#5.3.2

[warrioreowynofrohan]

Going to try and follow along with Les Mis Letters / Brick Club, in preparation for doing the whole thing next year.

In the middle of the action sequence description of Valjean in the sewers, Hugo drops this line:

The pupil dilates in the night, and at last finds day in it, even as the soul dilates in misfortune, and at last finds God in it.

How does he do that? Just, ‘I’m going to drop an absolutely beautiful philosophical observation here, moving on now - ”

Is it intentional that Hugo immediately follows that up with To find his way was difficult? Finding God does not always mean it will be easy to find your way through the paths of life? Where and how does Hugo transition between philosophy and action?

Despite Valjean being overwhelmed by “lack of food, want of sleep, emotions,” he’s still both thoightful and daring - rather than following the sewers to the most likely route out, he discerns that this would lead him to more populated areas where he would be noticed and caught, and instead goes in the opposite direction, hopimg for a more secluded exit.

Instead of the old hewn stone, instead of the ancient architecture, haughty and royal even in the sewer, with floor and running courses of granite, and mortar of thick lime, which cost seventy-fivee dollars a yard, he would have felt beneath his hand the contemporary cheapness, the economical expedient, the millstone grit laid in hydraulic cement upon a bed of concrete, which cost thirty-five dollars a yard, the bourgeois masonry known as ‘small materials’; but he knew nothing of all this.

In the middle of his revolutionary anti-monarchical epic, Hugo sounds almost nostalgic for the the ‘royal’, ancient, and grand over the ‘bourgeois’, modern, and economical.

A selection of other great lines:

Further resemblance of Paris with the sea. As in the ocean, the diver can disappear.

Isn’t this true of all great cities, even without going into the sewer? The cardinal feature is anonymity; the individual disappears amidst the multitude.

The spring trap of safety had suddenly opened beneath him. Celestial goodness had in some sort taken him by treachery. Adorable ambuscades of Providence!

Valjean narrowly escapes being found by the police who are searching the sewers for the revolutionaries. The police sergeant is pretty sure there’s no one there, but “to ease the police conscience,” fires in Valjean’s direction anyway. It’s an effective illustration of the police’s attitude: not worth looking, but worth shooting, i.e.: if there is anyone there, they must, by definition, be guilty of something.

[pilferingapples]

[ID: the "X Mentioned!" meme , saying "Bousingot Mentioned!" /ID]

The result of this council held by the watch dogs was, that they had been mistaken, that there had been no noise, that it was useless to get entangled in the belt sewer, that it would only be a waste of time, but that they ought to hasten towards Saint-Merry; that if there was anything to do, and any “bousingot” to track out, it was in that quarter. From time to time, parties re-sole their old insults. In 1832, the word bousingot formed the interim between the word jacobin, which had become obsolete, and the word demagogue which has since rendered such excellent service.

--LM 5.3.2

[lmchaptertitlebracket]

V.iii.2 Explication

Explanation: Wilbour, Wraxall, Hapgood, Gray, Denny, FMA, Rose

An Explanation: Donougher

[cliozaur]

If the sewers are one of the circles of hell, they have their demons. And these demons are the police dispatched to hunt down the surviving insurrectionists. Fortunately for Jean Valjean, their efforts lack thoroughness. Even the lantern failed to expose him in the darkness, as they hurried toward Saint-Merry with its larger barricade.

Adding to the portrayal from the previous chapter, Hugo reminds us that Jean Valjean's remarkable resourcefulness wasn't an easy feat, considering he teetered on the brink of exhaustion due to 'lack of sleep and food.' The sudden emergence of the police behind him must have been extremely stressful, likely triggering flashbacks of a previous instance when the police chased him with Cosette before he reached the convent.

I love how Hugo chose to digress and explain the meaning of the word 'bousingot' as it was in 1832. It’s just so like him!

[dolphin1812]

This might be short, but!

