#Civil Code of 1804

[tmarshconnors]

The Napoleonic Code

The Napoleonic Code, also known as the Civil Code of 1804, is one of Napoleon Bonaparte's most significant and enduring legacies. It is a comprehensive system of laws that aimed to reform and standardize the legal framework of France. Before the Napoleonic Code, France's legal system was a patchwork of regional laws, feudal customs, and royal edicts, which created inconsistency and confusion. The code had a profound impact on not only France but also many other countries, serving as a model for modern legal systems around the world.

Key Features of the Napoleonic Code:

Equality Before the Law:

The Napoleonic Code ensured legal equality for all male citizens, meaning that laws would apply equally to everyone, regardless of their birth, class, or wealth. This abolished the feudal privileges that had been enjoyed by the aristocracy under the old regime.

It established the principle that nobles, clergy, and commoners were all subject to the same laws.

Abolition of Feudalism:

The code abolished feudal obligations and privileges, including serfdom and manorial dues, ensuring that people were free from feudal bonds and that property rights were more clearly defined.

Civil Rights and Liberties:

The code affirmed individual rights, such as the right to own property, the freedom of contract, and the right to be free from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment.

It supported the idea of religious freedom, although it retained certain restrictions on freedom of the press and political dissent.

Property Rights:

The code placed a strong emphasis on the protection of private property. Property ownership was seen as a fundamental right, and the code established clear guidelines for acquiring, transferring, and inheriting property.

The inheritance laws introduced by the code were particularly significant: they established that property must be divided equally among all heirs (children) upon the death of a property owner, rather than allowing for primogeniture (where the eldest son inherits everything). This was intended to prevent the accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few families.

Secular Law:

The Napoleonic Code was secular, separating the legal system from the influence of the Catholic Church. It made civil marriage the only legally recognized form of marriage, and divorce was legalized, although with more restrictions than under earlier revolutionary laws.

Family Law and Patriarchy:

The code placed significant emphasis on the family, which Napoleon saw as the foundation of society. It gave fathers considerable authority over their children and wives.

Women were largely subordinate under the code. A wife was legally required to obey her husband, and her ability to manage property or engage in legal contracts was limited without her husband’s permission. Women also had fewer rights in divorce and child custody matters.

Codification and Clarity:

One of the Napoleonic Code’s most revolutionary aspects was its clarity and simplicity. Napoleon sought to replace the confusing and inconsistent legal systems of pre-revolutionary France with a single, coherent, and easily understandable legal framework.

The code is written in clear, accessible language, making it more understandable for the public, rather than being limited to legal professionals.

Merit-Based Society:

By ensuring equality before the law and abolishing hereditary privileges, the Napoleonic Code supported a merit-based society, where individuals could advance based on talent and achievement, rather than birth or status.

Influence of the Napoleonic Code:

The Napoleonic Code had a significant influence not only in France but also abroad. Napoleon implemented it in the territories he conquered, and its principles spread to parts of Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland, Germany, and Spain. Over time, many other countries, including those in Latin America and parts of Africa and the Middle East, adopted or adapted aspects of the code into their own legal systems.

Global Legacy:

The Napoleonic Code is widely regarded as one of the most influential legal documents in the world. It served as the basis for civil law systems in many countries, particularly in continental Europe and Latin America.

Its emphasis on equality before the law, property rights, and a secular legal framework has shaped modern legal traditions in many countries. It is still the foundation of civil law in France and has been a model for legal codes around the world, particularly in countries with civil law systems, as opposed to common law systems (like the UK or the US).

The Napoleonic Code was a transformative legal document that codified the principles of the French Revolution—equality before the law, meritocracy, and secular governance—while also promoting a strong, centralized state and patriarchal family structure. Its impact extended far beyond Napoleon's reign, influencing modern legal systems across Europe and beyond, and it remains a foundational element of civil law to this day.

[memories-of-ancients]

Wooden Money in Olde England,

The use of tally sticks as an accounting tool goes back to ancient antiquity and the dawn of civilization. In an age when the vast majority of people were illiterate, the simplest way represent a certain number of goods was to simply cut markings into a stick, a piece of bamboo, bone, or other similar item. Such systems were common all over the world including Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Pre-Columbian Americas. If you have, say 12 goats, you could go to the market, find an interested buyer, hold up the stick with 12 notches cut into it and say, “I have this many goats, want to make a deal?”

