#Drug Synthesis
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Ruxolitinib Intermediates: Enabling Targeted Therapy with Quality Manufacturing from Vidgastech
In the rapidly evolving world of pharmaceutical research and precision medicine, Ruxolitinib has gained significant attention as a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor used to treat conditions like myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, and other rare blood cancers. To ensure effective and scalable drug development, the demand for high-quality Ruxolitinib intermediates has surged — and that’s where Vidgastech leads the way.
🔬 What Are Ruxolitinib Intermediates?
Ruxolitinib intermediates are the essential chemical compounds used during the synthesis of the final active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), Ruxolitinib. These intermediates must be manufactured with strict quality standards to ensure:
Purity and consistency
Scalability for formulation
Compliance with global pharmacopeia
🏭 Vidgastech: A Trusted Source for Pharma Intermediates
Vidgastech has established itself as a reputable manufacturer and exporter of pharmaceutical intermediates in India, specializing in cutting-edge molecules like Ruxolitinib intermediates. With modern production facilities, a skilled R&D team, and commitment to regulatory standards, Vidgastech ensures:
GMP-compliant manufacturing
Customized synthesis on request
Prompt global delivery
💡 Why Choose Vidgastech for Ruxolitinib Intermediates?
High Purity Compounds: Ensuring effectiveness in the final API.
Regulatory Compliance: Following stringent quality checks.
Custom Solutions: Tailored synthesis as per client specifications.
Reliable Supply Chain: On-time delivery across the globe.
🌍 Applications in Oncology
Ruxolitinib is a vital component in the treatment of:
Myelofibrosis
Polycythemia Vera
Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD)
Ongoing trials for autoimmune conditions
With the growth of targeted therapies, Ruxolitinib intermediates play a foundational role in pharmaceutical innovation.
🔗 Connect with Vidgastech
If you're a pharmaceutical manufacturer, researcher, or procurement manager looking for trusted sources of Ruxolitinib intermediates, Vidgastech offers scalable solutions tailored to your needs. 🌐 Website: https://www.vidgastech.com
#Ruxolitinib Intermediates#Pharmaceutical Intermediates#API Manufacturing#JAK Inhibitor Intermediates#Ruxolitinib Suppliers India#Vidgastech#Oncology Intermediates#Drug Synthesis#Pharma Chemicals#GMP Manufacturing#Custom Synthesis#Myelofibrosis Treatment#Pharmaceutical Exporters#Life Science Chemicals#Pharma R&D India#High Purity Intermediates#Bulk Drug Intermediates#Specialty Chemicals Manufacturer#Healthcare Industry India#Pharmaceutical Industry News
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Uses Of Speciality Chemicals
In the vast landscape of chemical manufacturing, speciality chemicals emerge as the driving innovation, efficiency, and progress across diverse industries. At the forefront of this transformative journey is Kajay Remedies, a distinguished chemical manufacturer committed to delivering precision and quality in the realm of speciality chemical companies. In this extensive exploration, we delve into the fundamental nature of speciality chemicals, their myriad benefits, and Kajay Remedies' pivotal role in shaping their applications across various sectors
What Are Speciality Chemicals?
Speciality chemicals, also known as specialty or fine chemicals, represent a category of chemical products that exhibit unique properties and applications. Unlike commodity chemicals, which are produced in large volumes and serve as raw materials for various industries, speciality chemicals are formulated to meet specific requirements of end-users. These chemicals often undergo complex synthesis processes and are tailored for precise functions, contributing to the advancement of technology, healthcare, and various other sectors.
The Benefits of Speciality Chemicals: Precision and Performance
Tailored Formulations:
One of the primary benefits of speciality chemicals lies in their tailored formulations. Manufacturers like Kajay Remedies specialize in creating precise chemical compositions that meet the unique needs of industries. This tailor-made approach ensures that the end products exhibit the desired characteristics and functionalities.
Enhanced Performance:
Speciality chemicals are designed to enhance the performance of materials and processes. Whether it's increasing the durability of plastics, improving the efficiency of pharmaceutical drug synthesis, or increasing the conductivity of electronic components, these chemicals play an important role in raising performance standards across industries.
