#5.3.2

[warrioreowynofrohan]

Going to try and follow along with Les Mis Letters / Brick Club, in preparation for doing the whole thing next year.

In the middle of the action sequence description of Valjean in the sewers, Hugo drops this line:

The pupil dilates in the night, and at last finds day in it, even as the soul dilates in misfortune, and at last finds God in it.

How does he do that? Just, ‘I’m going to drop an absolutely beautiful philosophical observation here, moving on now - ”

Is it intentional that Hugo immediately follows that up with To find his way was difficult? Finding God does not always mean it will be easy to find your way through the paths of life? Where and how does Hugo transition between philosophy and action?

Despite Valjean being overwhelmed by “lack of food, want of sleep, emotions,” he’s still both thoightful and daring - rather than following the sewers to the most likely route out, he discerns that this would lead him to more populated areas where he would be noticed and caught, and instead goes in the opposite direction, hopimg for a more secluded exit.

Instead of the old hewn stone, instead of the ancient architecture, haughty and royal even in the sewer, with floor and running courses of granite, and mortar of thick lime, which cost seventy-fivee dollars a yard, he would have felt beneath his hand the contemporary cheapness, the economical expedient, the millstone grit laid in hydraulic cement upon a bed of concrete, which cost thirty-five dollars a yard, the bourgeois masonry known as ‘small materials’; but he knew nothing of all this.

In the middle of his revolutionary anti-monarchical epic, Hugo sounds almost nostalgic for the the ‘royal’, ancient, and grand over the ‘bourgeois’, modern, and economical.

A selection of other great lines:

Further resemblance of Paris with the sea. As in the ocean, the diver can disappear.

Isn’t this true of all great cities, even without going into the sewer? The cardinal feature is anonymity; the individual disappears amidst the multitude.

The spring trap of safety had suddenly opened beneath him. Celestial goodness had in some sort taken him by treachery. Adorable ambuscades of Providence!

Valjean narrowly escapes being found by the police who are searching the sewers for the revolutionaries. The police sergeant is pretty sure there’s no one there, but “to ease the police conscience,” fires in Valjean’s direction anyway. It’s an effective illustration of the police’s attitude: not worth looking, but worth shooting, i.e.: if there is anyone there, they must, by definition, be guilty of something.

[cliozaur]

If the sewers are one of the circles of hell, they have their demons. And these demons are the police dispatched to hunt down the surviving insurrectionists. Fortunately for Jean Valjean, their efforts lack thoroughness. Even the lantern failed to expose him in the darkness, as they hurried toward Saint-Merry with its larger barricade.

Adding to the portrayal from the previous chapter, Hugo reminds us that Jean Valjean's remarkable resourcefulness wasn't an easy feat, considering he teetered on the brink of exhaustion due to 'lack of sleep and food.' The sudden emergence of the police behind him must have been extremely stressful, likely triggering flashbacks of a previous instance when the police chased him with Cosette before he reached the convent.

I love how Hugo chose to digress and explain the meaning of the word 'bousingot' as it was in 1832. It’s just so like him!

[dolphin1812]

This might be short, but!

The tension around the lantern reminds me of the scene where Jean Valjean flees the Gorbeau house (the first time): I don’t know if it’s just a similar image of Valjean hiding in the shadows, but it feels similarly suspenseful. There is also, of course, dog imagery, as he hides from the “bull-dogs” and the “watch dogs” that hunt for those who have crossed societal/political lines in the sewers.

“From time to time, parties re-sole their old insults. In 1832, the word bousingot formed the interim between the word jacobin, which had become obsolete, and the word demagogue which has since rendered such excellent service.”

This is just a very funny way of phrasing a change in terminology.

It’s absolutely terrifying that the bullet came so close to Valjean! As long-winded as Hugo can be, he really does get tense moments, too; this entire section is so scary, which makes it quite fun to read.

It’s also fascinating to know that Valjean was saved not by his escape skills here, but by the flaws of the sewer itself, with the system he’s stumbled into being too much of a hassle to explore. The possibility of armed people is a threat as well, to be fair, but the chaos of the sewer - much like other harsh environments, like the forest or the convent - proves to be beneficial to Valjean in that it destabilizes hierarchies, giving him a chance to prevail in a way he wouldn’t in “organized society.” The sewer is still dangerous; of that, there’s no doubt. Still, it’s the scariest and darkest place Valjean has chosen in a long line of shady places that offer cover.

[catos-wound]

this is soooo how cicero was trying to be. to me

[pilferingapples]

Bousingot Bouzingo Bousingo

@everyonewasabird​  you mention in your post on Les MIs 5.3.2 (and I hope you don’t mind my quoting you out-of-post!, but this got. Long.), 

(If I’d had to guess where in Les Miserables Hugo defined the word bousingot for the reader, I absolutely wouldn’t have put it here, after the rebellion is done, after all our favorite countercultural rebels are dead…. but maybe that’s because I’m too used to Borel reclaiming it, and normal people think of it as a pejorative term. Here, it’s the police’s term for the insurgents.)