The tension around the lantern reminds me of the scene where Jean Valjean flees the Gorbeau house (the first time): I don’t know if it’s just a similar image of Valjean hiding in the shadows, but it feels similarly suspenseful. There is also, of course, dog imagery, as he hides from the “bull-dogs” and the “watch dogs” that hunt for those who have crossed societal/political lines in the sewers.

“From time to time, parties re-sole their old insults. In 1832, the word bousingot formed the interim between the word jacobin, which had become obsolete, and the word demagogue which has since rendered such excellent service.”

This is just a very funny way of phrasing a change in terminology.

It’s absolutely terrifying that the bullet came so close to Valjean! As long-winded as Hugo can be, he really does get tense moments, too; this entire section is so scary, which makes it quite fun to read.

It’s also fascinating to know that Valjean was saved not by his escape skills here, but by the flaws of the sewer itself, with the system he’s stumbled into being too much of a hassle to explore. The possibility of armed people is a threat as well, to be fair, but the chaos of the sewer - much like other harsh environments, like the forest or the convent - proves to be beneficial to Valjean in that it destabilizes hierarchies, giving him a chance to prevail in a way he wouldn’t in “organized society.” The sewer is still dangerous; of that, there’s no doubt. Still, it’s the scariest and darkest place Valjean has chosen in a long line of shady places that offer cover.

[spiderace]

Me: concentrating deeply on something I am happy and excited about

My face:

I know how to smile, but even now I don't necessarily do it automatically. It also never looks quite right when I do, but not everyone notices that.

Just want you to know, young autistic people, the autistic resting bitch face is real and that is ok!

[nyumpsartdirection]

In the Compartment

A film by Tom Chung

A subway compartment is running on an infinite track. From inside the compartment, you can see the Manhattan buildings pass by. At some point, your sense of reality distorts as the city looks somewhat different. Streaming through Asian metropolitan areas, cyberpunk cities, and steampunk cities, we wonder what reality is. Is reality a perception, an imagination, or a memory?

[citrineandrosmarin]

Athena and Childbirth [Excerpt]

Book: Athena by Susan Deacy (Highy recommend)

"One of the most distinctive aspects of Athena in Athens is her association with Erichthonios, whose extraordinary conception and birth is due largely to her, and whom she strives to protect by placing him in a chest and eventually rearing him in her temple."

"In some versions of the myth of Apollo’s birth, Athena is said to have loosened the girdle of Leto to enable her to give birth. One account (Pausanias 1.31.1) locates this act at a place called Zoster (‘Girdle’) on the coast of Attica. Leto then went on to Delos, the site of the birth of Apollo and Artemis."

"At Delphi, too, Athena may have been envisaged in this role. […] As Athena Pronaia (‘before the temple’), she functioned as guardian of the temple of Apollo. That she seems to have had the role of guardian of the god himself may be indicated by the presence in the sanctuary of an altar of Athena Zosteria (‘of the girdle’) which may recall the assistance that Athena gave Apollo’s mother Leto in childbirth."

"It may look curious that the virgin Athena should have been linked with childbirth. The notion of a virgin goddess with power over childbirth, however, is attested widely in Greece and beyond, in the Greek Artemis, for example."

"What lies behind Athena’s interventions that enable the production of children is not so much a safeguarding of childbirth per se, but an ability to allow individuals to be born in unusual circumstances, from her own ‘son’ Erichthonios to Apollo and Artemis, whose birth had been prevented by Hera until Athena’s intervention that enabled the children to be born. With this in mind, let us turn briefly to a story told by Pausanias (5.3.2) about a sanctuary of Athena in Elis:

The women of Elis, it is said, prayed to Athena to make them conceive as soon as they next slept with their husbands because the country was deprived of its youth. Their prayer was answered, and they established a sanctuary of Athena Meter (‘mother’) and because both wives and husbands experienced extreme delight in their union, they called the place Bady (‘sweet’)."

