#2018 Holden Commodore

[aiautos]

In 2014, Chevrolet announced vaguely, that they would be returning to a classic nameplate to rival the Dodge Charger, introducing the 2016 Chevrolet Chevelle, replacing the 8th generation Malibu, equipped with some familiar engine options, the 2.4L Ecotec, the LFW V6, and the LUK I4 Hybrid system, though with the usage of the E2XX platform, it would require severe modification for it's final party trick, a L77, also used in the Holden Commodore, and Chevrolet Caprice, but in 2018, it would be revealed that the Super Sport nameplate would be revived, revealing a LT4-powered Chevrolet Chevelle SS for the 2019 model year, with All-Wheel-Drive added, sales have been great for GM, selling the Chevelle SS as a halo car alongside the Corvette, though it has since been set to be discontinued for 2024, leaving a hole in Chevrolet's lineup in the near future.

[techinfo007-blog]

Comparison Test: 2018 Commodore RS v Mondeo Trend v Camry SX v Liberty 2.5i | Drive.com.au

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Comparison Test: 2018 Commodore RS v Mondeo Trend v Camry SX v Liberty 2.5i | Drive.com.au

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[hirocimacruiser]

VL Holden Calais Turbo. The RB26DET got it to 237.47km/h over the rolling 800m. Looking at the size of the turbo i would have expected more. 

[carsthatnevermadeitetc]

What a difference 37 years makes contrasting pics of Holden Commodore VC Group C, 1981 and Holden Next Generation Commodore Race Car Concept, 2018. Holden has revealed the first official concept image of the next generation Commodore race car, which will be introduced into the Virgin Australia Supercars Championship in 2018. Holden has also confirmed the next-gen Commodore will be homologated with the current V8 engine for the 2018 season only. A new, twin-turbocharged V6 engine, suitable for Supercars’ Gen 2 regulations, is currently undergoing development in partnership with the General Motors Performance and Racing Center, in Pontiac, Michigan.

[lagunapeach]

2018 Holden Commodore Rumor And Release Date

2018 Holden Commodore Rumor And Release Date - Â We assume the 2018 Holden Commodore VF Series II to stay mostly unchanged from the 2016 VF Commodore Series II. Additionally, the 2018 VF Series II will signify the final model year of creation for the Commodore toward the Zeta program, as well as Read more at http://www.autocarnewshq.com/2018-holden-commodore-rumor-and-release-date/

[crostuffnow-blog]