 By the Middle Ages in Europe, Asia, and The Middle East, tally sticks were used as a record of debts, almost like a wooden credit card. An agreement to an IOU was made with the amount notched out on both sides of a stick. The stick was then split in half lengthwise, with one half held by the creditor, and the other half held by the debtor. Believe it or not this system of recording and settling debts continued well into modern times. In 1804 the use of the split tally was acknowledge as legal proof of debt in the Napoleonic Code. The split tally continued in use in Switzerland into the 20th century. When the Bank of England was founded in 1694 as a public corporation, the bank issued tally sticks to it’s investors as proof of their investments. Since the investments were recorded on stocks of wood, they became known as “stocks” and since then the use of the term “stock” for a investment in ownership of a public company has continued to this very day.

In 1100 King Henry I of England began issuing tally sticks as a form of money due to a lack of coinage in the kingdom and Europe in general at the time. The denomination of the stick would be etched onto both sides of the stick. The Dialogue Concerning the Exchequer, written in the 13th century, notes the different denominations as thus,

“The manner of cutting is as follows. At the top of the tally a cut is made, the thickness of the palm of the hand, to represent a thousand pounds; then a hundred pounds by a cut the breadth of a thumb; twenty pounds, the breadth of the little finger; a single pound, the width of a swollen barleycorn; a shilling rather narrower; then a penny is marked by a single cut without removing any wood.”

Like other split tallies, the stick was split lengthwise, with one half being circulated among the populace as money, and the other half being stored at the local exchequer’s office (treasurer).  If one believed they were being cheated with a counterfeit stick, one only had to make a visit to the local exchequer and match his half of the stick with the half held by the treasurer. 

The use of the split tally for money and the recording of debts ended by act of the British Parliament in 1826.  In 1834 Parliament ordered the burning of thousands of ancient tally sticks representing centuries worth of wooden money and debt records to be burned. During their destruction, the chimney of the stove caught fire, resulting in a blaze that destroyed most of the Palace of Westminster.

[ducktoonsfanart]

Donald Duck as Napoleon Bonaparte - Conquerors - Real Ducks in History - Ducktales, Duck comics and Quack Pack - History in Duckverse

I’m posting some of my drawings that I’ve done before, this time related to history and one by one where our famous Duckverse ducks play famous historical figures. See more about it here: https://ducktoonsfanart.tumblr.com/post/749604818515050496/donald-duck-as-napoleon-bonaparte-scrooge-mcduck

I’ve always wanted to do a special project called Duckverse in History and my plan is to draw my favorite characters as redraws from famous works of art as well as famous historical figures. And since history is my favorite science, and my favorite field, I definitely wanted to do something related to it and related to one of my favorite historical characters. Since I don’t want to complicate the situation, I will gradually publish a drawing related to that historical figure from time to time. I started this last year for Duckvember only to finish at the end of April.

This drawing is a redraw from Jacques Louis David’s famous early 19th century artwork depicting Napoleon Bonaparte crossing the Alps in 1800 before the Battle of Marengo. Napoleon Bonaparte was the most famous French military leader, general, consul and emperor who waged war with all of Europe at the time and managed to subjugate it in its entirety except for the Ottoman Empire, Russia and Great Britain. He is from Corsica, but he left a lot for France and proved that France is not worth messing with easily. He also gave many reforms and his Civil Code which spread throughout Europe and brought order in France after the French Revolution. Napoleon’s nature is very similar to Donald Duck and I drew Donald as Napoleon since he was created for that role and I drew him riding his horse Marengo in my own style, but in a realistic way and that Donald has five fingers.

Napoleon Bonaparte was the greatest French military leader born on August 15, 1768 in Corsica, died on May 5, 1821 on the island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean. He had the greatest number of victories, was the first consul of France from 1799 to 1804, then the emperor from 1804 to 1814, then the leader of France in 1815 until he was defeated at Waterloo. He changed Europe significantly. Donald Duck looks a lot like Napoleon, that's why I drew him. I plan to draw him as Napoleon in the future.