"Again, it is due to Athena that children come to be born when circumstances had been preventing this. The Orphic literature, too, draws on these abilities of Athena, here in relation to Dionysos. The young god had been lured away from his protectors, the Kouretes, by the Titans, who killed him, dismembered his body and ate him (West 1983: 74.) But Athena managed to get hold of his still-beating heart, which she placed in a chest, out of which the god was reborn. Dionysos, the ‘Twice-born’ god here has a third birth under Athena’s patronage out of his still-beating heart.

Athena was herself born in strange circumstances: contained in the body of Zeus until the blow from Hephaistos’ axe allowed her to leap forth. She is involved, too, in the production of children in comparably strange circumstances. Pegasos and Chrysaor emerge from the severed neck of Medusa in a way that comes closest in myth to her own emergence. Chrysaor especially evokes Athena in the manner of his birth in that he is born as a warrior. His name, ‘Golden Sword’, is also fitting for a figure who emerges in armour, paralleling perhaps the dazzling display of Athena’s birth.

When Athena functions as a goddess involved in childbirth, what she brings to bear is her capacity as a situation inverter. This provides us with yet another instance of her role as the power able to bring about what was seemingly impossible, here the production of children in unusual circumstances."

[trialsinthelateromanrepublic]

trial of Publius Clodius Pulcher

date: after Nov. 23, 57 BCE charge: lex Plautia de vi (violence) defendant: P. Clodius Pulcher aed. cur. 56 prosecutor: T. Annius Milo tr. pl. 57, pr. 55

Cic. Red. Sen. 19; Sest. 85, 89; Mil. 35, 40; Att. 4.3.2 and 5; Fam. 5.3.2; Plut. Cic. 33.3; Dio 39.7; see also Q. fr. 2.1.2

[maxtree-cgi]

Maxtree website now fully supports wind effects in UE format.

It is only applicable to UE 5.3.2 and above versions.

Website: https://maxtree.org/

[codingprolab]

AMA3007 Assignment 3

AMA3007 Assignment 3 Exercises 5.2.3 (c), 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 6.2.1, 6.2.2 (a), 6.3.1, 6.4.5, 6.5.3, 6.6.5, 6.6.6

[chezmomomimi]

BATCAVE MONTREAL DISCO BALLS II.

#5.3.2. ANIMATION SAMPLE, produced by Batcave Montréal, Original est en format GIF, 30 secondes en moyenne, Lien vers Facebook

[pilferingapples]

if there was anything to do, and any "bousingot" to track out, it was in that quarter. From time to time, parties re-sole their old insults. In 1832, the word bousingot formed the interim between the word jacobin, which had become obsolete, and the word demagogue which has since rendered such excellent service.

LM 5.3.2

[lmchaptertitlebracket]

Round 1, Matchup 12: I.i.11 vs V.iii.2

[augustatreeservice]

Tree Fertilization Guide for Augusta, GA: When and How to Nourish Your Trees

Table of Contents

Do Trees Need Fertilization?  1.1. Natural vs. Urban Growing Conditions

Signs Your Augusta Trees May Need Fertilization  2.1. Common Indicators  2.2. Ruling Out Other Causes

Understanding Tree Fertilization Basics  3.1. Essential Nutrients for Trees   3.1.1. Macronutrients   3.1.2. Micronutrients  3.2. Fertilizer Types for Trees   3.2.1. Complete Fertilizers   3.2.2. Slow-Release Fertilizers   3.2.3. Organic Fertilizers   3.2.4. Synthetic Fertilizers   3.2.5. Specialty Tree Fertilizers

When to Fertilize Trees in Augusta, GA  4.1. Optimal Fertilization Seasons  4.2. Tree Age and Fertilization Timing   4.2.1. Newly Planted Trees   4.2.2. Young Established Trees   4.2.3. Mature Trees

How to Fertilize Trees in Augusta  5.1. Soil Testing  5.2. Application Methods   5.2.1. Surface Application   5.2.2. Drill-Hole Method   5.2.3. Liquid Soil Injection   5.2.4. Deep Root Fertilization   5.2.5. Foliar Feeding  5.3. Calculating Proper Fertilizer Amounts   5.3.1. Basic Formula Method   5.3.2. Simplified Method for Homeowners   5.3.3. Professional Calculation