Indeed! “ Bouzingo/Bousingot/Bousingo”  was a word with a lot of connotations-- not unlike “ Romantic”  or, if it comes to that, “ Socialist” :P  But I think we’ve got enough versions of it for a sort of general Romantic consensus XD  :

Hugo’s version here is, of course:

From time to time, parties re-sole their old insults. In 1832, the word bousingot formed the interim between the word jacobin, which had become obsolete, and the word demagogue which has since rendered such excellent service.

“ Demagogue”  being something Hugo himself had been called by this point, and , as suggested, right in line with “Jacobin” -- it means, well , “ the reds” , and the cold war US sense of “ the reds” isn’t a bad way of translating it, either-- a term  that can mean either genuine political radicals or just someone a conservative doesn’t like for “ lifestyle”  reasons :/ Either way, fair game for a little police brutality!

More confirmation of them as Favorite Police Targets from George Sand in Horace,  via the novel’s main narrator, who is...left-sympathetic but politically more or less apathetic, like a more self-assured Grantaire, really (translation Zack Rogow, bolding/italics mine):

...They always find themselves naturally carried away by riots.  The youngest go just to observe, others go to take part; in those days almost everyone threw himself into it for a moment and then quickly withdrew, after having delivered and received a good few blows.   This activity didn't change things on the surface, and the only alteration produced by these efforts was a doubling of the fear of the shopkeepers and brutal cruelty on the part of the police. But not a single person who so casually disturbed public order back then need blush at the present hour for having had a few days of youthful warmth.   When youth cannot demonstrate the greatness and courage of its heart except by attacking that  society, that society must be evil indeed! 

They were called Bousingots because of the sailor hats of that name, made of shiny leather, which they adopted as their rallying sign.  Later they wore a scarlet headpiece in the form of a  military stocking cap ,  with a black velvet band all around it.  Pointed out again and again, to the police,  and attacked in the street by stool pigeons, they next adopted a gray  hat, but they were no less frequently rounded up and mistreated.  Their conduct has been much denounced; but I  don't think the  government has been able to  justify that of its own officers,  veritable assasssins who beat to death a good number of Bousingots while shopkeepers looked on, showing not the slightest indignation or pity. 

The name Bousingots stuck.  When le Figaro , which kept up a teasing and caustic opposition under the loyal management of M. Delatouche, changed hands, and little by little changed its stripes, the name Bousingot became an insult; after that there was no mockery too bitter or unjust with which to smear them.  But the true Bousingots remained unmoved...

The narrator’s description of a  “ true Bousingot”, his friend Jean Laraviniere,   seems familiar, as a personality:

...his face was pleasant, his  appearance original, as were his wits.  He was generous as he was brave, and that was no small measure.  His instinctual combativeness, as it's called in phrenology, drew him impetuously into every brawl, and he always brought along a cohort of intrepid friends, fanaticized by his coolheaded heroism and his bellicose joyfulness... He was a blusterer, a carouser, if you will; but what a loyal personality, what magnanimous devotion! He had  all the eccentricities of his role, complete recklessness about his impetuosity, all the swagger of his position.  You might have laughed at him; but you would have been  forced to love him. He was so good, so naive in his convictions, so devoted to his friends!

It doesn't sound too far from 

...a good-natured mortal, who kept bad company, brave, a spendthrift, prodigal, and to the verge of generosity, talkative, and at times eloquent, bold to the verge of effrontery; the best fellow possible; he had daring waistcoats, and scarlet opinions; a wholesale blusterer, that is to say, loving nothing so much as a quarrel, unless it were an uprising; and nothing so much as an uprising, unless it were a revolution; always ready to smash a window-pane, then to tear up the pavement, then to demolish a government, just to see the effect of it...a man of caprice, was scattered over numerous cafes; the others had habits, he had none. He sauntered. To stray is human. To saunter is Parisian. In reality, he had a penetrating mind and was more of a thinker than appeared to view.

He served as a connecting link between the Friends of the A B C and other still unorganized groups...

right? 

So there's an image of A Bouzingo as a character, at least:  loud, leftist to a point that would seem absurd to Reasonable, Moderate types, violent in that cause , a constant target/enemy of the police.  This seems consistent across sympathetic writers; even le Figaro, in the mocking article The Red Bouzingo, gives them the same general assessment, albeit from an unsympathetic POV:

The bousingot is inexhaustible, he will leave his mark like the camaraderie, the piqueurs and the jeunes-frances.  If one were still writing books, one would put him in the books; if one still had theaters, one would drag him over the theaters by his beard and by his hat.  The bousingot belongs to painting, statuary, to trestle-stages, to the Cockaigne pole, to Chinese shadows, to blockades at the intersection, he’s the sea-foam of politics, the flower of the ridiculous, the prototype of all exaggeration.  By nature he’s a being of 93 in politics, honorably refined for his fashion, a royal bird for his habits.  We’re waiting for Poulaine slippers.

Again: dangerously republican, dramatic to absurdity ; yet,even le Figaro concludes “ They’re not evildoers. “ 

And of course Philothee O’Neddy, the only person I’ve got quotes from who can and does actually claim the title for himself, says they were, rather intentionally, “laughable” in their exaggeration,but sincere in their politics.  