I certainly hope you like this drawing and this idea and that these characters have such historical roles. Of course, Duckverse in history I combine mostly everything related to Duckverse (Donald Duck comics, OG Ducktales, Three Caballeros, Darkwing Duck and Quack Pack) and it’s mostly my version and my idea. By all means if you like this and support these ideas, feel free to like and reblog this, but please don’t use these same ideas without mentioning me and without my permission. Thank you!

And music on the end: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZgKll_1JgPQ

[britneyshakespeare]

French Lady Barbie, from the 1997 Great Eras Collection

It's France in the early 1800's and the name Napoleon Bonaparte is on everyone's lips. Self-proclaimed emperor in 1804, he and his beautiful wife Josephine are the leaders of French style and fashion. French Lady™ Barbie® pays heed to the dictates of the famous emperor. Her gown is all the latest rage in Napoleon's court. Its empire styling mimics the elongated elegance of a classical Greek column, a time and period most admired by Napoleon. Its predominant color is French blue, a color much favored by everyone royal in France. The underskirt is dotted with golden Fleur-de-Lis, a long-lived symbol of French royalty. Women of the era wore high heels on tiny feet, and often had a pair made to match every outfit. French Lady Barbie has hair gathered into a golden headpiece and her lovely face is trimmed in tiny chestnut curls. Her skin is fair, her eyelashes rooted, while her faux turquoise jewelry complements the French Blue of her gown. Napoleon had an effect on more than fashion and style. He gave France a civil code, religious tolerance and fair taxes. During his reign, the Bank of France was founded and France enjoyed freedom of the press, rare in its long history. While Napoleon led French armies in conquest, the beautiful, brooding music of composer Ludwig van Beethoven was heard throughout Europe. In France, artist J. L. David achieved fame and popularity as did portaitist Jean Ingres. In 1806, the Institut de France was created by combining Academie Francaise with other academies, all designed to protect and promote everything French, from art to architecture! The beautiful city of Paris began to take form and shape as the famous landmark, the Arc de Triomphe by artist Claude Clodion, was begun in 1806 and completed in 1836. Rarely in history has one nation ever commanded so much prestige, so much success and so much style. In this magical age of Napoleon, everything the French touched rang with glory. French Lady Barbie captures this glory in her brilliance of style and sophistication. It's not difficult to close one's eyes and imagine her gracing the balls of Paris, with the cry of Vive la France, ringing in her ears.

[plaques-memoire]

Plaque en hommage à : Napoléon Ier

Type : Commémoration

Adresse : 2 rue Colonel Chambonnet, 69002 Lyon, France

Date de pose : 1800 [inscrite]

Texte : Le XXIX.IVIN.MD.C.C.C, Bonaparte posa la 1ère pierre de ces édifices. Il les releva par sa munificence.

Quelques précisions : Napoléon Bonaparte (1769-1821), également connu sous son nom d'empereur Napoléon Ier, est un homme d’État français et premier Empereur des Français de 1804 à 1814. Il est une figure majeure de l'histoire de France et a laissé une marque durable dans la société française dont l'héritage se perpétue encore aujourd'hui. Ayant pris part à la Révolution française, il prend le pouvoir à la suite du coup d’État du 18 Brumaire 1799, d'abord en tant que Premier Consul puis en tant qu'Empereur. Sous son autorité, la France est profondément réformée et atteint l'apogée de son emprise territoriale, en particulier grâce aux nombreuses victoires militaires remportées par Napoléon Ier contre les coalitions européennes. De nombreuses réformes napoléoniennes ont gardé un héritage jusqu'à l'époque moderne, comme la création des préfectures et du Conseil d’État, la mise en circulation du franc (qui ne sera abandonné qu'avec le passage à l'euro en 2002) et surtout la réalisation du premier Code civil (en 1804), lequel sera constamment réactualisé pour régir la vie administrative française. Toutefois, ses succès militaires se font de plus en plus rares, et à la suite de la prise de Paris en 1814, il est forcé d'abdiquer et est exilé sur l'île d'Elbe. Il en revient toutefois en 1815 et reprend le pouvoir pendant une période connue comme les Cent-Jours. Cependant, la défaite de Waterloo signera la fin définitive de ses ambitions. A nouveau exilé, cette fois-ci sur l'île de Sainte-Hélène, il meurt en 1821. Il laisse derrière lui un héritage considérable, qui nourrit tant une légende dorée (où il apparaît comme un homme providentiel et un commandant militaire hors pair) qu'une légende noire (qui le dépeint comme un tyran despotique et belliqueux) sur son compte et fait de lui un des personnages les plus importants de l'histoire de France, voire de l'Europe. De nombreux passages de sa vie ont été représentés ou adaptés dans des œuvres d'art, qu'il s'agisse de peintures, sculptures, livres, films ou jeux vidéo. Une autre plaque commémorative en son honneur peut être trouvée à Lyon, ville qu'il considéra pour la construction d'un nouveau palais impérial (qui ne sera jamais réalisé).