Catalysts:
The innovative nature of speciality chemicals makes them catalysts for advancements in various sectors. Manufacturers like Kajay Remedies continuously push the boundaries of chemical science, introducing novel formulations that contribute to the development of cutting-edge technologies, pharmaceuticals, and materials with unique properties.
Applications of Speciality Chemicals: Kajay Remedies' Diverse Contributions
1. Electronics: Paving the Way for Technological Advancements
In the realm of electronics, speciality chemicals serve as the backbone of technological advancements. Kajay Remedies, with its commitment to precision, contributes formulations crucial for the production of semiconductors, printed circuit boards, and other electronic components. The chemicals enhance conductivity, thermal stability, and overall performance, playing a vital role in the evolution of electronic devices.
Pharmaceuticals: Driving Drug Synthesis and Innovation
Kajay Remedies emerges as a key player in the pharmaceutical industry, contributing to drug synthesis through pharma intermediates. Specialty chemicals provided by the company are integral to drug manufacturing processes, facilitating the production of pharmaceutical formulations that meet the highest standards of quality and efficacy.
Photographic Film: Preserving Moments with Precision
The production of photographic films involves the use of speciality chemicals, and Kajay Remedies is actively involved in this realm. The company supplies chemicals crucial for film development, image fixation, and color enhancement. Through precise formulations, these chemicals ensure the preservation of moments captured on film with unparalleled quality.
Plastics & Composites: Enhancing Durability and Performance
The plastics and composites industry relies heavily on speciality chemicals for enhancing the durability and performance of materials. Kajay Remedies' specialized formulations contribute to the production of high-performance plastics, adhesives, and coatings. These chemicals are critical in improving the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of plastic products to meet various industrial needs.
Polymers & Monomers: Building Blocks of Innovative Materials
Specialty chemicals serve as the building blocks of polymers and monomers, forming the foundation of various materials with unique properties. Kajay Remedies' expertise in this domain ensures the development of specialized chemicals that serve as precursors for innovative materials. These materials find applications across industries, from packaging materials to advanced medical devices.
Adhesives & Sealants: Bonding for Strength and Durability
Kajay Remedies excels in providing speciality chemicals essential for the formulation of adhesives and sealants. These chemicals are designed to form strong, long-lasting bonds that meet the needs of industries as diverse as construction, automotive, and aerospace. The precise formulations contribute to the longevity and reliability of bonded materials.
Agrochemicals: Nurturing Agricultural Innovation
In the agricultural sector, speciality chemicals play a crucial role in the formulation of agrochemicals. Kajay Remedies contributes to this domain by providing specialty chemicals that enhance the efficacy of pesticides, fertilizers, and plant growth regulators. These chemicals support sustainable and efficient agricultural practices, contributing to increased crop yields and food security.
Water Treatment: Ensuring Purity and Environmental Sustainability
Water treatment processes rely on speciality chemicals to ensure the purity and safety of water supplies. Kajay Remedies plays a vital role in this sector by supplying chemicals that aid in coagulation, flocculation, and disinfection processes. These chemicals contribute to the provision of clean and safe water for various industrial and municipal applications.
Textiles & Leather: Enhancing Aesthetics and Performance
The textile and leather industries benefit from speciality chemicals that enhance the aesthetics and performance of materials. Kajay Remedies' formulations contribute to the dyeing, finishing, and treatment of textiles and leather, ensuring vibrant colors, soft textures, and improved durability. These chemicals are essential for creating high-quality and fashionable textile and leather products.
Kajay Remedies: A Beacon of Excellence in Chemical Manufacturing
Amidst the intricate world of speciality chemicals, Kajay Remedies stands tall as a beacon of excellence. The company's dedication to precision, innovation, and quality distinguishes it as a reliable partner for industries looking for cutting-edge solutions. Kajay Remedies' state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities, coupled with a dedicated team of experts, enable the creation of specialized formulations that redefine the boundaries of chemical science.
Kajay Remedies' Innovative Edge: Beyond Formulations
Beyond its contributions to the field of speciality chemicals, Kajay Remedies stands out for its innovative edge and commitment to sustainable practices. The company invests in state-of-the-art research and development and constantly pushes the boundaries of what is possible in chemistry. By staying at the forefront of technological advancements, Kajay Remedies ensures that its formulations remain ahead of the curve, meeting the evolving needs of industries.