..and of course, that above all else, they were  bouzingo, no S, no T.  Ah well, what message is ever perfectly preserved across the ages? XD 

I suspect this is one of those (many) places where Hugo fully expected the audience to need no more than his nod at a term to understand both the reference and the opinion he had on the subject, but here we are now, and it’s an excuse for me to assemble a small run of references instead XD

[everyonewasabird]

Brickclub 5.3.2 “Explanation”

I don’t know what to make of this chapter.

We learn that the police in the sewer are part of a city-wide patrol looking for escaped bousingots--Hugo pauses to define the word, here, one that’s come up before in this book, but not often--with soldiers on the surface and police in the sewers.

(If I’d had to guess where in Les Miserables Hugo defined the word bousingot for the reader, I absolutely wouldn’t have put it here, after the rebellion is done, after all our favorite countercultural rebels are dead.... but maybe that’s because I’m too used to Borel reclaiming it, and normal people think of it as a pejorative term. Here, it’s the police’s term for the insurgents.)

Valjean isn’t seeing or thinking clearly--the lantern is a distant red light, and he makes out phantoms around it, and he knows to hold still and hide. But he hasn’t put together what or who it is, which is more indication than we usually get about how far out of it he is.

What he sees is a nightmare version of what he saw the night he and Cosette fled the Gorbeau house:

Jean Valjean saw these goblins form a kind of circle. These mastiffs' heads bunched together and whispered.

Once again, he’s on the run, and he can see the police gathered in an open square discussing how to catch him. Once again, the police make the mistake of staying in the light, which makes them easy to see and Valjean difficult to see. This time, in this bad light and bad state of mind, they’re not people but demonic guard dogs. And he’s not carrying Cosette, the living child he loves, he’s carrying Marius, her nearly-dead boyfriend whom he hates. And he’s not on the surface, heading towards burial, he’s already buried.

Javert failed that night because he was too thorough: he checked all the corners, giving Valjean time to climb the wall. Tonight, the police fail because they’re not thorough enough.

But I’m not sure how to put it all together. The police get a whole chapter here, but not much happens in it. We see again the ambiguous status of the sewer--the police can come here, but they don’t own this place the way they own the streets; they’re visitors here, and they’re awkward at it and out of their depth.

There’s something here about the inverted convent chase, but I’m not putting together what or why.

[recipeafhan]

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[krmains]

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[citrineandrosmarin]

Athena and Childbirth

Book: Athena by Susan Deacy (Highy recommend)

"One of the most distinctive aspects of Athena in Athens is her association with Erichthonios, whose extraordinary conception and birth is due largely to her, and whom she strives to protect by placing him in a chest and eventually rearing him in her temple."

"In some versions of the myth of Apollo’s birth, Athena is said to have loosened the girdle of Leto to enable her to give birth. One account (Pausanias 1.31.1) locates this act at a place called Zoster (‘Girdle’) on the coast of Attica. Leto then went on to Delos, the site of the birth of Apollo and Artemis."

"At Delphi, too, Athena may have been envisaged in this role. [���] As Athena Pronaia (‘before the temple’), she functioned as guardian of the temple of Apollo. That she seems to have had the role of guardian of the god himself may be indicated by the presence in the sanctuary of an altar of Athena Zosteria (‘of the girdle’) which may recall the assistance that Athena gave Apollo’s mother Leto in childbirth."

"It may look curious that the virgin Athena should have been linked with childbirth. The notion of a virgin goddess with power over childbirth, however, is attested widely in Greece and beyond, in the Greek Artemis, for example."

"What lies behind Athena’s interventions that enable the production of children is not so much a safeguarding of childbirth per se, but an ability to allow individuals to be born in unusual circumstances, from her own ‘son’ Erichthonios to Apollo and Artemis, whose birth had been prevented by Hera until Athena’s intervention that enabled the children to be born. With this in mind, let us turn briefly to a story told by Pausanias (5.3.2) about a sanctuary of Athena in Elis:

The women of Elis, it is said, prayed to Athena to make them conceive as soon as they next slept with their husbands because the country was deprived of its youth. Their prayer was answered, and they established a sanctuary of Athena Meter (‘mother’) and because both wives and husbands experienced extreme delight in their union, they called the place Bady (‘sweet’)."

"Again, it is due to Athena that children come to be born when circumstances had been preventing this. The Orphic literature, too, draws on these abilities of Athena, here in relation to Dionysos. The young god had been lured away from his protectors, the Kouretes, by the Titans, who killed him, dismembered his body and ate him (West 1983: 74.) But Athena managed to get hold of his still-beating heart, which she placed in a chest, out of which the god was reborn. Dionysos, the ‘Twice-born’ god here has a third birth under Athena’s patronage out of his still-beating heart.

Athena was herself born in strange circumstances: contained in the body of Zeus until the blow from Hephaistos’ axe allowed her to leap forth. She is involved, too, in the production of children in comparably strange circumstances. Pegasos and Chrysaor emerge from the severed neck of Medusa in a way that comes closest in myth to her own emergence. Chrysaor especially evokes Athena in the manner of his birth in that he is born as a warrior. His name, ‘Golden Sword’, is also fitting for a figure who emerges in armour, paralleling perhaps the dazzling display of Athena’s birth.