[forsuperbang]

Sur Wikisource je recherchais le code civil de 1804 (as one does) et voilà que ça me suggère un essai sur le duel (un sujet qui m'intéresse beaucoup) et je vois l'auteur, Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, et je me dis : "hmm c'est pas un fromage ça?"

Réponse : oui, le brillat-savarin (en tant que fan de fromage (évidemment vu que je suis français) je le dis, il est délicieux).

C'est aussi un gâteau, le savarin.

The more you know.

[empirearchives]

“Napoleon’s military and political career famously—and forcibly—spread Enlightenment and French Revolution ideas across Europe. From a legal perspective, this included new laws and notions of codification; the promise of rights, civil liberties, equality before the law, and freedom of worship. . . but his legal impact went beyond liberty and public order. His most formidable achievement was the 1804 Code Civil des Français, better known as Code Napoléon. Codes of civil procedure (1806), commerce (1807), criminal procedure (1808), and criminal law (1810) followed—all of which outlasted their sponsor.”

— Levi Cooper, Napoleonic Freedom of Worship in Law and Art, Cambridge University Press: 25 July 2019

[schiffsovereign]

What “Liberation Day” Could Have Been

On July 9, 1807, after Napoleon’s crushing victory over an entire coalition of European nations, the King of Prussia was forced to sign the Treaty of Tilsit, formally putting an end to the conflict.

The peace treaty was devastating for the Prussians; they were forced to pay heavy tribute and war reparations to France, limit the size of the Prussian army, and hand over roughly 50% of their territory to Napoleon.

Just imagine what it must have been like to be living in Westphalia at the time (one of the regions that was ceded to Napoleon). One day you’re Prussian territory. The next day you’re French (and later an independent kingdom).

Everything changed. And that included the legal system.

Before Napoleon arrived, that area (especially Westphalia, part of modern-day Germany) was part of the decaying Holy Roman Empire, and its legal landscape was a tangled knot of conflicting systems.

There was feudal law, where obligations to lords governed land and labor.

There was Roman civil law, which had been in place since the 15th century, though inconsistently applied.

Ecclesiastical courts handled everything from marriage disputes to moral offenses.

Customary law varied by village and town, with local statutes often passed down orally or compiled in obscure legal codices.

Add to that guild regulations, imperial edicts, and the whims of local princes and bishops, and you had a legal system that was both impossible to navigate, and ripe for abuse.

This was all wiped away.

When Prussia handed over the territory of Westphalia, Napoleon immediately imposed the Napoleonic Code as the law of the land.

The Napoleonic Code, originally drafted in 1804, was radical for its clarity and uniformity. It abolished feudal privileges, standardized property rights, and enshrined the idea of equality before the law.

No more special courts for nobles or clergy. No more confusing tangle of contradictory rules. The code was divided into clear sections—persons, property, acquisition of property, and civil procedure—and it applied to everyone.

For the first time, a Jewish merchant in Kassel and a Lutheran farmer from Göttingen were subject to the same laws, interpreted by the same courts. That was unthinkable under the old regime.

The US is in desperate need of a similar Westphalian reset. The Law of the Land in the United States of America these days is an endless collection of conflicting and often obsolete federal, state, and local laws combined with countless court rulings and precedents, plus enough rules and regulations to fill a football stadium.

Plus the code of regulations grows by around 80,000 pages each year, so the monster only becomes larger.

It shouldn’t take being conquered or vanquished by war to have your legal code pruned of dead limbs.