Special Fertilization Considerations for Augusta Trees  6.1. Adjusting for Augusta's Soil Types   6.1.1. Clay Soils   6.1.2. Sandy Soils  6.2. Fertilizing During Drought Conditions  6.3. Fertilizing After Storm Damage

Common Tree Fertilization Mistakes to Avoid  7.1. Over-Fertilization  7.2. Improper Timing  7.3. Treating Symptoms Without Diagnosis  7.4. Ignoring Soil pH

Organic Alternatives to Traditional Fertilizers  8.1. Compost and Mulch  8.2. Compost Tea  8.3. Mycorrhizal Fungi Products

Professional Tree Fertilization Services  9.1. Benefits of Professional Fertilization  9.2. Comprehensive Tree Health Programs

Conclusion

Trees are valuable assets to any Augusta property, providing shade, beauty, and increased property value. While trees in natural forest settings typically thrive without additional fertilization, those in urban and suburban landscapes often face challenging growing conditions that can benefit from supplemental nutrients. At Augusta Tree Service, we've created this comprehensive guide to help Augusta homeowners understand when, why, and how to properly fertilize their trees for optimal health and longevity.

Do Trees Need Fertilization?

Before discussing fertilization techniques, it's important to understand when trees actually need additional nutrients:

Natural vs. Urban Growing Conditions

In natural forest settings, trees receive nutrients through:

Decomposing leaf litter

Natural soil microbial activity

Undisturbed root systems

Diverse soil ecosystems

In contrast, urban and suburban trees often face:

Removal of fallen leaves and natural debris

Compacted soils with reduced microbial activity

Competition from lawns and other plants

Altered soil pH and structure

Limited root space

Environmental stressors like pollution and heat

"Urban trees often grow in what we call 'constructed soils' that lack the natural nutrient cycling of forest environments," explains James Coyle, owner of Augusta Tree Service. "This is why supplemental fertilization can be beneficial in landscape settings."

Signs Your Augusta Trees May Need Fertilization

Look for these indicators that fertilization might be beneficial:

Reduced leaf size or pale green coloration

Shorter than normal annual twig growth

Dieback of branches, especially at the crown

Early fall coloration and leaf drop

Increased susceptibility to pests and diseases

Slow wound closure after pruning or injury

Overall decline in vigor and appearance

However, it's important to note that these symptoms can also indicate other problems such as improper watering, soil compaction, or pest issues. Before fertilizing, it's wise to rule out other potential causes or consult with a certified arborist from Augusta Tree Service for proper diagnosis.

For help identifying potential disease issues, see our guide on How to Identify Common Tree Diseases in Augusta, GA.

Understanding Tree Fertilization Basics

Effective fertilization starts with understanding some fundamental concepts:

Essential Nutrients for Trees

Trees require various nutrients for healthy growth:

Macronutrients (needed in larger quantities):

Nitrogen (N): Promotes leaf and stem growth

Phosphorus (P): Supports root development and flowering

Potassium (K): Enhances overall vigor and disease resistance

Calcium (Ca): Strengthens cell walls

Magnesium (Mg): Essential for chlorophyll production

Sulfur (S): Helps produce vital proteins and enzymes

Micronutrients (needed in smaller quantities):

Iron (Fe): Critical for chlorophyll formation

Manganese (Mn): Assists in photosynthesis

Zinc (Zn): Helps produce growth hormones

Copper (Cu): Involved in many enzyme processes

Boron (B): Important for cell division and fruit development

Molybdenum (Mo): Helps convert nitrogen to usable forms

Fertilizer Types for Trees

Several fertilizer options are available for tree care:

Complete Fertilizers contain the three primary nutrients (N-P-K) and are labeled with three numbers indicating the percentage of each (e.g., 10-10-10).

