#Best Gst simulation software

[technotronixs]

Best GST Software to Learn Practically

In today’s competitive world, practical knowledge is the key to success, especially in the fields of taxation and accounting. Understanding the Goods and Services Tax (GST) system is essential for students, professionals, and business owners alike. But how can you move beyond theoretical knowledge to truly grasp the intricacies of GST?

There are multiple software solutions available that can simplify the process of learning GST practically. For educational institutions, these tools provide an excellent way to teach students GST in a hands-on manner. Additionally, institutions can also use these platforms to offer GST-related services, enhancing their offerings and value

Why Practical Learning is Crucial in GST

GST is not just about understanding laws and percentages. It’s about:

Filing accurate returns.

Managing TDS (Tax Deducted at Source).

Generating invoices that comply with legal standards.

Understanding input tax credits.

Practical learning allows users to:

Apply theoretical concepts to real-world scenarios.

Develop hands-on skills in GST filing and compliance.

Enhance confidence in handling business finances.

Features of the Best GST Software for Learning

Technotronixs has developed a robust GST Simulation Software that is perfect for practical learning. Here’s why it stands out:

eBay-Like Simulations:

Simulate real-world transactions in a controlled environment.

Understand GST implications on various goods and services.

TDS Management Tools:

Learn how to calculate and deduct TDS correctly.

Get practical experience in filing TDS returns.

Student Information System Integration:

Track learning progress.

Access detailed guides and tutorials.

Hands-On GST Filing Practice:

Create and upload GST returns.

Handle errors and corrections just like in real situations.

Institute Earnings Opportunity:

Educational institutions can use this software to generate additional income by offering specialized GST training courses.

Benefits for Students and Institutes

For Students:

Master GST compliance without the risk of penalties.

Gain a competitive edge in the job market.

Build a strong foundation in taxation and financial management.

For Institutes:

Provide value-added courses to attract more enrollments.

Monetize through specialized GST training programs.

Build a reputation as a center of excellence in taxation education.

Why Choose Technotronixs’ Tax Simulation Software

User-Friendly Interface: Designed with students and educators in mind, it’s easy to navigate even for beginners.

Customizable Modules: Tailor the software to suit specific training needs.

Affordable Pricing: High-quality learning at a budget-friendly cost.

Proven Results: Backed by positive feedback from users and institutions.

Conclusion

When it comes to learning GST practically, Technotronixs Tax Software is the ultimate tool. Its innovative features and real-world applications make it the best choice for students and institutions alike. Start your journey to mastering GST today and unlock new career opportunities!

Ready to take the next step? Explore the possibilities with Technotronixs’ Tax Simulation Software and transform how you learn and teach GST.

[saurabh013-dg]

Unlock Your Career Potential at the Best Tally Institute in Pitampura

In today's fast-paced business environment, mastering accounting software is essential for success. If you're looking to enhance your skills and boost your career prospects, DICS the Best Tally Institute in Pitampura is your ultimate destination. Here’s why our institute stands out and how we can help you achieve your professional goals.

Why Choose Tally?

Tally is one of the most widely used accounting software programs in India, known for its user-friendly interface and comprehensive features. Proficiency in Tally can significantly enhance your employability, making you an asset to any organization. Whether you aim to work in finance, accounting, or business management, Tally skills are invaluable.

What We Offer

Comprehensive Curriculum

Our courses are designed to cover all essential aspects of Tally, from basic functionalities to advanced features. You will learn how to manage accounts, generate financial reports, and handle GST compliance, providing you with a well-rounded skill set that employers seek.

Expert Instructors

At DICS, our instructors are industry professionals with extensive experience in accounting and finance. They are dedicated to providing practical knowledge and insights that go beyond textbooks, ensuring you gain real-world skills.

Hands-On Learning Experience

We believe in learning by doing. Our curriculum emphasizes practical training through real-life projects and simulations, allowing you to apply your skills in practical scenarios. This experiential learning approach prepares you for the challenges you'll face in the workplace.

Flexible Learning Options

Understanding that many students have busy schedules, we offer flexible class timings, including weekend and evening sessions. This flexibility allows you to balance your studies with work or personal commitments, making it easier to pursue your goals.

Career Support

Your success is our top priority. We provide comprehensive career support, including resume-building workshops, interview preparation, and job placement assistance. Our strong connections with industry leaders help facilitate job placements, giving you a competitive edge in the job market.

Join Us Today!

Don’t miss the opportunity to elevate your accounting skills and advance your career. Enroll at DICS the Best Tally Institute in Pitampura today! Visit our website for more information about our courses and how to get started. Your journey into the world of Tally and accounting excellence begins here!

[attitudetallyacademy]

Master Multi Autodesk Tools – CAD, Revit & 3ds Max Course

Looking to master industry-standard design software like AutoCAD, Revit, and 3ds Max?