In fact I heard a very smart guy on a podcast some years ago talking about how every law in the US should have a sunset clause so that it’s automatically abolished in, say, 5-10 years.

Bad laws will expire without any further action from Congress. Necessary ones will be updated and refreshed.

That “very smart guy” happened to be Elon Musk. And I imagine that was exactly the type of reform he had in mind when he bank-rolled Donald Trump’s presidential campaign... and it’s exactly what “Liberation Day” should have been.

Not across the board tariffs on staunch allies. Not bazillion-gajillion percent tariffs on China.

They should have liberated Americans from the 200,000+ page Code of Federal Regulations... many of which serve no purpose other than to frustrate commerce and productivity.

Bizarrely, for politicians who claim to care about “small business” and “the working class”, most of these rules hit small businesses and workers the hardest because they don’t have the resources (unlike big companies) to navigate Byzantine regulatory codes.

They’ve made it extremely difficult (to downright impossible, depending on the industry) to start a productive business. Good luck starting a restaurant in the state of California. Or a copper mine in the state of Arizona (where one unlucky business has been in permitting for 20+ years!)

The government doesn’t need to centrally plan anything; they just need to get rid of regulatory obstacles which make it more difficult for Americans to be more productive. And this is essential to saving the country from its $2 trillion annual deficits, and $36 trillion national debt.

You don’t need a PhD in economics to understand this problem; quite simply, the US economy needs to grow faster than the debt. That isn’t happening right now.

These days, the debt is growing by more than 5.5% annually, far outpacing economic growth. So saving the country’s finances mean that GDP needs to grow by at least 5.5%, and ideally much more.

And while that sounds like an unrealistic goal, it’s totally achievable; with all the talent and investment capital in the US, along with AI, robotic automation, and nuclear power on the horizon, the US should be able to grow at 7%+ per year.

That could have happened if Liberation Day had actually liberated Americans from job-killing laws and productivity-constraining regulations.

I have said many times in the past that America’s problems are still technically fixable, but that the narrow window of opportunity is rapidly closing.

It’s beyond frustrating to see these problems continue to grow worse. And it’s becoming harder every day to imagine a scenario where we don’t end up with a currency crisis or major inflation down the road.

I still hold out hope that sanity prevails... that, even if at the last minute, the US government summons the courage and clarity to do the right thing for America once and for all, and avoid the worst outcome.

I hope.

But as we used to say in the military, hope is not a course of action. And that’s why it makes so much sense to have a Plan B.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.21 (before 1940)

537 – Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the Vivarium, by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas and Peranius. 630 – Emperor Heraclius returns the True Cross, one of the holiest Christian relics, to Jerusalem. 717 – Battle of Vincy between Charles Martel and Ragenfrid. 1152 – Annulment of the marriage of King Louis VII of France and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. 1180 – Emperor Antoku accedes to the throne of Japan. 1556 – On the day of his execution in Oxford, former archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer deviates from the scripted sermon by renouncing the recantations he has made and adds, "And as for the pope, I refuse him, as Christ's enemy, and Antichrist with all his false doctrine." 1788 – A fire in New Orleans leaves most of the town in ruins. 1800 – With the church leadership driven out of Rome during an armed conflict, Pius VII is crowned Pope in Venice with a temporary papal tiara made of papier-mâché. 1801 – The Battle of Alexandria is fought between British and French forces near the ruins of Nicopolis near Alexandria in Egypt. 1804 – Code Napoléon is adopted as French civil law. 1814 – Napoleonic Wars: Austrian forces repel French troops in the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube. 1821 – Greek War of Independence: Greek revolutionaries seize Kalavryta. 1829 – The Wellington–Winchilsea duel takes place in London involving the Prime Minister the Duke of Wellington 1844 – The Baháʼí calendar begins. This is the first day of the first year of the Baháʼí calendar. It is annually celebrated by members of the Baháʼí Faith as the Baháʼí New Year or Náw-Rúz. 1861 – Alexander H. Stephens gives the Cornerstone Speech. 1871 – Otto von Bismarck is appointed as the first Chancellor of the German Empire. 1871 – Journalist Henry Morton Stanley begins his trek to find the missionary and explorer David Livingstone. 1918 – World War I: The first phase of the German spring offensive, Operation Michael, begins. 1919 – The Hungarian Soviet Republic is established becoming the first Communist government to be formed in Europe after the October Revolution in Russia. 1921 – The New Economic Policy is implemented by the Bolshevik Party in response to the economic failure as a result of war communism. 1925 – The Butler Act prohibits the teaching of human evolution in Tennessee. 1925 – Syngman Rhee is removed from office after being impeached as the President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. 1925 – Ravel's opera L'enfant et les sortilèges, to a libretto by Colette, is premiered at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo. 1928 – Charles Lindbergh is presented with the Medal of Honor for the first solo trans-Atlantic flight. 1934 – The landmark Australian Eastern Mission led by John Latham departs on its three-month tour of East and South-East Asia. 1935 – Shah of Iran Reza Shah Pahlavi formally asks the international community to call Persia by its native name, Iran. 1937 – Ponce massacre: Nineteen unarmed civilians in Ponce, Puerto Rico are gunned down by police in a terrorist attack ordered by the US-appointed Governor, Blanton Winship.