Top Festivals in Croatia

Single price tag costs for these events vary between a hundred and 2330 kuna and except the festivals on the coast, one in all them are control in Slavonia, Croatia’s most jap region. Based on the votes of the celebrated British DJ Magazine, the Croatian clubs will be terribly pleased withthe inclusion on the list of the most effective clubs within the world. Six clubs area unit among the fortybest within the world and also the voters have expressed their feelings regarding the atmosphere on the Croatian coast thus can|we are able to} expect that the organizers will do their best to create 2018 even higher than the previous year. the quantity of festivals grows each year, a range of genres at festivals throughout Republic of Croatia permit everybody to seek out one thing for themselves and their friends to get pleasure from and have an honest time. Also, for a few of them, you'll still obtain tickets at the first bird worth. The first event is that the echinoderm pageant http://www.seastarfestival.com/ (from twenty four to twenty seven May), that was control last year for the primary time in Umag, welcome quite fifty,000 guests from seventy totally different countries, exposes however massive this pageant very is. There area unit seven stages within the noted laguna of the Frank Stella Maris advanced and considering the various genres, we have a tendency to area unit certain that everybody can notice their favorite stage. massive names are confirmed, like Dimitri Vegas & Like microphone, the Belgian brothers United Nations agency take second place on the list of the most effective DJs of these days. There area unit also: Hurts, Disciples, Robin Charles Munroe Schulz, Paul van Dyk, Detour, Dječaci, Krešo Bengalka … the value for the ocean Star pageant is 279 kunas. Big names are confirmed, like Dimitri Vegas & Like microphone, the Belgian brothers United Nations agency take second place on the list of the most effective DJs of these days. There area unit also: Hurts, Disciples, Robin Charles Munroe Schulz, Paul van Dyk, Detour, Dječaci, Krešo Bengalka Events at Papaya https://papaya.com.hr/ begin at the top of could (May 31st) once the large Beach recessstarts. For now, there are confirmed performances by microphone Candy, Rene Rodrigezz, David Puentez, Sheko, and Trevon. the value of a three-day pageant price tag is 370 kunas. At the top of June (from twenty five to twenty seven June), the thirteenth edition of the foremost notedpageant in Zagreb, INMusic festivalhttps://www.inmusicfestival.com/ are control at Jarun lake. dischargedperformers area unit Queens Of The Stone Age, Nick Cave & The unhealthy Seeds, Interpol, Alice chained, David Byrne, St. Vincent, Portugal. The Man, The Kills, Bombino, Frank Carter & The Rattlesnakes, Forest, Reykjavíkurdætur, Tshegue, Super Besse and lots of others. Tickets will be purchased at a worth of 470 kunas, and there's a break of shopping for inhabitation price tag for 265 kunas. A sixth day of remembrance, from July sixth to July eighth, are celebrated by extremist Europe https://ultraeurope.com/ , the ecu edition of the extremist Music pageant, the foremost noted electronic music pageant within the world. when the top of the third day, the complete story goes to Brač, wherever the fun can continue on the beach referred to as ‘Zlatni rat’. The second island to be visited by lovers of this pageant are Hvar (July 10th), whereas the top is reserved for the island of Vis on Julyeleventh. Afrojack, Alesso, Hermann van Buuren, Axwell & Ingrosso, Carl Cox, David Guetta, DJ Snake, Hardwell, Steve Angello, The Chainsmokers are performers within the Split, whereas Hvar is set-aside for Fedde LE Grand, Nicky Romero, Jonas Blue, Joseph Oliver Heldens and San Holo. price tag worth for the primary a part of the pageant is 1300 kunas. In period (10 – twelve July) the contemporary Island pageant https://www.fresh-island.org/ (with hip-hop and R’n’B music) are persevered Zrće. within the past, this pageant brought massive names like Sean Paul, whiz Khalifa, and Chris Brown whereas the leading name of this year’s list is that the seventeen-year-old Lil Pump. contemporary Island is additionally set-aside for Goldlink, J Hus, Stefflon Don, Tim Westeood, Statik Selektah, Cheese on Bread, Faded, Shorebitch, Shorty Bless, thus contemporary thusClean and Stamina. guests also will be ready to visit the Boat Party (ticket worth is 240 kunas). An exception to the festivals on the Croatian coast are Ferragosto JAM http://ferragostojam.com/, which can be control from August two to five August on Orahovica lake. once you see the list of performers: TRAM eleven, pipschips & videoclips, Bolesna Braća, Mašinko, Bad Copy, Zdenka Kovačiček, J.R. August, Shank, No Smoking, High5, Space, Sass, Chui, and Killed A Fox, we are able to conclude that the organizers have created certain that each traveler enjoys their genre. Tickets will be purchased in pre-sale, at a value of a hundred kunas. For now, solely a price tag package of 2330 kuna is on the market, which incorporates a pageant price tag, accommodation, and a few drinks. When you see the list of performers: TRAM eleven, pipschips & videoclips, Bolesna Braća, Mašinko, Bad Copy, Zdenka Kovačiček, J.R. August, Shank, No Smoking, High5, Space, Sass, Chui, and Killed A Fox, we are able to conclude that the organizers have created certain that each traveler enjoys their genre. Papaya https://papaya.com.hr/ , Aquarius http://www.aquarius.hr/ , and Kalypso https://kalypso-zrce.com/ are home of the Sonus pageant https://www.sonus-festival.com/ (from August nineteenth to 23rd). For now, solely a price tag package of 2330 kuna is on the market, which incorporates a pageant price tag, accommodation, and a few drinks. The performers can be: Adam Beyer, Adriatique, Agoria, Chris Liebing, D’julz, Dana Ruh, Dixon, Hellene Paic, Constantine, Luigi Madonna, Maceo Plex, Marco Carola, Rhadoo, David Ricardo Villalobos, Richie Hawtin, Seth Troxler, Solomun (Official), Sonja Moonear et al. The end of August and also the starting of Sep area unit reserved for the size pageanthttps://dimensionsfestival.com/line-up/ , which can be persevered eleven stages, whereas the guests also will be ready to party on the boats and beaches. The pageant can ensue from the twenty ninth of August till the third of Sep at Fort Punta Christo in Botswana monetary unit. The price tag worth is four hundredkunas, and a few of the performers area unit Jon Hopkins, Bonobo, Lena Willikens, Amp Fiddler, capital of Montana Hauff, city In impact, Semitic deity Kraviz, Batu, Peggy Gou, James Holden & The Animal Spirits, Azymuth & Marcos Valle Alfa Mist, Kraftwerk, Moodymann … The Outlook pageant https://outlookfestival.com/ are control at a similar location from Sep fifth to Septenth, wherever fans of bass, d’n’b, dub, reggae, lurking, hip-hop, jungle, and dubstep can notice their favorite stage. Jay, Commodore, Jodie, Jhus, X-Men, X-Men, Jie Hou, Stefflon Don, Kojey Radical, Mist, Madam X, kids of Zeus, AJ Tracey, David Rodigan, Channel One, Bonobo, Andy C, Noisia, Digital Mystikz, Gantz and Lamont, Louis Isadore Kahn & Neek, Channel One, Icing Steppas, Johnny Clarke, Digital Mystikz, Silkie, Truth, Kaiju, A / T / O / S, Sicaria Sound, Bharat and Jack Sparrow area unit just a few of the performers United Nations agency can perform at this pageant. the value for Outlook pageant is four hundred kunas.

zajedno

[ardentguilt]

@australian followers

HEADS UP

This dudes a suspect on the run for murder. Considered to be armed and dangerous. There warning people if they see him not to approach. Keep a distance and call the cops immediately. Saying he has access to firearms. Possibly travelling in a silver 2014 Holden Commodore with a sunroof, Queensland rego 966-WKB.