This Multi Autodesk course is the perfect starting point for beginners and professionals alike who want to upskill in computer-aided design (CAD), 3D modeling, and architecture visualization. Covering multiple Autodesk tools in one comprehensive program, the course offers practical, hands-on training to help you gain expertise in engineering drafting, architectural layouts, and interior design simulations.

Whether you're aiming for a career in civil engineering, architecture, or animation, this course builds the foundation you need. With expert-led modules, real-time projects, and software practice, you'll gain industry-relevant knowledge that employers look for.

[ipatally]

 Best Online Income Tax Course with Certification

Introduction

Income tax is a cornerstone of any nation's economic system. Professionals who understand tax laws, compliance requirements, and filing procedures are in high demand. An income tax course equips individuals with the skills and knowledge required to handle taxation tasks effectively.

What is an Income Tax Course?

An income tax course provides comprehensive training on tax laws, filing procedures, and compliance regulations. These courses are tailored for accountants, finance professionals, and business owners seeking to master tax-related concepts.

This course ensures learners gain practical experience along with theoretical knowledge. It covers everything from basic definitions to advanced tax planning strategies.

Importance of Income Tax Courses

Understanding income tax is not just crucial for accountants but also for individuals managing personal finances. The key reasons to pursue an income tax course include:

Professional Growth: Enhance your career prospects with advanced knowledge.

Compliance Mastery: Stay updated on tax laws and regulations.

Better Financial Planning: Help clients or businesses save taxes legally.

Key Features of Income Tax Courses

Income tax courses come with unique features designed to deliver a complete learning experience:

Updated Curriculum: Focused on current laws and regulations.

Expert Faculty: Industry professionals lead the courses.

Practical Training: Hands-on experience with tax filing software.

Certifications: Earn credentials recognized across industries.

Types of Income Tax Courses

Basic Income Tax Courses

These are entry-level courses suitable for beginners. They cover fundamental concepts like tax slabs, exemptions, and deductions.

Advanced Income Tax Courses

Designed for professionals, these courses delve into complex topics like international taxation, audits, and litigation.

Specialized Income Tax Courses

These focus on niche areas, such as GST integration, corporate tax planning, or digital tax filing.

Curriculum of an Income Tax Course

Core Subjects

Income Tax Laws: Definitions, exemptions, and penalties.

Tax Compliance: Filing returns and documentation.

Tax Planning: Strategies for legal tax savings.

Practical Training Modules

Software Use: Hands-on training with tax filing tools.

Case Studies: Real-world examples for better understanding.

Project Work: Filing mock returns and preparing audit reports.

Case Studies and Projects

Practical application is vital in taxation. Case studies simulate real-life scenarios, helping students develop problem-solving skills.

Benefits of Enrolling in an Income Tax Course

Enhanced Knowledge: Gain in-depth understanding of tax regulations.

Career Opportunities: Access to roles like tax consultant or analyst.

Higher Earnings: Skilled professionals command better salaries.

Personal Benefits: Manage personal or family tax filings efficiently.

Eligibility and Prerequisites

Most income tax courses require a background in commerce or accounting. However, some basic courses welcome beginners. Prerequisites typically include:

A bachelor's degree (preferred for advanced courses).

Basic computer literacy for digital filing tools.

Duration and Fee Structure

Duration: Courses range from 3 months to 1 year, depending on complexity.

Fee: Costs vary widely, starting from ₹10,000 for basic courses to ₹50,000 or more for advanced ones. 

Top Institutes Offering Income Tax Courses

Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI).

National Institute of Financial Markets (NIFM).

Coursera and Udemy (online platforms).

Local coaching centers with tailored training programs.

Job Opportunities After Completion

Completing an income tax course opens doors to several career paths, including:

Tax Consultant: Advising clients on tax planning.

Tax Analyst: Working with firms to ensure compliance.

Auditor: Verifying financial statements for accuracy.

Finance Manager: Overseeing tax-related aspects of businesses.

Tips for Choosing the Right Course

Evaluate Your Goals: Choose a course aligned with your career aspirations.

Check Accreditation: Ensure the institute is reputable.

Look for Practical Training: Hands-on experience is essential.

Consider Flexibility: Online courses offer convenience for working professionals.

Conclusion

An income tax course is an investment in your professional future. It provides the expertise required to excel in taxation, enhances career prospects, and builds trust with clients or employers. Whether you are an aspiring accountant or an experienced professional, mastering income tax concepts will set you apart in the competitive finance sector.

IPA  offers:- 

Accounting Course ,      Courses after 12th Commerce ,  courses after bcom

Diploma in Financial Accounting , SAP fico Course ,  Accounting and Taxation Course  ,  GST Course  ,  Basic Computer Course ,  Payroll Course, Tally Course , Advanced Excel Course , One year course  ,  Computer adca course     

[anshdigital]

best tally courses in laxmi nagar

In the bustling heart of Delhi's Laxmi Nagar, where opportunities abound and ambitions soar, stands a beacon of educational excellence – the Tally Institute at DICS Laxmi Nagar. With its mission to empower individuals with the skills and knowledge needed to excel in the field of accounting and finance, this institute has become synonymous with quality education and career advancement. Let's delve into what makes the Tally Institute in Laxmi Nagar a premier destination for aspiring professionals.

