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In this guide we will perform an installation of Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.11 on KVM Virtual Machines. OpenShift is a powerful, platform agnostic, enterprise-grade Kubernetes distribution focused on developer experience and application security. The project is developed and owned by Red Hat Software company. OpenShift Container Platform is built around containers orchestrated and managed by Kubernetes on a foundation of Red Hat Enterprise Linux. The OpenShift platform offers automated installation, upgrades, and lifecycle management throughout the container stack – from the operating system, Kubernetes and cluster services, to deployed applications. Operating system that will be used on both the Control plan and Worker machines is Red Hat CoreOS (RHCOS). The RHCOS OS includes the kubelet, which is the Kubernetes node agent, and the CRI-O container runtime optimized for Kubernetes workloads. In my installation the deployment is performed on a single node KVM compute server. This is not a production setup with high availability and should only be used for proof-of-concept and demo related purposes. Red Hat’s recommendation on each cluster virtual machine minimum hardware requirements is as shown in the table below: Virtual Machine Operating System vCPU Virtual RAM Storage Bootstrap RHCOS 4 16 GB 120 GB Control plane RHCOS 4 16 GB 120 GB Compute RHCOS 2 8 GB 120 GB But the preferred requirements for each cluster virtual machine are: Virtual Machine Operating System vCPU Virtual RAM Storage Bootstrap RHCOS 4 16 GB 120 GB Control plane RHCOS 8 16 GB 120 GB Compute RHCOS 6 8 GB 120 GB The shared hardware requirements information for the virtual machines is not accurate since it depends on the workloads and desired cluster size when running in Production. Sizing can be done as deemed fit. My Lab environment variables OpenShift 4 Cluster base domain: example.com ( to be substituted accordingly) OpenShift 4 Cluster name: ocp4 ( to be substituted accordingly) OpenShift KVM network bridge: openshift4 OpenShift Network Block: 192.168.100.0/24 OpenShift Network gateway address: 192.168.100.1 Bastion / Helper node IP Address (Runs DHCP, Apache httpd, HAProxy, PXE, DNS) – 192.168.100.254 NTP server used: time.google.com Used Mac Addresses and IP Addresses: Machine Name Mac Address (Generate yours and use) DHCP Reserved IP Address bootstrap.ocp4.example.com 52:54:00:a4:db:5f 192.168.100.10 master01.ocp4.example.com 52:54:00:8b:a1:17 192.168.100.11 master02.ocp4.example.com 52:54:00:ea:8b:9d 192.168.100.12 master03.ocp4.example.com 52:54:00:f8:87:c7 192.168.100.13 worker01.ocp4.example.com 52:54:00:31:4a:39 192.168.100.21 worker02.ocp4.example.com 52:54:00:6a:37:32 192.168.100.22 worker03.ocp4.example.com 52:54:00:95:d4:ed 192.168.100.23 Step 1: Setup KVM Infrastructure (On Hypervisor Node) Install KVM in your hypervisor node using any of the guides in below links: Install KVM Hypervisor on Ubuntu How To Install KVM Hypervisor on Debian Install KVM on RHEL 8 / CentOS 8 / Rocky Linux After installation verify your server CPU has support for Intel VT or AMD-V Virtualization extensions: cat /proc/cpuinfo | egrep "vmx|svm" Creating Virtual Network (optional, you can use existing network) Create a new virtual network configuration file vim virt-net.xml File contents: openshift4 Create a virtual network using this file file created; modify if need be: $ sudo virsh net-define --file virt-net.xml Network openshift4 defined from virt-net.xml Set the network to autostart on boot $ sudo virsh net-autostart openshift4 Network openshift4 marked as autostarted $ sudo virsh net-start openshift4 Network openshift4 started Confirm that the bridge is available and active:

$ brctl show bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces openshift4 8000.5254002b479a yes virbr0 8000.525400ad641d yes Step 2: Create Bastion / Helper Virtual Machine Create a Virtual Machine that will host some key services from officially provided virt-builder images. The virtual machine will be used to run the following services: DNS Server (Bind) Apache httpd web server HAProxy Load balancer DHCP & PXE/TFTP services It will also be our bastion server for deploying and managing OpenShift platform (oc, openshift-install, kubectl, ansible) Let’s first display available OS templates with command below: $ virt-builder -l I’ll create a VM image from fedora-36 template; you can also choose a CentOS template(8 or 7): sudo virt-builder fedora-36 --format qcow2 \ --size 20G -o /var/lib/libvirt/images/ocp-bastion-server.qcow2 \ --root-password password:StrongRootPassw0rd Where: fedora-36 is the template used to create a new virtual machine /var/lib/libvirt/images/ocp-bastion-server.qcow2 is the path to VM qcow2 image StrongRootPassw0rd is the root user password VM image creation progress will be visible in your screen [ 1.0] Downloading: http://builder.libguestfs.org/fedora-36.xz ########################################################################################################################################################### 100.0% [ 15.3] Planning how to build this image [ 15.3] Uncompressing [ 18.2] Resizing (using virt-resize) to expand the disk to 20.0G [ 39.7] Opening the new disk [ 44.1] Setting a random seed [ 44.1] Setting passwords [ 45.1] Finishing off Output file: /var/lib/libvirt/images/ocp-bastion-server.qcow2 Output size: 20.0G Output format: qcow2 Total usable space: 20.0G Free space: 19.0G (94%) Now create a Virtual Machine to be used as DNS and DHCP server with virt-install Using Linux bridge: sudo virt-install \ --name ocp-bastion-server \ --ram 4096 \ --vcpus 2 \ --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/ocp-bastion-server.qcow2 \ --os-type linux \ --os-variant rhel8.0 \ --network bridge=openshift4 \ --graphics none \ --serial pty \ --console pty \ --boot hd \ --import Using openVSwitch bridge: Ref How To Use Open vSwitch Bridge on KVM Virtual Machines sudo virt-install \ --name ocp-bastion-server \ --ram 4096 \ --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/ocp-bastion-server.qcow2 \ --vcpus 2 \ --os-type linux \ --os-variant rhel8.0 \ --network=bridge:openshift4,model=virtio,virtualport_type=openvswitch \ --graphics none \ --serial pty \ --console pty \ --boot hd \ --import When your VM is created and running login as root user and password set initially: Fedora 36 (Thirty Six) Kernel 5.xx.fc36.x86_64 on an x86_64 (ttyS0) fedora login: root Password: StrongRootPassw0rd You can reset root password after installation if that’s your desired action: [root@fedora ~]# passwd Changing password for user root. New password: Retype new password: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. If the server didn’t get IP address from DHCP server you can set static IP manually on the primary interface: # ip link show 1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 2: enp1s0: mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/ether 52:54:00:21:fb:33 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff # vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp1s0 NAME="enp1s0" # Set network name, usually same as device name DEVICE="enp1s0" # Set your interface name as shown while running ip link show command ONBOOT="yes" NETBOOT="yes" BOOTPROTO="none" TYPE="Ethernet" PROXY_METHOD="none" BROWSER_ONLY="no" DEFROUTE="yes" IPADDR=192.168.100.254 # Set your VM IP address