Slow-Release Fertilizers gradually provide nutrients over an extended period:

Less likely to burn roots

Require fewer applications

More environmentally friendly

Often more expensive initially

Organic Fertilizers derived from natural sources:

Compost

Manure

Bone meal

Fish emulsion

Seaweed extracts

Synthetic Fertilizers manufactured chemically:

Precisely formulated

Fast-acting

Generally less expensive

May have higher salt content

Specialty Tree Fertilizers formulated specifically for trees:

Often contain micronutrients

May have appropriate N-P-K ratios for woody plants

Sometimes include beneficial soil microorganisms

When to Fertilize Trees in Augusta, GA

Timing is crucial for effective tree fertilization in Augusta's climate:

Optimal Fertilization Seasons

Fall (September-November) is generally the best time to fertilize trees in Augusta:

Trees are preparing for dormancy and storing nutrients

Root growth continues even as above-ground growth slows

Less risk of stimulating vulnerable new growth before winter

Nutrients are available for spring growth

Early Spring (February-March) is the second-best option:

Apply before new growth begins

Provides nutrients for the coming growing season

Helps trees recover from winter stress

Supports spring growth flush

Avoid fertilizing during:

Late spring and summer (May-August) when trees are under heat stress

Periods of drought unless adequate irrigation is available

Late fall when new growth might be damaged by early frosts

For a complete seasonal care guide, see our Seasonal Tree Care Tips for Augusta, GA.

Tree Age and Fertilization Timing

Different aged trees have different fertilization needs:

Newly Planted Trees (0-3 years):

Wait until the second growing season to fertilize

Use light applications of slow-release fertilizer

Focus on establishing roots before pushing top growth

For recommendations on selecting the right trees for your Augusta property, see our guide on Best Trees to Plant in Augusta, GA.

Young Established Trees (3-10 years):

Benefit most from regular fertilization

Apply according to the seasonal recommendations above

May show the most dramatic response to fertilization

Mature Trees (10+ years):

May need less frequent fertilization

Often benefit from occasional deep root feeding

Fertilize based on observed need rather than strict schedule

How to Fertilize Trees in Augusta

Proper application techniques ensure trees receive maximum benefit from fertilization:

Soil Testing: The Foundation of Proper Fertilization

Before applying any fertilizer, a soil test provides valuable information:

Current nutrient levels

Soil pH (most trees prefer slightly acidic to neutral soil)

Organic matter content

Specific deficiencies that need addressing

The University of Georgia Extension Service offers affordable soil testing services for Augusta residents. Augusta Tree Service can also arrange soil testing and provide interpretation of results specific to your trees' needs.

Application Methods

Several methods are effective for fertilizing trees:

Surface Application:

Spread granular fertilizer evenly under the tree's canopy

Extend from near the trunk to slightly beyond the drip line

Water thoroughly after application

Simple method suitable for homeowners

Less effective in areas with heavy turf competition

Drill-Hole Method:

Drill 1-2 inch diameter holes 8-12 inches deep

Space holes 18-24 inches apart in a grid pattern

Fill holes with prescribed fertilizer

More labor-intensive but very effective

Reduces turf competition and soil compaction

Liquid Soil Injection:

Uses specialized equipment to inject liquid fertilizer into soil

Provides quick nutrient availability

Allows precise placement at optimal depth

Best performed by professionals with proper equipment

Deep Root Fertilization:

Professional service that delivers nutrients directly to the root zone

Particularly effective for stressed or declining trees

Often includes soil amendments and beneficial microorganisms

Can help overcome soil compaction issues

Foliar Feeding:

Spraying liquid fertilizer directly on leaves

Useful for correcting specific micronutrient deficiencies

Provides quick but temporary results

Generally a supplemental rather than primary method

Calculating Proper Fertilizer Amounts

Applying the right amount of fertilizer is crucial to avoid under or over-fertilization:

Basic Formula Method:

Measure the trunk diameter at 4.5 feet above ground (DBH - diameter at breast height)

Apply 2-4 pounds of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet of root zone annually