A Legacy of Excellence

DICSLaxmi Nagar has a rich history of nurturing talent and fostering academic excellence. With a team of experienced faculty members and state-of-the-art facilities, the institute is committed to providing world-class education that meets the evolving needs of the industry. The Tally Institute is a testament to this commitment, offering specialized training in Tally ERP 9 – the leading accounting software trusted by businesses worldwide.

Comprehensive Curriculum

The cornerstone of the Tally Institute's success lies in its comprehensive curriculum, meticulously crafted to equip students with the skills and knowledge required to thrive in the competitive world of accounting and finance. From mastering the basics of accounting principles to delving into advanced topics such as GST compliance and financial reporting, students undergo a transformative learning experience that prepares them for real-world challenges.

Hands-On Learning

At DICSLaxmi Nagar, theory meets practice through hands-on learning experiences that allow students to apply their knowledge in practical scenarios. Through interactive workshops, simulated exercises, and real-world case studies, students gain invaluable insights into the complexities of accounting processes and learn how to navigate them with confidence. This experiential approach not only enhances their understanding of Tally ERP 9 but also hones their problem-solving and analytical skills – essential attributes for success in today's dynamic business environment.

Industry-Relevant Training

The Tally Institute at DICSLaxmi Nagar prides itself on offering industry-relevant training that bridges the gap between academia and the corporate world. Faculty members bring with them a wealth of industry experience, ensuring that students receive insights and perspectives that are aligned with current industry practices. Guest lectures, seminars, and industry visits further enrich the learning experience, providing students with valuable opportunities to interact with industry experts and gain firsthand knowledge of emerging trends and technologies.

Career Opportunities

One of the key objectives of the Tally Institute is to empower students with the skills and confidence to pursue rewarding careers in accounting and finance. Through placement assistance programs and career counseling services, the institute facilitates job placements for its graduates in leading companies across various sectors. Whether aspiring to work as accountants, financial analysts, or entrepreneurs, students emerge from the Tally Institute at DICSLaxmi Nagar well-equipped to make meaningful contributions to the organizations they serve.

Conclusion: A Gateway to Success

In a world where the demand for skilled accounting professionals is on the rise, the Tally training course at DICS Laxmi Nagar stands as a gateway to success for aspiring individuals. With its commitment to academic excellence, industry relevance, and practical learning, the institute empowers students to chart a course for a fulfilling and prosperous career in accounting and finance. Whether embarking on a new career path or seeking to enhance existing skills, students at the Tally Institute find the guidance, support, and resources they need to unlock their full potential and achieve their professional goals. Join us at DICSLaxmi Nagar and embark on a journey of discovery, growth, and success with Tally

[samrtadmin]

HOW DO WE SHORTEN TIME TO PERFORMANCE?

By using strategic on boarding we can get 77% of new hires to hit their first performance goals within the formal training.  So every job role takes some amount of time frame to achieve the proficiency in the required job skill which performs consistently which is referred as “Time to Proficiency” (TTP). Instant growth in time-to-proficiency translates to Best Payroll, productivity and the gains in time to market. Accelerated proficiency results to higher level of proficiency in minimal time.  Accelerated proficiency can be defined in three types:

Rapid Training- the idea is to train the individuals to maintain some minimal level of proficiency at a rate faster than the traditional training

Accelerated Learning is also referred to as idea of getting individuals to gain high level of proficiency which leads to faster than ordinary

Once trained with accelerated learning, stabilize to that level of skill should be maintained

Acceleration Methods:

Rapid training and proficiency training can be done through the use of simulations, computer games and immersions all of them are improved through application intelligent tutoring and artificial intelligence capabilities.

Accelerated proficiency can be gained by Timesheet, use of case-based instructions, and realistic case based instructions by focusing on the errors.

The 5 P’s stages of the Accelerated learning are as follows:

1. Preparation:

Always adopt the positive and resourceful state of mind which will impact on learners mind, emotions and physical state positively. It may be by means like use of white board, covering walls with posters which will act as a tool for subconscious learning.

2. Practice:

Under this process learners practice the information they had collected through the hands on experience, working on small project.

3.Performance:

It will provide you the test knowledge on the thing you learned

Cognitive test – It is to check either the participant is able to recall the information from the training session.

Computer Skill- the purpose is to know participant has learned the required Computer skill to a job?

On-the-job performance- It is accounted after the completion of the one month of training which evaluates effective rate of the training

4.Polish and Perfect:

The final stage is to review entire learning process of Accelerated learning. Know the best way of learning on process which needs practice and revision.

Conclusion:

So here you will be able to find the ways and different strategies to minimize the time spent on task to increase the performance. And will also provide you the factors on which the employees should be focused.

