents were more likely to participate in educational activities with their children than Caucasian parents; while Caucasian parents were less likely to feel they had the ability to control or prevent their child's alcohol use (Beck, et al., 1995).

Community Influences on Underage Drinking

Community norms and values have an impact on underage drinking. DeHaan and Thompson

(2003) summarized three different community views on alcohol use: "proscriptive (no drinking allowed), prescriptive (some drinking tolerated, with strong values sanctioning how often and how much), and nonscriptive (no constraints on consumption)" (p. 401). They found that adolescent drinking was not a problem in proscriptive communities because drinking was not allowed. Adolescents, however, did consume alcohol in both the prescriptive and nonscriptive communities. DeHaan and Thompson (2003) also stated that as adolescents aged, their knowledge of community norms increased as well. This knowledge then helps reinforce the decision whether to drink or not.

In DeHaan's and Thompson's (2003) research of four neighboring communities, reported binge drinking rates of high school seniors were 15% higher than the national norms. These four communities were home to over 20,000 college students in three different universities. Previous research showed that binge drinking rates on college campuses were 11% higher than non-college communities. The combination of several alcohol distributers and the massive college population of role models seemed to have a detrimental effect on adolescents alcohol use. In the two weeks prior to being surveyed, 20% of sixth through twelfth graders reported binge drinking. Overall, adolescents and adults overestimated the actual reported use of alcohol by adolescents. This research is a prime example of how different community climates and populations can effect underage drinking and perceptions of underage drinking.

Rural Adolescents and Alcohol Use

Donnermeyer (1992) found that between 70% and 100% of adolescents in rural communities had used alcohol at least once. Although the percentage of adolescents who consumed alcohol seems relatively high, the majority of adolescents were not heavy drinkers or binge drinkers. In addition, they found differences between communities that were farm-based and those that were not and by the size 22 of the community. Communities with less than 2,499 people and farm communities had lower rates of underage drinking than communities with populations between 2,500 and 24,999 and rural non-farm communities. Adolescent alcohol use increased with age throughout high school, but the median age of first beer consumed was 10.55 years (Donnermeyer, 1992).

Parents', teachers', and community leaders' perceptions of adolescents' alcohol consumption among rural middle school students was recently published in a study (DeHaan & Boljevac, 2009). Parents, teachers, and community leaders out of twenty-two communities in Wisconsin, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming were contacted while 1,424 sixth to eighth grade students were also surveyed. They looked at a number of variables including lifetime alcohol use among adolescents, community controls against adolescent drinking, family and community involvement with adolescents, prevalence of adolescent alcohol in the community, and adults' perception of adolescent drinking.

Researchers found the amount of alcohol consumption by adolescents varied considerably between communities. Some communities had little alcohol consumption while in other communities it was a common occurrence. For all communities, the average age at first consumption was 9.5 years and 47 percent of adolescents reported that they had tried alcohol at least once. Of that 47 percent who had consumed alcohol 40 percent had consumed alcohol in the past month and 22 percent reporting they had been drunk. These rates are higher than the national averages of alcohol consumption by adolescents: in the 12-17 age range, 14.6% had consumed at least one drink in the past 30 days, 8.8% had binged, and 2% drank heavily (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2010). Parents were the source of alcohol in over 66% of the cases (DeHaan & Boljevac, 2009).

Seven predictors of alcohol use for adolescents were identified in DeHaan's and Boljevac's (2009) research. They included the adolescent's perceptions that peers, parents, and community members were drinking. Adolescents who reported being drunk in the past also reported drinking to reduce stress, to deal with depression, and to fit in with peers. Adolescents appear to have a realistic image of peer alcohol use in their community. Adolescents are less likely to consume alcohol if they perceive their parents as supportive and that their parents monitor their whereabouts. Parents' negative perceptions on underage drinking also appear to influence the increase in age of alcohol initiation. Binge drinking was also correlated with the lack of activities in the community for adolescents, but parent's influence was not a determinant of an adolescent binge drinking (DeHaan & Boljevac, 2009). Teachers have the most realistic view of adolescent alcohol use, and community alcohol use, and they recognize fewer alcohol controls in the community than those of the community members. When reviewing the adolescents' responses about alcohol consumption, teachers also had a more factual view of adolescent drinking than parents did (DeHaan & Boljevac, 2009).

Bibliography

Andrews, J A., Hops, H., Ary, D., Tildesley, E., & Harris, J (1993). Parental influence on early adolescent substance use: Specific and nonspecific effects. Journal of Early Adolescence, 13(3),285-310.

Barnes, G. M., Farrell, M. P., & Cairns, A. (1986). Parent socialization factors and adolescent drinking

behaviors. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48(1), 27-36. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from:

Academic Search Complete database.

Barnes, G. M. (1990). Impact of the family on adolescent drinking patterns. In R. L. Collins, K. E. Leonard, & J S. Searles (Eds.), Alcohol and the family: Research and clinical perspectives (pp. 137-153).

l'Jew York: The Guilford Press.

Beck, K. H., Scaffa, M., Swift, R., & Ko, M. (1995). A survey of parent attitudes and practices regarding underage drinking. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(3), 315-334.

Beck, K. H., & Treiman, K. A. (1996). The relationship of social context of drinking, perceived social norms, and parental influence to various drinking patterns of adolescents. Addictive Behaviors,

21(5),633-644.

Bonnie, R. J & O'Connell, M. E. (2004). Characteristics of underage drinking. Reducing underage drinking: A collective responsibility [Electronic version]. Washington, DC: The National

Academies Press.

Brody, G. H., Ge, X., Katz, J, & Arias, I. (2000). A longitudinal analysis of internalization of parental alcohol-use norms and adolescent alcohol use. Applied Developmental Science, 4(2), 71-79.

Retrieved January 10, 2010, from: Education Research Complete database.

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