#Fastness Properties of Direct Dyes

[inkformyblood]

race you for it (SoapGaz COD Mermay)

Selkie Soap x Mer Gaz, modern era

There is a specific support on the pier where Johnny leaves his things. It had been a matter of trial and error and far too many early mornings spent with one hand cupped over his cock and his sealskin slung over his shoulder as he made his way up the cobbled street for him to count, but he had a good enough hiding place for his clothes now. The beach is small, only visible as an assortment of stones and litter at low tide, barely big enough to let the nearby properties be classified as ‘beachfront’ on all the rental sites. 

This late at night, the only witnesses to Johnny stripping beneath the pier is a pair of seagulls focused on squabbling over a discarded newspaper cone from the chippy and the fisherman above him too absorbed in the easy bob of his lure to pay Johnny any mind. 

He’s dressed as minimally as he can bear with the weather just beginning to turn, the horizon still bleeding dark and murky when Johnny had managed to peel himself away from the usual round of goodbyes as he had made his way out of the pub. A thin pair of cotton trousers join the pile on the sand, the fabric darkening in an instant as the spray kicks against the thin divide of the beach. His shirt is already there, the red washed out and bleach-stained along the lower edge from an unfortunate dye job a few years back. It hadn’t even lasted the night, the colour washing out in his evening swim to an uneven green that had lasted far longer than it should have. Johnny crouches, balling his clothes around each other, his sealskin caught between his teeth to let it drape over his shoulders. He’s already beginning to change, his cheek twitching with the itch of fresh hair growth as he stands, shoving the bundle into the hole in the support. His underwear is next, crammed in alongside, and Johnny is free. 

Diving into the ocean, the world is freshly grey, everything cut in stark relief like he’s carved them into a wood block, stones beneath, the distant flutter of a lure ahead of him and the huddled shapes of boats moored on his other side. He’s clumsy for an instant, the water not quite deep enough for him to swim fully, his coat loose around the edges, but a swell thunders in and Johnny banks towards the open ocean, making his way through the gap in the harbour wall. 

He doesn’t need to go far. 

“Hey.” 

Johnny twists with a lazy flick of his tail, grinning wide as best he can. He’s checked the expression before in the bathroom of his flat, stretched out in his bathtub with a mirror balanced on the side, and it’s toothy but close enough to his human shape. He’d knocked that mirror off when he’d scrambled out, shattered his next seven years of luck all over the floor and then had to clean it up for his trouble. 

Gaz laughs, swimming closer to knock his shoulder against Johnny’s. It wouldn’t push him anywhere, Gaz might be longer from the top of his curls to the tip of his tail but Johnny’s dense, heavier with muscle even underwater, but Johnny rolls with the motion deliberately, pressing himself beneath Gaz’s belly to come up on the other side of him. There’s an urge to snap at Gaz’s neck, the shine of his scales triggering something starving at the base of Johnny’s gums, the bunch of muscles in his jaw, but he swallows it back as best as he could. There’ll be something to eat later, something that shone and flickered through the water but not as pretty as Gaz or as fast. 

“Busy day?” Gaz asks, adjusting to Johnny’s new position easily, barely blinking as they change direction. His gills flare wide, a flash of pale flesh beneath the dark line of his neck, made for biting with blunter teeth that Johnny’s currently wearing. 

Johnny huffs out a string of bubbles, his whiskers flaring as they slow. He shakes his head, trying to convey the midweek dragging boredom of his shift, an early one, sure, that bracketed the lunch rush and the stirrings of the evening rush, but it had still been long and tedious. There’d been a copious absence of Gaz to keep his attention so Johnny had watched for his mannerisms in the customers, trying to track the wide stretch of his smile onto a smaller frame, the shine of his scales onto an overburdened wrist. Hadn’t been the same as experiencing the man himself, but it had passed the time well enough. 

Gaz huffs out a laugh, swimming closer once more so he drags his fingers through Johnny’s fur, brushing over his whiskers. “Poor boy. Would losing in a race make you feel better?”

Shaking his head, Johnny leans forward to bump his nose against Gaz’s, the few scales indenting against his skin. 

“I’ll give you a treat if you win.” Delivered with a wink in case all the blood in Johnny’s body had travelled south too quickly and he hadn’t picked up on the established end goal of their race. There’s a small underwater cave further down the coast, a shelf above the water where the air tastes stale but manageable, enough for Gaz to linger above water and for Johnny to turn back into someone with hands and blunt teeth for biting like he wants to. 

He wouldn’t win. Not yet. Johnny has never managed to beat Gaz in a race but he would eventually and his bragging would be glorious.

[helen0086]

Research Progress on Spirulina Phycocyanin

Abstract: This paper summarizes the progress of research on extraction, purification, physicochemical properties, physiological activity and product development of Spirulina cyanobacteria in recent years, and suggests that the main directions of research in the next few years are the extraction process, drug development and quality control methods.

Spirulina is a genus of Cyanobacteria in the family Cyanobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Segmented Plants, and Trematoda, and is a filamentous, multicellular, spiral-shaped, prokaryotic algal organism with a high protein content and a fast reproduction rate [1, 2]. Spirulina includes various strains such as Spirulina obtususus, Spirulina major and Spirulina salina. Spirulina is rich in protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, chlorophyll, β-carotene and polysaccharides, and it is an ideal food and drug resource for human beings [3].

The phycobiliprotein contained in Spirulina is an important light-trapping pigment protein, mainly composed of phycocyanin (pC), allophycocyanin (ApC) and phycoerythrin (pE). Phycocyanin is a safe and non-toxic protein resource, which is not only a valuable food and erbium protein resource in nature, but also superior in the study of the original theory of photosynthesis. Polysaccharides and cyanobacterial proteins are important active substances in Spirulina [4]. In recent years, domestic and foreign researchers have shown that Spirulina has various functions such as anti-fatigue, anti-radiation, anti-virus, tumor inhibition, anti-allergy, and immunity enhancement, which determines that Spirulina and its active ingredients have a wide range of application prospects in the research and development of functional foods [5].

Phycocyanin is a kind of photosynthetic auxiliary pigment commonly found in cyanobacterial cells, it is a special kind of pigment protein, which consists of open-chain tetrapyrrole compounds and de-assisted proteins bonded by sulfur chains[6], and its theoretical research and application have been widely emphasized in recent years. The content of phycocyanin in Spirulina is as high as 1O%~2O%, and it is an important natural pigment for photosynthesis in Spirulina cells, and it can preferentially transfer light energy to photosystem Ⅱ in photosynthesis with a high efficiency of nearly 1OO% [7, 8].

Phycocyanin can be widely used as a natural pigment in food, cosmetics, dyes and other industries. Meanwhile, the strong fluorescence of phycocyanin can be made into fluorescent reagents, fluorescent probes, fluorescent tracer substances, etc., which can be used in clinical diagnosis, immunochemistry and bioengineering and other research fields [9, 10]. As an important physiological active ingredient, it can also be made into pharmaceuticals for medical care. Meanwhile, phycocyanin is also an ideal photosensitizer without toxic side effects [8].

Due to the good development prospect of algal blue protein and its high content in Spirulina, the study of algal blue protein in Spirulina has become a hot spot of algal protein research. In this paper, the research progress of Spirulina cyanobacterial protein in terms of extraction, purification, physicochemical properties and physiological activities in recent years will be introduced.