SMART ADMIN is a cloud-based software for generating GST Compliant Invoice, Payroll management, Timesheet and Project Tracking – visit SMART ADMIN for FREE Trial and Registration.

[certificationtraining]

Make the Smart Choice: SLA Consultants India for Exceptional GST Training

When it comes to acquiring exceptional Goods and Services Tax (GST) training, making the smart choice is crucial for your career growth and success. SLA Consultants India is the ideal destination for individuals seeking top-notch GST Course that exceeds expectations. With our comprehensive curriculum, experienced trainers, practical learning approach, and strong placement support, we provide an exceptional learning experience that sets us apart as the smart choice for GST training.

SLA Consultants India's exceptional GST training program is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills needed to thrive in the complex world of taxation. GST Course in Delhi covers all aspects of GST, including its legal framework, registration processes, return filing, invoicing, input tax credit, compliance, and audits. We ensure that our curriculum is aligned with the latest GST regulations and industry requirements, giving you a competitive edge in the job market and equipping you with the tools to excel in GST-related roles.

One of the key strengths of SLA Consultants India is our team of experienced trainers. Our trainers are industry professionals with extensive expertise in GST. They possess in-depth knowledge of GST implementation, compliance, and best practices, and stay updated with the latest developments in the field. Their practical experience and real-world insights enhance the learning process, enabling you to grasp complex concepts, apply them to practical scenarios, and develop a deep understanding of the intricacies of GST. With their guidance, you can confidently navigate the complexities of GST and stand out as a skilled GST professional.

At SLA Consultants India, we believe in a practical learning approach that emphasizes hands-on experience. Our GST Training Course in Noida & Delhi program provides ample opportunities for you to apply your knowledge through practical exercises, case studies, and simulations. You will work with real GST data and industry-standard tools and software, gaining practical exposure to the processes and challenges involved in GST compliance and implementation. This practical training enhances your analytical skills, problem-solving abilities, and attention to detail, making you well-prepared for the demands of the GST field.

Choosing SLA Consultants India for your GST training also means gaining access to comprehensive placement support. We are dedicated to your career growth and success, and our placement support services are designed to help you leverage your GST skills and secure rewarding job opportunities. We assist you in building a professional resume, provide interview preparation sessions, and connect you with our extensive network of industry partners actively seeking skilled GST professionals. Our placement support gives you a competitive advantage in the job market, ensuring that you have the resources and guidance to kickstart your career in GST.

In conclusion, choosing SLA Consultants India for your GST Course in Laxmi Nagar Delhi is a smart choice that opens doors to exceptional learning, practical exposure, and strong placement opportunities. With our comprehensive curriculum, experienced trainers, practical learning approach, and placement support, we provide an exceptional learning experience that equips you with the knowledge and skills to excel in the field of GST. Make the smart choice and enroll in our GST training program to embark on a successful career journey in taxation and compliance.

[smartadmin]

HOW DO WE SHORTEN TIME TO PERFORMANCE?

HOW DO WE SHORTEN TIME TO PERFORMANCE? 

 By using strategic on boarding we can get 77% of new hires to hit their first performance goals within the formal training.  So every job role takes some amount of time frame to achieve the proficiency in the required job skill which performs consistently which is referred as “Time to Proficiency” (TTP). Instant growth in time-to-proficiency translates to Best Payroll, productivity and the gains in time to market. Accelerated proficiency results to higher level of proficiency in minimal time.  Accelerated proficiency can be defined in three types:

Rapid Training- the idea is to train the individuals to maintain some minimal level of proficiency at a rate faster than the traditional training

Accelerated Learning is also referred to as idea of getting individuals to gain high level of proficiency which leads to faster than ordinary

Once trained with accelerated learning, stabilize to that level of skill should be maintained

Acceleration Methods:

Rapid training and proficiency training can be done through the use of simulations, computer games and immersions all of them are improved through application intelligent tutoring and artificial intelligence capabilities.

Accelerated proficiency can be gained by Timesheet, use of case-based instructions, and realistic case based instructions by focusing on the errors.

The 5 P’s stages of the Accelerated learning are as follows:

1. Preparation:

Always adopt the positive and resourceful state of mind which will impact on learners mind, emotions and physical state positively. It may be by means like use of white board, covering walls with posters which will act as a tool for subconscious learning.

2. Practice:

Under this process learners practice the information they had collected through the hands on experience, working on small project.

3.Performance:

It will provide you the test knowledge on the thing you learned

Cognitive test – It is to check either the participant is able to recall the information from the training session.

Computer Skill- the purpose is to know participant has learned the required Computer skill to a job?

On-the-job performance- It is accounted after the completion of the one month of training which evaluates effective rate of the training

4.Polish and Perfect:

The final stage is to review entire learning process of Accelerated learning. Know the best way of learning on process which needs practice and revision.