Sustainable Practices: Kajay Remedies is not just a manufacturer; it's a steward of environmental responsibility. The company integrates sustainable practices into its manufacturing processes, emphasizing eco-friendly solutions and minimizing its environmental footprint. This commitment aligns with the growing global emphasis on sustainability and responsible manufacturing.
Research & Development Excellence: Innovation is at the core of Kajay Remedies' ethos. The company has state-of-the-art research and development facilities where scientists and experts work together to develop formulations that meet emerging challenges and opportunities. This commitment to R&D ensures that Kajay Remedies remains a thought leader in the ever-evolving landscape of speciality chemicals.
Quality Assurance: Kajay Remedies places a paramount focus on quality assurance. Rigorous testing protocols and adherence to international quality standards are integral to the company's operations. This commitment to quality not only ensures the efficacy of its speciality chemicals but also instills confidence in clients and partners who rely on Kajay Remedies' products.
Kajay Remedies' Commitment to Excellence
Speciality chemicals represent the cornerstone of innovation and progress across industries. Kajay Remedies, with its unwavering commitment to precision, quality, and innovation, stands as a prominent contributor to the diverse applications of speciality chemicals. Through continuous research and development, Kajay Remedies shapes the future of chemical manufacturing, where speciality chemicals are the driving force behind transformative advancements in technology, healthcare, and sustainability. As industries evolve, Kajay Remedies remains at the forefront, pioneering solutions that redefine the possibilities of speciality chemicals in the modern world.
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Having read frankenstein, no longer human and getting hit by the fraught emotional train that is mouthwashing just to be hit with a long winded boomerang that is dsmp epilogue all in the span of a week has me in shambles
Like that combination of media and the emotions it has gotten outta me should be studied because it is on the upper edges of what is categorized as shrimp emotions
#ivirambles#and in a weeks time i am re reading 100 years of solitude#why even try drugs when i can synthesis crazy states by just consuming certain media in certain order in a short window of time
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ultimately dtwof was written with advanced 90's level awareness of social issues and textually supports trans women & lesbians
while... although it means a lot to me and to a lot of other people, homestuck is written at about 2000's level racism the whole way through
#gamzee makara is written as a gay black man who has to be kept sedated with drugs or he goes on a murder spree!#does anybody remember calamity jane?#i understand why all the transfems on here love vriska#but i cant stress enough that shes a fictional 13yo who hussie joked about having a romantic infatuation with#homestuck negative#i really do like the comic though. and i understand the transfem vriska reading#anyway read Fun Home! its really good!! its in some ways the synthesis of this dialectic#homestuck dtwof poll
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Tired of companies purposefully using AI and genAI interchangeably while classical and semi-reliable AI features are being replaced with garbage genAI that just eats up power & data, and everyone else equates AI with genAI so they think *all* AI is inherently bad. There are tiny AI algorithms in almost everything but the loudest ones are the most useless/intrusive ones.
#this post is brought to you by trying to turn off gemini and realizing it also turns off inbox management#and yeah that's not even a good example because google steals your mailing data in exchange for a tidy inbox anyway#but also we could have all these features with minimum privacy leaks and exactly 0 genAI#the good old days where Siri or google assistant actually played you the song u asked for instead of trying to fucking generate one?#not even getting into AI uses in early disease detection and drug synthesis#tired of everyone in and outside the field being WAY too hyped by genAI and other unethical uses instead of actual ways to help ppl with ai#sorry for the rant#and also:#fuck google
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6-Aminouracil Intermediates Supplier – Vidgastech
Vidgastech is a trusted manufacturer and exporter of high-purity 6-Aminouracil intermediates used in pharmaceutical R&D and drug synthesis worldwide.
#6-Aminouracil#pharmaceutical intermediates#chemical manufacturer#Vidgastech#drug synthesis#pharma R&D#API intermediates#pharmaceutical solutions#GMP supplier
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I have a cold so that means it's time to post my favorite chemistry paper
Pseudoephedrine, active ingredient of Sudafed®, has long been the most popular nasal decongestant in the United States due to its effectiveness and relatively mild side effects1. In recent years it has become increasingly difficult to obtain psuedoephedine in many states because of its use as a precursor for the illegal drug N-methylamphetamine (also known under various names including crystal meth, meth, ice, etc.). While in the past many stores were able to sell pseudoephedrine, new laws in the United States have restricted sales to pharmacies, with the medicine kept behind the counter. The pharmacies require signatures and examination of government issued ID in order to purchase pseudoephedrine. Because the hours of availability of such pharmacies are often limited, it would be of great interest to have a simple synthesis of pseudoephedrine from reagents which can be more readily procured.