1 Extraction

The extraction of Spirulina cyanobacterial protein is often divided into two processes: egg white dissolution and egg white precipitation. Algal blue protein is an intracellular protein, to make it dissolved firstly, the cell wall and cell membrane of the cell should be broken so that it can be dissolved in the extracting solution in a soluble state, and then it should be precipitated by suitable methods, and its activity should be maintained in the extraction process. The current state of research shows that the extraction of Spirulina cyanobacterial protein is still in the stage of experimental research, and its extraction methods are not the same. Zheng Jiang [11] summarized the cell crushing methods: repeated freezing and thawing method, chemical reagent treatment method, swelling method ultrasonic method and tissue mashing method 5, protein precipitation methods: salinization, crystallization, isoelectric point precipitation and ultrafiltration method and other four methods.

1 In the cell breaking method, due to the longer extraction period of the swelling method, ultrasonic extraction rate is poor, etc., the more commonly used is the repeated freezing and thawing method and chemical reagent treatment method, but there are some differences between the two. Lin Hongwei [12] et al. used sodium dodecyl sulfate (sDs) to destroy the cell membrane of Spiroplasma obtusely to extract cyanobacterial proteins, the extraction rate was as high as 98%, and significantly better than the control group extracted by freeze-thawing method.

Zhang Yifang [13] et al. used kcl and lysozyme to extract algal blue protein from Spirulina cell wall, and the wall-breaking rate reached more than 95%, and compared with the freeze-thaw method, that the freeze-thaw method is only suitable for the preparation of small amount of samples, and it is difficult to freeze-thaw the samples in large doses quickly, while the lysozyme method is suitable for the preparation of large amount of algal blue protein. Due to the addition of chemical reagents, it is difficult to increase the purification process in the later stage, and it is easy to cause protein denaturation if it is not handled well, while the freeze-thaw method is simple and convenient to operate. Therefore, the freeze-thaw method is more commonly used to extract small amounts of algal blue protein.

In practice, several methods are often used in order to maximize the dissolution of cyanobacterial proteins. For example, Gao Tianrong [14] and Wang Yong [15] used repeated freeze-thawing and ultrasonic methods to rupture the cell wall of Spirulina. Lin Hongwei[12] and others used the washing cycle freeze-thaw method to extract Spirulina alginata, and the results showed that the extraction rate of Tween2O as the extraction reagent could reach 65.1%, which was higher than that of the buffer cycle freeze-thaw method.

1.2 After the cells are broken, the alginate is dissolved in the extraction solution, and it is very important to choose the appropriate method for precipitation. Isoelectric point precipitation method utilizes the characteristic that the solubility of protein is the smallest when it is at the isoelectric point. By adjusting the pH value of the solution to the isoelectric point of alginate, the solubility of alginate will be reduced and precipitate will be precipitated. Zhang Yifang [13] and Tang Zhaohui [16] used this method to precipitate algal blue protein. However, it is generally believed that alginate blue protein is more sensitive to pH, and poor pH control during precipitation may cause protein denaturation.

Salt precipitation of algal blue egg white is more commonly reported in the literature, and its precipitation effect is generally recognized. Ammonium sulfate solution is a commonly used salt solution, and Zhang Yifang[13] and others have used magnesium sulfate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and ammonium sulfate solutions to compare with ammonium sulfate solution for hydrodialysis, and the results showed that ammonium sulfate hydrodialysis effect was good, and the other hydrodialysis effect was poor. However, there are many opinions about the concentration of ammonium sulfate for salting out. More often, ammonium sulfate solution with 5O% saturation is used for precipitation [4, 12, 17], and there are some cases in which saturation of 30%~60% is used [15, 18].

Lin Hongwei [19, 2O] and others used 7O% and 80% ammonium sulfate solution. Hu Yibing [21] and others used different concentrations of ammonium sulfate solution to establish a segmented gradient salting out to separate and purify the cyanobacteria of Spirulina platensis, and the results were good. H. W. Siegleman [22] concluded that the cyanobacteria could be separated from the alpha cyanobacteria by salting out with different concentrations of ammonium sulfate solution, while Peng Weimin [23] concluded that it was not possible to separate the cyanobacteria from the alpha cyanobacteria by salting out with ammonium sulfate. However, in the study of Peng Weimin [23], it was not possible to separate phycocyanin from allocyanin by ammonium sulfate salting out. Nevertheless, the extraction of cyanobacterial proteins from Spirulina has to be treated with ammonium sulfate in order to obtain the crude extract of cyanobacterial proteins.

2 Purification Methods

The content of impurity protein in the extract of Spirulina alginata is very high, and the purity ratio of alginate protein (A62O/A28O) should be more than 4.O before it can be used in practical applications [11]. Therefore, it is necessary to further purify the crude extract, remove the impurity proteins and improve the purity of alginate blue protein. Currently, the purification methods reported in the literature include hydroxyapatite column chromatography, gel chromatography, ion exchange method and less frequently used diatomite column chromatography. In practice, it is often necessary to use two or more methods at the same time in order to get better results.

Wei Ping[18] extracted alginate from Spirulina major by adsorbing the crude extract of alginate on a column with DEAE-sephadex A-25 and hydroxyapatite (HA), and then analyzing the eluate of alginate on the HA column and passing it through a G-15O column. The results showed that a homemade hydroxyapatite column was used to obtain alginate with a purity ratio of 4.18, and the alginate was analyzed on a G-15O column to obtain a single alginate with a single composition. Hu Yibing[21] and others used hydroxyapatite chromatography and sephadex G-1OO gel chromatography to obtain alginate with a purity ratio greater than 5.O. Yin Gang[24] and others used hydroxyapatite chromatography and sephadex G-1OO gel chromatography to obtain alginate with a purity ratio greater than 5.0. Yin Gang[24] and others used sephacryls-2OO gel chromatography and hydroxyapatite column chromatography to separate and purify the algal blue protein from cultured Spirulina obtusususus, and obtained the pure algal blue protein.

Zhang Chengwu[4] and others purified the alginate from Spirulina obtususus by chromatography and filtration on a sephadex G-1OO column twice for electrophoretically pure alginate. Yin Gang[25] and others also studied the isolation and purification of alginate from Spirulina obtusususus using DEAEsepharose FF ion exchange and hydroxyapatite adsorption, and the alginate was identified as electrophoretically pure by isoelectric focusing. Yin Gang[26] and others used hydroxyapatite and sephadex G-1OO for column chromatography to isolate the alginate with a purity ratio of 4.71. The alginate was purified by isoelectric focusing. Peng Weimin[23] and others used hydroxyapatite column chromatography to purify algal bile protein from Spirulina to obtain algal blue protein with high purity.

Lin Hongwei[19, 2O] and others obtained alginate with a purity ratio of 4.1 from spirulina by using a diatomaceous earth 545 column with graded elution followed by DEAE-cellulose ion exchange purification. Zhang Jianping[27] , et al. obtained a purer alginate from Spirulina by hydroxyapatite column chromatography followed by dextran gel chromatography on a sephadex G-15O column. Wang Y[15] established a purification procedure for sephadex G-2OO, DEAE-sephadex A-25, HA, and SePhadex G-2OO. The results of this method were satisfactory, with a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and the purity ratio was as high as 14, which exceeded the highest value of 1O reported both domestically and abroad.1 The combined use of multiple purification methods was also typical. This is a typical example of the combined use of multiple purification methods.

3 Physical and chemical characterization

Because of the broad application prospect of phycocyanin, the study of the physicochemical properties of phycocyanin has become an important topic in the development of Spirulina.0 In recent years, the study of phycocyanin has been deepened to the molecular composition, and greater progress has been made in the study of other physicochemical properties.

3.1 Spectral Characterization  

Spectroscopy is one of the important properties of cyanobacterial proteins, and the study of spectral properties provides an important basis for the identification of cyanobacterial proteins in Spirulina. At the same time, the maximum absorption of cyanobacterial proteins can also be utilized for the determination of protein content, which provides a simple and effective method for the quality control of cyanobacterial proteins. However, due to the differences in the cyanobacterial proteins of different strains of Spirulina and the purity of the cyanobacterial samples used by the researchers, the reported spectral properties of the cyanobacterial proteins differ.