Conclusion:

So here you will be able to find the ways and different strategies to minimize the time spent on task to increase the performance. And will also provide you the factors on which the employees should be focused.

SMART ADMIN is a cloud-based software for generating GST Compliant Invoice, Payroll management, Timesheet and Project Tracking – visit SMART ADMIN for FREE Trial and Registration.

[nmanagementbusinessstudies]

Bat Course Online by National Institute of management and business studies

National Institute of management and business is offer the best bat course online. In this course you will Financial Reporting using ERP Software – Tally, Direct Taxation, Payroll and its Components, BUSY, Finalization of Financial Statements, SAP Module (Simulation-Based), gst and more. Visit the website to enroll now.

[juniperpublisherswb]

Juniper publishers- Genetic Input from Wild Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) into the Captive Population Simulated by OMPG Rule

Abstract

Recent success in breeding of the giant pandas in captivity has encouraged panda conservationists to believe that the ex situ populations can serve as an available and practical approach for supporting the wild populations. However, microsatellite analysis has revealed that the captive populations retain lower genetic diversity compared with those of the wild. For this reason, introduction of genetic materials from wild pandas into captive populations is very necessary for sustainable and effective conservation regime of genetic diversity in the captive pandas. In order to perform genetic input from wild populations effectively, two crucial issues must be intensively investigated.

The first issue is which population is the priority for genetic input, and the second one is that how many migrants are imported each generation. In this study, genetic variability that presented in captive as well as wild populations was analyzed. Via comparison with estimators of genetic diversity among populations, e.g., contributions for each population to diversity (CT , CS , CD ) and differential indicators (STDST and GST) Boxing population is the best donor for genetic input. Further, the OMPG method was employed to simulate the situation of genetic input from Baoxing population into the captive population. The results suggested this genetic input can offset genetic deterioration of the captive population in small size (Ne=50) for long-term (50 generations) maintaining the genetic diversity at the stable or even higher level of initial population. This will be a powerful reference for making decisions on conservation of genetic diversity of giant panda in the future.

Keywords: Genetic input; Giant panda; Captive breeding; Ompg Rule; Simulation

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Introduction

The giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Carnivora, Ursidae), which is one of the world’s most endangered mammals as well as arguably the world’s most recognized flag species [1] distributes only in China, especially in Sichuan province, south-western China [2] The preservation and maintenance of giant panda populations is long-term concern and interest in conservation strategies. According to the 4th national survey of giant pandas, there are 1864 individuals living in 33 fragmented populations worldwide [3], compared with 1596 in 1999. Therefore, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recently down listed giant pandas from “endangered” to “vulnerable” [4]. However, giant panda populations are still threatened especially for populations with small size and isolated by habitat fragmentation and degeration, bamboo shortage, and mismanagement of reserves [5], as well as the effects of climate change [6-7]. There is also a phenomenon in the wild that the inbreeding level of giant pandas is higher than expected [8]. So there is a need for reintroduction of individuals into small population for preventing the reduction of genetic diversity into giant panda population [9], and active management which included habitat restoration, translocation, and reintroduction is essential to reduce the extinction risks faced by most panda populations [MacKinnon et al., 1989]. Unfortunately, although widely advocated in conservation biology, in reality, adaptive management is rarely implemented [10], a comprehensive ex situ management plan with a targeted population size, and genetic diversity goals; and if needed, approaches for preparing captive-bred pandas for release to the wild which was provided by [11] in a non-exhaustive overview of the types of management questions that need to be addressed using an adaptive management paradigm.

In recent years, a great leap of population growth by much success in captive breeding programs is achieved benefited from substantial new knowledge has been acquired on panda behaviour, reproductive physiology, endocrinology, nutrition, genetics, primarily AI and veterinary care [12-16]. Moreover, by comparing and analysing ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences and modern giant pandas, it is found that genetic diversity is less affected by habitat contraction [17]. The programs, however, focus more on the reproduction of cubs and less on conservation of genetic diversity. The overall demographic goal for captive populations is to increase the population, as rapidly as possible and the genetic goal for these populations is to retain the founder’s genetic diversity, as unchanged as possible over time [18].

Although the panda population in captivity has increased, the genetic diversity of the captive population is low compared to that in the wild; the genetics of the captive population need to be carefully managed [19-20]. Although there are currently sufficient wild-caught individuals in the captive population (both founders as well as potential founders that have not yet reproduced) to achieve the genetic goal if a sufficient intensity of genetic management, but most of potential founders are too old (or sick), they cannot contribute to the captive population at all, and moreover, founders with sharply different contribution rates to the population development in captive population Zhang .