PREFIX=27 # Set Netmask Prefix GATEWAY=192.168.100.1 # Set network gateway IP address DNS1=8.8.8.8 # Set first DNS server to be used DNS2=8.8.4.4 # Set secondary DNS server to be used # Once configured bring up the interface using ifup command # ifup enp1s0 Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/7) Test external connectivity from the VM: # ping -c 2 8.8.8.8 PING 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=1 ttl=117 time=4.98 ms 64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=2 ttl=117 time=5.14 ms --- 8.8.8.8 ping statistics --- 2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1001ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 4.981/5.061/5.142/0.080 ms # ping -c 2 google.com PING google.com (172.217.18.110) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from zrh04s05-in-f110.1e100.net (172.217.18.110): icmp_seq=1 ttl=118 time=4.97 ms 64 bytes from fra16s42-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.18.110): icmp_seq=2 ttl=118 time=5.05 ms --- google.com ping statistics --- 2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1002ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 4.971/5.008/5.045/0.037 ms Perform OS upgrade before deploying other services. sudo dnf -y upgrade sudo dnf -y install git vim wget curl bash-completion tree tar libselinux-python3 firewalld Reboot the server after the upgrade is done. sudo reboot Confirm you can access the VM through virsh console or ssh $ sudo virsh list Id Name State ------------------------------------- 1 ocp-bastion-server running $ sudo virsh console ocp-bastion-server Connected to domain 'ocp-bastion-server' Escape character is ^] (Ctrl + ]) fedora login: Enable domain autostart: sudo virsh autostart ocp-bastion-server Step 3: Install Ansible and Configure variables on Bastion / Helper node Install Ansible configuration management tool on the Bastion machine # Fedora sudo dnf -y install git ansible vim wget curl bash-completion tree tar libselinux-python3 # CentOS 8 / Rocky Linux 8 sudo yum -y install epel-release sudo yum -y install git ansible vim wget curl bash-completion tree tar libselinux-python3 # CentOS 7 sudo yum -y install epel-release sudo yum -y install git ansible vim wget curl bash-completion tree tar libselinux-python We have a Github repository with all the tasks and templates used in this guide. Clone the project to ~/ocp4_ansible directory. cd ~/ git clone https://github.com/jmutai/ocp4_ansible.git cd ~/ocp4_ansible You can view the directory structure using tree command: $ tree . ├── ansible.cfg ├── files │ └── set-dns-serial.sh ├── handlers │ └── main.yml ├── inventory ├── LICENSE ├── README.md ├── tasks │ ├── configure_bind_dns.yml │ ├── configure_dhcpd.yml │ ├── configure_haproxy_lb.yml │ └── configure_tftp_pxe.yml ├── templates │ ├── default.j2 │ ├── dhcpd.conf.j2 │ ├── dhcpd-uefi.conf.j2 │ ├── haproxy.cfg.j2 │ ├── named.conf.j2 │ ├── pxe-bootstrap.j2 │ ├── pxe-master.j2 │ ├── pxe-worker.j2 │ ├── reverse.j2 │ └── zonefile.j2 └── vars └── main.yml 5 directories, 21 files Edit ansible configuration file and modify to suit your use. $ vim ansible.cfg [defaults] inventory = inventory command_warnings = False filter_plugins = filter_plugins host_key_checking = False deprecation_warnings=False retry_files = false When not executing ansible as root user you can addprivilege_escalation section. [privilege_escalation] become = true become_method = sudo become_user = root become_ask_pass = false If running on the localhost the inventory can be set as below: $ vim inventory [vmhost] localhost ansible_connection=local These are service handlers created and will be referenced in bastion setup process tasks. $ vim handlers/main.yml --- - name: restart tftp service: name: tftp state: restarted - name: restart bind service:

name: named state: restarted - name: restart haproxy service: name: haproxy state: restarted - name: restart dhcpd service: name: dhcpd state: restarted - name: restart httpd service: name: httpd state: restarted Modify the default variables file inside vars folder: vim vars/main.yml Define all the variables required correctly. Be careful not to have wrong values which will cause issues at the time of OpenShift installation. --- ppc64le: false uefi: false disk: vda #disk where you are installing RHCOS on the masters/workers helper: name: "bastion" #hostname for your helper node ipaddr: "192.168.100.254" #current IP address of the helper networkifacename: "ens3" #interface of the helper node,ACTUAL name of the interface, NOT the NetworkManager name dns: domain: "example.com" #DNS server domain. Should match baseDomain inside the install-config.yaml file. clusterid: "ocp4" #needs to match what you will for metadata.name inside the install-config.yaml file forwarder1: "8.8.8.8" #DNS forwarder forwarder2: "1.1.1.1" #second DNS forwarder lb_ipaddr: " helper.ipaddr " #Load balancer IP, it is optional, the default value is helper.ipaddr dhcp: router: "192.168.100.1" #default gateway of the network assigned to the masters/workers bcast: "192.168.100.255" #broadcast address for your network netmask: "255.255.255.0" #netmask that gets assigned to your masters/workers poolstart: "192.168.100.10" #First address in your dhcp address pool poolend: "192.168.100.50" #Last address in your dhcp address pool ipid: "192.168.100.0" #ip network id for the range netmaskid: "255.255.255.0" #networkmask id for the range. ntp: "time.google.com" #ntp server address dns: "" #domain name server, it is optional, the default value is set to helper.ipaddr bootstrap: name: "bootstrap" #hostname (WITHOUT the fqdn) of the bootstrap node ipaddr: "192.168.100.10" #IP address that you want set for bootstrap node macaddr: "52:54:00:a4:db:5f" #The mac address for dhcp reservation masters: - name: "master01" #hostname (WITHOUT the fqdn) of the master node (x of 3) ipaddr: "192.168.100.11" #The IP address (x of 3) that you want set macaddr: "52:54:00:8b:a1:17" #The mac address for dhcp reservation - name: "master02" ipaddr: "192.168.100.12" macaddr: "52:54:00:ea:8b:9d" - name: "master03" ipaddr: "192.168.100.13" macaddr: "52:54:00:f8:87:c7" workers: - name: "worker01" #hostname (WITHOUT the fqdn) of the worker node you want to set ipaddr: "192.168.100.21" #The IP address that you want set (1st node) macaddr: "52:54:00:31:4a:39" #The mac address for dhcp reservation (1st node) - name: "worker02" ipaddr: "192.168.100.22" macaddr: "52:54:00:6a:37:32" - name: "worker03" ipaddr: "192.168.100.23" macaddr: "52:54:00:95:d4:ed" Generating unique mac addresses for bootstrap, worker and master nodes You can generate all required mac addresses using the command below: date +%s | md5sum | head -c 6 | sed -e 's/$[0-9A-Fa-f]\2\$/\1:/g' -e 's/$.*$:$/\1/' | sed -e 's/^/52:54:00:/' Step 4: Install and Configure DHCP serveron Bastion / Helper node Install dhcp-server rpm package using dnf or yum package manager. sudo yum -y install dhcp-server Enable dhcpd service to start on system boot $ sudo systemctl enable dhcpd Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/dhcpd.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd.service.