Yin Gang [26] et al. showed that there were characteristic absorption peaks at 278nm, 36Onm, and 62Onm in the UV-visible spectrum of Spirulina obtusususus 0 Wei Ping [18] et al. found that the alginyl cyanide of the purified Spirulina obtusususus was scanned by UV-visible spectrophotometer, and the characteristic absorption peaks were found at 62Onm and 348nm 0 Chengwu Zhang [4] et al. measured the maximum absorption wavelength at 62Onm in the UV-visible spectrophotometer 0 Peng Weimin [17] et al. used UV-visible spectrophotometer to obtain the maximum absorption wavelength at 62Onm in the UV-visible spectrophotometer 0 Peng Weimin [17] et al. Zhang Chengwu [4] measured the maximum absorption of purified Spirulina obtususifera phycocyanin at 62Onm by UV-visible scanning. 0 Peng Weimin [17] and others used UV-visible spectrophotometry to determine that the maximum visible absorption of Spirulina obtusifera phycocyanin was at 62Onm, and used fluorescence spectrophotometry to determine that its fluorescence emission peak was at 645 nm at room temperature.

The results of Wang Yong [15] showed that the absorption wavelength of phycocyanin in Spirulina salina was 615 nm under the condition of PH 7.O. When the PH decreased, the maximum absorption peak of phycocyanin shifted to blue, and when the PH increased, the peak shifted to red; the fluorescence excitation peaks of phycocyanin in neutral condition were located at 590 nm and 635 nm, and the fluorescence emission peaks were located at 650 nm only. Zhang Erxian [28] et al. determined that the maximum absorption peak of algal blue protein was at 625nm, and its fluorescence emission peak was at 648nm.0 Yin Gang [24, 26] et al. also determined the infrared spectra of algal blue protein, which showed that algal blue protein had absorption peaks at 32OO, 165O, 155O, 11OO, 1O5O, and 65Ocm-1 , thus providing a richer basis for the identification of algal blue protein. The results showed that algal blue protein had absorption peaks at 32OO, 165O, 155O, 11OO, 1O5O and 65O cm-1 , thus providing a more abundant basis for the identification of algal blue protein.

3.2 Amino Acid Composition of Algae Blue Protein

The amino acid composition of the protein is conducive to the further understanding of the internal structure and active groups of the algal blue protein, and also provides a theoretical basis for other properties of the algal blue protein.0 Yin Gang [24, 26], Liu Qifang [29], and Li Jianhong [9] studied the amino acid composition of the algal blue protein in Spirulina, and the results showed that the composition of the cyanogenic acids of different strains of Spirulina is basically the same.0 Zhang Chengwu [4] analyzed the amino acid composition and content of the bile protein of Spirulina obtusususus, and concluded that except for tryptophan, which was not measured, the algal blue protein contained 14 amino acids, only trace amounts of histidine and proline, and lack of methionine. Zhang Chengwu [4] analyzed the amino acid composition and content of Spirulina bile protein, and concluded that, except for tryptophan which was not measured, the cyanobacterial protein contained 14 amino acids, with only trace amounts of histidine and proline, and a lack of methionine.

Peng Weimin [17] analyzed the amino acid composition of phycocyanin in Spirulina obtusususus by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the results showed that the amino acid compositions of phycocyanin and other algal cyanoproteins were similar, with the highest content of Phenylalanine (Phenylalanine) followed by Aspartic Acid (Aspartic Acid), Glutamic Acid (Glutamic Acid), Tyrosine (Tyrosine), and the lower content of Proline (Proline) and Histidine (Histidine). Meanwhile, the ratio of acidic amino acids to basic amino acids in alginate was 2.14, which was higher than that of alginate (1.92), and therefore alginate was considered to be an acidic protein, which also explained why alginate had a lower isoelectric point than other alginates as reported in [29].

3.3 Biochemical characterization

3. 3. 1 Isoelectric point

The isoelectric point is one of the most prominent properties of proteins. The isoelectric points of Spirulina cyanobacterial proteins have been reported differently, but all of them are in the range of 3.4-4.8 [4, 13, 24, 26, 29]. This is probably due to the differences in the nature of cyanobacterial proteins in different strains of Spirulina, and another reason is that different purity of cyanobacterial proteins affects the consistency of the results of the assay. It was also found that the isoelectric points of algal blue proteins were generally lower than those of other algal blue proteins, which may be related to the amino acid composition of the proteins [17].

3. 3. 2 Studies on algal blue protein subunits

Current research suggests that phycocyanin is composed of two α and β subunits with different molecular weights, usually a hexamer of the two subunits (αβ)15], but the molecular weights of the subunits are not the same as those of the other subunits. Zhang Chengwu [4] and others showed that purified phycocyanin is composed of two subunits, α and β, and that their molecular weights are 145OOμ and 15OOOμ respectively, as measured by 12% sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The α and β subunits of Spirulina obtususifera were composed of two subunits and their molecular weights were measured to be 145OOOμ and 15OOOμ0 Zhang Erxian [28] measured the molecular weights of the two subunits of phycocyanin to be 149OOμ and 172OOμ0 Peng Weimin [17] performed a regression analysis by using the relative mobility of the standardized proteins (X) and its corresponding molecular weight in terms of the logarithm of the molecular weight (Y) as the parameters, and the obtained equation of regression was: Y= 1. O228X ten 5. 12. O228X x 5. 1255 (R2= O. 9889), the molecular weights of the α-subunit and β-subunit of the cyanobacterial protein in Spirulina obtusususus were calculated to be about 16.3 KD and 18.9 KD, which were similar to those in the literature [30,31].

3.4 Algae blue protein stability study  

Zhang Yifang [13] studied that alginate blue protein is stable below 40℃, its pigment starts to decompose at 45℃, the optical density of the solution decreases gradually, the optical density of the solution decreases rapidly at 50℃, and the optical density of the solution at 70℃ decreases by 75% compared with the original one, the sugar solution can increase the stability of the alginate blue protein to the heat, the effect of the illumination on the alginate blue protein is small, the illumination of 5,100x for 6Oh, the optical density of the solution treated with PH5 does not change. It was also shown that the optical density of algal blue protein was stable in the range of PH4.O~8.5, the optical density was unchanged, and the color of the solution became lighter when the PH value was higher than 8.5 or lower than 4.O. The results of the above studies showed that the algal blue protein was more sensitive to the temperature and PH, but insensitive to light, which was of great significance for the control of the conditions of algal blue protein in the process of extraction, purification and preservation.

4 Physiological activity studies

Phycocyanin is one of the important active ingredients in Spirulina. The results of clinical studies have shown that phycocyanin in Spirulina has the effect of improving immunity, promoting animal cell regeneration and inhibiting cancer cells [32]. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the physiological activity of algal blue protein in depth. Currently, the focus of research is mainly on the study of anticancer activity, and at the same time, some progress has been made in the study of other activities.

4.1 Research on anticancer activity  

Dong Qiang [33] et al. investigated the anticancer activity of alginate cyanine (PC) on HeLa cells by two methods, and demonstrated that PC had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of HeLa cells, and the inhibitory rate of PC reached 31.0% when the concentration of PC was 8Omg L-1. Shen Haiyan[34] and others used semi-solid agar culture method and MTT assay to determine the effect of Spirulina alginate on the growth of human blood cancer cell lines HL-6O, K-562 and μ-937. These three tumor cells were treated with different concentrations of cyanobacterial proteins under in vitro culture conditions, and the results showed that Spirulina cyanobacterial proteins inhibited the growth of these three tumor cells to different degrees, and there was a concentration-dose effect, with a strong inhibitory effect at high concentrations.