One of the core concerns for giant panda conservationists is to maintain a high level of genetic diversity in captive breeding programs by minimizing selection to captivity because it is related to fitness, inbreeding depression and survival of giant panda individuals. Introducing genetic materials from wild pandas into captive populations is one of effective on-the-ground actions to maintain the level of the genetic diversity in captive pandas to be representative of the wild populations [21]. The ultimate goal is maintained all alleles sampled in the wild population that could help for future reintroduction program. It might take several steps to achieve this goal. In the first step, we need improve the genetic diversity of the captive population efficiently. In order to manipulate genetic input from wild populations effectively, two crucial issues must be intensively investigated. The first issue is which population is the priority for genetic input, and the second one is that how many migrants need to be imported each generation.

In this study, genetic variability presented in two captive (Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding and the China Research and Conservation Center for the Giant Panda at Wolong) and three wild (Baoxing Nature Reserve, Wanglang Nature Reserve and Tangjiahe Nature Reserve) populations was analyzed by microsatellite markers, we took the two captive populations (Chengdu and Wolong) as a whole captive populations due to the captive population is cooperatively managed with some level, and the cooperation is becoming closer in recent year, and there was gene flow between the two captive populations [22]. Additionally, the estimators of genetic diversity such as contributions for each population to total genetic diversity and intrapopulation as well as interpopulation genetic diversity ( T C , S C , D C ) and differential indicators ( ST D and ST G ) were used to decide which population was the priority for the genetic input. The one migrant per generation (OMPG) rule was employed to maintain the level of genetic diversity of captive population because it has been proved effective for analyzing gene flow between subpopulations [e.g. 23-29]. To date, it has also been applied widely to the simulation studies on various species [30-32].

In essay, genetic structures of the captive and captiveimmigration populations based on 11 microsatellite datasets were established. Captive-immigration populations are defined that the captive populations with one panda (male or female) migrates from Baoxing population. Furthermore, the changes of genetic diversity over generations of those populations were investigated by computer simulation experiments. The results showed that this genetic input can offset genetic deterioration of the captive population in small size (Ne=50) for long-term (50 generations) maintaining the genetic diversity at the stable or even higher level of initial population. There are significant differences in genetic diversity between the captive and captive-immigration populations. Our study results will be a good guide not only for making the genetic input plan to guarantee that the maintenance of high level of genetic diversity in captive population to make it representative, but also for ‘self-sustaining’ ex situ and/or in situ populations.

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Materials and Methods

Study Area

Samples of the captive population were collected from Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding (104.1ºE, 30.7ºN; n= 49) and Wolong Chinese Giant Panda Breeding Center (102.5ºE, 30.5ºN; n= 34). Samples of wild pandas were collected from three populations in two different mountain regions, including Baoxing (102.8ºE, 30.4ºN; n= 25) in the Qionglai mountains, Wanglang (104.5ºE, 32.5ºN; n= 31) and Tangjiahe (105.1ºE, 32.6ºN; n= 33) in the different fragmented patches of Minshan mountains. The detailed information is shown in (Figure 1).

Microsatellite Data Set

Computer simulation experiments are base the allelic frequencies of 11 microsatellite loci, which were genotyped by ABI 310 system [7,20,33]. Frequencies of Allele and private alleles for each locus were analyzed through the software Convert 1.31 [34]. The dataset in detail was shown in (Table 1).

Evaluation of the Contribution for Each Population

The contributions of each population to the overall diversity followed the method of Petit et al. [35] The contribution of the kth population to total diversity can be calculated as where is overall genetic diversity and is the genetic diversity of set excluding kth population. The contributions of each population to intrapopulation genetic diversity can be quantified as where is diversity of kth population, and is intrapopulation diversity of population set excluding kth population. (DST ) are the contributions of population to interpopulation and? The absolute (DST ) and relative (GST ) differentiation of kth population can be calculated as following formula:

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Computer Simulation Study

General consideration

Based on microsatellite dataset, the population genetic structure of captive and three wild populations were established and the dynamic changes of genetic diversity of captive and captiveimmigrant population which is submitted to OMPG rule were investigated. The computer experiments were implemented by a computer program written in Fortran 90. Number of generations simulated is 50, and number of iterations is1000. Procedure frame chart of simulation see (Figure 2).

Genetic structure of population

The genetic makeup of populations, including captive and wild populations, was determined by dataset of 11 microsatellite loci, which are assumed as neutral markers and independent and randomly location on whole genome. The gene and genotype of each locus is simulated on allelic frequencies of 11 molecular marker loci, which were shown in Table 1. The further detailed frequencies on marker loci were depicted in Shen [20].

Maintenance of population

Assuming new immigrants would keep average genetic retention, and from the studbook analysis, Ne/N ranged from 0.164 (the poor breeding achievement in 2011) to 0.264 (the best achievement in 2008) and the generation time is 11.608 for male, 10.461 for female, we adopt Ne/N =0.2, T (generation interval) =11 in our model. In order to get the high-level genetic diversity in each generation, the reproduction strategy is random mating, that is, each male panda is mating with one female at random. In the wild population, the male can mate with many female individuals, but in captive population, the mate selection can be controlled by human activities. So, we adopt Ne≈50 due to the size of captive population is 246 which are based on actual situation at the time when sample was collected in 2010, namely, only 25 males and 25 females were supposed to contribute to next generation.