When Athena functions as a goddess involved in childbirth, what she brings to bear is her capacity as a situation inverter. This provides us with yet another instance of her role as the power able to bring about what was seemingly impossible, here the production of children in unusual circumstances."

[trialsinthelateromanrepublic]

trial of Publius Clodius Pulcher

date: after Nov. 23, 57 BCE charge: lex Plautia de vi (violence) defendant: P. Clodius Pulcher aed. cur. 56 prosecutor: T. Annius Milo tr. pl. 57, pr. 55

Cic. Red. Sen. 19; Sest. 85, 89; Mil. 35, 40; Att. 4.3.2 and 5; Fam. 5.3.2; Plut. Cic. 33.3; Dio 39.7; see also Q. fr. 2.1.2

[spacenutspod]

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April 13, 2015: Copernicus Version 4.1 is now available.  This update includes a new plugin architecture to enable extending Copernicus with user-created algorithms.  It also includes a new Python interface, as well as various other new features and bug fixes. August 13, 2014: Copernicus Version 4.0 is now available.  This is an update to version 3.1, which was released in June 2012.  The new release includes many new features, bug fixes, performance and stability improvements, as well as a redesigned GUI, a new user guide, and full compatibility with Windows 7.  The update is recommended for all Copernicus users. Development The Copernicus Project started at the University of Texas at Austin in August 2001. In June 2002, a grant from the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) was used to develop the first prototype which was completed in August 2004. In the interim, support was also received from NASA’s In Space Propulsion Program and from the Flight Dynamics Vehicle Branch of Goddard Spaceflight Center. The first operational version was completed in March 2006 (v1.0). The initial development team consisted of Dr. Cesar Ocampo and graduate students at the University of Texas at Austin Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics. Since March 2007, primary development of Copernicus has been at the Flight Mechanics and Trajectory Design Branch of JSC. Request Copernicus The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 and a series of subsequent legislation recognized transfer of federally owned or originated technology to be a national priority and the mission of each Federal agency. The legislation specifically mandates that each Federal agency have a formal technology transfer program, and take an active role in transferring technology to the private sector and state and local governments for the purposes of commercial and other application of the technology for the national benefit. In accordance with NASA’s obligations under mandating legislation, JSC makes Copernicus available free of charge to other NASA centers, government contractors, and universities, under the terms of a US government purpose license.  Organizations interested in obtaining Copernicus should click here. For Copernicus-based analysis requests or specific Copernicus modifications that would support your project, please contact Gerald L. Condon (gerald.l.condon@nasa.gov) at the NASA Johnson Space Center. Current Version The current version of Copernicus is 5.3.2 (released August 13, 2024). References Publications about Copernicus C. A. Ocampo, “An Architecture for a Generalized Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Libration Points and Missions, June, 2002. C. A. Ocampo, “Finite Burn Maneuver Modeling for a Generalized Spacecraft Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Annals of the New York Academy of Science, May 2004. C. A. Ocampo, J. Senent, “The Design and Development of Copernicus: A Comprehensive Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress, 2006. IAC-06-C1.4.04. R. Mathur, C. A. Ocampo, “An Architecture for Incorporating Interactive Visualizations into Scientific Simulations”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, Feb. 2007. C. A. Ocampo, J. S. Senent, J. Williams, “Theoretical Foundation of Copernicus: A Unified System for Trajectory Design and Optimization”, 4th International Conference on Astrodynamics Tools and Techniques, May 2010. J. Williams, J. S. Senent, C. A. Ocampo, R. Mathur, “Overview and Software Architecture of the Copernicus Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, 4th International Conference on Astrodynamics Tools and Techniques, May 2010. J. Williams, J. S. Senent, D. E. Lee, “Recent Improvements to the Copernicus Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, 2012. J. Williams, “A New Architecture for Extending the Capabilities of the Copernicus Trajectory Optimization Program”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, 2015, volume 156. J. Williams, R. D. Falck, and I. B. Beekman. “Application of Modern Fortran to Spacecraft Trajectory Design and Optimization“, 2018 Space Flight Mechanics Meeting, AIAA SciTech Forum, (AIAA 2018-1451) J. Williams, A. H. Kamath, R. A. Eckman, G. L. Condon, R. Mathur, and D. Davis, “Copernicus 5.0: Latest Advances in JSC’s Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization and Design System”, 2019 AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Portland, ME, August 11-15, 2019, AAS 19-719 Some studies that have used Copernicus C. L. Ranieri, C. A. Ocampo, “Optimization of Roundtrip, Time-Constrained, Finite Burn Trajectories via an Indirect Method”, Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 28, No. 2, March-April 2005. T. Polsgrove, L. Kos, R. Hopkins, T. Crane, “Comparison of Performance Predictions