Backup current dhcpd configuration file. If the server is not new you can modify existing configuration sudo mv /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf.bak Task to configure dhcp server on the bastion server: $ vim tasks/configure_dhcpd.yml --- # Setup OCP4 DHCP Server on Helper Node - hosts: all vars_files: - ../vars/main.yml handlers: - import_tasks: ../handlers/main.yml tasks: - name: Write out dhcp file template: src: ../templates/dhcpd.conf.j2 dest: /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf notify: - restart dhcpd when: not uefi - name: Write out dhcp file (UEFI) template: src: ../templates/dhcpd-uefi.conf.j2 dest: /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf notify: - restart dhcpd when: uefi Configure DHCP server using ansible, defined variables and templates shared. $ ansible-playbook tasks/configure_dhcpd.yml PLAY [all] ******************************************************************************************************************************************************* TASK [Gathering Facts] ******************************************************************************************************************************************* ok: [localhost] TASK [Write out dhcp file] *************************************************************************************************************************************** changed: [localhost] TASK [Write out dhcp file (UEFI)] ******************************************************************************************************************************** skipping: [localhost] RUNNING HANDLER [restart dhcpd] ********************************************************************************************************************************** changed: [localhost] PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************************************************************************************************* localhost : ok=3 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=1 rescued=0 ignored=0 Confirm that dhcpd service is in running state: $ systemctl status dhcpd ● dhcpd.service - DHCPv4 Server Daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Tue 2021-08-17 19:35:06 EDT; 2min 42s ago Docs: man:dhcpd(8) man:dhcpd.conf(5) Main PID: 24958 (dhcpd) Status: "Dispatching packets..." Tasks: 1 (limit: 4668) Memory: 9.7M CPU: 17ms CGroup: /system.slice/dhcpd.service └─24958 /usr/sbin/dhcpd -f -cf /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf -user dhcpd -group dhcpd --no-pid ... You can as well check generated configuration file: $ cat /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf Step 4: Configure OCP Zone on Bind DNS Serveron Bastion / Helper node We can now begin the installation of DNS and DHCP server packages required to run OpenShift Container Platform on KVM. sudo yum -y install bind bind-utils Enable the service to start at system boot up sudo systemctl enable named Install DNS Serialnumber generator script: $ sudo vim /usr/local/bin/set-dns-serial.sh #!/bin/bash dnsserialfile=/usr/local/src/dnsserial-DO_NOT_DELETE_BEFORE_ASKING_CHRISTIAN.txt zonefile=/var/named/zonefile.db if [ -f zonefile ] ; then echo $[ $(grep serial $zonefile | tr -d "\t"" ""\n" | cut -d';' -f 1) + 1 ] | tee $dnsserialfile else if [ ! -f $dnsserialfile ] || [ ! -s $dnsserialfile ]; then echo $(date +%Y%m%d00) | tee $dnsserialfile else echo $[ $(< $dnsserialfile) + 1 ] | tee $dnsserialfile fi fi ## ##-30- Make the script executable: sudo chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/set-dns-serial.sh This is the DNS Configuration task to be used: $ vim tasks/configure_bind_dns.yml --- # Configure OCP4 DNS Server on Helper Node - hosts: all vars_files: - ../vars/main.yml handlers: - import_tasks: ../handlers/main.yml tasks: - name: Setup named configuration files

block: - name: Write out named file template: src: ../templates/named.conf.j2 dest: /etc/named.conf notify: - restart bind - name: Set zone serial number shell: "/usr/local/bin/set-dns-serial.sh" register: dymanicserialnumber - name: Setting serial number as a fact set_fact: serialnumber: " dymanicserialnumber.stdout " - name: Write out " lower " zone file template: src: ../templates/zonefile.j2 dest: /var/named/zonefile.db mode: '0644' notify: - restart bind - name: Write out reverse zone file template: src: ../templates/reverse.j2 dest: /var/named/reverse.db mode: '0644' notify: - restart bind Run ansible playbook to configure bind dns server for OpenShift deployment. $ ansible-playbook tasks/configure_bind_dns.yml ansible-playbook tasks/configure_bind_dns.yml PLAY [all] ******************************************************************************************************************************************************* TASK [Gathering Facts] ******************************************************************************************************************************************* ok: [localhost] TASK [Write out named file] ************************************************************************************************************************************** changed: [localhost] TASK [Set zone serial number] ************************************************************************************************************************************ changed: [localhost] TASK [Setting serial number as a fact] *************************************************************************************************************************** changed: [localhost] TASK [Write out "example.com" zone file] ********************************************************************************************************************** changed: [localhost] TASK [Write out reverse zone file] ******************************************************************************************************************************* changed: [localhost] RUNNING HANDLER [restart bind] *********************************************************************************************************************************** changed: [localhost] PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************************************************************************************************* localhost : ok=7 changed=6 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 Forward DNS zone file is created under /var/named/zonefile.db and reverse DNS lookup file is /var/named/reverse.db Check if the service is in running status: $ systemctl status named ● named.service - Berkeley Internet Name Domain (DNS) Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/named.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Wed 2021-08-11 16:19:38 EDT; 4s ago Process: 1340 ExecStartPre=/bin/bash -c if [ ! "$DISABLE_ZONE_CHECKING" == "yes" ]; then /usr/sbin/named-checkconf -z "$NAMEDCONF"; else echo "Checking of zo> Process: 1342 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/named -u named -c $NAMEDCONF $OPTIONS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 1344 (named) Tasks: 6 (limit: 4668) Memory: 26.3M CPU: 53ms CGroup: /system.slice/named.service └─1344 /usr/sbin/named -u named -c /etc/named.conf Aug 11 16:19:38 fedora named[1344]: network unreachable resolving './NS/IN': 2001:500:1::53#53 Aug 11 16:19:38 fedora named[1344]: network unreachable resolving './NS/IN': 2001:500:200::b#53 Aug 11 16:19:38 fedora named[1344]: network unreachable resolving './NS/IN': 2001:500:9f::42#53 Aug 11 16:19:38 fedora named[1344]: network unreachable resolving './NS/IN': 2001:7fe::53#53