Guo Baojiang[35] and others investigated the inhibitory effect of selenized alginate from selenium-enriched cultured Spirulina obtusususus on hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Guo Baojiang[36] and others also studied the inhibitory effect of photoimmobilized alginate on hepatocellular carcinoma cells 74O2 in vitro. The experiment showed that, when the initial concentration of immobilized alginate was 2O μg/well, the inhibition rate of 74O2 cells reached 55%, and the inhibition rate of the cancer cells decreased when the concentration continued to increase, and then increased back to 55%, 66% and 66% when the concentration of alginate was as high as O.5mg/well and 1mg/well. When the concentration of cyanobacteria reached O.5mg/well and 1mg/well, the inhibition rate rebounded to 55% and 66%.

4.2 Other Activity Studies  

Spirulina alginate also has some activity in other areas. Wang Yuanxun[37] and others found that feeding extracted Spirulina cyanobacteria alginate to mice significantly improved exercise endurance. Zhang Chengwu[38] demonstrated that Spirulina alginate had anti-radiation effects in animal experiments, and the results also showed that alginate may promote the recovery of hematopoietic function in irradiated animals. Tang Mei[39] and others found that phycocyanin could promote PHA-induced proliferation of normal mouse splenic lymphocytes, enhance the hemolytic capacity of plaque-forming cells and the content of hemolysin in the serum, and significantly resist the damage of hydrocortisone to the immune function of the organism.

Zhao Jingquan [4O] et al. investigated the scavenging effect of alginate from Spirulina on hydroxyl radicals by using a competitive reaction kinetics method, and the results showed that alginate had a strong scavenging effect on hydroxyl radicals, and the scavenging rate constants were measured to be in the range of (2.8~5.6) × 1O9L mol-1 S-1. Tang Mai [41] et al. studied the effect of phycocyanin (PC) in Spirulina on the function of human peripheral lymphocytes, and the results showed that PC could promote the transformation of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes, and there was a dose-dependent relationship. The results showed that PC could promote the transformation of lymphocytes stimulated by PHA, and there was a dose-dependent relationship. PC could restore the ability of T cells to form E rosettes after being damaged by cyclophosphamide, especially the ability to form active E rosettes (Ea).

Experimental studies have shown that Spirulina cyanobacteria have physiological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-radiation, anti-fatigue, enhancement of immunity and scavenging of free radicals, etc., which provides an important basis for decision-making on the development of Spirulina in the field of functional foods and medicines.

5 Research on algal blue protein products [42, 43]

Phycocyanin is an important active ingredient in Spirulina, and its unique physicochemical properties have been emphasized in product development research. The School of Life Sciences of Peking University used the purified algal blue protein monomer from Spirulina mud preparation to couple with purified DFI antibody, and then purified the coupling product to obtain the antibody labeled with algal blue protein, which is a fluorescent probe. The Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences have also carried out the development of fluorescent markers and diagnostic reagents for algal bile protein, and researched on diagnostic reagents and diagnostic kits (screening, labeling and detection techniques of fluorescent reagents, etc.), and are expected to obtain a technology to replace other fluorescent markers and enzyme markers, as well as a popular algal bile protein-labeled diagnostic kit for surface antigen of Hepatitis B Virus.

At the same time, algal blue protein for food research, especially functional food research has made great progress, China has more than 10 kinds of spirulina tablets and capsules, according to different functions approved by the Ministry of Health as health products. However, because the extraction of algal blue protein in Spirulina is still in the stage of experimental research, there is no suitable industrial production process, so that the commercial price of algal blue protein is expensive and its application is limited to a certain extent.

6 Conclusion

The research of Spirulina in China began in 1970s, after more than 30 years of research and development, although there is a great progress, but mostly at the laboratory level. According to the literature, it is difficult to extract and purify the active ingredient of Spirulina cyanobacteria, and its mature technology still needs a period of research and exploration. Meanwhile, there are not many functional foods based on cyanobacterial proteins, and there is still no research and development of pharmaceuticals.

Therefore, in the next few years, the research and development of algal blue protein will mainly focus on the following aspects: Firstly, exploring a method of preparing large amount of algal blue protein suitable for industrialized production, reducing the cost of algal blue protein, and promoting its extensive development and utilization. Secondly, according to the results of the research on the activity of algal blue protein, the development of algal blue protein will be expanded from functional food to the development of medicines and medical diagnostic reagents, so as to develop its utilization value at a deeper level. Thirdly, we will continue to study the physical and chemical properties of algal blue protein and establish a good quality control method to provide quality assurance for the research and production of algal blue protein products, especially medicines.

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[16] TANG Zhaohui, JIANG Jialun.  A preliminary report on the extraction of bile protein from Spiroplasma obtusum and its characteristics [J], East China Sea, 1993, (12): 49~54.

[17] Peng Weimin, Shang Shutian, et al.  Study on the Properties of Algal Bile Properties of Spirulina obtususus [J], Journal of China Agricultural University, 1999, 4(Suppl.) : 35~38.

[18] Wei Ping, Li Huan, et al.  Extraction and purification of cyanobacterial blue protein from Spirulina platensis [J], Journal of Nanjing University of Chemical Technology, 1999, 21(3): 62-64.

[19] LIN Hongwei, QIN Haiqiu, et al.  A new process for the extraction and purification of algal blue protein from Spirulina obtususifolia [J], Fine Chemical Industry , 1998, 15(1) : 18~2O.

[2O] LIN Hongwei , LIANG Hong .  Isolation and purification of bile proteins from Spirulina obtususifolia [J], GuangXi Chemistry , 2OO2, 31(1) : 3O~31.

[21] Hu Yibing , Hu Hongjun , et al.  A study on the large-scale extraction and purification of algal blue protein from an algal bile protein-rich Spirulina [J], Wuhan Botanical Research , 2OO2, 2O(4) : 299 ~3O2.

[22]siegelman H W , Kycia JH. Algal biliproteins : handbook of phycological method (Edited by Johan A H) [J].  Combridge University press , 1978, 71~79.

[23] PENG Weimin , SHANG Shutian , et al.  Extraction of bile protein from Spirulina obtususus (sp. ~ D) [J], Food Science , 1999(6) : 48~49.

[24] Yin Gang, Liu Zheng, et al.  Separation, purification and characterization of cyanobacterial proteins from Spirulina obtususus [J], Journal of Tsinghua University (Natural Science Edition) , 1999, 39(6) : 2O~22.

[25] Yin Gang , Yin Jin , et al.  Purification of algal bile proteins from Spirulina by anion-exchange and hydroxyapatite chromatography [J], Ion Exchange and Adsorption , 2OOO, 6(2) : 128~133.

[26] Yin Gang , Li Hui , et al.  Separation and purification of algal bile protein and polysaccharide from Spirulina and product characterization [J], Fine Chemical Industry , 1999, 16(2) : 1O~13.

[27] J.P. Zhang , J.M. Zhang , et al. Isolation and structural characterization of R-alginate [J], Biophysical Journal , 1997(6) : 173~178.

[28] Zhang Erxian , Chen Yanli , et al.  Purification of bile protein from Spirulina obtususus and its radical scavenging effect [J], Taiwan Strait , 1999, 18(2) : 172~176.

[29] LIU Qi-Fang, WANG Hou-Le, et al.  Separation and characterization of bile proteins in Spirogyra salina [J], Aquatic Biology, 1988, 12(2): 146~153.