For a complete 10-10-10 fertilizer, this translates to 20-40 pounds per 1,000 square feet

Simplified Method for Homeowners:

Apply 1-2 pounds of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet of area under the tree's canopy

For a 10-10-10 fertilizer (10% nitrogen), this means 10-20 pounds of product per 1,000 square feet

Professional Calculation: Certified arborists at Augusta Tree Service use more precise calculations based on:

Tree species and age

Soil test results

Site conditions

Tree health status

Environmental factors

Special Fertilization Considerations for Augusta Trees

Augusta's specific climate and growing conditions create unique fertilization needs:

Adjusting for Augusta's Soil Types

Augusta's predominant soil types affect fertilization practices:

Clay Soils common in many Augusta neighborhoods:

Apply fertilizer more frequently but in smaller amounts

Consider adding gypsum to improve structure

May require additional micronutrients, especially iron

Often benefit from organic matter incorporation

Sandy Soils found in some areas:

Use slow-release fertilizers to prevent leaching

May require more frequent applications

Often need additional potassium

Benefit from organic matter to improve water retention

Fertilizing During Drought Conditions

Augusta occasionally experiences drought periods, affecting fertilization practices:

Avoid fertilizing during severe drought unless irrigation is available

Use slow-release formulations to reduce salt buildup

Water thoroughly before and after fertilization

Consider reducing application rates during water restrictions

Focus on root zone moisture management with proper mulching

Fertilizing After Storm Damage

After Augusta's occasional severe storms:

Wait until immediate cleanup and safety concerns are addressed

Consider light fertilization to help trees recover from stress

Focus on slow-release products to support long-term recovery

Combine with proper pruning of damaged areas

Monitor for signs of pest or disease issues that might exploit storm-stressed trees

Common Tree Fertilization Mistakes to Avoid

Even well-intentioned tree owners can make fertilization errors:

Over-fertilization

Applying too much fertilizer can:

Burn roots

Create excessive, weak growth

Increase susceptibility to pests and diseases

Contribute to environmental pollution through runoff

Waste money and resources

Signs of over-fertilization include leaf scorch, rapid but weak growth, and salt buildup on soil surfaces.

Improper Timing

Fertilizing at the wrong time can:

Stimulate vulnerable new growth before frosts

Stress trees during drought or heat

Reduce winter hardiness

Waste nutrients through leaching or runoff

Treating Symptoms Without Diagnosis

Fertilizer is not a cure-all for tree problems:

Yellowing leaves might indicate pH issues rather than nutrient deficiency

Dieback could be caused by pests or diseases, not lack of fertilizer

Poor growth might result from soil compaction or improper planting

Always identify the underlying cause before assuming fertilizer will help

For guidance on when to handle tree issues yourself and when to call professionals, see our guide on DIY Tree Care: What Augusta Homeowners Can Do and When to Call Augusta Tree Service.

Ignoring Soil pH

Most trees prefer slightly acidic to neutral soil (pH 5.5-7.0):

Nutrients become less available in soils with improper pH

Adding fertilizer to soil with incorrect pH may be ineffective

Soil amendments to adjust pH may be needed before fertilization

Regular soil testing helps monitor and maintain proper pH

Organic Alternatives to Traditional Fertilizers

Many Augusta homeowners prefer organic approaches to tree care:

Compost and Mulch

Perhaps the most natural fertilization method:

Apply 1-2 inches of compost under the tree's canopy annually

Top with 2-3 inches of organic mulch like wood chips or pine straw

Keep materials away from direct contact with the trunk

Allows for slow, steady nutrient release

Improves soil structure and microbial activity

Compost Tea

A liquid organic fertilizer option:

Steep finished compost in water to create nutrient-rich "tea"

Apply to soil around trees with a watering can or sprayer

Provides beneficial microorganisms along with nutrients

Gentle option for stressed or recovering trees

Mycorrhizal Fungi Products

These specialized products enhance the natural relationship between fungi and tree roots:

Improve nutrient and water uptake

Increase drought resistance

Enhance overall tree vigor

Particularly beneficial when planting new trees or treating stressed trees

Professional Tree Fertilization Services

While many homeowners can handle basic fertilization, professional services offer advantages:

Benefits of Professional Fertilization

Augusta Tree Service provides specialized tree fertilization services:

Soil testing and expert interpretation

Customized fertilization prescriptions for specific trees

Access to professional-grade products and equipment

Deep root fertilization capabilities

Integrated approach combining fertilization with other tree care practices

Ongoing monitoring and adjustment of fertilization programs

Comprehensive Tree Health Programs

For optimal results, consider a comprehensive approach:

Regular professional inspections

Customized fertilization as needed

Proper pruning and maintenance

Integrated pest management

Soil management and mulching

Irrigation recommendations during drought

Our Location & Covered Area

Conclusion

Proper fertilization can significantly enhance the health, beauty, and longevity of Augusta's trees when applied correctly and appropriately. By understanding when fertilization is truly needed, choosing the right products, and using proper application techniques, you can help your trees thrive in our unique climate.

For expert assistance with tree fertilization or any other tree care needs, contact Augusta Tree Service at (706) 535-7388. Our team of certified arborists provides comprehensive tree care services throughout Augusta, GA, combining technical expertise with a deep commitment to tree health and environmental stewardship.

Remember, healthy trees enhance property value, provide environmental benefits, and create lasting beauty for generations to enjoy. With proper care—including appropriate fertilization—your Augusta trees can thrive for decades to come.

[literaturereviewhelp]

This information is available in Figure 5.3. 5.2.4 Respondents' Education The academic background of each of the respondents was obtained. Figure 5.4 reveals that most of respondents were Master degree holders and they represented 34.9 percent of the sample population while 8.9 percent of the respondents were educated up to high school level. 29.4 percent of the respondents were found to be having a Bachelor degree and 14.4 percent were PhD degree holders. 12.5 percent of the respondents revealed they had other certificates. 5.2. 5 Respondents' Position It is evident from Figure 5.5 shows that most of respondents were experienced and had worked for 1-5 years. They represented 37.6 percent of the respondents while respondents having more than 20 years’ work experience comprised of 4.9 percent of the sample population. About 18.7 percent of the respondents had working experience of 6-10 years. Additionally, respondents having experience of less than one year accounted for 14.1 percent of the respondents; while 17.7 percent amongst them had working experience of 11-15 years. The remaining 7 percent respondents amongst the sample population had experience of 16 -20 years. 5.3 The Data 5.3.1 Data Inspection Data analysis commenced with an inspection and review of the data in order to ascertain that it was suitable for analysis. In order to carry out an exhaustive data analysis it was considered proper to follow the procedures outlined by Hair et al. (2006), which included examining data patterns that were missed out and adhering to statistical assumptions, identification of outliers, and a review of skewness and kurtosis. 5.3.2 Missing. The study provides specific contributions relative to quality management practices in public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The researcher uses a sample population of 327 respondents in carrying out an exploratory factor analysis to determine the factor structure of instruments that had 101 items. The factors examines in this context were: transformational leadership style, transactional leadership style, laissez-faire leadership style, organizational culture and quality management practices. A test of reliability was also made in the context of all the interval scale variables in order to ascertain the extent to which they are free from casual errors. Additionally, this research made an analysis of the assumptions made in regard to homoscedasticity, linearity and non linearity and the outcomes showed that the assumptions proved to be correct. In addition to the above, the research conducted hierarchical regression in order to analyze the relationships amongst different leadership styles, organizational culture and practices of quality management. In view of the outcomes that emerged from the research, it can be said that all the hypotheses made in this study were found to have adequate support in terms of the research outcomes. The independent variables also revealed a pattern whereby they sufficiently contributed to practices of quality management. Organizational culture has been found to be important and to have a partially moderating impact on the relationships amongst laissez-faire leadership styles and quality management practices. Read the full article