Fled from Logan just south of Brisbane. Last seen at Stapyleton.

EDIT: 1st July 2018. Disregard this post. No longer relevant. Dudes in custody.

[forzahorizon4pcdownload]

Forza Horizon Best Game

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Due to the fact we're hsv then we can. Is the hsv gtsr w1 maloo ute safe and sound? Hsv developed the best aussie 4 door. The hsv gtsr w1 corresponds to a sincere endeavor Forza Horizon 4 PC Download to help transform the humble holden commodore to the greatest probable show car. Hsv in fact built several 'secret' gtsr maloo w1 products.

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To be correctly sincere, the undeniable fact that Giuseppe Verdi's La Forza del Destino becomes cursed occurs other on account of cultural superstition than concrete results. The call translates on the Power connected with Providence after that the item can be an emotional melodrama concerning the function due to the curse place on Leonora before her kick the bucket minister. The imagined curse inside really Forza Horizon 4 Download lifetime experiences merely lots of people alarmed simply by Italians. By way of example, Pavarotti by no means play the meaning function in this opera, despite singing practically some other part within the Italian language repertoire. The one event attached with La Forza del Destino in which pilots anyone to speculate if there may be in fact a problem is due to U . s . baritone Leonard Warren.

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The future Massive Part of Forza Horizon 4 Computer Download

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You could characterise it to be a very careful nevertheless talk changing associated with fat collected from one of ft . to a new; an identical, if much less dramatic, turn to the next produced by Gran Turismo with final being GT Sports activity. The default talk about of the before diversion became to be able to populate ones record with 'Drivatar' AIs, according to your own friends' reports. Forza Horizon 4 Download's default would be to be connected you in what the item name a 'Horizon Life' session, populating ones chart with many various other living gamblers. The last games' target was with a sprawling traditional job manner including several designed titles. Throughout Forza Horizon 4, the career's simply off-line module is removed backside in addition to harshly lacking throughout curation - that not very much a lot more than a steadily uncovering trail number - while one of the most appealing along with challenging functions happen time-limited contests to stay transferred into once a week updates, with Thurs night, as well as a coins involving year for many players. One of these simple structural moves is quite a bit far more prosperous versus new.

[hirocimacruiser]

2002 VXII Holden Commodore S. Based on the badging and number plate this would appear to be running a modified 3.8L ecotec supercharged V6. Best result was 206.78 km/h over the rolling 800m at Motul Racewars 2018.

[carsthatnevermadeitetc]

What a difference 15 years makes Alternating pics of Holden Commodore VY Adventura CX6, 2003 and Holden Commodore Tourer F3Q, 2018. The first “all-road” version of the Commodore was based on the VY series Commodore which was related to the Opel Omega B series, the new Commodore Tourer is Holden’s version of the Opel Insignia Country Tourer which will also be marketed as a Vauxhall and as a Buick Regal TourX

[huongdanlaixeantoan1]

Đánh giá Mazda 6 Touring Sedan Diesel

Các biến thể Mazda 6 cao cấp hơn có động cơ xăng tăng áp 2,5 lít mới bóng bẩy, nhưng ở phiên bản Touring, tùy chọn động cơ diesel được làm lại nhỏ hơn và êm hơn vẫn là lựa chọn tốt nhất. Nó đã già cỗi, nhưng công ty đã làm việc chăm chỉ để giữ cho nó hiện đại.

Bất cứ ai theo dõi xu hướng thị trường đều biết rằng người mua đang ngày càng tránh xa xe sedan để chuyển sang sử dụng xe SUV, và từ bỏ những chiếc xe du lịch chạy bằng động cơ diesel với tốc độ hàng ngày.

Thật khó để đánh giá động cơ diesel Mazda 6 2018 nâng cấp mà không tính đến điều này, đó có thể là lý do tại sao công ty dự kiến ​​chỉ có khoảng 4% người mua sẽ sử dụng động cơ này, tương đương với doanh số bán hàng dưới 100 chiếc mỗi năm.

Tuy nhiên, không điều gì trong số này khiến chiếc xe bạn thấy ở đây trở thành một món hàng tồi, chỉ là một sự hiểu lầm. Và mặc dù chiếc Mazda cỡ trung này trên danh nghĩa là sáu năm trong vòng đời của nó, những thay đổi khi vận hành vẫn giữ cho nó luôn mới so với Toyota Camry , Holden Commodore , Volkswagen Passat v.v.