for New Low-Thrust Trajectory Tools”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August, 2006. L. D. Kos, T. P. Polsgrove, R. C. Hopkins, D. Thomas and J. A. Sims, “Overview of the Development for a Suite of Low-Thrust Trajectory Analysis Tools”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August, 2006. M. Garn, M. Qu, J. Chrone, P. Su, C. Karlgaard, “NASA’s Planned Return to the Moon: Global Access and Anytime Return Requirement Implications on the Lunar Orbit Insertion Burns”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference and Exhibit, August, 2008. R. B. Adams, “Near Earth Object (NEO) Mitigation Options Using Exploration Technologies”, Asteroid Deflection Research Symposium, Oct. 2008. J. Gaebler, R. Lugo, E. Axdahl, P. Chai, M. Grimes, M. Long, R. Rowland, A. Wilhite, “Reusable Lunar Transportation Architecture Utilizing Orbital Propellant Depots”, AIAA SPACE 2009 Conference and Exposition, September 2009. J. Williams, E. C. Davis, D. E. Lee, G. L. Condon, T. F. Dawn, “Global Performance Characterization of the Three Burn Trans-Earth Injection Maneuver Sequence over the Lunar Nodal Cycle”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, Vol. 135, 2010. AAS 09-380 J. Williams, S. M. Stewart, D. E. Lee, E. C. Davis, G. L. Condon, T. F. Dawn, J. Senent, “The Mission Assessment Post Processor (MAPP): A New Tool for Performance Evaluation of Human Lunar Missions”, 20th AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting, Feb. 2010. J. W. Dankanich, L. M. Burke, J. A. Hemminger, “Mars sample return Orbiter/Earth Return Vehicle technology needs and mission risk assessment”, 2010 IEEE Aerospace Conference, March 2010. A. V. Ilin, L. D. Cassady, T. W. Glover, M. D. Carter, F. R. Chang Diaz, “A Survey of Missions using VASIMR for Flexible Space Exploration”, Ad Astra Rocket Company, Document Number JSC-65825, April 2010. J. W. Dankanich, B. Vondra, A. V. Ilin, “Fast Transits to Mars Using Electric Propulsion”, 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 2010. S. R. Oleson, M. L. McGuire, L. Burke, J. Fincannon, T. Colozza, J. Fittje, M. Martini, T. Packard, J. Hemminger, J. Gyekenyesi, “Mars Earth Return Vehicle (MERV) Propulsion Options”, 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 2010, AIAA 2010-6795. J. S. Senent, “Fast Calculation of Abort Return Trajectories for Manned Missions to the Moon”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August 2010. D. S. Cooley, K. F. Galal, K. Berry, L. Janes, G. Marr. J. Carrico. C. Ocampo, “Mission Design for the Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August, 2010. A. V. Ilin, L. D. Cassady, T. W. Glover, F. R. Chang Diaz, “VASIMR Human Mission to Mars”, Space, Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum, March 15-17, 2011. J. Brophy, F. Culick, L. Friedman, et al., “Asteroid Retrieval Feasibility Study,” Technical Report, Keck Institute for Space Studies, California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, April 2012. A. V. Ilin, “Low Thrust Trajectory Analysis (A Survey of Missions using VASIMR for Flexible Space Exploration – Part 2), Ad Astra Rocket Company, Document Number JSC-66428, June 2012. P. R. Chai, A. W. Wilhite, “Station Keeping for Earth-Moon Lagrangian Point Exploration Architectural Assets”, AIAA SPACE 2012 Conference & Exposition, September, 2012, AIAA 2012-5112. F. R. Chang Diaz, M. D. Carter, T. W. Glover, A. V. Ilin, C. S. Olsen, J. P. Squire, R. J. Litchford, N. Harada, S. L. Koontz, “Fast and Robust Human Missions to Mars with Advanced Nuclear Electric Power and VASIMR Propulsion”, Proceedings of Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space, Feb. 2013. Paper 6777. J. Williams, “Trajectory Design for the Asteroid Redirect Crewed Mission”, JSC Engineering, Technology and Science (JETS) Contract Technical Brief JETS-JE23-13-AFGNC-DOC-0014, July, 2013. J.P. Gutkowski, T.F. Dawn, R.M. Jedrey, “Trajectory Design Analysis over the Lunar Nodal Cycle for the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) Exploration Mission 2 (EM-2)”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences Guidance, Navigation and Control, Vol. 151, 2014. AAS 14-096. R. G. Merrill, M. Qu, M. A. Vavrina, C. A. Jones, J. Englander, “Interplanetary Trajectory Design for the Asteroid Robotic Redirect Mission Alternate Approach Trade Study”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, 2014. AIAA 2014-4457. J. Williams, G. L. Condon. “Contingency Trajectory Planning for the Asteroid Redirect Crewed Mission”, SpaceOps 2014 Conference (AIAA 2014-1697). J. Williams, D. E. Lee, R. J. Whitley, K. A. Bokelmann, D. C. Davis, and C. F. Berry. “Targeting cislunar near rectilinear halo orbits for human space exploration“, AAS 17-267 T. F. Dawn, J. Gutkowski, A. Batcha, J. Williams, and S. Pedrotty. “Trajectory Design Considerations for Exploration Mission 1“, 2018 Space Flight Mechanics Meeting, AIAA SciTech Forum, (AIAA 2018-0968) A. L. Batcha, J. Williams, T. F. Dawn, J. P. Gutkowski, M. V. Widner, S. L. Smallwood, B. J. Killeen, E. C. Williams, and R. E. Harpold, “Artemis I Trajectory Design and Optimization”, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August 9-12, 2020, AAS 20-649

[pilferingapples]

if there was anything to do, and any "bousingot" to track out, it was in that quarter. From time to time, parties re-sole their old insults. In 1832, the word bousingot formed the interim between the word jacobin, which had become obsolete, and the word demagogue which has since rendered such excellent service.