Aug 11 16:19:38 fedora named[1344]: network unreachable resolving './NS/IN': 2001:503:c27::2:30#53 Aug 11 16:19:38 fedora named[1344]: zone 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0 Aug 11 16:19:38 fedora named[1344]: all zones loaded Aug 11 16:19:38 fedora named[1344]: managed-keys-zone: Initializing automatic trust anchor management for zone '.'; DNSKEY ID 20326 is now trusted, waiving the n> Aug 11 16:19:38 fedora named[1344]: running Aug 11 16:19:38 fedora systemd[1]: Started Berkeley Internet Name Domain (DNS). To test our DNS server we just execute: $ dig @127.0.0.1 -t srv _etcd-server-ssl._tcp.ocp4.example.com ; DiG 9.16.19-RH @127.0.0.1 -t srv _etcd-server-ssl._tcp.ocp4.example.com ; (1 server found) ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER (item='name': 'master01', 'ipaddr': '192.168.100.11', 'macaddr': '52:54:00:8b:a1:17') changed: [localhost] => (item='name': 'master02', 'ipaddr': '192.168.100.12', 'macaddr': '52:54:00:ea:8b:9d') changed: [localhost] => (item='name': 'master03', 'ipaddr': '192.168.100.13', 'macaddr': '52:54:00:f8:87:c7') TASK [Set the worker specific tftp files] ************************************************************************************************************************ changed: [localhost] => (item='name': 'worker01', 'ipaddr': '192.168.100.21', 'macaddr': '52:54:00:31:4a:39') changed: [localhost] => (item='name': 'worker02', 'ipaddr': '192.168.100.22', 'macaddr': '52:54:00:6a:37:32') changed: [localhost] => (item='name': 'worker03', 'ipaddr': '192.168.100.23', 'macaddr': '52:54:00:95:d4:ed') RUNNING HANDLER [restart tftp] *********************************************************************************************************************************** changed: [localhost] PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************************************************************************************************* localhost : ok=5 changed=4 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 Headless environment considerations With the consideration of the fact that we’re working in a headless environment, minimal setup of KVM without graphical interface. We need to ensure CoreOS booted VM will automatically choose the correct image and ignition file for the OS installation. PXE Boot files are created inside the directory /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg NOTE: Each of the file created should have a 01- before the MAC Address. See below example of bootstrap node. Bootstrap node Mac Address: 52:54:00:a4:db:5f The file created will be cat /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/01-52-54-00-a4-db-5f With contents: default menu.c32 prompt 1 timeout 9 ONTIMEOUT 1 menu title ######## PXE Boot Menu ######## label 1 menu label ^1) Install Bootstrap Node menu default kernel rhcos/kernel append initrd=rhcos/initramfs.img nomodeset rd.neednet=1 console=tty0 console=ttyS0 ip=dhcp coreos.inst=yes coreos.inst.install_dev=vda coreos.live.rootfs_url=http://192.168.100.254:8080/rhcos/rootfs.img coreos.inst.ignition_url=http://192.168.100.254:8080/ignition/bootstrap.ign Master nodes The file for each master has contents similar to this: default menu.c32 prompt 1 timeout 9 ONTIMEOUT 1 menu title ######## PXE Boot Menu ######## label 1 menu label ^1) Install Master Node menu default kernel rhcos/kernel append initrd=rhcos/initramfs.img nomodeset rd.neednet=1 console=tty0 console=ttyS0 ip=dhcp coreos.inst=yes coreos.inst.install_dev=vda coreos.live.rootfs_url=http://192.168.100.254:8080/rhcos/rootfs.img coreos.inst.ignition_url=http://192.168.100.254:8080/ignition/master.ign Worker nodes The file for each worker node will looks similar to this: default menu.c32 prompt 1 timeout 9 ONTIMEOUT 1 menu title ######## PXE Boot Menu ######## label 1 menu label ^1) Install Worker Node menu default kernel rhcos/kernel

append initrd=rhcos/initramfs.img nomodeset rd.neednet=1 console=tty0 console=ttyS0 ip=dhcp coreos.inst=yes coreos.inst.install_dev=vda coreos.live.rootfs_url=http://192.168.100.254:8080/rhcos/rootfs.img coreos.inst.ignition_url=http://192.168.100.254:8080/ignition/worker.ign You can list all the files created using the following command: $ ls -1 /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg 01-52:54:00:31:4a:39 01-52:54:00:6a:37:32 01-52:54:00:8b:a1:17 01-52:54:00:95:d4:ed 01-52:54:00:a4:db:5f 01-52:54:00:ea:8b:9d 01-52:54:00:f8:87:c7 Step 6: Configure HAProxy as Load balanceron Bastion / Helper node In this setup we’re using a software load balancer solution – HAProxy. In a Production setup of OpenShift Container Platform a hardware or highly available load balancer solution is required. Install the package sudo yum install -y haproxy Set SEBool to allow haproxy connect any port: sudo setsebool -P haproxy_connect_any 1 Backup the default HAProxy configuration sudo mv /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg.default Here is HAProxy configuration ansible task: $ vim tasks/configure_haproxy_lb.yml --- # Configure OCP4 HAProxy Load balancer on Helper Node - hosts: all vars_files: - ../vars/main.yml tasks: - name: Write out haproxy config file template: src: ../templates/haproxy.cfg.j2 dest: /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg notify: - restart haproxy handlers: - name: restart haproxy ansible.builtin.service: name: haproxy state: restarted Run ansible-playbook using created task to configure HAProxy Load balancer for OpenShift $ ansible-playbook tasks/configure_haproxy_lb.yml PLAY [all] ******************************************************************************************************************************************************* TASK [Gathering Facts] ******************************************************************************************************************************************* ok: [localhost] TASK [Write out haproxy config file] ***************************************************************************************************************************** changed: [localhost] RUNNING HANDLER [restart haproxy] ******************************************************************************************************************************** changed: [localhost] PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************************************************************************************************* localhost : ok=3 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 Open the file for editing sudo vim /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg Configuration file is place in the file /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg Configure SElinux for HAProxy to use the custom ports configured. sudo semanage port -a 6443 -t http_port_t -p tcp sudo semanage port -a 22623 -t http_port_t -p tcp sudo semanage port -a 32700 -t http_port_t -p tcp Open ports on the firewall sudo firewall-cmd --add-service=http,https --permanent sudo firewall-cmd --add-port=6443,22623/tcp --permanent sudo firewall-cmd --reload Step 7: Install OpenShift installer and CLI binaryon Bastion / Helper node Download and install the OpenShift installer and client OpenShift Client binary: # Linux wget https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/ocp/latest/openshift-client-linux.tar.gz tar xvf openshift-client-linux.tar.gz sudo mv oc kubectl /usr/local/bin rm -f README.md LICENSE openshift-client-linux.tar.gz # macOS wget https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/ocp/latest/openshift-client-mac.tar.gz tar xvf openshift-client-mac.tar.gz sudo mv oc kubectl /usr/local/bin rm -f README.md LICENSE openshift-client-mac.tar.gz OpenShift installer binary: # Linux wget https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/ocp/latest/openshift-install-linux.tar.gz tar xvf openshift-install-linux.tar.gz

