#cancer drugs

[bpod-bpod]

Cancer-crushing Corals

From fluorescent jellyfish proteins to drug-inspiring cone snail toxins, marine animals are a biomedical treasure trove. Soft corals and their relatives, collectively known as octocorals, possess a vast library of particularly promising compounds, diterpenes, currently under investigation as potential drugs. Yet, with little understanding of how they are produced, synthesising them in the laboratory has proved difficult, hindering progress. In a recent breakthrough, researchers identified a cluster of genes involved in the synthesis of eleutherobin, a coral diterpene with potent anti-cancer activity, in the genome of the soft coral Erythropodium caribaeorum (pictured). Unlike in many marine animals, eleutherobin is not produced by a bacterial symbiont, a microbial partner living within the coral, but by the coral itself, and similar genes exist in other octocoral genomes, suggesting that diterpene production is an ancient adaptation. Elucidating this genetic pathway provides key tools for making coral diterpenes, boosting their potential for drug development.

Written by Emmanuelle Briolet

Image by Naturalis Biodiversity Center

Research by Paul D. Scesa, Zhenjian Lin & Eric W. Schmidt, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Image originally published with a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) license

Research published in Nature Chemical Biology, May 2022

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[jasgurlifesciences]

Kidney Cancer Treatment:- Jastinihb 5 Mg Capsule

Empower your cancer journey with Jastinib 5 mg capsule from Jasgur Life Sciences. Designed to inhibit VEGF receptors, this innovative medication holds promise for patients battling advanced renal cell carcinoma. With Jastinib, embrace a brighter future and reclaim control over your health.

[jcmarchi]

A Sprayable Gel Could Make Minimally Invasive Surgeries Simpler And Safer - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/a-sprayable-gel-could-make-minimally-invasive-surgeries-simpler-and-safer-technology-org/

A Sprayable Gel Could Make Minimally Invasive Surgeries Simpler And Safer - Technology Org

More than 20 million Americans undergo colonoscopy screenings every year, and in many of those cases, doctors end up removing polyps that are 2 cm or larger and require additional care. This procedure has greatly reduced the overall incidence of colon cancer, but not without complications, as patients may experience gastrointestinal bleeding both during and after the procedure.

Researchers at MIT have developed a new gel, GastroShield, that can be sprayed onto the surgical sites via catheter, through an endoscope, pictured. This gel forms a tough but flexible protective layer that controls and prevents delayed bleeding and mechanically reinforces the tissue, sealing up perforations that might appear after the polyp is removed and enabling wound healing to occur. Illustration by the researchers / MIT

In hopes of preventing those complications from occurring, researchers at MIT have developed a new gel, GastroShield, that can be sprayed onto the surgical sites through an endoscope. This gel forms a tough but flexible protective layer that serves as a shield for the damaged area. The material prevents delayed bleeding and reinforces the mechanical integrity of the tissue.

“Our tissue-responsive adhesive technology is engineered to interact with the tissue via complimentary covalent and ionic interactions as well as physical interactions to provide prolonged lesion protection over days to prevent complications following polyp removal, and other wounds at risk of bleeding across the gastrointestinal tract,” says Natalie Artzi, a principal research scientist in MIT’s Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, and the senior author of the paper.

In an animal study, the researchers showed that the GastroShield application integrates seamlessly with current endoscopic procedures, and provides wound protection for three to seven days where it helps tissue to heal following surgery. Artzi and other members of the research team have started a company called BioDevek that now plans to further develop the material for use in humans.

Gonzalo Muñoz Taboada, CEO of BioDevek, and Daniel Dahis, lead scientist at BioDevek, are the lead authors of the study, which appears in the journal Advanced Materials. Elazer Edelman, the Edward J. Poitras Professor in Medical Engineering and Science at MIT and the director of IMES, and Pere Dosta, a former postdoc in Artzi’s lab, are also authors of the paper.