LM 5.3.2

[sunaleisocial]

Copernicus Trajectory Design and Optimization System - NASA

New Post has been published on https://sunalei.org/news/copernicus-trajectory-design-and-optimization-system-nasa/

Copernicus Trajectory Design and Optimization System - NASA

Copernicus, a generalized spacecraft trajectory design and optimization system, is capable of solving a wide range of trajectory problems such as planet or moon centered trajectories, libration point trajectories, planet-moon transfers and tours, and all types of interplanetary and asteroid/comet missions.

August 13, 2024: Copernicus Version 5.3.2 is now available.

December 18, 2023: Copernicus Version 5.3.1 is now available. This is a bugfix release.

November 15, 2023: Copernicus Version 5.3 is now available. This update includes many bug fixes and various new features and refinements. Including: a new Copernicus mission file format, updates to kernels, a significant expansion of the beta Python API, and various new integration methods. In addition, we have upgraded to Python 3.10, and all dependencies are now obtained via conda.

January 21, 2022: Copernicus Version 5.2 is now available. This update includes many bug fixes and various new features and refinements.

June 17, 2021: Copernicus was selected as winner of the 2021 NASA Software of the Year Award.

March 4, 2021: Copernicus Version 5.1 is now available. This update includes many bug fixes and various new features and refinements.

June 26, 2020: Copernicus Version 5.0 is now available. This is a significant update to Copernicus and includes: A new modern Python-based GUI that is now cross-platform and fully functional on Windows, Linux, and macOS, 3D graphics upgrades including antialiasing and celestial body shadowing, a new Python scripting interface, many other new features and options, and bug fixes.

May 1, 2018: Copernicus Version 4.6 is now available. The release includes the following changes: a new cross-platform JSON kernel file format, various new reference frame features, including new capabilities for user-defined reference frame plugins, and numerous bug fixes and other minor enhancements.

January 24, 2018: Copernicus Version 4.5 is now available. The new version includes a new experimental Mac version, faster exporting of segment data output files (including the addition of a new binary HDF5 format), some new GUI tools, new plugin capabilities, and numerous other new features and bug fixes.

October 1, 2016: Copernicus Version 4.4 is now available. The new version includes 3D graphics improvements and various other new features and bug fixes.

February 8, 2016: Copernicus Version 4.3 is now available. The new version includes updates to the plugin interface, a new differential corrector solution method, updated SPICE SPK files, updates to the Python interface, new training videos, as well as numerous other refinements and bug fixes.

July 21, 2015: Copernicus Version 4.2 is now available.  The update includes further refinements to the new plugin feature, as well as various other new features and some bug fixes.

April 13, 2015: Copernicus Version 4.1 is now available.  This update includes a new plugin architecture to enable extending Copernicus with user-created algorithms.  It also includes a new Python interface, as well as various other new features and bug fixes.

August 13, 2014: Copernicus Version 4.0 is now available.  This is an update to version 3.1, which was released in June 2012.  The new release includes many new features, bug fixes, performance and stability improvements, as well as a redesigned GUI, a new user guide, and full compatibility with Windows 7.  The update is recommended for all Copernicus users.

The Copernicus Project started at the University of Texas at Austin in August 2001. In June 2002, a grant from the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) was used to develop the first prototype which was completed in August 2004. In the interim, support was also received from NASA’s In Space Propulsion Program and from the Flight Dynamics Vehicle Branch of Goddard Spaceflight Center. The first operational version was completed in March 2006 (v1.0). The initial development team consisted of Dr. Cesar Ocampo and graduate students at the University of Texas at Austin Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics. Since March 2007, primary development of Copernicus has been at the Flight Mechanics and Trajectory Design Branch of JSC.

The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 and a series of subsequent legislation recognized transfer of federally owned or originated technology to be a national priority and the mission of each Federal agency. The legislation specifically mandates that each Federal agency have a formal technology transfer program, and take an active role in transferring technology to the private sector and state and local governments for the purposes of commercial and other application of the technology for the national benefit. In accordance with NASA’s obligations under mandating legislation, JSC makes Copernicus available free of charge to other NASA centers, government contractors, and universities, under the terms of a US government purpose license.  Organizations interested in obtaining Copernicus should click here.

For Copernicus-based analysis requests or specific Copernicus modifications that would support your project, please contact Gerald L. Condon (gerald.l.condon@nasa.gov) at the NASA Johnson Space Center.

The current version of Copernicus is 5.3.2 (released August 13, 2024).