sudo mv openshift-install /usr/local/bin rm -f README.md LICENSE openshift-install-linux.tar.gz # macOS wget https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/ocp/latest/openshift-install-mac.tar.gz tar xvf openshift-install-mac.tar.gz sudo mv openshift-install /usr/local/bin rm -f README.md LICENSE openshift-install-mac.tar.gz Check if you can run binaries: $ openshift-install version openshift-install 4.10.18 built from commit 25b4d09c94dc4bdc0c79d8668369aeb4026b52a4 release image quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-release@sha256:195de2a5ef3af1083620a62a45ea61ac1233ffa27bbce7b30609a69775aeca19 release architecture amd64 $ oc version Client Version: 4.10.18 $ kubectl version --client Client Version: version.InfoMajor:"1", Minor:"23", GitVersion:"v1.23.0", GitCommit:"878f5a8fe0d04ea70c5e5de11fa9cc7a49afb86e", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2022-06-01T00:19:52Z", GoVersion:"go1.17.5", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64" Create SSH Key Pairs Now we need to create a SSH key pair to access to use later to access the CoreOS nodes ssh-keygen -t rsa -N "" -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa Step 8: Generate ignition fileson Bastion / Helper node We need to create the ignition files used for the installation of CoreOS machines Download Pull Secret We can store our pull secret in ~/.openshift directory: mkdir ~/.openshift Visit cloud.redhat.com and download your pull secret and save it under ~/.openshift/pull-secret $ vim ~/.openshift/pull-secret Create ocp4 directory mkdir -p ~/ocp4 cd ~/ We can now create OpenShift installation yaml file install-config-base.yaml: cat

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globalmediacampaign · 4 years ago

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2020: The year in review for Amazon DynamoDB

2020 has been another busy year for Amazon DynamoDB. We released new and updated features that focus on making your experience with the service better than ever in terms of reliability, encryption, speed, scale, and flexibility. The following 2020 releases are organized alphabetically by category and then by dated releases, with the most recent release at the top of each category. It can be challenging to keep track of a service’s changes over the course of a year, so use this handy, one-page post to catch up or remind yourself about what happened with DynamoDB in 2020. Let us know @DynamoDB if you have questions. Amazon CloudWatch Application Insights June 8 – Amazon CloudWatch Application Insights now supports MySQL, DynamoDB, custom logs, and more. CloudWatch Application Insights launched several new features to enhance observability for applications. CloudWatch Application Insights has expanded monitoring support for two databases, in addition to Microsoft SQL Server: MySQL and DynamoDB. This enables you to easily configure monitors for these databases on Amazon CloudWatch and detect common errors such as slow queries, transaction conflicts, and replication latency. Amazon CloudWatch Contributor Insights for DynamoDB April 2 – Amazon CloudWatch Contributor Insights for DynamoDB is now available in the AWS GovCloud (US) Regions. CloudWatch Contributor Insights for DynamoDB is a diagnostic tool that provides an at-a-glance view of your DynamoDB tables’ traffic trends and helps you identify your tables’ most frequently accessed keys (also known as hot keys). You can monitor each table’s item access patterns continuously and use CloudWatch Contributor Insights to generate graphs and visualizations of the table’s activity. This information can help you better understand the top drivers of your application’s traffic and respond appropriately to unsuccessful requests. April 2 – CloudWatch Contributor Insights for DynamoDB is now generally available. Amazon Kinesis Data Streams for DynamoDB November 23 – Now you can use Amazon Kinesis Data Streams to capture item-level changes in your DynamoDB tables. Enable streaming to a Kinesis data stream on your table with a single click in the DynamoDB console, or via the AWS API or AWS CLI. You can use this new capability to build advanced streaming applications with Amazon Kinesis services. AWS Pricing Calculator November 23 – AWS Pricing Calculator now supports DynamoDB. Estimate the cost of DynamoDB workloads before you build them, including the cost of features such as on-demand capacity mode, backup and restore, DynamoDB Streams, and DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX). Backup and restore November 23 – You can now restore DynamoDB tables even faster when recovering from data loss or corruption. The increased efficiency of restores and their ability to better accommodate workloads with imbalanced write patterns reduce table restore times across base tables of all sizes and data distributions. To accelerate the speed of restores for tables with secondary indexes, you can exclude some or all secondary indexes from being created with the restored tables. September 23 – You can now restore DynamoDB table backups as new tables in the Africa (Cape Town), Asia Pacific (Hong Kong), Europe (Milan), and Middle East (Bahrain) Regions. You can use DynamoDB backup and restore to create on-demand and continuous backups of your DynamoDB tables, and then restore from those backups. February 18 – You can now restore DynamoDB table backups as new tables in other AWS Regions. Data export to Amazon S3 November 9 – You can now export your DynamoDB table data to your data lake in Amazon S3 to perform analytics at any scale. Export your DynamoDB table data to your data lake in Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), and use other AWS services such as Amazon Athena, Amazon SageMaker, and AWS Lake Formation to analyze your data and extract actionable insights. No code-writing is required. DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) August 11 – DAX now supports next-generation, memory-optimized Amazon EC2 R5 nodes for high-performance applications. R5 nodes are based on the AWS Nitro System and feature enhanced networking based on the Elastic Network Adapter. Memory-optimized R5 nodes offer memory size flexibility from 16–768 GiB. February 6 – Use the new CloudWatch metrics for DAX to gain more insights into your DAX clusters’ performance. Determine more easily whether you need to scale up your cluster because you are reaching peak utilization, or if you can scale down because your cache is underutilized. DynamoDB local May 21 – DynamoDB local adds support for empty values for non-key String and Binary attributes and 25-item transactions. DynamoDB local (the downloadable version of DynamoDB) has added support for empty values for non-key String and Binary attributes, up to 25 unique items in transactions, and 4 MB of data per transactional request. With DynamoDB local, you can develop and test applications in your local development environment without incurring any additional costs. Empty values for non-key String and Binary attributes June 1 – DynamoDB support for empty values for non-key String and Binary attributes in DynamoDB tables is now available in the AWS GovCloud (US) Regions. Empty value support gives you greater flexibility to use attributes for a broader set of use cases without having to transform such attributes before sending them to DynamoDB. List, Map, and Set data types also support empty String and Binary values. May 18 – DynamoDB now supports empty values for non-key String and Binary attributes in DynamoDB tables. Encryption November 6 – Encrypt your DynamoDB global tables by using your own encryption keys. Choosing a customer managed key for your global tables gives you full control over the key used for encrypting your DynamoDB data replicated using global tables. Customer managed keys also come with full AWS CloudTrail monitoring so that you can view every time the key was used or accessed. Global tables October 6 – DynamoDB global tables are now available in the Europe (Milan) and Europe (Stockholm) Regions. With global tables, you can give massively scaled, global applications local access to a DynamoDB table for fast read and write performance. You also can use global tables to replicate DynamoDB table data to additional AWS Regions for higher availability and disaster recovery. April 8 – DynamoDB global tables are now available in the China (Beijing) Region, operated by Sinnet, and the China (Ningxia) Region, operated by NWCD. With DynamoDB global tables, you can create fully replicated tables across Regions for disaster recovery and high availability of your DynamoDB tables. With this launch, you can now add a replica table in one AWS China Region to your existing DynamoDB table in the other AWS China Region. When you use DynamoDB global tables, you benefit from an enhanced 99.999% availability SLA at no additional cost. March 16 – You can now update your DynamoDB global tables from version 2017.11.29 to the latest version (2019.11.21) with a few clicks on the DynamoDB console. By upgrading the version of your global tables, you can easily increase the availability of your DynamoDB tables by extending your existing tables into additional AWS Regions, with no table rebuilds required. There is no additional cost for this update, and you benefit from improved replicated write efficiencies after you update to the latest version of global tables. February 6 – DynamoDB global tables are now available in the Asia Pacific (Mumbai), Canada (Central), Europe (Paris), and South America (São Paulo) Regions. NoSQL Workbench May 4 – NoSQL Workbench for DynamoDB adds support for Linux. NoSQL Workbench for DynamoDB is a client-side application that helps developers build scalable, high-performance data models, and simplifies query development and testing. NoSQL Workbench is available for Ubuntu 12.04, Fedora 21, Debian 8, and any newer versions of these Linux distributions, in addition to Windows and macOS. March 3 – NoSQL Workbench for DynamoDB is now generally available. On-demand capacity mode March 16 – DynamoDB on-demand capacity mode is now available in the Asia Pacific (Osaka-Local) Region. On-demand is a flexible capacity mode for DynamoDB that is capable of serving thousands of requests per second without requiring capacity planning. DynamoDB on-demand offers simple pay-per-request pricing for read and write requests, so you only pay for what you use, making it easy to balance cost and performance. PartiQL support November 23 – You can now use PartiQL, a SQL-compatible query language, to query, insert, update, and delete table data in DynamoDB. PartiQL makes it easier to interact with DynamoDB and run queries on the AWS Management Console. Training June 17 – Coursera offers a new digital course about building DynamoDB-friendly apps. AWS Training and Certification has launched “DynamoDB: Building NoSQL Database-Driven Applications,” a self-paced, digital course now available on Coursera. About the Author Craig Liebendorfer is a senior technical editor at Amazon Web Services. He also runs the @DynamoDB Twitter account. https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/2020-the-year-in-review-for-amazon-dynamodb/