Thật thú vị khi Mazda đã không chuyển động cơ diesel cũ cho mẫu MY18 này, mà thay vào đó đã thực hiện một số công việc làm lại để làm cho nó mượt mà và hoạt bát hơn. Động cơ diesel là động cơ hàng đầu trong cấp độ thông số kỹ thuật Mazda 6 Touring tầm trung được thử nghiệm tại đây, cũng như phiên bản Sport cơ sở. Nó trái ngược với động cơ xăng 2,5 lít NA rẻ hơn 3000 đô la tạo ra 140kW và 252Nm.

Động cơ tăng áp kép (dạng hình học biến thiên) 2,2 lít có công nghệ tuyệt vời như kim phun piezo chính xác hơn, buồng đốt mới có chức năng đánh lửa nhiều giai đoạn được hẹn giờ để chống lại tiếng gõ, quản lý dòng nước mới và kiểm soát chất làm mát được thiết kế lại.

Thực tế, nó rất êm ái đối với động cơ diesel, với một tiếng kêu tắt tiếng từ bên ngoài, nhưng rất ít rung động hoặc nhiều tiếng ồn truyền qua tường lửa và vào cabin cho đến khi bạn đến gần vạch đỏ - điều mà bạn gần như không bao giờ làm. Nó cũng có một dải trung cơ cơ bắp mang lại bởi làn sóng mô-men xoắn quen thuộc, giúp phản ứng lăn của nó trở nên dễ dàng. Đó là một động cơ diesel hiệu suất theo truyền thống châu Âu.

Kết quả tăng sản lượng kết quả cũng đáng chú ý: công suất tăng từ 129kW lên 140kW, và mô-men xoắn cực đại tăng từ 420Nm lên 450Nm, tại 2000 vòng / phút.

Kết hợp với động cơ là hộp số tự động sáu cấp chuyển đổi mô-men xoắn quen thuộc với cài đặt thủ công nhưng không có chế độ thể thao cho phép sang số tích cực. Nó có thể thiếu tỷ lệ trên giấy, nhưng tỷ lệ chênh lệch rộng hơn được bao phủ bởi mô-men xoắn của động cơ, và nó không bao giờ kén chọn hoặc xáo trộn.

Mazda 6 Touring sedan với động cơ diesel có giá 39.690 USD trước khi chi phí vận chuyển trên đường. Phiên bản GT được chỉ định cao hơn hiện có thể được trang bị động cơ xăng 2,5 lít tăng áp 170kW / 420Nm của CX-9 SUV với giá 43.990 USD, với khả năng tăng tốc nhanh hơn và thậm. Theo chúng tôi nhận đinh, vói mức giá như vậy thì 1 chiếc Mazda 6 sẽ là sự lựa chọn hợp lý nhất phân khúc

[perksofwifi]

Was GM’s Decision to Axe Right-Hand-Drive Holden Wrong-Handed?

Automotive dealerships are big businesses in their own right. They spend a lot of money on their facilities and inventory. And they are dealt a major blow when an automaker eliminates the car brand they sell. Such is the case in Australia, where Holden was the local General Motors brand since 1931. GM stopped producing Holdens in Australia in October 2017, importing vehicles from plants in Thailand and South Korea, with a few Chevrolet Equinox and Buick Acadia SUVs from North America. Then in 2020, GM finally announced that it is getting out all right-hand drive markets globally and that Holden dealers specifically would close by the end of the year.

GM isn’t alone in staying away from Australian production. All automakers have stopped manufacturing vehicles in Australia, and many have stopped selling brands in that market, period, because the business case is a tough one. Mitsubishi, Ford, and Toyota had already stopped manufacturing Down Under. The red Holden VFII Commodore Redline that rolled off the line on Oct. 20, 2107 was the last Holden and then last vehicle built in Australia. A Holden office remains to handle service, parts, warranties and recalls for at least 10 years.

So, sounds like that’s it—Holden is done, and GM is out of Australia. Not exactly.

The Holden dealer group is negotiating with GM over compensation for ending their franchise agreements prematurely. And that fight has taken a turn since the dealers hired a private investigation firm to look into whether GM knew it was going to kill the brand more than year before the shutdown was announced, according to CarAdvice in Australia. Dealers also want to know if GM had the move planned when it shut the plant in South Korea and made plans to close plants in Thailand and India, two other right-hand-drive countries.

The franchise agreements in Australia are ending almost three years early. GM is no stranger to these kinds of negotiations. It went through a painful and expensive divorce after emerging from bankruptcy in 2009 where restructuring meant shedding four of its eight brands: Pontiac, Saturn, Hummer and Oldsmobile. Those brands were axed and the dealers were compensated. (GM’s sale of its European Opel and Vauxhall brands to PSA in 2017 was less pricey.) Those moves really only left the four main brands: Chevrolet, Cadillac, Buick, and GMC—and the niche Holden brand noted for rear-wheel-drive, right-hand-drive vehicles in Australia.