[3O]HILDITCH C M , sMITH A J, et al. phycocyanin from the cyanobaclerium aphanothece halophytic [J], phytochemistry , 1991, 3O(11) : 3515~3517.

[31]XIA A D, ZHOU JC, et al. Energy transfer kinetics in phyconyanin from cyanonacterium westiellopsis prolific studied by pump-probe techniyues [J], Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , 1991 179(2) : 55~64. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , 1991, 179(1) : 558~564.

[32]schwarty JL, shkiar G. Growth inhibition and destruction of oral cancer cells by extracts of spirulina[J]. proc Amer Acad Oral pathol, 1986, 4O: 23~27.

[33] Dong Qiang , Qian Kaixian , et al.  Research on the anticancer activity of algal blue protein [J], Journal of Zhejiang University (Engineering Edition) , 2OO1, 35(6) : 672~675.

[34] SHEN Haiyan, WANG Xixia, et al.  Effects of Spirulina alginata on the growth of human blood cancer cell lines HL-6O, K-552 and μ-937 [J], Marine Science , 2OOO, 24(1) : 45~48.

[35] GUO Baojiang, WU Yanqing.  Study on the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effect of biomaterials with selenized algal blue egg white [J], Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) , 2OO1(3): 4O~44.

[36] GUO Baojiang , XU Hede , et al.  Inhibitory effect of light-fixed alginate on hepatocellular carcinoma 74O2 in vitro [J], Ion exchange and adsorption , 2OOO, 16(6) : 547~552.

[37] Wang Yuanxun.  A study of spirulina in improving athletic endurance [J], Journal of the Chinese Society of Sports Science, 1985, 4: 2O~21.

[38] Zhang Chengwu, Zeng Zhaoqi, et al.  Protective effects of polysaccharides and cyanobacterial proteins of Spirulina obtususus on acute radiation sickness in mice [J], Journal of Nutrition, 1996, 18(3) : 327~33O.

[39] Tang Mei, Jin Ying, et al.  Effects of Spirulina alginata blue protein on the immune function of mice , Journal of Jinan University (Nature and Medicine)[J], 1998, 19(5) : 93~97.

[4O]ZHAO Jing-Quan , ZHANG Jian-Ping .  Kinetics of reaction between algal chitin and hydroxyl radicals by pulsed irradiation [J], Science Bulletin , 2OOO, 45(1) : 32~36.

[41] Tang Mei , Jin Ying , et al.  Effects of Spirulina alginata proteins and polysaccharides on the function of human peripheral blood lymphocytes [J], Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) , 1998(4) : 63~67.

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#Spirulina #Phycocyanin #Phycocyaninpowder

[neh-blogg]

Dyes : The World of Colors

Colors make our world vibrant, and dyes are the magical ingredients that bring life to everything around us. Let’s explore the colorful universe of dyes, breaking down the various types and their fascinating uses in everyday life.

Understanding Dyes:

Dyes are like special paints that add color to different things. Humans have been fascinated by colors for a long time, and dyes play a huge role in making our world colorful. There are two main types of dyes: natural and synthetic. They are used to add color to items like utensils, textiles, leather products, and even food.

Types of Dyes:

Basic Dyes:

These dyes are made in labs and give really bright colors. They are great for adding color to things like acrylic fibers and synthetic materials.

Direct Dyes:

These dyes dissolve in water and are used for coloring materials like cotton. They are commonly used in the textile industry. 

Natural dyes :

Natural dyes are derived from sources in nature and may include substances like indigo, turmeric, or cochineal. While these dyes have a historical and cultural significance, they often present limitations in terms of color range and fastness.

Acid Dyes:

Perfect for coloring protein fibers like wool and silk, acid dyes are highly soluble in water. They are not suitable for materials like cotton but work well for leather and medical products.

Synthetic Dyes:

Man-made and chemically produced, these dyes come in a wide range of colors. They are used in many industries due to being affordable, but they can be harmful to the environment and humans.

Reactive Dyes:

Best for cellulose, protein, and polyamide fibers, these dyes are easy to use and have good light-fastness properties. They are popular in the textile industry.

Solvent Dyes:

Modern and non-toxic, these dyes are used in upcoming textile mills. They are convenient but may be more expensive. Solvent dyes are seen as alternatives to traditional harmful dyes.

Food Dyes:

Added to food to make it look attractive, food dyes come in various forms. It’s important to use them carefully as excessive consumption can lead to health problems. They are either natural or artificial.

Application of Dyes:

Textiles: Dyes are extensively used in the textile industry to color fabrics, clothing, and other textile products. They can be applied through various methods such as dyeing, printing, or painting.

Plastics: Dyes enhance the appearance of plastic products, providing them with a wide range of colors and finishes.

Printing: Inks, whether for traditional printing or modern digital printing, often contain dyes to produce vibrant and accurate colors.

Food: Food dyes are used to add color to various food products, making them visually appealing. These dyes can be natural or synthetic.

Industrial Use: Dyes find applications in various industrial processes, including coloring materials like leather, creating inks for pens and printers, and contributing to the production of a wide array of products.

[herbalcompendium]

Hochenblume

Colloquial Names: High flower, Yserabloom

Physical Description: While often referred to as ‘high,’ one need not look far from the ground to find the most aesthetically pleasing – and useful – part of this flower. It presents a rather curious structure, but it remains the single most prolific and alchemically-relevant bloom in the Dragon Isles. “High flower” is a direct translation of its Draconic moniker. “Yserabloom” is a term coined by the Maruuk centaur, in reference to the former Green dragon Aspect with whom they had connected; to them, its ability to grow across the land indicates the tenacity of life itself, and the way in which the blossom points back toward the earth is representative of the eternal cycle of birth, growth, death and rebirth to which all things are held.

Structurally, hochenblume possesses several notable adaptations which enable it to thrive in the myriad climes of the Isles. The plant’s roots are small in number, but great in thickness and strength; it is with these anchors that it holds itself fast to the varied terrain in which it grows, and they dig deeply to draw what nutrients and hydration the bloom requires. It is little surprise then that a thick, hardy stalk breaches the soil and holds itself quite tall – proud, even – to present two sets of long, narrow leaves, wing-like in structure, flaring outward on either side and cresting both skyward and back toward the earth.

Such a strong stem is required to hold a rather weighty seed-bearing pod; were it any weaker, it would surely snap under the pod’s weight. This cone is comprised of thick, fleshy “petals” of tissue, which house the glands that, upon pollination, produce seeds. This pod is quite moist and slightly sweet when chewed, compelling its consumption by herbivores and allowing the spread of the seeds it contains.

While mostly green, vivid violet and thistle hues can be found streaking through its flesh and adorning the tips of its leaves, and the bloom itself is so pleasantly purple it practically glows in direct light. The stamen are lengthy and indigo-hued, while the pistil is a rich amber color and, in a particularly healthy specimen, does in fact glow as it emits a gentle bioluminescence at night.

Harvesting: The flower in question is rather delicate, particularly when compared to the rest of the plant, and its subtle intricacies are worth exploring before one attempts to collect it. The seed pod and all parts of the flower, if pulled on directly, are wont to snap and tear; this is due to tension from the connective tissue directly at the base of the seed pod. There is but a single strand holding the pod in place which runs the entire length of the stalk, but is notably weaker than the stalk itself. A simple smooth and firm twisting motion will easily separate the entire structure; doing so releases the aforementioned tension and allows lossless gathering of any desired materials.

Usage: There is not one standard recipe of which I am aware that utilizes the herbs of the Dragon Isles without including hochenblume. The flower itself has an energizing quality, while the seed pod confers restorative benefits; together, they act as a catalyst and “force multiplier” of sorts for the more focused properties of other native plants. The sweetness and aroma of the pod and petals, can be extracted via usual methods. The pod conveys a grassy, citrus-like brightness. The petals offer a scent rather similar to lilac and, when dried, can be milled to produce a bright pigment for inks and dyes.

