#DNA repair

[justkidneying]

What is sunburn? Why does tanning give you skin cancer? The answer has to do with how UV rays fuck up your DNA.

There are three types of UV light: A, B, and C. UVC is absorbed in the atmosphere. UVA and UVB are what sunscreen protects against because they do the damage to your skin. Why do they do damage? UV light has a lot of energy, which can cause the bonds between molecules to change.

Onto DNA. This is the instructions for how to make you. It's made of nucleotides, four of them: Adenosine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. Thymine and Cytosine are what we call pyrimadines (the other two are called purines). Normally, in double-stranded DNA (that beautiful helix) a pyrimadine on one strand is paired with a purine from the other to make a "rung on the ladder" of dsDNA. (A goes to T and C goes to G).

What happens when UV light penetrates the skin and hits DNA? A pyrimadine dimer. So what this means is that two pyrimadines (usually Thymines) on the same strand have disconnected from their purines and bonded to each other. This creates a weird knob on the strand, and is a type of DNA lesion. Lesions can induce other mutations in the code. The dimer cannot be read by enzymes correctly either. This is all very bad, and can lead to cancer. Cancer = mutation

How do we fix this? So this is happening all the time. 100x per cell per second that your skin is exposed to sunlight. But we aren't all riddled with skin cancer because of Nucleotide Excision Repair. This is a form of DNA repair where the shitty nucleotides (the two bonded pyrimadines) are cut out. DNA polymerase synthesizes a new segment of DNA, and DNA ligase attatches it all back together. Now your DNA is fixed.

What happens when NER doesn't work? Very bad things. One condition where this repair pathway is impaired is Xeroderma pigmentosum. These people cannot repair damage from UV light and develop severe sunburns from only minutes in the sun. They will also get skin cancer and cataracts. Historically, people with this disease have been referred to as vampires, as they can only go out at night. Just shows how important your DNA repair mechanisms are and how much work they do around the clock.

[covenawhite66]

The team believes that gars have an unusually strong DNA repair apparatus. This allows the fish to correct somatic and germline mutations. They found that the gars’ DNA consistently evolves up to three times more slowly than any other major group of vertebrates.

[cbirt]

A team of UCSF, UCSD, and Brown University scientists has produced a multi-scale map of protein assemblies pertaining to damage response. The DNA Damage Response (DDR) makes sure that DNA replication, as well as transcription, are error-free. Disruptions in DDR cause several diseases. It is quite challenging to determine the proteins managing the DDR as well as their organization into several complexes, including constitutive interactions. The authors have addressed this challenge by systematically mapping DDR assemblies at multiple scales using multi-conditional network analysis. They performed a comprehensive screen for protein interactions on 21 DDR factors. They further incorporate existing proteomics data to construct a map of DDR protein assemblies, DDRAM. With a total of 605 proteins organized into a hierarchy of 109 assemblies, DDRAM also recovers canonical repair mechanisms and proposes new DDR-associated proteins.

A sophisticated network of machinery has evolved in organisms to guarantee the efficient operation of cells and to protect the integrity of the genome. This machinery is known as the DNA Damage Response (DDR). This machinery includes repair pathways that include different kinds of DNA lesions for direct reversal, base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR), interstrand cross-link repair (ICL), and double-stranded break (DSB) repair. Apparatus for communicating the damage is also included in the DDR toolkit. The apparatus for damage sensing, signal transducers for communicating the damage to repair factors and downstream effectors, as well as connections to stress and apoptotic responses. DDR is also intertwined with cell-cycle checkpoints, chromatin packaging, and DNA replication. Through these processes, DDR involves thousands of gene expression and protein modification changes.

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[bryannellium-blog]

528Hz frequency which encourages us to restore human consciousness to its full power and potential is known as miracle tone, sensational tone, and frequency of transformation. Nasa scientists recorded that 528Hz resonates at the heart of the sun.