Publications about Copernicus

C. A. Ocampo, “An Architecture for a Generalized Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Libration Points and Missions, June, 2002.

C. A. Ocampo, “Finite Burn Maneuver Modeling for a Generalized Spacecraft Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Annals of the New York Academy of Science, May 2004.

C. A. Ocampo, J. Senent, “The Design and Development of Copernicus: A Comprehensive Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress, 2006. IAC-06-C1.4.04.

R. Mathur, C. A. Ocampo, “An Architecture for Incorporating Interactive Visualizations into Scientific Simulations”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, Feb. 2007.

C. A. Ocampo, J. S. Senent, J. Williams, “Theoretical Foundation of Copernicus: A Unified System for Trajectory Design and Optimization”, 4th International Conference on Astrodynamics Tools and Techniques, May 2010.

J. Williams, J. S. Senent, C. A. Ocampo, R. Mathur, “Overview and Software Architecture of the Copernicus Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, 4th International Conference on Astrodynamics Tools and Techniques, May 2010.

J. Williams, J. S. Senent, D. E. Lee, “Recent Improvements to the Copernicus Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, 2012.

J. Williams, “A New Architecture for Extending the Capabilities of the Copernicus Trajectory Optimization Program”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, 2015, volume 156.

J. Williams, R. D. Falck, and I. B. Beekman. “Application of Modern Fortran to Spacecraft Trajectory Design and Optimization“, 2018 Space Flight Mechanics Meeting, AIAA SciTech Forum, (AIAA 2018-1451)

J. Williams, A. H. Kamath, R. A. Eckman, G. L. Condon, R. Mathur, and D. Davis, “Copernicus 5.0: Latest Advances in JSC’s Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization and Design System”, 2019 AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Portland, ME, August 11-15, 2019, AAS 19-719

Some studies that have used Copernicus

C. L. Ranieri, C. A. Ocampo, “Optimization of Roundtrip, Time-Constrained, Finite Burn Trajectories via an Indirect Method”, Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 28, No. 2, March-April 2005.

T. Polsgrove, L. Kos, R. Hopkins, T. Crane, “Comparison of Performance Predictions for New Low-Thrust Trajectory Tools”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August, 2006.

L. D. Kos, T. P. Polsgrove, R. C. Hopkins, D. Thomas and J. A. Sims, “Overview of the Development for a Suite of Low-Thrust Trajectory Analysis Tools”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August, 2006.

M. Garn, M. Qu, J. Chrone, P. Su, C. Karlgaard, “NASA’s Planned Return to the Moon: Global Access and Anytime Return Requirement Implications on the Lunar Orbit Insertion Burns”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference and Exhibit, August, 2008.

R. B. Adams, “Near Earth Object (NEO) Mitigation Options Using Exploration Technologies”, Asteroid Deflection Research Symposium, Oct. 2008.

J. Gaebler, R. Lugo, E. Axdahl, P. Chai, M. Grimes, M. Long, R. Rowland, A. Wilhite, “Reusable Lunar Transportation Architecture Utilizing Orbital Propellant Depots”, AIAA SPACE 2009 Conference and Exposition, September 2009.

J. Williams, E. C. Davis, D. E. Lee, G. L. Condon, T. F. Dawn, “Global Performance Characterization of the Three Burn Trans-Earth Injection Maneuver Sequence over the Lunar Nodal Cycle”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, Vol. 135, 2010. AAS 09-380

J. Williams, S. M. Stewart, D. E. Lee, E. C. Davis, G. L. Condon, T. F. Dawn, J. Senent, “The Mission Assessment Post Processor (MAPP): A New Tool for Performance Evaluation of Human Lunar Missions”, 20th AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting, Feb. 2010.

J. W. Dankanich, L. M. Burke, J. A. Hemminger, “Mars sample return Orbiter/Earth Return Vehicle technology needs and mission risk assessment”, 2010 IEEE Aerospace Conference, March 2010.

A. V. Ilin, L. D. Cassady, T. W. Glover, M. D. Carter, F. R. Chang Diaz, “A Survey of Missions using VASIMR for Flexible Space Exploration”, Ad Astra Rocket Company, Document Number JSC-65825, April 2010.

J. W. Dankanich, B. Vondra, A. V. Ilin, “Fast Transits to Mars Using Electric Propulsion”, 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 2010.

S. R. Oleson, M. L. McGuire, L. Burke, J. Fincannon, T. Colozza, J. Fittje, M. Martini, T. Packard, J. Hemminger, J. Gyekenyesi, “Mars Earth Return Vehicle (MERV) Propulsion Options”, 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 2010, AIAA 2010-6795.

J. S. Senent, “Fast Calculation of Abort Return Trajectories for Manned Missions to the Moon”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August 2010.

D. S. Cooley, K. F. Galal, K. Berry, L. Janes, G. Marr. J. Carrico. C. Ocampo, “Mission Design for the Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August, 2010.

A. V. Ilin, L. D. Cassady, T. W. Glover, F. R. Chang Diaz, “VASIMR Human Mission to Mars”, Space, Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum, March 15-17, 2011.