Axing a brand is never a spur-of-the-moment decision. Executives and actuaries have likely researched such a move periodically for many years, given the relative volume of sales from a global perspective and the high costs in Australia. That said, where the dealers have a more legitimate beef is their contention that General Motors continued to encourage investment in showroom upgrades, promised new models, and had recently signed the Holden dealer network to five-year franchise agreements just before shutting down the Australian division; if GM knew Holden’s demise was near, that could be an issue, per CarAdvice.

A GM spokesman said, “as was stated at the time of announcement, the decision to retire the Holden brand in Australia and New Zealand was made shortly prior to the announcement on February 17, 2020.”

The dealer investigation is also looking into whether GM knew it would get rid of Holden when it made plans to close the plants in Thailand and India. In November 2018 GM announced global restructuring plans that would shutter plants in North America as well as two overseas factories. China’s Great Wall Motors bought the assets from the Thailand and India plants in deals that closed in late 2019 and early 2020.

The investigative firm is also looking into whether GM tried to sell Holden in 2017 when it sold Opel and Vauxhaul but GM and PSA have both repeatedly denied those rumors.

The GM spokesman says Holden “firmly believes the compensation offer to its dealers is fair and Holden strongly disagrees with any assertion that it has acted improperly.”

The post Was GM’s Decision to Axe Right-Hand-Drive Holden Wrong-Handed? appeared first on MotorTrend.

https://www.motortrend.com/news/gm-holden-dealer-dispute-investigation-report/ visto antes em https://www.motortrend.com

[carroesporteclube]

Holden: marca será extinta A General Motors anunciou nesta segunda (17) encerrar as atividades de sua subsidiária australiana Holden. É o fim da tradicional marca, criada em 1856, orgulho nacional na ilha e também na vizinha Nova Zelândia. Começou a montar carros em 1908 e foi comprada pela GM em 1931. Seu primeiro carro próprio foi lançado em 1948, o Holden 48-215, esse da foto de cima. Um de seus maiores sucessos e uma mania nacional foi o Commodore, exibido em sua última geração na foto abaixo. A produção local já havia sido encerrada em 2018, mas agora a GM decretou o encerramento: todas as revendas devem fechar até o final de 2021, além da atividades de design, engenharia e serviços financeiros. Aliás, a decisão inclusive é mai severa: a GM vai abandonar todos os mercados de carros com mão inglesa. Para aquele mercado, a Holden vai cumprir todas as garantias em vigor dos carros recém-vendidos, além de manter o fornecimento de peças de reposição por até 10 anos. A GM estuda criar uma preparadora oficial para oferecer alguns veículos no país, mas isso ainda não está definido. Leia o comunicado da Holden aos fãs (tradução livre): "Com o coração pesado, Holden anunciou hoje que a General Motors vai aposentar a marca Holden na Austrália e na Nova Zelândia. Este anúncio será sentido profundamente por toda a família Holden, nossos clientes e fãs. Holden continuará a oferecer suporte aos clientes das seguintes maneiras: Honrar todas as garantias existentes Honrar todas as ofertas de manutenção programadas gratuitas Suporte de call center  Fornecer manutenção e peças de reposição por pelo menos 10 anos, através de redes nacionais de pós-venda na Austrália e Nova Zelândia Entendemos o impacto dessa decisão sobre nossos clientes, nosso pessoal, nossos revendedores e nossos parceiros. Hoje é um dia triste para a família Holden. Estamos comprometidos com uma transição que faz jus à orgulhosa história de Holden." #CarroEsporteClube #Holden #HoldenAustralia #CarroEC_holden https://ift.tt/2u4a04k

[vehiclesofdfuture-blog]

The sky's the limit: flying car racing series under development

Australia bid goodbye to local automobile manufacturing this past October as the final Holden Commodore rolled off the assembly line, but perhaps the country will be at the forefront of another transportation sector: flying cars. One Aussie's idea isn't an unmanned transportation pod, however. Entrepreneur Matt Pearson wants flying cars to race.

Pearson has quietly been working on manned racing drones for the past two years and he announced his ambitions to bring motorsport to the sky. The Airspeeder World Championship could begin at a small scale sometime next year, according to Pearson, with the racing taking place in the desert. It would expand to a global racing series early next decade. As for the flying cars themselves, they don't actually have wheels. Rather, the drones feature four 50-kilowatt (67 horsepower) electric motors to power the vehicle's rotors.