[yes-bernie-stuff]

◀ 23 FÉVRIER ▶ La Bonne Semence

Tu ne commettras pas d’adultère. Exode 20 : 14

L’Éternel est témoin entre toi et la femme de ta jeunesse, envers laquelle tu as agi perfidement ; cependant elle est ta compagne et la femme de ton alliance. Malachie 2 : 14

Ne commets pas d’adultère

Voici le grand jour arrivé ! Dans une mairie de France, les futurs mariés écoutent Monsieur le Maire qui lit les articles du Code Civil établi par Napoléon en 1804 : « Article 212 – Les époux se doivent mutuellement fidélité ... » Cet engagement sera-t-il respecté par ce couple ? Et savent-ils que la fidélité est un commandement de Dieu, le septième de sa Loi : « Tu ne commettras pas d’adultère » ? Force est de reconnaître que dans notre société permissive, la fidélité est considérée comme une vertu ringarde. Les relations sexuelles hors du couple sont la norme dans les films, les romans, les chansons. On ne parle plus d’adultère, mais de liaison, d’aventure. La quête du plaisir personnel, égoïste, vide la sexualité de sa dimension morale, de son sens biblique. En donnant ce commandement, Dieu connaissait les besoins de sa créature : besoin de sécurité, besoin de se sentir aimé tel que l’on est dans les bons et les mauvais jours, besoin de rendre heureux son conjoint en donnant et en se donnant. L’infidélité dans le couple piétine ces besoins fondamentaux, entraîne des souffrances et souvent l’éclatement d’une famille : premières victimes, les enfants sont souvent marqués à vie. La société actuelle en perte de valeurs et de repères en donne la preuve. Non, la loi de Dieu n’est pas dépassée ou irréaliste. Ce n’est pas le choix de la facilité, mais Jésus Christ promet son aide à ceux qui désirent lui obéir. - Lire plus ici :

[juliedowling]

Unitarian colonial Andrew Carnegie, Crawfurd’s stolen ‘nobility’ to plutocratic empirical ‘Emperor’ Trump.

Andrew Carnegie’s father was a chartist but it appears Carnegie developed racist views on entering America through his early involvement with Pittsburgh abolition. Pittsburgh held the reputation as an active militant community of both African and white abolitionists.

To be continued in Oz ….?

In 1932, William Cooper, founder of the AAL (Aboriginal Advancement League), drafted a petition to send to King George V. The government of the day held that the petition fell outside their constitutional responsibilities. In 1937, Cooper submitted the petition, but the government did not forward it.

“Decades ago, this powerlessness was identified by Stanner, a pre-eminent anthropologist of his age. He writes in the language of the era of "Durmugam, a Nangiomeri" and evokes the image of a Nangiomeri man from the Daly River whom he clearly admired: "an Aboriginal of striking physique and superb carriage". Stanner witnessed Durmugam engage in tribal warfare in 1932 with "savage, vital splendour". He introduces us to the idea of the torment of powerlessness in relating Durmugam's story.”

How is a vote powerless unless both majority parties stifle any independent voice voted on?

It seems to me the only torment to First Nations human rights is the white fragility of white fascist millionaires and politicians and their paid appointed coercive tutors to deny First Nations people across the world their human rights?