A quick search of several neighborhoods of the United States revealed that while pseudoephedrine is difficult to obtain, N-methylamphetamine can be procured at almost any time on short notice and in quantities sufficient for synthesis of useful amounts of the desired material. Moreover, according to government maintained statistics, N-methylmphetamine is becoming an increasingly attractive starting material for pseudoephedrine, as the availability of N-methylmphetamine has remained high while prices have dropped and purity has increased2. We present here a convenient series of transformations using reagents which can be found in most well stocked organic chemistry laboratories to produce psuedoephedrine from N-methylamphetamine.
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You know when it comes to trans or hrt stuff, I've never seen anyone mention Percy Lavon Julian, who was a super smart chemist. I saw a drunk history about him a long time ago and I've always thought this guy was so cool
Percy Lavon Julian (April 11, 1899 – April 19, 1975) was an American research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants.[1] He was the first to synthesize the natural product physostigmine and was a pioneer in the industrial large-scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones progesterone and testosterone from plant sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol. His work laid the foundation for the steroid drug industry's production of cortisone, other corticosteroids, and birth control pills.[2][3][4] From Wikipedia

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This guy found out you can synthesize testosterone and progesterone out of soy beans and we never talk about him. He fought really hard to become a chemist, even having to leave the country to finish his schooling and get a PHD he's also played by Jordan Peele in the video
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*gasp* unless this is post-ovulation bc my body is fighting off unwanted possible germs to keep a potential baby healthy
My period app says I’m ovulating, but I know myself better than that. I’m in that weird pre-ovulation phase where I get easily disgusted. I hate everything and everyone and every single thought that has to do with men…
#too bad my uterus will throw a tantrum at the non-fertilization of the eggs#sorry not sorry#lol Idek if I’ll be able to have kids at this point#my new job is literally radioactive drug synthesis#I can barely care for myself and you would want me to look for another smaller incapable being? l#I don’t think so
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So curious about the papers that must get published in Gotham (or based on events in Gotham) after attacks by rogues. New theories about fear signalling in the brain, or about facial paralysis after doses of Joker venom, or a new (profoundly bad) street drug actually finding a second life (once cleaned up and given in appropriate doses) as anti-cancer meds or anti-epileptics or something. New antivirals generated for the Clench and other viral disease that got cooked up in Gotham help out with pre-exisiting diseases elsewhere. Or maybe it backfires and DNA synthesis companies in the DC universe really suffer due to the regs placed on them. There might be improvements in epidemiology and disease tracking across the States and beyond. Possibly the rest of the world gets lessons in surveillance from Gotham. Good or bad, I think having that much experimentation (done with bad science and the world's worst patient consent guidelines) still opens doors somewhere and answers a few questions or opens a whole new line of inquiry.
#Just saying the amount of neuroscience or psychology research out of Gotham...#I see why it draws fucking PhDs#batman#only in gotham#personal#batman rogues
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The Best News of Last Week
1. Amazon deforestation falls over 60% compared with last July
Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon fell by at least 60% in July compared to the same month last year, the environment minister, Marina Silva, has told the Guardian.
The good news comes ahead of a regional summit that aims to prevent South America’s largest biome from hitting a calamitous tipping point.
2. 4,000 Rescued Beagles, Bred for Research, Found Homes and Best Friends
A heartwarming story unfolds as a beagle named Fin marks the end of a heroic 60-day mission to save almost 4,000 dogs from distressing conditions at a breeding facility. Beagles once underfed, sick, and mistreated have found their way into loving homes, enjoying grassy romps and birthday cake celebrations.
From "Sir Biscuit of Barkingham" to "Nervous Nellie," these four-legged heroes are adapting to their new lives with wagging tails and leaps of joy.
3. 'Cancer-killing pill' that appears to 'annihilate' solid tumours is now being tested on humans
A "cancer-killing pill" has appeared to "annihilate" solid tumours in early research - leaving healthy cells unaffected.