As I sat before a rather lush specimen to pen this entry, I found myself musing on its appearance. One may find it curious that so many winged things are born of these lands, and draw a connection to hochenblume’s structure; whether there is empirical truth in this I cannot say, but that is perhaps for the best. There is something magical in the mysteries of this world, and such wondering is itself a most potent catalyst for exploration and experimentation, both of which are worthy endeavors in which I encourage you to engage.

[sfsbayarea]

Boost Your Home’s Privacy and Style with Ceramic Tint for Windows

In today’s fast-paced world, homeowners are seeking ways to improve the comfort, security, and appearance of their homes. One modern and highly effective solution is Ceramic Tint for Home Windows. This innovative technology not only enhances your property’s aesthetics but also adds a much-needed layer of privacy and energy efficiency. Whether you’re planning a complete makeover or just looking for small upgrades that make a big difference, investing in house window tint is a smart and stylish choice.

What Is Ceramic Window Tint?

Ceramic Tint for Home Windows is a high-performance window film made using advanced nano-ceramic technology. Unlike traditional tints, which often use metals or dyes that can fade over time, ceramic tint is constructed from non-metallic, non-conductive ceramic particles. This makes it exceptionally durable and efficient at blocking heat, UV rays, and glare—without compromising visibility or the natural light that fills your space.

With its cutting-edge performance and subtle appearance, ceramic tint blends seamlessly with your home's design, offering a sleek, modern look while delivering powerful protection.

Enhance Your Home’s Privacy

One of the main reasons homeowners turn to Residential Window Tinting near Me is to boost privacy. In residential areas where houses are close together, or in homes with large street-facing windows, it can feel like you’re living in a fishbowl. Ceramic tint gives you the freedom to enjoy your space without worrying about prying eyes.

The beauty of ceramic window film is that it offers privacy during daylight hours without darkening your interiors or requiring you to keep blinds shut all day. It maintains your view of the outside world while preventing outsiders from seeing in—a perfect balance of comfort and seclusion.

Improve Energy Efficiency and Comfort

As utility bills continue to rise, energy efficiency has become a top concern for many households. Ceramic Tint for Home Windows is an excellent solution for reducing heat gain and improving indoor climate control. By blocking up to 80% of infrared heat and 99% of harmful UV rays, ceramic tint keeps your interiors cooler during the summer and helps retain warmth in the winter.

This reduction in heat transfer not only improves comfort but also reduces the strain on your HVAC system, potentially lowering your monthly energy costs. With ceramic tint, you get a more comfortable living environment without the added expense of heavy-duty insulation or new window installations.

Style That Speaks for Itself

Beyond functionality, house window tint contributes significantly to the overall look of your home. It creates a clean, polished finish that enhances curb appeal while preserving architectural integrity. Available in a variety of shades and finishes, ceramic tints can be tailored to complement both modern and traditional home styles.

For homeowners looking to coordinate design elements inside and out, ceramic tint provides a subtle yet impactful upgrade. And when paired with other modern décor enhancements—like Office Wall Murals for your home workspace—it brings cohesion to your interior and exterior environments.

UV Protection for Your Interior Investments

Direct sunlight doesn’t just heat your home; it can also fade and damage furniture, flooring, artwork, and electronics over time. Ceramic Tint for Home Windows offers an added layer of protection for your interior investments by blocking nearly all UV radiation. This means you can confidently decorate with natural fabrics, wooden furniture, and art without worrying about long-term sun damage.

Homeowners who invest in high-quality furnishings will appreciate how ceramic tint preserves their beauty and longevity. It’s a practical solution that protects both your belongings and your peace of mind.

A Great Addition to Any Room

Ceramic tint isn’t just for living rooms or street-facing windows. It’s a versatile solution that works well in virtually any room in the house. Consider it for:

Bedrooms: Enhance privacy and keep the room cool for a better night’s sleep.

Home Offices: Minimize glare on screens while maintaining natural light.

Sunrooms: Enjoy bright, beautiful spaces without the intense heat.

Bathrooms: Create a spa-like sanctuary with added discretion.

And if you work from home or run a small business, pairing house window tint with creative elements like Office Wall Murals can elevate both functionality and aesthetic appeal in your workspace.

Finding the Right Professionals

If you’re ready to invest in Residential Window Tinting near Me, look no further than SFS Bay Area. With a strong reputation for quality installations and superior customer service, SFS Bay Area specializes in residential and commercial window tinting solutions that enhance privacy, style, and performance.

Their team of experts can guide you in selecting the right Ceramic Tint for Home Windows to suit your property’s unique needs. From consultation to installation, they ensure a seamless process that delivers beautiful, lasting results.

Conclusion

Enhancing your home’s privacy and style doesn’t have to involve major renovations. With Ceramic Tint for Home Windows, you can achieve a comfortable, private, and energy-efficient living space while also boosting curb appeal. Whether you're searching for a refined touch of elegance or a powerful way to shield your interiors from heat and UV damage, ceramic tint is the ideal solution.Ready to transform your home with the power of window tinting? Contact SFS Bay Area today and discover why so many homeowners trust them for Residential Window Tinting. Stylish, protective, and built to last—ceramic tint is the modern homeowner’s smart choice.

[nmpuyog0101]

What is Organic Henna Powder? How It Transforms Hair and Body Art Naturally

In the world of natural beauty and wellness, few products are as celebrated and versatile as henna. For centuries, henna has been used to enhance beauty, treat hair, and create stunning body art designs. Today, as people seek chemical-free and eco-friendly alternatives, the demand for pure henna is growing rapidly. Finding a trusted Organic Henna Powder Exporter is the first step in experiencing the full benefits of this ancient wonder.

In this blog, we’ll explore why organic henna is so valued, the differences between henna for body art and hair, and how to choose the best supplier for your needs.

What is Organic Henna?

Organic henna powder comes from the Lawsonia inermis plant, traditionally cultivated without chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or additives. The leaves are dried, ground, and finely sifted into a smooth green powder that is rich in natural dye, known as lawsone.

When you buy from a reputable Organic Henna Powder Exporter, you can trust that the product is:

100% chemical-free

Eco-friendly

Safe for hair and skin

High in dye content for deeper color

Organic henna offers more than just color — it nourishes hair, conditions the scalp, cools the skin, and serves as a powerful natural remedy for various skin and hair issues.

Why Choose a Reliable Organic Henna Powder Exporter?

Selecting a professional Organic Henna Powder Exporter ensures you get the finest quality henna that meets international standards. A trusted exporter provides:

Certified organic products (USDA Organic, Ecocert, etc.)

Rigorous quality control at every stage

Microbial and purity testing

Sustainable and ethical sourcing

Customized packaging and private labeling

Whether you are a wholesaler, retailer, or salon owner, partnering with the right exporter ensures your customers enjoy safe, vibrant, and long-lasting results.

Henna Powder for Body Art: Nature’s Perfect Tattoo Ink

Henna Powder for Body Art is specially processed to be safe for direct application to the skin. It creates stunning, deep-colored designs that are popular at weddings, festivals, and cultural celebrations around the world.

Key Features of Body Art Quality Henna:

Triple-sifted for ultra-smooth texture

High lawsone content for deep, rich stains

Free from chemicals, PPD, and metallic salts

Fast dye release time

Natural earthy fragrance

When mixed with natural ingredients like lemon juice and essential oils, Henna Powder for Body Art produces beautiful reddish-brown designs that can last 1-2 weeks on the skin.