Crawfurd;

“"He who saves his Country does not violate any Law," Trump, a Republican, proclaimed on his Truth Social network. The White House did not respond to a request for more details.

The phrase, attributed to the French military leader who created the Napoleonic Code of civil law in 1804 before declaring himself emperor, drew immediate criticism from Democrats.”

Trump: If it saves the country, it's not illegal.

By Doina Chiacu

Reuters: February 16, 20257:57 AM

[observatoiredunotariat]

Responsabilité de l'agent immobilier qui, quoique professionnel, agit dans un cadre non professionnel

Cour de cassation, 3ème Chambre civile, 17 octobre 2024, pourvoi n° 22-22.882 La notion de garantie des vices cachés, un pilier du droit de la vente immobilière, vient d’être une nouvelle fois éclaircie par la Cour de cassation. Depuis 1804, le Code civil protège les acquéreurs d’un bien immobilier contre les défauts cachés que celui-ci pourrait présenter. Un dispositif solide, renforcé par la…

[the-chomsky-hash]

[plaques-memoire]

Plaque en hommage à : Napoléon Ier

Type : Lieu de résidence

Adresse : 107 Grande rue de la Guillotière, 69007 Lyon, France

Date de pose : Inconnue

Texte : Hôtel de l'Aigle. A son retour de l'île d'Elbe le 10 mars 1815, l'empereur Napoléon Ier arrivant de Grenoble et de Bourgoing s'est arrêté dans cette maison avec son état-major avant d'aller à Lyon coucher à l'archevêché

Quelques précisions : Napoléon Bonaparte (1769-1821), également connu sous son nom d'empereur Napoléon Ier, est un homme d’État français et premier Empereur des Français de 1804 à 1814. Il est une figure majeure de l'histoire de France et a laissé une marque durable dans la société française dont l'héritage se perpétue encore aujourd'hui. Ayant pris part à la Révolution française, il prend le pouvoir à la suite du coup d’État du 18 Brumaire 1799, d'abord en tant que Premier Consul puis en tant qu'Empereur. Sous son autorité, la France est profondément réformée et atteint l'apogée de son emprise territoriale, en particulier grâce aux nombreuses victoires militaires remportées par Napoléon Ier contre les coalitions européennes. De nombreuses réformes napoléoniennes ont gardé un héritage jusqu'à l'époque moderne, comme la création des préfectures et du Conseil d’État, la mise en circulation du franc (qui ne sera abandonné qu'avec le passage à l'euro en 2002) et surtout la réalisation du premier Code civil (en 1804), lequel sera constamment réactualisé pour régir la vie administrative française. Il caresse un temps l'idée de faire bâtir un nouveau palais impérial à Lyon. Toutefois, ses succès militaires se font de plus en plus rares, et à la suite de la prise de Paris en 1814, il est forcé d'abdiquer et est exilé sur l'île d'Elbe. Il en revient toutefois en 1815 et reprend le pouvoir pendant une période connue comme les Cent-Jours. Cependant, la défaite de Waterloo signera la fin définitive de ses ambitions. A nouveau exilé, cette fois-ci sur l'île de Sainte-Hélène, il meurt en 1821. Il laisse derrière lui un héritage considérable, qui nourrit tant une légende dorée (où il apparaît comme un homme providentiel et un commandant militaire hors pair) qu'une légende noire (qui le dépeint comme un tyran despotique et belliqueux) sur son compte et fait de lui un des personnages les plus importants de l'histoire de France, voire de l'Europe. De nombreux passages de sa vie ont été représentés ou adaptés dans des œuvres d'art, qu'il s'agisse de peintures, sculptures, livres, films ou jeux vidéo. Une autre plaque commémorative en son honneur peut être trouvée à Lyon.

[jin0]

hi jin!!! how r u? can you give a Andrew Garfield character if not just give Andrew Garfield himself, the whole package 😏

I have black hair and brown eyes, I'm a virgo sun and a leo moon, Asian, Chinese to be exact, 5'0, ENTJ

I love Taylor Swift I absolutely adore her<3 I also am obsessed with borderline perfection, and if I can't get what I want I can always chase after it(omg I sound like a bitch...) I love to shop, not online shopping,gardening, studying.