We simulated the populations by stepping through a series of events that describe an annual cycle of a typical sexually reproducing, diploid organism, mate selection, reproduction, mortality, and so on. The data and parameters are summarized in Table 2. Age of first offspring was entered as 5 years for both males and females, respectively. The annual maximum number of progenies per female was listed as 3, in case of triplets. The maximum age of reproduction was entered as 20 years. An equal sex ratio value was assigned for males and females at birth.

According to the parameters used for simulations in Table 2 and studbook analysis used for life table, we can get the enlarged rate of population size is about 4% in each generation and the rate generation overlapping is 20%, namely, 20% panda individuals in each generation is from last generation.

Indicators of Genetic Diversity

Indicators including the observed number of alleles (Ao) and the number of effective alleles (Ae) observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity, the number of polymorphic loci (Np) were utilized to quantify the genetic diversity of a given populations.

Simulation of Genetic Input

The OMPG simulation followed the method by Mills and Allendorf (1996), e.g., one-migrant-per-generation is introduced to captive population from the wild. In the study, the donor population is selected by the parameters such as and . Captiveimmigration populations are defined that the captive populations with one panda (male or female) migrates from Baoxing population.

Note: a 30% was derived by pedigree records; b the average estimate for lethal equivalent was based on the study for 45 species of mammals.

In order to investigate the effects of genetic input, the management skill of captive and captive-immigration population is same, including of reproduction strategy, the rate of generation overlapping and changes of population size.

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Results

Evaluation of the contribution of each population

The results from evaluation of genetic diversity and divergence for four giant pandas’ populations are shown in Table 3. Baoxing giant pandas population has the largest , and , which means that it’s contributions is the most to the total genetic diversity among four populations. So, Baoxing population was considered as the donor population.

OMPG Rule in Conservation

According to the results shown in Table 3, in the simulation experiment, one individual per generation migrates from Baoxing population into the captive population. The results are also shown in Figure 3-7. The simulation results showed that the trend of the genetic diversity of captive population decreases over time. But the captive-immigration population had a significantly positive effect on five diversity indicators. For captive, Ae, Ao and Np from 3.4819, 5.5603,11 in the first generation decrease to 2.2056, 3.1115, 10.459 in the 50th generation, about 36.66%, 44.04% of genes loss respectively and 4.92%of the polymorphic sites was introduced into monomorphism sites, and a reduction of 37.51%, 45.67% compared with the base population while He and Ho decreased by 27.18%, 27.22% and 27.65%, 28.28% compared with the first generation and the base population in the 50th generation respectively.

For captive-immigration population that had received OMPG from Baoxing population, Ae and Ao arise from 3.5457, 5.929 in the first generation to 3.6916, 6.4859 in the 50th generation, about 4.12% and 9.39% of genes increasing, Np maintained at 11 over generations, and an increase of 4.59%, 13.25% compared with the base population while He and Ho increase by 4.28%, 4.58% and 3.99%, 3.41% compared with the first generation and the base population respectively, which means that the polymorphic sites remain stable. Test of significance by One-way ANOVA showed that the differences were very significant (p<0.001) for the five genetic indicators between the two populations.

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Discussion

Dynamics of genetic diversity in limited population size

Although the 4th national survey of giant pandas, there are 1864 individuals living in 33 fragmented populations worldwide [36] giant panda populations are still threatened especially for populations with small size and isolated by habitat fragmentation and degration, bamboo shortage, and mismanagement of reserves [5] and other factors such as insufficient subsidies for conservation programmed, poaching [37] and earthquake [38] and climate change.

This could lead to lower heterozygosity and a rapid loss of alleles because of genetic drift [39-40]. The current situation of genetic diversity on giant panda is faced by challenges. Microsatellite analysis has revealed that the ex situ populations contain lower genetic diversity compared with those in the wild Shen et al. Our results suggest that genetic diversity, including five measures, is decreased consequently over generations because inbreeding and genetic drift could not be avoided in limited population size.

How to maintain the populations at a high level is crucial management to meet the goal to create a ‘self-sustaining’ captive or isolated wild population in limited size. A ‘self-sustaining’ population should sustain 90% of the founding population’s genetic variability for 100 years, equivalent to the time required for habitat recovery [41-42]. Our result showed that introduction of genetic materials from wild pandas into the captive population is a necessary step for the captive pandas to be representative of the wild populations.

In the wild, because of the destruction and fragmentation of habitat [43-44] populations are limited in size. Some population is about several individuals. Our result suggested that reintroduction from captive to wild population [9]. So, there is a need for reintroduction of individuals into small population for preventing the reduction of genetic diversity into giant panda population [9] and active management which included habitat restoration, translocation, and reintroduction is essential to reduce the extinction risks faced by most panda populations [45].