The idea stems from the project Pearson is working on through his company, Alauda Racing, which will build and race its own flying car. Pearson is currently working with regulatory officials to certify his prototype. Alauda Racing has spent the past two years working on its first drone and recently built a large-scale concept to accommodate a pilot. Pearson plans to remotely test the drone in 2018 before manned tests occur in 2019.

Pearson wants air racing to channel vintage motorsports. He says the design of his prototype recalls the grand prix racers of the 1950s and 1960s

The Australian entrepreneur is hopeful air racing will be the next big thing and wants to build the "Ferrari of the sky." He's already laid down the challenge for other companies and brands.

"If you’re up to it come and race us in 2020," he said.

Those interested can support Pearson's project via a Kickstarter campaign, which launched on December 12.

source: www.motorauthority.com

[techinfo007-blog]

Comparison Test: 2018 Commodore v Camry v Stinger v Superb | Drive.com.au

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Comparison Test: 2018 Commodore v Camry v Stinger v Superb | Drive.com.au

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1行のコード ソフトウェアと、それを記述するコンピュータ・プログラムは、今日もっとも身の回りに溢れ、私たちの生活の中に偏在するメディアとなった。コンピュータはプログラムに書かれたコードを翻訳、解釈、実行することで、大量のデータを処理し、その結果を表示したり、コンピュータ同士でやりとりする。人々は、コンピュータのプログラムを作成するだけでなく、ソフトウェアを日常的に使用することで、ものごとの見方や考え方を形作っていく。私たちは、プログラム・コードをつくるだけでなく、プログラムによってつくられている。 プログラムは、コンピュータと人間の双方が理解可能な、人工言語によって記述されている。プログラムはコンピュータと人間のコミュニケーションの記述であり、より一般的には（分析や解釈の対象となる）「テクスト」である。そこには、アルゴリズムだけでなく、プログラム制作の前提、目的、過程、改良の過程が埋め込まれている。さらに変数や関数の名付け方や、アルゴリズムの注釈や解説といったプログラムのアルゴリズム以外の部分にも、さまざまなものごとを書き込むことができるし、逆に人間にとって理解しにくいよう難読化することもできる。プログラムは数学／数値的、論理／構造的な言語であると同時に、文化／人文的、思想／哲学的なテクストでもある。 実用的な、あるいは有用なプログラムの多くは、正しく、効率よく実行すること、あるいは保守や改良、再利用がし易いことが求められている。それらを巧みなバランスで実現したコードはしばしば、コンピュータ・プログラミングの「ART（技芸）」と呼ばれる。しかし、そうした自明な目的や有用な機能がないプログラム・コードでありながら、多くの人に共有されているものも存在する。そのひとつの（代表的であり、極めて早い時期の）例が、「10 PRINT」と呼ばれる1行のBASICプログラムである。 10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1));:GOTO 10 「10 PRINT」プログラムをVirtualC64（Commodore 64のエミュレータ）上で実行している様子 Commodore 64という、米コモドール社が1982年に発売開始した8ビットの家庭用コンピューターで、この極めてシンプルなコードを実行すると、斜め線、または逆斜め線のグラフィック記号がランダムに1つづつ、左から右、そして上から下へと表示されていく。画面が一杯になると2行ずつスクロールし、このプログラムは（中断するまで）永遠にこの表示を繰り返す。当時のコンピュータの速度は遅かったので、記号が画面を埋め尽くすのには約15秒かかる。しかしこのたった1行のコードが、当時のさまざまななパーソナルコンピュータに移植され、さまざまなバリエーションが生みだされた。そして、Commodore 64の誕生から30年を経た2012年、この文化的工芸品としてのプログラムを、ソフトウェア・スタディーズの視点から詳細に分析した本※1がThe MIT Pressから出版された。本のタイトルも『10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1));:GOTO 10』である。 