Adhesive gels

Routine colon cancer screenings often reveal small precancerous polyps, which can be removed before they become cancerous. This is usually done using an endoscope. If any bleeding occurs during the polyp removal, doctors can cauterize the wound to seal it, but this method creates a scar that may delay the healing, and result in additional complications.

Additionally, in some patients, bleeding doesn’t occur until a few days after the procedure. This can be dangerous and may require patients to return to the hospital for additional treatment. Other patients may develop small tears that lead the intestinal contents to leak into the abdomen, which can lead to severe infection and requires emergency care.

When tissue reinforcement is required, doctors often insert metal clips to hold tissue together, but these can’t be used with larger polyps and aren’t always effective. Efforts to develop a gel that could seal the surgical wounds have not been successful, mainly because the materials could not adhere to the surgical site for more than 24 hours.

The MIT team tested dozens of combinations of materials that they thought could have the right properties for this use. They wanted to find formulations that would display a low enough viscosity to be easily delivered and sprayed through a nozzle at the end of a catheter that fits inside commercial endoscopes. Simultaneously, upon tissue contact, this formulation should instantly form a tough gel that adheres strongly to the tissue. They also wanted the gel to be flexible enough that it could withstand the forces generated by the peristaltic movements of the digestive tract and the food flowing by.

The researchers came up with a winning combination that includes a polymer called pluronic, which is a type of block copolymer that can self-assemble into spheres called micelles. The ends of these polymers contain multiple amine groups, which end up on the surface of the micelles. The second component of the gel is oxidized dextran, a polysaccharide that can form strong but reversible bonds with the amine groups of the pluronic micelles.

When sprayed, these materials instantly react with each other and with the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, forming a solid gel in less than five seconds. The micelles that make up the gel are “self-healing” and can absorb forces that they encounter from peristaltic movements and food moving along the digestive tract, by temporarily breaking apart and then re-assembling.

“To obtain a material that adheres to the design criteria and can be delivered through existing colonoscopes, we screened through libraries of materials to understand how different parameters affect gelation, adhesion, retention, and compatibility,” Artzi says.

A protective layer

The gel can also withstand the low pH and enzymatic activity in the digestive tract, and protect tissue from that harsh environment while it heals itself, underscoring its potential for use in other gastrointestinal wounds at high risk of bleeding, such as  stomach ulcers, which affect more than 4 million Americans every year.

In tests in animals, the researchers found that every animal treated with the new gel showed rapid sealing, and there were no perforations, leakages, or bleeding in the week following the treatment. The material lasted for about five days, after which it was sloughed off along with the top layer of tissue as the surgical wounds healed.

The researchers also performed several biocompatibility studies and found that the gel did not cause any adverse effects.

“A key feature of this new technology is our aim to make it translational. GastroShield was designed to be stored in liquid form in a ready-to-use kit. Additionally, it doesn’t require any activation, light, or trigger solution to form the gel, aiming to make endoscopic use easy and fast,” says Muñoz, who is currently leading the translational effort for GastroShield.

BioDevek is now working on further developing the material for possible use in patients. In addition to its potential use in colonoscopies, this gel could also be useful for treating stomach ulcers and inflammatory conditions such as Crohn’s disease, or for delivering cancer drugs, Artzi says.

The research was funded, in part, by the National Science Foundation.

Written by Anne Trafton 

Source: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

You can offer your link to a page which is relevant to the topic of this post.

[whats-in-a-sentence]

The reason we need a simplified way of drawing three-dimensional structures becomes apparent when we have to represent very complicated organic molecules such as Taxol® (figure 17.18).

"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.