[medicomunicare]

DNA repair going APE and strand breaks fixing with ATM: please no cash, just redox and contact bases

New research from a team of genome scientists and DNA damage response (DDR) experts breaks new ground in understanding the function of a protein currently limited in clinical trials for cancer treatments. The new investigaton shows how ATM-mediated signaling is induced by DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) for DNA damage repair – illuminating the distinct mechanisms of SSB-induced ATM kinase and…

[simsezz]

MI - 528 Hz | pure tone | Solfeggio Frequency | Transformation, Love and Miracles (DNA Repair)

[fcmuzik]

528 Hz Healing Frequency: Repair DNA, Inspire Change, Miracle Tone - Pro...

[jcmarchi]

Nanoparticles Deliver Treatment Directly to Tumors of Deadly Brain Cancer - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/nanoparticles-deliver-treatment-directly-to-tumors-of-deadly-brain-cancer-technology-org/

Nanoparticles Deliver Treatment Directly to Tumors of Deadly Brain Cancer - Technology Org

Using nanoparticles administered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a research team has developed a treatment that may overcome significant challenges in treating a particularly deadly brain cancer.

The researchers, led by professors Mark Saltzman and Ranjit Bindra, administered to mice with medulloblastoma a treatment with specially designed drug-carrying nanoparticles. The study, published in Science Translational Medicine, showed that mice who received this treatment lived significantly longer than mice in the control group. 

Medulloblastoma, a brain cancer that predominantly affects children, often begins with a tumor deep inside the brain. The cancer is prone to spread along two protective membranes known as the leptomeninges throughout the central nervous system, particularly the surface of the brain and the CSF. Leptomeningeal spread is seen in a number of primary brain tumors, as well as in brain metastases from solid tumors in the breast, lung, and other places. Because there are no anatomic barriers in the CSF to prevent further growth, these cancers can spread rapidly.  

Targeting tumors in the CSF has proven difficult, in part because the fluid rapidly cycles through the central nervous system about four times a day in humans, typically flushing away anti-tumor drugs before they’ve had a chance to accumulate and have any effect. 

“It’s like a waterfall system, with a fast, rapid fluid flow,” said Minsoo Khang, lead author of the study and a former graduate student in Saltzman’s lab. 

To overcome this obstacle, the research team fabricated nanoparticles that adhere to tumors. Designed in Saltzman’s lab, these nanoparticles are made with degradable polymers that slowly release a DNA repair inhibitor, talazoparib, which is FDA-approved and currently used in the clinic for a number of cancers. The drug is one of a relatively new class of cancer drugs known as PARP inhibitors, which block an enzyme that helps repair DNA. Without the ability to repair their DNA, tumor cells are more likely to die.   

The nanoparticle treatment is injected intrathecally – that is, it’s delivered directly between the leptomeninges protecting the CSF. Over a period of weeks, the researchers detected the presence of the nanoparticles in the CSF for as long as 21 days after a single dosing. 

“We were very excited to have found a medium that has long-term retention in this fluid space, which is otherwise challenging,” Khang said.  

Treating brain cancers in general is challenging since few treatments can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, a natural defense system that can block potentially helpful drugs. The research team’s method could offer a solution. 

“There’s been very little work on intrathecal delivery of nanoparticles, so we’re very excited because it can allow us to go after the leptomeningeal spread of disease from brain metastases,” said Bindra, the Harvey and Kate Cushing Professor of Therapeutic Radiology and Professor of Pathology. “This has really opened up an entirely new way to treat these patients, although much more work needs to be done.”

Using the nanoparticles to target the tumors allowed the researchers to use the drug talazoparib, which has proven to be effective in a number of solid tumors outside of the brain. Because the drug has limited to no penetration of the central nervous system, however, an orally delivered dose would have limited efficacy against tumors with leptomeningeal spread.

“By encapsulating it in a nanoparticle and directly injecting it into the CSF, we now get very high exposure in just that area,” said Saltzman, the Goizueta Foundation Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Chemical & Environmental Engineering & Physiology, and a member of Yale Cancer Center. 