ジェネリックでないコード 今日の、使いやすく、わかりやすく、役に立つ、そして技芸に優れたソフトウェアからみれば、こんなちっぽけで単純な迷路生成プログラムは、取るに足らないもののように見える。しかしそんな、40年近く前のマイクロコンピュータのための1行のプログラムに対して、今なお多くの人が関心を持ち、議論し、さらには今日のコンピュータにも移植され、さまざな修正版が実行されているのはなぜなのだろう。 まず重要なのは、このプログラムが非常に短いことである（おそらくこれ以上に短いものは、“hello, world” くらいのものだ）。今日の大規模データを活用した計算論的（computational）な文化分析手法（cultural analytics）が、対象そのものに触れることなく、そのマクロな傾向を把握しようとするのに対し、このコードは私たちに、ミクロな「精読」を要求する。しかしその精読は、限られた専門家による精読ではなく、（コードが短いがゆえの）万人に開かれた、そして対象に自由に手を加えることができるような精読である。 伝統的なプログラミングにおいては、プログラムで記述しようとする対象を分析し、それをなるべくシンプルなかたちで抽象し、（人間にとって）わかりやすい形で表現することが推奨されてきた。こうした機能の抽象化によって、コードの汎用性、再利用性を高めたコードを「ジェネリック・コード（generic codes）」と呼ぶとすれば、「10 PRINT」のように、（キャラクター文字を使って迷路のような模様を生成し続けるという）ある限られた目的のために作られたプログラムは、「スペシフィック・コード（specific codes）」と呼べるだろう。 スペシフィック・コードという呼び名は、ジェネリック・コードの対義語であるだけでなく、米国の美術家ドナルド・ジャッドが1964年に提示した「スペシフィック・オブジェクト」という概念にも由来している※2。ジャッドのこの概念は、50年代から60年代に制作された、アメリカ美術の新しい傾向の特徴分析から生まれたものである。「彫刻でも絵画でもない」このスペシフィック・オブジェクトのように、スペシフィック・コードはプログラム・コードであるだけでなく「テクストでもポエトリーでもある」。一般的で汎用のコードは、コードそのものよりも、コードが記述しているアルゴリズムとその実行結果が重要であることが多い。それに対して、スペシフィックなコードは、コードそのもの、そこに何がどのように記述されているのかが重要である。つまり、コードの実行結果（例えば「10 PRINT」が描く迷路自体）だけではなく、コードを実行した主体がその実行をどのように受容（観賞）したのか、コードの実行中に何が生み出されているのか、そしてそれらが指し示しているものごとは何なのか、ということに思いを馳せなければならない。 ミニマルであるが故に、固有のものであると同時に拡張的でもあるスペシフィック・コードは、ユーザーにシステムやツールを提供するのではなく、ユーザーとしての、つまり個人の使用から見たコードの内在的な可能性を探求し、それを限りなく拡げていこうとする。通常のプログラミングにおける有用性や再利用性のような、客観的な価値や機能を実現するのではなく、その意味や価値は状況や文脈（コード以外の環境）に大きく依存している。スペシフィックであるということは、ジェネリックでないだけでなく、それが異質であり、強いインパクトを持っている、ということでもある。 テクストとしてのコード スペシフィック・コードが現れる代表的な場として、「コード・ポエトリー」と「ライヴ・コーディング」の2つがあげられる。コード・ポエトリーとは、その名前の通り、コードを用いて詩を書くことである。その代表的なサイトの一つである、Source Code Poetry※3には、このような規範が書かれている。 どんな言語でもいい：あなたが一番好きな言語で書いてください。 コンパイルできること：とはいえ、インタープリタ言語で書かれたものでも受け付けます。 韻を踏むこと：とはいえ、現代の名作は規範を逸脱しています。 このサイトには、さまざまなコード・ポエトリーの作例が掲載されている。中でも、Python言語で書かれたこのMike Heatonの詩はもっとも短いものである。 t = 0 while True: print("Nothing lasts forever.") t += 1 「10 PRINT」と同じように、単にテキスト出���を無限に繰り返す（だけの）ものであるが、時間を表す変数名の「t」と出力を繰り返す文の間には、意味の詩的な結びつきがある。 2012年に刊行された「code {poems}※4」というアンソロジーには、55のコード・ポエトリーが掲載されている。これらは、プログラム・コードとして実行するよりもむしろ、テクストとして読まれることを意図している。例えば、Daniel Bezerraの「UNHANDLED LOVE（処理されない愛）」は、C++のプログラムではあるが、その実行結果ではなく、プログラムのエラー管理機能としての「例外処理」が持つ意味を用いた詩である。 class love {}; void main() { throw love() ; } Richard Littauerの「Import Soul」も同様に、Python言語としての意味とテクストそのもの意味が重ね合わせられている。 # This script should save lives. import soul for days in len(life): print "happiness" Daniel HoldenとChris Kerrによる、「./code–poetry※5」は、逆にコードの実行結果に着目したものである。そこにはコードの実行時に具体詩、あるいはアスキーアートのような視覚的出力が生まれる、実行詩としてのコード・ポエトリーが数多く収録されている※6。 ./code –poetryトップページの「turing.poem」のスナップショット パロールとしてのコード ライヴ・コーディングは、プログラム・コードを直接操作しながら行うライヴ・パフォーマンスの総称である。