J. Brophy, F. Culick, L. Friedman, et al., “Asteroid Retrieval Feasibility Study,” Technical Report, Keck Institute for Space Studies, California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, April 2012.

A. V. Ilin, “Low Thrust Trajectory Analysis (A Survey of Missions using VASIMR for Flexible Space Exploration – Part 2), Ad Astra Rocket Company, Document Number JSC-66428, June 2012.

P. R. Chai, A. W. Wilhite, “Station Keeping for Earth-Moon Lagrangian Point Exploration Architectural Assets”, AIAA SPACE 2012 Conference & Exposition, September, 2012, AIAA 2012-5112.

F. R. Chang Diaz, M. D. Carter, T. W. Glover, A. V. Ilin, C. S. Olsen, J. P. Squire, R. J. Litchford, N. Harada, S. L. Koontz, “Fast and Robust Human Missions to Mars with Advanced Nuclear Electric Power and VASIMR Propulsion”, Proceedings of Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space, Feb. 2013. Paper 6777.

J. Williams, “Trajectory Design for the Asteroid Redirect Crewed Mission”, JSC Engineering, Technology and Science (JETS) Contract Technical Brief JETS-JE23-13-AFGNC-DOC-0014, July, 2013.

J.P. Gutkowski, T.F. Dawn, R.M. Jedrey, “Trajectory Design Analysis over the Lunar Nodal Cycle for the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) Exploration Mission 2 (EM-2)”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences Guidance, Navigation and Control, Vol. 151, 2014. AAS 14-096.

R. G. Merrill, M. Qu, M. A. Vavrina, C. A. Jones, J. Englander, “Interplanetary Trajectory Design for the Asteroid Robotic Redirect Mission Alternate Approach Trade Study”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, 2014. AIAA 2014-4457.

J. Williams, G. L. Condon. “Contingency Trajectory Planning for the Asteroid Redirect Crewed Mission”, SpaceOps 2014 Conference (AIAA 2014-1697).

J. Williams, D. E. Lee, R. J. Whitley, K. A. Bokelmann, D. C. Davis, and C. F. Berry. “Targeting cislunar near rectilinear halo orbits for human space exploration“, AAS 17-267

T. F. Dawn, J. Gutkowski, A. Batcha, J. Williams, and S. Pedrotty. “Trajectory Design Considerations for Exploration Mission 1“, 2018 Space Flight Mechanics Meeting, AIAA SciTech Forum, (AIAA 2018-0968)

A. L. Batcha, J. Williams, T. F. Dawn, J. P. Gutkowski, M. V. Widner, S. L. Smallwood, B. J. Killeen, E. C. Williams, and R. E. Harpold, “Artemis I Trajectory Design and Optimization”, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August 9-12, 2020, AAS 20-649

[dulichtrungquocph]

Lưu trú tại Trùng Khánh

5.1 Khách sạn và nhà nghỉ

Trùng Khánh có nhiều lựa chọn lưu trú từ khách sạn sang trọng đến nhà nghỉ bình dân phù hợp với nhu cầu của mọi du khách tour đi Trung Quốc.

5.1.1 Khách sạn cao cấp

Nếu bạn muốn trải nghiệm dịch vụ tốt nhất, hãy chọn các khách sạn cao cấp với đầy đủ tiện nghi. Những khách sạn này thường nằm ở trung tâm thành phố, thuận tiện cho việc di chuyển.

5.1.2 Nhà nghỉ giá rẻ

Nếu bạn đi du lịch với ngân sách hạn chế, các nhà nghỉ và homestay là lựa chọn tuyệt vời. Giá cả phải chăng và không gian thân thiện sẽ mang đến cho bạn cảm giác thoải mái như ở nhà.

5.2 Cắm trại

Cắm trại là một trải nghiệm thú vị dành cho những ai yêu thích thiên nhiên. Bạn có thể tìm kiếm các khu vực cắm trại an toàn và thoải mái.

5.2.1 Khu vực cắm trại

Có nhiều khu vực cắm trại đẹp ở Trùng Khánh, nơi bạn có thể hòa mình vào thiên nhiên và tận hưởng không khí trong lành.

5.2.2 Trang bị cần thiết

Trước khi đi cắm trại, hãy chuẩn bị đầy đủ trang bị như lều, túi ngủ và đồ ăn. Điều này sẽ giúp bạn có một trải nghiệm cắm trại thú vị và an toàn.

5.3 Đặt phòng trực tuyến

Để tiết kiệm thời gian và công sức, bạn có thể đặt phòng trực tuyến qua các trang web du lịch uy tín. Điều này giúp bạn dễ dàng so sánh giá cả và lựa chọn nơi lưu trú phù hợp.

5.3.1 Lợi ích của việc đặt phòng trực tuyến

Việc đặt phòng trực tuyến giúp bạn chủ động hơn trong việc lên kế hoạch cho chuyến đi. Bạn có thể đọc đánh giá từ những du khách trước đó để đưa ra quyết định đúng đắn.

5.3.2 Chính sách hủy phòng

Trước khi đặt phòng, hãy kiểm tra chính sách hủy phòng của từng nơi lưu trú để tránh những rắc rối không đáng có.