Delivering the drug intrathecally also avoids injecting it directly into the brain, a technique referred to as convection-enhanced delivery. This very challenging procedure can be performed only a few times a year. Intrathecal injections, in contrast, are much less invasive and can be given without a hospital stay. 

“This is huge for us, because now we can do multiple nanoparticle treatments over time,” Bindra said.

In addition to the nanoparticle injection, mice were also given an oral dose of a chemotherapy drug known as temozolomide. 

“It’s a new platform where we can give these oral chemotherapies that get across the blood-brain barrier and a targeted agent just in the central nervous system,” Bindra said. “In essence, this compartmentalization of combination therapy will enhance synergistic tumor cell killing while minimizing systemic toxicity.” 

The mice that received the nanoparticle-based treatment lived significantly longer than the mice who received drug therapy that didn’t use nanoparticles and even longer than the mice that received no treatment. Further, there was much less cancer spreading in the mice that received the drug-carrying nanoparticles. 

The researchers said the next steps will be to validate the approach in larger animal models, eventually followed by human testing. The team also plans to test the treatment method on other cancers, particularly those that tend to spread to the brain.  

Source: Yale University

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[multidimensional-p]

Just for Today, 6/2/23: Present P Power 🌳🌺

Right Now is powerful.

[chessbird]

iteratorsona and his two eepers

[bryannellium-blog]

For people who are suffering from numerous mental circumstances, this session can be helpful such as fear, schizophrenia, illusion, anxiety, depression, etc., and triggers your subliminal mind to know your determination in life.

[godsprettiestprincess]

*accidentally spread misinformation voice* I just want to clarify, as unfortunate as it is, Jedikiah and Irene do not actually brain meld in canon. He does drug her unconscious and steal her powers, but the timeline in which he both gifts her someones else’s powers so she gets them back and gives himself brain damage so his own brain radio-signal thing is rewritten into hers & links them irrevocably only exists in my brain.

[get-starfingered]

So glad the fandom has no control over the canon of this series, istg these takes are so bland and would ruin Jojo's.

[dylanlila]

mechanic/healer/repair system of the world...

[thewellapothecary]

Wut ya know about watercress? 🌱🤔 This beautiful bright green, leafy, powerful, nutrient dense plant ally is SOooOoo much more beneficial to your body + mind + soul than some of you may even know… 😏 These crunchy, delicate yet mighty stems and wonderfully round leaves are both peppery + spicy adding a lil sumtin titillating to the palette 👅 First + foremost this beautiful baby has been scientifically proven to #REPAIR #DNA! I mean… Like lit 👏🏾er 👏🏾a👏🏾lly👏🏾!!! Yes! You heard right watercress “has been shown in scientific study to repair DNA damage and increase our defenses against future DNA attacks.” 🤯 🤲🏾🌱 In addition, this vivacious vixen is alkaline electric - re: Dr. Sebi #iykyk, feeding the whole human inside out with mineral rich deliciousness - your skin, hair, nails + digestion will thank you for adding to your next salad! Trust! 🙏🏾 You’ll find this plantcestor to be packed with many Vitamins like both C + K; antioxidant rich helping to lower risk of chronic diseases; aiding in prevention of cancers; heart health aid; naturally mineral rich; boosts immune function; aids in weight loss; rich in carotenoids which aid in eye health; + sooo much more!!! If you like a little spice 🌶 + LOVE a healthy body, clear skin, healthy hair + clean digestion : May I suggest a little watercress 🌱😋🌶 Excerpt from: Eat Pretty by Jolene Hart, CHC, AADP #thewellapothecary #the #well #apothecary #mind #body #soul #spirit #eat #pretty #eatwell #foodismedicine #dnarepair #drsebi #alkaline #we #are #electric #watercress https://www.instagram.com/p/Co7_U6YP0BL/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=