Population for Genetic Input

Most of initial individuals in captivity originated from three protected regions including Qionglai, Liangshan, and Minshan Mountain. The wild populations in these areas were chosen as candidates for genetic input so that they could help support sustaining genetic stability of the captive population. The results shown in Table 1 illustrated that Baoxing population (in Qionglai Mountain) retains the highest allele richness and the most private alleles among three populations. Additionally, the “genetic contribution methods” also support this conclusion (Table 3).

Therefore, Baoxing population is the best donor for genetic input. Interestingly, Nature reserves in Baoxing were located very closely to the captive facilities (Figure 1). It will be more convenient to introduce the wild individuals (or semen and other genetic materials) to the captive population. In addition, the similar climate conditions and food resources in the ex-situ environment will be helpful for the “Introduction” [46-53]. In order to confirm that the best population is Baoxing population, we simulated the effect of genetic input from Tangjiahe population and Wanglang population, the results shows that the best donation population is Baoxing population from the level of genetic diversity over generation perspective.

Number of Migrants per Generation

Migration among genetically disjunctive breeding subpopulations can reduce positive and negative effects of fragmentation [25,27,39]. A widely cited figure is that one migrant per generation exchanged between pairs of subpopulations can prevent progressive genetic divergence [25,27,39]. This rule is based on Wright’s island model with a long list of simplifying assumptions Wang. The present results showed that this genetic input can offset genetic deterioration of the captive population in small size (Ne=50) for long-term (50 generations) maintaining the genetic diversity at the stable or even higher level of initial captive population. Genetic input will not only provide a better tool for genetic variability of the captive population, but also potentially save scarce alleles from small, isolated populations.

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Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that Baoxing population is the best donor for genetic input with OMPG rule. And the introduction from the wild population in successive generations can offset genetic deterioration of the captive population in limited size (Ne=50) for long-term time scale (50 generations, almost 300 years). On the other hand, the wild populations which are in small population size owing to location in fragmented habitats can increase and/or maintain the level of genetic diversity by re-introduction from the captive population or exchange among other wild population by corridors among habitats. The exchanges within populations could meet the goal of giant panda breeding, a ‘self-sustaining’ population, which the population should contain 90% of the founding population’s genetic variability for 100 years, equivalent to the time required for habitat recovery [41-42].

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Choosing the Best Software for Practical Tax Learning vs. Tally for Teaching

In today’s rapidly evolving educational landscape, finding the right tools to teach complex topics like taxation is critical. Whether you’re an instructor, a student, or an institution aiming to provide top-notch training, choosing between software specifically designed for practical tax learning or traditional tools like Tally can be challenging. Let’s break it down and explore what works best for different needs.

Why Practical Tax Learning Matters

Taxes are a crucial part of any business, and understanding how they work in real-life scenarios is invaluable. Practical tax learning bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world applications. Instead of just memorizing tax rules, students gain hands-on experience in handling GST, TDS, and other tax-related processes.

The Limitations of Tally for Teaching

Tally is widely recognized as a robust accounting software used by businesses across industries. While it includes tax features, its primary focus is accounting and inventory management. Here’s why Tally might fall short of teaching practical tax concepts:

Complex Interface: For beginners, Tally’s interface can be overwhelming, making it less suitable for step-by-step learning.

Limited Tax Simulations: Tally lacks dedicated features for simulating various tax scenarios, such as filing GST returns or calculating TDS practically.

Focus on Professionals: Tally is designed for business operations rather than educational purposes, which may leave students struggling to connect theory with application.

Why Choose Specialized Tax Practically learning software 

Modern tax learning software is tailored to bridge the gap between education and practical application. Here’s what makes it an excellent choice:

User-Friendly Design: These platforms are built with students in mind, offering intuitive interfaces that simplify complex tax concepts.

Comprehensive Simulations: They provide tools to simulate filing GST, TDS, and other tax forms, enabling students to gain practical experience.

Real-Time Scenarios: Specialized software often includes real-world examples, helping learners understand the practical implications of tax rules.

Assessment Tools: Features like quizzes and progress tracking allow educators to evaluate student performance effectively.

Earning Opportunities: Institutes using such software can not only teach effectively but also generate revenue by offering high-quality courses.

Which One Should You Choose?

If your goal is to equip students with practical skills and prepare them for the real-world tax environment, specialized tax learning software is undoubtedly the better option. It offers a comprehensive learning experience that goes beyond theoretical knowledge.

On the other hand, if you are training students to work in businesses where Tally is widely used, integrating Tally into your teaching curriculum can be beneficial. It’s all about understanding the learning objectives and the specific needs of your students or organization.

Final Thoughts

Both Tally and specialized tax learning software have their strengths, but when it comes to practical tax education, purpose-built solutions offer a more targeted and impactful learning experience. By choosing the right tool, you can ensure that students not only understand tax concepts but are also ready to apply them confidently in the real world.

Make an informed choice and empower your learners to excel in their tax education journey!

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