その起源は、21世紀初頭のラップトップ・ミュージック、さらには80年代のFORTH言語の音楽制作への使用に遡ることができる※7。今日のライヴ・コーディングは、Algorave※8というクラブ文化との融合や、プログラミング教育への応用※9など、多様な文化と結びついている。 ライヴ・コーディングのスタイルには、白紙のエディターから始めて、その場で一からすべてのコードを書く人から、事前に用意していたコードのフラグメントを、DJのようにその場で組み合わせていくスタイル（CJ：コード・ジョッキー）まで、さまざまなやり方がある。しかし、基本的にライヴ・コーディングにおけるコードは、音のようにその場で生まれ、その場で消える。コード・ジョッキーのように、事前に準備しておくことはあっても、パフォーマンスの場で一度実行されたコードを、そのまま別のライヴで再利用することはない。 ライヴ・コーディングの場におけるコードの現れ方を、もっとも特徴的に体現しているのが、ライヴ・コーディング運動の提唱者の一人であり、自らが生み出した TidalCycles※10というライヴコーディング言語を用いて行われる、アレックス・マクリーンのパフォーマンスだろう。彼が2018年11月に来日した際に出演した、DOMMUNEでのライヴの様子が以下に記録されている。 YouTube: Alex McLean (Yaxu) live on DOMMUNE Tokyo, 14 Nov 2018 TidalCyclesという言語が、少ない入力で迅速に出力（パターン）を変化できるように設計されているため、アレックスが書くプログラムは決して長くはなく、どんなに長くても数行で、全体が1画面の中に収まる程度である。ライヴ・コーディングにおいては、ディスプレイが身体であり、この身体をパフォーマーと観客が共有することから出発していることを考えれば、常にコード全体を一望できることは、ライヴ・コーディングの演奏者にとっても、リスナーにとっても、重要な意味を持っていることがわかる。 しかし何よりアレックスのコーディングで印象的なのは、コードの入力のしなやかさと、書いたコードを実行し終わるとすぐに消し、新たなコードを次々と書き続けていく、エフェメラルな姿勢である。プログラム言語というと、どうしてもアルゴリズムを正確に記述するラング（規則体系としての言語）を思い浮かべがちだが、アレックスのライヴ・コーディングにおけるコードは、話しことばとしてのパロール（個人的な発話）である。コード入力の行き来はアレックスの思考の構造を垣間見せ、カーソルの揺らぎはアレックスの思考の状態を反映している（ように見える）。このパフォーマンスでは、映像のちょうど18分のところで突然コンピュータがクラッシュし、再びそこからライヴを再開するのだが、そんなハプニングも決してエラーやミスには感じられない。日常の会話においては、言い直したり、中断する（させられる）ことは茶飯事である。パロールとしてのコードは、スペシフィック・コードのもうひとつの重要な特徴である。 通気口としてのコード ソフトウェアが日常のインフラストラクチャーとなり、スマートフォンが生活の日用品となった今、それらは生活の中で、ますます見えなくなっている。人間は、スマートフォンを運ぶメディアとなり、人々のものの考え方や行動は、暗黙のうちにソフトウェアによって操作管理されている。冒頭で述べたように、プログラム・コードは確かに人間がつくったものであるが、逆にプログラムによって人間なるものがつくられている。 そうした状況の中、個人、あるいは市民としてのエンドユーザーが、自らの手でプログラムを書き、それを実行することに、一体どんな意味が残っているのだろうか。本稿で取り上げたいくつかのスペシフィック・コードは、 極めて短いミニマルなコード 正しさよりも大切なものがあるコード アルゴリズム以外の部分も重要なコード 環境や文脈に依存するコード 実行する必要のないコード 話し言葉のように生成され消滅するコード といった特徴のいくつかを持つ。それはいずれも、IT／SNS企業やエリートハッカーのように超越的に見える何者かが提供してくれる、使いやすく、わかりやすく、役に立つものとは違うかもしれない。しかしスペシフィック・コードは、自分でつくり実行するものであり、変更できるものであり、他の人たちと共有できるものでもある。その意味で、スペシフィック・コードは、究極のエンドユーザー・プログラミングであり、今日の資本主義と監視社会の中で、個人が自由に息をするための、通気口のひとつにもなる。だから僕自身、個人が生き延びるための通気口としてのスペシフィック・コードを書き、そのことについて、もうしばらく考え続けたいとも思っている。 本原稿の初出は、HAUS++（HAUS＋久保田晃弘）が制作した「P-Code Magazine（TRANS BOOKS 2019で販売）」である。極めてシンプルな構文による、サウンドパフォーマンス用ライブコーディング言語の「P-Code」とその実行アプリケーションも、本論におけるスペシフィック・コードが現れる場の典型例といえるだろう。 ※1 Nick Montfort, Patsy Baudoin, John Bell, Ian Bogost Jeremy Douglass, Mark C. Marino, Michael Mateas Casey Reas, Mark Sample, and Noah Vawter “10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1));:GOTO 10″ (2012) ※2 テキストは、例えばここで読むことができる。Writing | Judd Foundation ※3 Source Code Poetry ※4 code {poems} ※5 ./code–poetry ※6 久保田晃弘「コード・ポエトリー：算法詩から自己複製芸術まで」ー『遙かなる他者のためのデザイン ー 久保田晃弘の思索と実装』(2017) も参照のこと ※7 Historical Performances ※8 Algorave ※9 例えば「Sonic Pi」 ※10 TidalCycles