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siva3155 · 6 years ago

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300+ TOP PUPPET Interview Questions and Answers

PUPPET Interview Questions for freshers and experienced :-

1. Why the puppet is important? Puppet develops and increases the social, emotional and communication skills of the children. 2. What are the works and uses of puppets? Puppet defines to software and configuration your system requires and has the ability to maintain an initial set up. Puppet is a powerful configuration management tool to help system administrators and DevOps to work smart, fast, automate the configuration, provisioning, and management of a server. 3. Why puppet is used by an organization? Puppet is used to fulfill cloud infrastructure needs, data centers and to maintain the growth of phenomenal. It is very flexible to configure with the right machine. Puppet helps an organization to imagine all machine properties and infrastructure. 4. What are the functions of Puppet? Ruby is the base development language of puppet and supports two types of functions are Statements and Rvalue. There are three types of Inbuilt functions File function Include function Defined function 5. What is Reductive labs? Puppet labs are to target the reAnswer:framing of the automation problem of the server. 6. How is puppet useful for developers? Puppet is a reliable, fast, easy and automated infrastructure to add more servers and the new version of the software in a single click. You can fully focus on productive work because it is free from repetitive tasks. 7. What is the language of the puppet? Puppet has its language known as eponymous puppet available in open and commercial versions. It uses a declarative, modelAnswer:based approach for IT automation to define infrastructure as code and configuration with programs. 8. Does puppet has its programing language, why? Yes, because it is very easy and clear to understand quick by developers 9. What puppet will teach you? Puppet will teach you how to write the code to configure automate server, to use preAnswer:built and create modules, how to use resources, facts, nodes, classes and manifests, etc. 10. What are the effects of puppet on children? There are many surprising and amazing effects of puppets such as it encourages and improves the imagination, creativity, motorcycle and emotional health of the children to express inner feelings. The main thing is that you can communicate and give a valuable message to your children funnily and unusually and also to get rid of your child from the shyness of reading, pronouncing and speaking loud in front of everybody.