Why Purity Matters in Body Art Henna

Using non-organic or chemical-laden henna can cause skin allergies, burns, and severe reactions. Only buy body art henna from a certified Organic Henna Powder Exporter to ensure it is safe, natural, and skin-friendly.

Organic Henna Powder for Hair: The Secret to Strong, Vibrant Hair

Switching to Organic Henna Powder for Hair is one of the best decisions for anyone seeking a natural alternative to chemical hair dyes. Organic henna not only colors hair naturally but also strengthens and nourishes it.

Benefits of Organic Henna Powder for Hair:

Natural Coloring: Imparts rich reddish-brown tones that can be customized with other natural ingredients like indigo for darker shades.

Strengthens Hair: Henna binds to the hair shaft, making it thicker and stronger.

Fights Dandruff: Its natural antifungal properties help reduce scalp issues.

Conditions Hair: Leaves hair soft, shiny, and voluminous.

Balances pH: Helps maintain scalp health and balance oil production.

Unlike chemical dyes that damage hair over time, Organic Henna Powder for Hair enhances hair health with each application.

Choosing the Right Organic Henna Powder for Your Needs

When looking for the best henna, keep these tips in mind:

Purpose: Choose Henna Powder for Body Art for skin designs and Organic Henna Powder for Hair for hair coloring and care.

Color and Smell: Good quality henna powder is bright green with a fresh, earthy aroma.

Texture: Should be finely sifted with no impurities or clumps.

Certifications: Look for USDA Organic, Ecocert, or similar certifications.

Source: Work with an experienced Organic Henna Powder Exporter who can guarantee consistent quality and authenticity.

How to Use Organic Henna Powder

For Hair:

Mix henna powder with warm water, tea, or coffee into a thick paste.

Let it rest for 4–6 hours for dye release.

Apply to clean, dry hair.

Cover with a shower cap and leave for 2–4 hours.

Rinse with water only (avoid shampoo for 48 hours).

For Body Art:

Mix henna powder with lemon juice and sugar.

Add essential oils like eucalyptus or lavender.

Rest the paste overnight for best dye release.

Apply designs using a henna cone.

Leave paste on skin for 6–8 hours before scraping off.

For both uses, using fresh, high-quality henna from a trusted Organic Henna Powder Exporter ensures the richest color and best results.

The Global Demand for Organic Henna

Today, organic henna is in high demand across the United States, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. People are increasingly shifting away from synthetic dyes and chemical treatments toward organic, cruelty-free alternatives.

An experienced Organic Henna Powder Exporter can meet this growing demand by providing:

Bulk supply options

Customized grades for hair and body art

Fast international shipping

Complete documentation for customs and quality assurance

Whether for personal use, beauty salons, herbal brands, or henna artists, the right henna exporter makes all the difference.

Conclusion

Henna is more than just a natural dye — it’s a gift from nature with countless benefits for skin, hair, and wellness. Whether you are looking for the finest Henna Powder for Body Art or the best Organic Henna Powder for Hair, choosing a reputable Organic Henna Powder Exporter ensures purity, safety, and unmatched quality.

In a world that’s going back to its natural roots, organic henna stands out as a timeless solution for beauty and care. Choose wisely, use it regularly, and embrace the organic way of life!

[prasad213]

Direct black 22

We have certain Direct Dyes in the Liquid Form. Liquid Direct Black 22 are highly re-commended for the Paper Industry. Liquid Direct Red are extremely easy to handle as compared to Basic dyes. The Fastness property of Dyes is excellent. We are also having certain Dyes having excellent Light Fastness Property

[standardcon25]

Enhancing Food and Cosmetic Appeal with Trusted Synthetic Lake Colors Manufacturers, Exporters & Suppliers

In today’s fast-paced world, color plays a crucial role in how consumers perceive products, especially in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Synthetic lake colors have become an essential ingredient for manufacturers who want their products to stand out on shelves and capture the attention of buyers. These vibrant and stable colors are widely used across various applications, including baked goods, dairy products, cosmetics, personal care items, and pharmaceuticals. Choosing reliable Synthetic Lake Colors Manufacturers, Exporters & Suppliers is vital for ensuring product quality, safety, and consistency.

What Are Synthetic Lake Colors?

Synthetic lake colors are a form of colorants created by combining water-soluble dyes with insoluble substrates like aluminum hydroxide. This results in pigments that are oil-dispersible and stable under light, heat, and acidic conditions. These properties make them ideal for coloring products that require durability and vibrant hues.

Unlike water-soluble dyes, lake colors do not dissolve in water, which gives them a longer shelf life and makes them suitable for use in products like coated tablets, candies, lipsticks, and eye shadows. These colors are also extensively used in products where direct dye application is not suitable.

Why Choose Trusted Manufacturers of Synthetic Food Colors?

The demand for synthetic food colors continues to rise as consumers look for visually appealing products. However, not all food colors are created equal. Working with reputed manufacturers of synthetic food colors ensures that the colors meet regulatory standards and are safe for consumption.

Reputable manufacturers prioritize quality control, using high-grade raw materials and adhering to international food safety norms like FSSAI, FDA, and EU standards. They offer a wide range of synthetic colors including Tartrazine, Sunset Yellow, Carmoisine, Brilliant Blue, and more, which are carefully formulated for specific food applications such as beverages, dairy, snacks, and confectionery.

Applications of Synthetic Lake Colors

The versatility of synthetic lake colors has made them a preferred choice across many industries:

1. Food Industry

Synthetic lake colors are extensively used in bakery products, confectionery, dairy items, soft drinks, and snack foods. These colors maintain their brightness and integrity even under high heat or acidic environments, making them ideal for processed and packaged food items.

2. Pharmaceuticals

In the pharmaceutical sector, lake colors are used for coating tablets and capsules. They help in product differentiation, branding, and improving patient compliance, especially in pediatric and geriatric medicines.

3. Cosmetics & Personal Care

Lipsticks, nail polishes, eyeshadows, and creams often contain lake colors due to their ability to disperse evenly in oils and emulsions. The long-lasting vibrancy of these colors enhances the appeal and quality of cosmetic products.

4. Nutraceuticals

Supplements, energy bars, and protein powders are increasingly using synthetic lake colors to make their appearance more attractive to health-conscious consumers.

Qualities of Reliable Synthetic Lake Colors Manufacturers

When selecting Synthetic Lake Colors Manufacturers, Exporters & Suppliers, it is important to consider a few key factors:

Compliance with International Standards: Top manufacturers adhere to strict quality regulations and safety guidelines set by organizations like FSSAI, WHO, and FDA.

Custom Color Matching: Many manufacturers offer tailored color solutions to meet the exact requirements of your product or brand identity.

Consistent Quality: High-quality synthetic food color manufacturers ensure consistency in every batch, which is crucial for maintaining product uniformity across markets.

Global Distribution Capabilities: Reputed exporters of synthetic lake colors are capable of fulfilling large-scale international orders while ensuring timely delivery and compliance with import regulations.

Sustainable Practices: Modern manufacturers also focus on sustainable manufacturing processes and eco-friendly practices, reducing their environmental footprint.

Synthetic Lake Colors vs. Natural Colors

While natural colors are gaining popularity due to clean-label trends, synthetic lake colors continue to dominate many industries because of their stability, cost-effectiveness, and broader color spectrum. Natural colors often lack the durability required for some food and cosmetic applications and may not provide consistent results due to variations in raw materials.

Synthetic lake colors, on the other hand, offer superior color strength, vibrant hues, and excellent resistance to environmental conditions. This makes them a preferred choice for manufacturers aiming for product longevity and eye-catching presentation.