[yourstoryis]

[warlenys]

house md’s worst and best hate crime is wilson’s “i should have spent my life being more like you. i should’ve been a manipulative, self centred, narcissistic ass who brought misery to everything and everyone in his life” followed by house’s “you’d still have cancer” and then wilson’s “yeah, but at least i’d feel like i deserved it!” house risks his entire life to let wilson do too much chemo. wilson didn’t even ask him to do it. house gives up the last of his vicodin to stop wilson’s pain. he lies to wilson about it. house tells wilson that all they need in life is each other. house promises to let wilson die in his apartment instead of being taken to a hospital. he risks everything because wilson asks him to. then wilson tells house that he deserves cancer. there is no fucking reason for this. it’s the best thing they ever did.

[onlinemedicine012]

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[jasgurlifesciences]

Advanced Kidney Cancer Drug Lenvabuzz 10 Mg

Lenvabuzz 10 mg Capsules by Jasgur Life Sciences: Engineered to combat cancer at its core, Lenvabuzz 10 mg capsules by Jasgur Life Sciences offer a ray of hope to patients grappling with aggressive malignancies. Through its potent inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, Lenvabuzz disrupts tumor angiogenesis, halting disease progression and enhancing patient outcomes. With its well-established safety profile and promising clinical efficacy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma and unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, Lenvabuzz emerges as a beacon of progress in the field of oncology.

[jcmarchi]

A sprayable gel could make minimally invasive surgeries simpler and safer

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/a-sprayable-gel-could-make-minimally-invasive-surgeries-simpler-and-safer/

A sprayable gel could make minimally invasive surgeries simpler and safer

More than 20 million Americans undergo colonoscopy screenings every year, and in many of those cases, doctors end up removing polyps that are 2 cm or larger and require additional care. This procedure has greatly reduced the overall incidence of colon cancer, but not without complications, as patients may experience gastrointestinal bleeding both during and after the procedure.

In hopes of preventing those complications from occurring, researchers at MIT have developed a new gel, GastroShield, that can be sprayed onto the surgical sites through an endoscope. This gel forms a tough but flexible protective layer that serves as a shield for the damaged area. The material prevents delayed bleeding and reinforces the mechanical integrity of the tissue.

“Our tissue-responsive adhesive technology is engineered to interact with the tissue via complimentary covalent and ionic interactions as well as physical interactions to provide prolonged lesion protection over days to prevent complications following polyp removal, and other wounds at risk of bleeding across the gastrointestinal tract,” says Natalie Artzi, a principal research scientist in MIT’s Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, and the senior author of the paper.

In an animal study, the researchers showed that the GastroShield application integrates seamlessly with current endoscopic procedures, and provides wound protection for three to seven days where it helps tissue to heal following surgery. Artzi and other members of the research team have started a company called BioDevek that now plans to further develop the material for use in humans.

Gonzalo Muñoz Taboada, CEO of BioDevek, and Daniel Dahis, lead scientist at BioDevek, are the lead authors of the study, which appears in the journal Advanced Materials. Elazer Edelman, the Edward J. Poitras Professor in Medical Engineering and Science at MIT and the director of IMES, and Pere Dosta, a former postdoc in Artzi’s lab, are also authors of the paper.

Adhesive gels

Routine colon cancer screenings often reveal small precancerous polyps, which can be removed before they become cancerous. This is usually done using an endoscope. If any bleeding occurs during the polyp removal, doctors can cauterize the wound to seal it, but this method creates a scar that may delay the healing, and result in additional complications.

Additionally, in some patients, bleeding doesn’t occur until a few days after the procedure. This can be dangerous and may require patients to return to the hospital for additional treatment. Other patients may develop small tears that lead the intestinal contents to leak into the abdomen, which can lead to severe infection and requires emergency care.

When tissue reinforcement is required, doctors often insert metal clips to hold tissue together, but these can’t be used with larger polyps and aren’t always effective. Efforts to develop a gel that could seal the surgical wounds have not been successful, mainly because the materials could not adhere to the surgical site for more than 24 hours.