PUPPET Interview Questions 11. How to install a puppet master? First update your system and install the puppet labsAnswer:release repository into Ubuntu. Always install the latest and updated version of the puppet “puppetmasterAnswer:passenger” package. 12. What is configuration management? Configurations management handles the changes systematically to confirm the system design and built state. It also maintains the system integrity and accurate historical records of system state for audit purposes and management of the project. 13. How do puppet slaves and masters communicate? First slave sends the request for the master certificate to sign in and then master approves the request and sends it to slave and slave certificate too. Now the slave will approve the request. After completing all the formalities date is exchanged very securely between two parties. 14. How DevOps puppet tool works? Facts details of the operating system, the IP address of the virtual machine or not, it is sent to the puppet master by the puppet slave. Then the fact details are checked by the puppet master to decide how the slave machine will configure and wellAnswer:defined document to describe the state of every resource. The message is shown on the dashboard after completing the configuration. 15. Describe puppet manifests and puppet module? Puppet manifests – Are puppet code and use the. pp extension of filenames. For example, write a manifest in the puppet master to create a file and install apache to puppet slaves that are connected to the puppet master. Puppet module – It is a unique collection of data and manifests like files, facts, templates with a special directory structure. 16. What are the main sources of the puppet catalog for configuration? Agent provided data, Puppet manifests, external data. 17. Is 2.7.6 puppet run on the window and server? Yes, it will run to ensure future compatibility. Puppet can on servers in an organization because there are a lot of similarities in the operating system. 18. How can we manage workstation with a puppet? BY using “puppet tool” for managing workstations, desktops, laptops. 19. What is Node? It is a block of puppet code included in matching nodes catalogs which allow assigning configurations to specific nodes. 20 . What are facts, name the facts puppet can access? System information is facts which are preAnswer:set variables to use anywhere in manifests. Factor builtAnswer:in core facts, custom and external facts. 21. Where are blocks of Puppet code stored? Blocks are known as the classes of puppet code and are stored on modules to use later and can be applied only by a name. 22. Which command puppet apply? Puppet apply /etc/puppet labs/code/environments/production/manifests/site.pp 23. Name the two version of puppet? Define Open source puppet – It manages the configuration of UnixAnswer:like, Microsoft windows system. It is a free version to modify and customize. Puppet enterprise – Ability to manage all the IT applications, infrastructure and provide a robust based solution for automating anything. 24. What are community tools to support the functions of puppets? These are Git, Jenkins and DevOps tools to support integration and features in puppet. 25. Name the problem while using puppet? Puppet distortion issue Blink issue Wrap issue Movement issue Face issue Walking issue 26. What are the two components of the puppet? Puppet language and Puppet platform 27. How to check the requests of Certificates from the puppet agent to puppet master? puppet cert list Puppet cert sign Puppet cert sign all 28. Where and why we use etckeeperAnswer:commitAnswer:post and etckeeperAnswer:commitAnswer:pre? It is used on a puppet agent. etckeeperAnswer:commitAnswer:post is used to define scripts and command after pushing configuration in the configuration file. etckeeperAnswer:commitAnswer:pre is used to define scripts and command before pushing configuration in the configuration file. 29. What is runinterval? A request by default is sent to the puppet master after a periodic time by the puppet agent. 30. What does puppet kick allow? It allows triggering puppet agent from puppet master. 31. What is orchestration framework and what does it do? It is an MCollective and runs on thousands of servers using writing and plugins. 32. What is this “$operatingsystem” how it is set? This is variables and set by factor. 33. What does puppet follow? ClientAnswer:server architecture. Client as “agent” and server as “master”. 34. What are the challenges handled by configuration by management? Identify the component to be changed when requires, wrong identification may replace by the right component implementation. After changes all nodes are redone. The previous version is again implemented if necessary. 35. What are the advantages of a puppet? Develops imagination power, verbal expression, voice modulation, confidence, teamwork, dramatic expression, listening skills. 36. What is used for separating data from puppet code and why? Hiera. For storing the data in keyAnswer:value pairs. 37. Who approves puppet code and why? Puppet parser and puppet code check the syntax errors. 38. What we use to change and view the puppet settings? By puppet config. 39. What puppet for automating configuration management? Python. 40. What reduces the time to automation to get started with DevOps? Puppet Bolt. 41. How to uninstalling modules in Puppet? Use the puppet module uninstall command to remove an installed module. 42. What are the core commands of Puppet? Core commands of Puppet are: Pupper Agent Pupper Server Puppet Apply Puppet Cert Puppet Module Puppet Resource Puppet Config Puppet Parser Puppet Help Puppet Man 43. What is Puppet agent? Puppet agent manages systems, with the help of a Puppet master. It requests a configuration catalog from a Puppet master server, then ensures that all resources in that catalog are in their desired state. 44. What is Puppet Server? Puppet Server compiles configurations for any number of Puppet agents, using Puppet code and various other data sources. It provides the same services as the classic Puppet master application, and more. 45. What is Puppet apply? Puppet apply manages systems without needing to contact a Puppet master server. It compiles its own configuration catalog, using Puppet modules and various other data sources, then immediately applies the catalog. 46. What is Puppet cert? Puppet cert helps manage Puppet’s built-in certificate authority (CA). It runs on the same server as the Puppet master application. You can use it to sign and revoke agent certificates. 47. What is Puppet module? Puppet module is a multi-purpose tool for working with Puppet modules. It can install and upgrade new modules from the Puppet Forge, help generate new modules, and package modules for public release. 48. What is Puppet resource? Puppet resource lets you interactively inspect and manipulate resources on a system. It can work with any resource type Puppet knows about. 49. What is Puppet config? Puppet config lets you view and change Puppet’s settings. 50. What is Puppet parser? Puppet parser lets you validate Puppet code to make sure it contains no syntax errors. It can be a useful part of your continuous integration toolchain. PUPPET Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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cryptofeedzposts · 6 years ago

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Ethereum on ARM. Raspberry Pi 4 “out of memory” crashes solution. ETH 2.0 on ARM progress (includes Prysm and Lighthouse clients for ARM64). Raspberry Pi 4 64bit support. New images available.

Ethereum on ARM is a project that provides custom Linux images for Raspberry Pi 4 (Ethereum on ARM32 repo [1]), NanoPC-T4 [2] and RockPro64 [3] boards (Ethereum on ARM64 repo [4]) that run Geth or Parity Ethereum clients as a boot service and automatically turns these ARM devices into a full Ethereum node. The images include other components of the Ethereum ecosystem such as Status.im, Raiden, IPFS, Swarm and Vipnode as well as initial support for Eth2.0 clients.

Images take care of all necessary steps, from setting up the environment and formatting the SSD disk to installing and running the Ethereum software as well as synchronizing the blockchain.

All you need to do is flash the MicroSD card, plug an ethernet cable, connect the SSD disk and power on the device.

Images update

Note: If you are already running an Ethereum on ARM node (Raspberry Pi 4, NanoPC-T4 or RockPro64) you can update the Ethereum clients and ecosystem software by running the following command:

sudo update-ethereum

Note 2: For solving the Raspberry Pi 4 memory issues, either flash the new Raspberry Pi 4 image below or follow the steps described on the “Raspberry Pi 4 RAM issues” section.

DOWNLOAD LINKS

For further info regarding installation and usage please visit Ethereum on ARM32 Github repo [1] and Ethereum on ARM64 Github [4]

RASPBERRY PI 4 IMAGE

NANOPC-T4 IMAGE

ROCKPRO64 IMAGE

ETHEREUM SOFTWARE INSTALLED

Geth: 1.9.9 (official binary)

Parity: 2.5.12 (cross compiled)

Swarm: 0.5.4 (official binary)

Raiden Network: 0.200.0~rc1 (official binary)

IPFS: 0.4.22 (official binary)

Status.im: 0.34.0~beta3 (cross compiled)

Vipnode: 2.3 (official binary)

Prysm: 0.2.7 (compiled. ARM64 only)

Lighthouse: 0.1.0 (compiled. ARM64 only)

CHANGELOG

Raspberry Pi image

NanoPC-T4

Added support for official cooling set (fan and heatsink) [5]

Updated Ethereum software

Updated Prysm Eth2.0 client

Added Lighthouse Eth2.0 client

RockPro64

Updated Ethereum software

Updated Prysm Eth2.0 client

Added Lighthouse Eth2.0 client

Raspberry Pi 4 RAM issues

As reported recently on Github [6] there is a RAM allocation issue going on with the Raspberry Pi 4 that leaves the device completely unresponsive.