I consider myself as someone who is quiet at first but as soon as they get to know me, I'm a chatterbox. My friends described me as a natural leader, passionate and that I'm the person that can make them smile when feeling sad. Inside I'm just a ball of anxiety really. I'm studying to be a future prosecutor if not, a criminologist.

Don't rush this pls! rmb to stay hydrated <3

hi sweetie !! i drank water right after reading this so yeah, hydration is important !!

like you asked :

andrew garfield !!

andrew wasn't the quietest guy ever, he could talk for hours if the subject interested him. he was considered and considered himself a chatter box, a blabber mouth, a talkative person, whatever you wanted. he was easily pulled into a topic and would easily invest himself in discussing whatever it was about if he didn't know of confronting point of view for things he did know.

point being, andrew liked to talk. he loved talking and sometimes would worry that he would never find anyone who would like to debate and talk as much as he did. until you.

because with you, his chatterbox tendencies were outmatched. you talked as much as him, if not more and he was always baffled by the things you said but also by the amount of things you knew.

because this petite woman that he had fallen head over heels for was one of the smartest person he'd ever met.

as he watched you discuss your studies and classes to become a prosecutor, he understood how fucking lucky he was in life. to have someone both talkative and intelligent. he'd always dreamt of being able to find someone who'd teach him more on some of the things in life and that someone was you.

he watched you, falling in live all over again as you threw your hands around to gesture to some of the points you'd made earlier and couldn't help the high pitched giggle that escaped his mouth when you exclaimed at the memory of another event that you felt needed to be mentioned.

"oh ! other thing that could be interesting to mention is that german law is one of the most difficultly built laws in europe ! one of my professors mentioned how back in the days, around like 1804, france was trying to make their own civil code and they wanted to take inspo from other countries yeah ? well they couldn't from germany because they just wrote a big book with all the possibilities ever at the time ! it was so bug that even the germans didn't want to use it !" you explained, looking around and smiling wide.

"and you know that how ?" asked the young man, raising an eyebrow at your new fact.

"i told you ! my professor mentioned it and i decided to make more researches on european laws and their construction ! the uk has the easiest for some because they kinda just use the solutions used in the past ! honestly i understand, making laws is hard !"

"i bet." chuckled your boyfriend. "I'm proud of you for pursuing this career. you look like you're enjoying yourself."

"i am ! everything is both very confusing and very logical in a way ? it's like baking a cake, you don't think you're doing it right until it's out of the oven !" you giggled, doing a little dance at the memory of how confused you were during the first weeks of your studies.

reaching out towards you, you were lifted off your seat and watched curiously as the man you loved sat you on his lap. you sat still, looking straight into his eyes lovingly. you knew how he got when you'd start talking like that.

andrew felt lucky to have you ? well you felt lucky to have him too. you relationships did not end well when it came to the contrast between the quiet girl you were at first and the chatterbox you revealed. most refused to understand that it meant you were comfortable around them. all that mattered was that you talked too much in their eyes.

for andrew, you never talked too much. he'd never cease to crave the sound of your voice. you were surprised to find out he kept recordings of you to use sometimes when he was away on a set. that was when you knew this man was it for you, the only one to not only hear, but listen and care. that was what you deserved, actual conversations and not some nods and grunts.

you felt his hand slide around your back and reach up to your nape, bringing your face down for a kiss. what he loved more that listening to you talk was making you all quiet when he'd kiss you after. exactly like he was doing now.

feeling your breath get stuck in your lungs, you didn't care about suffocating when his lips let yours, erasing all thoughts from your head. he'd kiss you as if it was his only purpose after listening to your gorgeous voice blabber about the wonderful things you learned. this was your reward and you'd never have it any other way

[empirearchives]

I was reading a book about Ancient Mesopotamia, and came across this mention of the Napoleonic Code:

Over the centuries the law continued to grow, adapting to the changing needs of society as it progressed, from the Napoleonic Code of 1804, which legalized the reforms of the French Revolution

Source: Samuel Noah Kramer, Cradle of Civilization

The book is about what is believed to be the first civilization, and how it’s own developments (writing, urbanization, law, trade, etc) have impacted and laid the foundation for societies to this day. Really amazing to see how history is all connected.