The MIT team tested dozens of combinations of materials that they thought could have the right properties for this use. They wanted to find formulations that would display a low enough viscosity to be easily delivered and sprayed through a nozzle at the end of a catheter that fits inside commercial endoscopes. Simultaneously, upon tissue contact, this formulation should instantly form a tough gel that adheres strongly to the tissue. They also wanted the gel to be flexible enough that it could withstand the forces generated by the peristaltic movements of the digestive tract and the food flowing by.

The researchers came up with a winning combination that includes a polymer called pluronic, which is a type of block copolymer that can self-assemble into spheres called micelles. The ends of these polymers contain multiple amine groups, which end up on the surface of the micelles. The second component of the gel is oxidized dextran, a polysaccharide that can form strong but reversible bonds with the amine groups of the pluronic micelles.

When sprayed, these materials instantly react with each other and with the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, forming a solid gel in less than five seconds. The micelles that make up the gel are “self-healing” and can absorb forces that they encounter from peristaltic movements and food moving along the digestive tract, by temporarily breaking apart and then re-assembling.

“To obtain a material that adheres to the design criteria and can be delivered through existing colonoscopes, we screened through libraries of materials to understand how different parameters affect gelation, adhesion, retention, and compatibility,” Artzi says.

A protective layer

The gel can also withstand the low pH and enzymatic activity in the digestive tract, and protect tissue from that harsh environment while it heals itself, underscoring its potential for use in other gastrointestinal wounds at high risk of bleeding, such as  stomach ulcers, which affect more than 4 million Americans every year.

In tests in animals, the researchers found that every animal treated with the new gel showed rapid sealing, and there were no perforations, leakages, or bleeding in the week following the treatment. The material lasted for about five days, after which it was sloughed off along with the top layer of tissue as the surgical wounds healed.

The researchers also performed several biocompatibility studies and found that the gel did not cause any adverse effects.

“A key feature of this new technology is our aim to make it translational. GastroShield was designed to be stored in liquid form in a ready-to-use kit. Additionally, it doesn’t require any activation, light, or trigger solution to form the gel, aiming to make endoscopic use easy and fast,” says Muñoz, who is currently leading the translational effort for GastroShield.

BioDevek is now working on further developing the material for possible use in patients. In addition to its potential use in colonoscopies, this gel could also be useful for treating stomach ulcers and inflammatory conditions such as Crohn’s disease, or for delivering cancer drugs, Artzi says.

The research was funded, in part, by the National Science Foundation.

[whats-in-a-sentence]

Some of these probably fuse together and remodel themselves to form the large central vacuole as the cell matures (see Figure 1.35). (...) Mesophyll cells of the leaf can differentiate into a variety of other cell types under the appropriate environment, and mesophyll is therefore considered a form of parenchyma, a ground tissue with thin primary walls (Figure 1.35A). (...) Young parenchyma cells have multiple small vacuoles, or a reticulated vacuole network (Figure 1.35B), which develops into a large central vacuole. Catharanthus roseus is an interesting case in which both the spongy and palisade mesophyll cells of the plant can differentiate into "special cells", or idioblasts (Figure 1.35C), which contain the important anti-cancer drugs vincristine and vinblastine and are presumably used for defense against herbivory. (...) Calcium oxalate crystals are present in the vacuoles of many species, and may be distributed evenly throughout the leaf or restricted to special cells called idioblasts (see Figure 1.35C).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[randomappeal]

Cancer Treatments

Cancer drugs make me want to die a little inside. If I wanted to go into oncology, these drugs cured me of that.

Cytotoxic Agents

In general, drink LOTS of fluids

Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)

Blocks replication - inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis

The big takeaway with this one is hemorrhagic cystitis - think "Cy" in drug, cy for bladder" (yeah, it's a weak connection)

You need to drink lots of fluid, so take this in the AM so you can pee it all out by the time you go to bed.