The new drug has been in development for 20 years, and is now undergoing pre-clinical research in the US.
4. Petting other people's dogs, even briefly, can boost your health
It turns out even short, friendly interactions with canines can be good for our health. Evidence is accumulating that levels of the stress hormone cortisol drop in people after just 5 to 20 minutes spent interacting with dogs — even if it's not their pet.
5. FDA approves first pill for postpartum depression
The Food and Drug Administration on Friday approved the first-ever pill for postpartum depression.
The medication, called zuranolone, is taken daily for two weeks. In a pair of clinical trials involving women who experienced severe depression after having a baby, the drug improved symptoms — such as anxiety, difficulty sleeping, loss of pleasure, low energy, guilt or social withdrawal — as early as three days after taking the first pill.
6. Taylor Swift Gives Bonuses Totaling Over $55 Million to Every Person Working on Massive Eras Tour
The pop superstar recently gave bonuses totaling over $55 million to everyone (from her dancers to riggers, sound technicians and catering, among others) working on her massive show.
TMZ previously reported that Swift, 33, gifted truckers on her tour $100,000 each ahead of her concert stop in Santa Clara over the weekend.
7. Successful room temperature ambient-pressure magnetic levitation of LK-99
In summary, this paper provides confirmatory synthesis and enhanced magnetic levitation of LK-99 at room temperature. The results support the possibility of intrinsic high temperature superconductivity in this system, but lack electrical evidence. More measurements and theoretical work are still needed to conclusively demonstrate and explain claimed room temperature superconductivity in this apatite material.
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That's it for this week :)
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With extensive expertise in synthesis for Pharma, Agro, Fine Chemicals, and specialty sectors, we excel in CRO and CDMO services. Our global collaborations and CRAMS capabilities drive outstanding quality, research breakthroughs, seamless production, and impactful marketing.
#bioscience#OctaneX Labs#API clinical trial management system#intermediates manufacturers#chemicals API#fine chemical#synthesis#CDMO Companies#CDMO India#life science chemicals#pharmaceutical fine chemicals#capsules#chemicals#cro#cdmo#cdmo companies in india#cdmo services#science#chemical synthesis#chemistry#healthcare#cro services#drug manufacturing#contract manufacturing#cdmo lab#cdmo telangana company#cro lab#cro industry
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The change in the outlook of French psychiatry from Pinel’s day to Magnan’s is the best possible grounds for demonstrating the sensitivity of the profession to the deeper intellectual and cultural currents that affected the entire nation. Pinel’s science of moral therapeutics faith fully reflected the rational individualism and the liberal philanthropy of his generation. By the same token, the generation of psychiatry on which Magnan’s synthesis put its stamp shared the deep anxieties of its contemporaries about the social effects of hereditary degeneration, the declining birthrate, the “intoxications” of alcohol, drugs, and syphilis, and other mainly biological problems. The shift in concern from the welfare and rehabilitation of the individual to the protection of the family and the social order was a trait that psychiatry had in common with scores of other professions and disciplines and with the French intellectual elite. In fin-de-siecle France there were no individual pathologies; there were social pathologies of which individuals were the signs.
Crime, Madness and Politics in Modern France: The Medical Concept of National Decline, Robert A. Nye
#france#antipsych#now the wind now a voice it carries#this book is soooooooo good. I promise I'm done now otherwise I'll be posting half of it.
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Vidgastech – Ruxolitinib Intermediates Manufacturer
Vidgastech is a leading manufacturer and global supplier of Ruxolitinib Intermediates. We specialize in high-purity pharmaceutical intermediates for API production, supporting the global pharma industry with quality, consistency, and innovation.
#Ruxolitinib Intermediates#Pharmaceutical Intermediates#Ruxolitinib Raw Material#API Supplier#Vidgastech#GMP Manufacturer#Bulk Drug Intermediates#Custom Synthesis
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How to read a natal chart in 13 steps.
This is simplified guide geared towards beginners and people who want to transition to a more traditional approach when assessing a chart. There is no standard method of reading charts, this is simply the method I follow & find most comfortable. It’s a practical, methodical synthesis and just the right amount of intuitive.