While doing some research we found several issues on the Raspberry official forum related to this topic [7].

It seems that the Raspbian Linux kernel has lots of problems handling 4GB of RAM (particularly on heavy i/o workloads). As so, The Raspberry Pi Foundation enabled a 64bit kernel on their official repository (note that the userland is still on 32bit). The 64bit kernel seems to fix the allocation memory issues.

A new EthRaspbian image with the new 64bit kernel enabled by default is available (see above).

If you are already running a Raspberry Pi 4 node, you can enable the 64bit kernel by following these steps:

First, make sure you have the latest stable firmware installed:

sudo rpi-eeprom-update

Enable the 64bit kernel and reboot:

sudo echo arm_64bit=1 >> /boot/config.txt sudo reboot

Once logged in again, run:

sudo uname -rm

You should get this output:

4.19.75-v8+ aarch64

which means that you are now running the 64bit kernel.

If for whatever reason you are running a higher kernel version (you installed the alpha/testing firmware with rpi-update tool), you can go back to the stable version by running:

sudo apt-get update; sudo apt-get install --reinstall raspberrypi-bootloader raspberrypi-kernel

RASPBERRY PI 4 FAST SYNC STATS WITH 64BIT KERNEL (4.19.75-v8+)

We weren’t able to reproduce the RAM issues running the 64bit kernel but this doesn’t mean it is 100% fixed (more testing is needed). If you run into this or a similar memory problem please, report here or on Github (feedback appreciated).

Ethereum 2.0 client progress

As you may know, Eth 2.0 clients are progressing at a fast pace and the Beacon Chain release is around the corner. We are currently focusing our efforts on these Etherem 2.0 implementations (which already enabled public testnets):

As a first step, we are including the latest releases of Prysm and Lighthouse for the NanoPC-T4 and RockPro64 images (ARM64). As of today, nor Prysm neither Lighthouse compiles on ARM7 (Raspberry Pi 4). In the case of Prysm it will likely be solved in short [11]. Unfortunately, Lighthouse doesn’t (and won’t) support ARM7 at all [12].

Raspbian will most probably migrate to 64bit in the near future so this will be no longer an issue once they complete this process.

Again, if you are already running an Ethereum on ARM64 image (nanoPC-T4 or RockPro64) , you can install both clients by running:

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install prysm-beacon prysm-validator lighthouse

Regarding Prysm, as explained on an earlier post [13], follow the official instructions [14.1] (jump to “Get GöETH — Test ether” section) to join the public testnet. Basically, get the Goerli ETH (no real value), set the validator password and run both clients (beacon-chain and validator). Once you have done all required steps and make sure everything goes as expected you can edit the file /etc/ethereum/prysm-validator.conf and define the password previously set in order to run both clients as a systemd service:

sudo systemctl start prysm-beacon sudo systemctl start prysm-validator

Lighthouse is provided as a single binary by now (so no config files or systemd service yet). Please, refer to their official documentation [15.1] (jump to “Start your Beacon Node” section) to test the software and join the public testnet.

We are testing Status Nimbus as well and will try to include it soon.

Expect a dedicated Ethereum on ARM image for testing Eth 2.0 clients on ARM devices (soonTM). Hopefully this will include an image for the Raspberry Pi 4 with Prysm and Nimbus clients.

RASPBERRY PI 4 AND 64BIT

Finally, some info regarding 64 bit support on Raspberry Pi 4. Although Raspberry Pi 4 CPU is 64bit capable, its official OS (Raspbian) is still based on 32bit [16]. Nowadays, it is hard to support 32bit software (as explained before, Prysm is running into issues compiling the client and Lighthouse doesn’t even support it). Raspbian is going to migrate to 64bit but this will take some time.

However, It is possible to run 64bit software on the Raspberry Pi 4. One option is to use a nspawn container (runs Raspbian with a 64bit kernel and 32bit userland combined with a 64bit systemd-nspawn userland container) [17.1].

Other option is to install a native 64bit Linux image. As so, If you are eager to try the Eth 2.0 clients on the Raspberry Pi 4 (not tested and for advanced users only), you can follow these steps:

Install the 64bit Ubuntu image for the Raspberry Pi [17.2]

Add an ethereum user account and setup the storage in /home/ethereum (you can check this excellent guide by Grégoire Jeanmart to get an idea of how to do this [17.3]).

Add the Ethereum on ARM64 repositories and install the Ethereum software:

apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 8A584409D327B0A5 add-apt-repository -n "deb http://apt.ethraspbian.com bionic main" add-apt-repository -n "deb http://apt.ethraspbian.com bionic-security main" add-apt-repository "deb http://apt.ethraspbian.com bionic-upgrades main" apt-get install geth parity swarm ipfs raiden status.im-node vipnode prysm-beacon prysm-validator

Again, this is not tested yet but it should work. Please, report here if you give it a try.

References

https://github.com/diglos/pi-gen

https://www.friendlyarm.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=225

https://store.pine64.org/?product=rockpro64-4gb-single-board-computer

https://github.com/diglos/userpatches

https://www.friendlyarm.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=263

https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/20190

Raspberry Pi Forum (memory issues)

https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=255433

https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=249924

https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=244367

https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=244849

https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=244531

https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm

https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse

https://github.com/status-im/nim-beacon-chain

https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/issues/2546

https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/issues/706

https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/cgr9y4/ethereum_on_arm_nanopct4_and_raspberry_pi_images/

Prysm documentation for joining the testnet, testnet info and block explorer

https://prylabs.net/participate

https://medium.com/prysmatic-labs/ethereum-2-0-development-update-41-prysmatic-labs-856851a1bd28

https://beacon.etherscan.io

Lighthouse documentation for joining the testnet and testnet updates

https://lighthouse-book.sigmaprime.io/become-a-validator.html

https://lighthouse.sigmaprime.io

https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=63&t=252369&sid=2b6eb81b16071c28a9a616eabfaf4bc2

Raspberry Pi 4 64bit. Raspbian container and 64bit distro images

https://github.com/sakaki-/raspbian-nspawn-64

https://ubuntu.com/download/raspberry-pi

https://kauri.io/running-an-ethereum-full-node-on-a-raspberrypi-4-(model-b)/9695fcca217f46feb355245275835fc0/a

#Cryptocurrencies #Bitcoin #Ethereum #Litecoin #Ripple #XRP

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graciedroweuk · 7 years ago

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