Cisplatin (Platinol)

Blocks replication - inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis

This one uses platinum, so think heavy metal poisoning when considering the side effects

#1 drug that causes CI N/V

Nephrotoxic (drink lots of fluids)

Ototoxic (get hearing checked regularly - CN VIII)

Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)

Blocks replication - inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis

Big side effect here will be the red colored secretions - urine, sweat, saliva and tear (think RUBY red- DoxoRUBicin)

This is also cardiotoxic because you have a lifetime dose limit with this drug (think red for the heart)

Vesicant, but this one has an antidote (treat with Dexrazoxane (Zinecard))

Methotrexate

This is the scariest drug of all, according to the teacher. Because apparently the others weren't scary enough.

Inhibits folic acid conversions, which is necessary for cell growth - and this is why most of the side effects occur (humans need folic acid too)

Affects areas where you have rapid cell turnover - mucositis, gastric ulcers, GI perforation

Take in 2-3 L per day

When you think GI, think avoid NSAIDs, penicillin and tetracyclines

You need to give a high dose for cancer treatment, but because of this you need to administer Leucovorin within 24 hrs of treatment or this drug can kill you

Vincristine (Oncovin)

I'll be honest, this was a fun one because a classmate found a meme that encompassed it perfectly. Think Cristine carries a mini bag because her neuropathy can't handle anything else.

This blocks mitosis (blocks cell division)

Always administer in a mini-bag (no IV push)

Fatal if administered intrathecally

Side effects include peripheral neuropathy and constipation

Hormonal Agents

We call these two drugs Tammy and Anastasia because they affect estrogen. Tammy is the younger of the two, so Tamoxifen can be given pre and post menopausal women. But Anastasia is an older name, so she can only get Anastrozole.

Tamoxifen (Saltimox/Nolvadex)

Blocks estrogen receptors

Because of this, think menopause symptoms (hot flashes, fluid retention, menstrual irregularities)

Can be administered for pre or post menopausal women

Anastrozole (Arimidex)

Inhibits aromatase to decrease the production of estrogen

Again, think menopause symptoms (hot flashes, vaginal dryness, musculoskeletal pain, headache)

Only administered for post-menopausal patients

Now we're onto the men. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agents specifically.

Leuprolide (Eligard)

Eli guards his balls. It'll make sense in a minute.

This is a GnRH agonist, so it will suppress testosterone (testicular androgen production)

The goal of this is chemical castration (hence why Eli is guarding his balls)

This can be used to treat endometriosis in women and prostate cancer in men (again, guard your balls)

Side effects are hot flashes, ED, DM, MI, stroke and bone pain

Increased incidence of osteoporosis when used concurrently with bisphosphonates (phosphorus clings to calcium, remember?)

Degarelix (Firmagon)

Just remember, the Firm is Gone. Compliments of a classmate.

This is a GnRH antagonist that reduces the release of LH and FSH

This is used to treat prostate cancer.

Men will get hot flashes with this one, as well as ED (the firm is gone, remember?)

Again, increased incidence of osteoporosis when used concurrently with bisphosphonates (phosphorus clings to calcium, remember?)

I want to die a little inside, I'm so tired. But the above does help. Sometimes you just need to write it out. There are more cancer drugs, but I don't have the capacity to review at this time.

[pbpsbff]

i like the idea of peter functioning like a service dog on accident because of his senses like. him and tony are just chilling one day and all of a sudden he's like wtf r u ok??? and tony is like ???? and then it turns out he's having a heart attack

[jasgurlifesciences]

Advanced Kidney Cancer Drug Lenvabuzz 10 Mg

Lenvabuzz 10 mg Capsules by Jasgur Life Sciences: Engineered to combat cancer at its core, Lenvabuzz 10 mg capsules by Jasgur Life Sciences offer a ray of hope to patients grappling with aggressive malignancies. Through its potent inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, Lenvabuzz disrupts tumor angiogenesis, halting disease progression and enhancing patient outcomes. With its well-established safety profile and promising clinical efficacy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma and unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, Lenvabuzz emerges as a beacon of progress in the field of oncology.