Before I begin, I must mention that while assessing planetary conditions I personally verify the following factors — in this order: the sign, house, angularity, direction, whether a planet is direct or retrograde, sect (day vs night), hemisphere (1-6 vs 7-12), phase (morning vs evening, especially notable for venus & mercury), domicile lord (draw a disposition tree if needed), exaltation lord, triplicity lords, bound lord, decan lord, dodecatemoria, aspects to domicile lord if any, aspect to the ascendant if any, apsects to other planets, bonification conditions (i.e aspecting benefics, so supported by aspect), maltreatment conditions (aspected by malefics). This is important to remember because the term “conditions” will come up a lot.
Now onto the actual guide :
1. For starters, you should (assuming you don’t already) learn how to read a whole sign house circle chart. Table charts are nice as a gateway drug, but if you're somewhat serious about learning astrology this is an important transition to make. Once you do, put the chart you’re aiming to assess in front of you, then proceed further.
2. Determine the sect of the chart. This becomes an automatism once you’re used to looking at charts, but if you're not there yet — draw a line on the chart (or visualize said line) going from the degree of the ascendant to the degree of the descendant. If the sun is ABOVE that line — it’s a day chart, so of the day sect. If it’s BELOW that line — it’s a night chart, of the night sect.
3. Take a look at the ascendant. Take note of the rising sign, its modality, & its ruling planet. Does this chart have any 1st house planets? Also, remember to do a quick overview to pinpoint which planets are angular (as in, located in the 1/4/7/10th houses)
4. Track down the ascendant ruler. Check its house placement, condition (see above), and aspects (applying vs separating).
5. Track down the Sect Light. If it’s a day chart, the sect light is the Sun. If it’s a night chart, that would be the Moon. Assess the sect light’s condition (see above), aspects.
6. Check which houses are ruled by the Luminaries (Sun/Moon). The interpretation of the luminaries is intrinsic to the areas of life (Houses) they rule, in addition to their independent significations.
7. Check out the phase of moon at birth. The lunation phase is extremely important as it defines the dynamic between this individual’s luminaries.
8. Take a look at how Mercury is doing in said chart. Condition (see above)? Aspects? Morning or Evening star?
9. Take a look at the Benefic Of Sect & Malefic Out Of Sect (day: Jupiter/Mars, night: Venus/Saturn). Assess their condition (see above), aspects they make, etc. Regarding Venus: verify if she’s Morning or Evening star (if Venus is on the right of the Sun - Morning star, if it's on its left - Evening star). For the Malefic OOC, check if it is bonified by enclosure (i.e : Saturn or Mars are touched by a benefic (Venus/Jupiter) on each sides) — it’s a huge alleviating factor.
10. Then, assess the Benefic Out Of Sect & Malefic Of Sect (day: Venus/Saturn, night: Jupiter/Mars).
11. Then, take a global look seeking anything that may be of note. Stelliums, several retrograde planets, a Cazimi, Out Of Bounds planets, a void moon, etc.
12. Lastly, I go through each house individually. This is where the chart synthesis proper begins. In practice, I like to tell a story beginning from the 1st house & culminating in the 12th, while highlighting the thematics of each house as I go.
13. This is optional, but I like to take a look at annual and monthly profections to see which themes are presently highlighted/emphasized for the individual whose chart I’m looking at.
And we’re done.
Check pinned if you want to book with me!
#how to read a natal chart#astrology#astro notes#astrological observations#hellenistic astrology#astro observations#traditional astrology
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glycolysis gluconeogenesis glycogenesis krebs cycle electron transport chain fermentation pentose phosphate pathway fatty acid synthesis fatty acid oxidation molecular cloning native gels sds-page gel electrophoresis tissue specific metabolism cholesterol metabolism ketone bodies recombinant dna and biotechnology zeroth law of thermodynamics hydrostatics fluid dynamics fluids in physiology nuclear binding energy and mass defect nuclear reactions consciousness-altering drugs drug addiction and the reward pathway in the brain the role of emotion in retrieving memories retrieval cues neural plasticity james-lange theory cannon-bard theory schachter-singer theory biological bases of behavior genetically based behavioral variation in natural populations psychoanalytic perspective dissociative disorders trauma and stressor related disorders drive reduction theory incentive theory bystander effect social loafing habituation and dishabituation operant conditioning fixed-ratio reinforcement prejudice and bias individual vs institutional discrimination microsociology vs macrosociology theories of demographic change.......................
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