Partnering with the Right Supplier

Choosing the right partner from a pool of Synthetic Lake Colors Manufacturers, Exporters & Suppliers can make a significant difference in your product development and brand success. Look for companies with a strong reputation, decades of industry experience, and a diverse product catalog.

A good supplier will not only provide premium-quality synthetic food colors but also offer technical support, documentation, and guidance on proper usage and dosage to achieve the desired effect without compromising safety.

Conclusion

As visual appeal continues to influence consumer choices, the role of synthetic lake colors in product development becomes increasingly important. By collaborating with trusted manufacturers of synthetic food colors, brands can ensure high-quality, vibrant, and safe products that resonate with their target audience. Whether you're in the food, pharma, or cosmetic industry, selecting the right Synthetic Lake Colors Manufacturers, Exporters & Suppliers is a step toward enhanced product performance and consumer satisfaction.

[meghmani]

Understanding Dyes: Types, Applications, and Their Role in Various Industries

Dyes are a key ingredient in many different industries, including textiles, paper, leather, and plastics. As chemical species, they impart color when fibrous material chemically bonds with them or absorbs the color on their surfaces. Over the years, the technology accompanying the dyeing process has progressed significantly, with the most recent development of reactive dyes and other advanced dyeing techniques. Meghmani Global is one of the leading manufacturers of dyes and intermediates offering high-quality products for various industrial applications.

Read our blog on Different Types of Dyes with Chemical Structure

Types of Dyes:

Dyes can be categorized based on their chemical properties and application methods. Some of the most common types include:

Reactive Dyes: These dyes form a very strong covalent bond with textile fibers, thus making them very wash-resistant and durable. Reactive dyes are widely used for the dyeing of cellulose fabrics as well as for dyeing of cotton.

Acid Dyes: Acid dyes are majorly used for the dyeing of wool, silk, and nylon. Acid dyes require an acidic medium in order to provide proper bonding.

Direct Dyes: Dyes are composed of water-soluble materials and are applied to dye mainly cotton and rayon without binding agent.

Disperse Dyes: Disperse dyes are used for synthetic fibers like polyester. Disperse dye is not soluble in water and thus requires an application of heat for dyeing.

Vat Dyes: Vat dyes are meant for very good fastness in generally use for dyeing cotton and cellulosic fiber.

Basic Dyes: These dyes are those used for acrylic, paper, and some plastics, possessing bright colors but also showing very high affinity for the substrates.

Applications of Dyes

Dyes have a vast range of applications across multiple industries:

Textile Industry: The textile industry ranks the highest as the dye consumer. The sector uses many of the reactive dyes and other formulations to obtain brilliant and long-lasting colors.

Leather Industry: Dyes enable plying paper products in different shades and hues.

Paper Industry: Dyes help to achieve the desired color for plastic products and packaging materials.

Plastics and Polymers: Dyes help to achieve the desired color for plastic products and packaging materials.

Food and Pharmaceuticals: There are some non-toxic and safe dyes to color edible products and medicines.

Cosmetics: Special dye formulations are used in hair dyes, lipsticks, and other beauty products.

Role of Dyes in the Textile Industry

Textile dyeing is extremely important in the fabric manufacturing process. Reactive dyes yield bright colors that cannot fade and remain fast even after washing many times. Meghmani Global produces a wide variety of dyes and intermediates to meet the ever-evolving needs of the textile industry. While the quality of dyes is maintained at all times, the company is committed to the aspects of sustainability and innovation; therefore, its dyes prove to be an environmentally responsible option in terms of performance.

Conclusion

Dyes are very important in terms of their ability to improve visual appeal and utility of products. Textile dyeing, plastic and pharmaceutical applications, their importance cannot be stressed enough.

Advanced areas with Meghmani Global's solutions provide sustainable coloration to products that are high on quality and durability. As industries keep on evolving, newer and innovative dye technologies shall dominate the color application arena across the various industries. Get in touch or reach us out for more information!

[deepestmusicfire]

Eco-Friendly Custom T-Shirt Printing in Chennai: Sustainable Fashion Choices

Introduction

The demand for sustainable fashion is rising as consumers become more conscious of their environmental impact. One of the easiest ways to embrace eco-friendly fashion is through custom t-shirt printing in Chennai. Whether for businesses, events, or personal use, opting for sustainable printing methods can make a significant difference. This blog explores the best eco-friendly printing techniques, materials, and benefits of choosing custom t-shirt printing in Chennai with a sustainable approach.

Why Choose Eco-Friendly Custom T-Shirt Printing?

Fast fashion is one of the biggest contributors to pollution, with the textile industry responsible for nearly 10% of global carbon emissions. Switching to custom t-shirt printing in Chennai with sustainable materials and eco-conscious printing techniques helps in:

Reducing water and energy consumption

Lowering carbon footprint

Minimizing harmful chemical use

Promoting ethical labor practices

Encouraging a circular economy by recycling and reusing materials

Eco-Friendly Printing Techniques

When opting for custom t-shirt printing in Chennai, selecting the right printing technique is crucial to sustainability. Here are some of the best eco-friendly options:

1. Water-Based Screen Printing

Unlike traditional plastisol inks that contain PVC and phthalates, water-based inks are free from harmful chemicals. They offer vibrant prints while ensuring:

Less environmental pollution

Softer, breathable prints

Durability with eco-friendly washing methods

2. Digital Printing with Eco-Friendly Inks

Direct-to-Garment (DTG) printing uses water-based pigment inks that are free from heavy metals and toxins. It is ideal for small orders and offers:

Detailed, high-resolution prints

Reduced ink wastage

No chemical runoff into water bodies

3. Sublimation Printing on Recycled Fabrics

Sublimation is a heat-transfer technique that works best on polyester-based fabrics, especially recycled polyester (rPET). It provides:

Long-lasting, vibrant prints

Minimal water usage

No additional chemicals or dyes

Sustainable Fabric Choices for Custom T-Shirts

To make custom t-shirt printing in Chennai more sustainable, choosing the right fabric is essential. Some of the best eco-friendly fabric options include:

1. Organic Cotton

Grown without pesticides or synthetic fertilizers, organic cotton is a top choice for sustainable t-shirts. Benefits include:

Reduced water usage (91% less than conventional cotton)

No harmful chemicals

Softer and more breathable material

2. Recycled Polyester (rPET)

Made from post-consumer plastic bottles, rPET reduces landfill waste and conserves resources. Advantages include:

High durability

Lower carbon footprint compared to virgin polyester

Great for sports and performance wear

3. Hemp and Bamboo Fabric

Both hemp and bamboo fabrics are biodegradable and require minimal water and pesticides to grow. Their benefits include:

Natural antimicrobial properties

UV resistance

Long-lasting and durable fibers

Benefits of Eco-Friendly Custom T-Shirt Printing

Opting for sustainable custom t-shirt printing in Chennai has several advantages:

1. Environmental Conservation

Using organic and recycled materials reduces textile waste, pollution, and deforestation, making a positive impact on the planet.

2. Healthier Choices for Consumers

Eco-friendly fabrics are free from toxic dyes and chemicals, making them safe for sensitive skin and reducing allergies.

3. Supports Ethical Business Practices

Many sustainable clothing brands work with fair-trade certified manufacturers, ensuring better wages and working conditions for laborers.

4. Brand Reputation and Customer Loyalty

Consumers today prefer brands that align with sustainable values. Businesses that use custom t-shirt printing in Chennai with eco-friendly methods gain credibility and build stronger customer relationships.

Real-World Example: Chennai’s Shift to Sustainable Fashion

Many local businesses and startups in Chennai have started using custom t-shirt printing in Chennai with sustainable materials. Brands like No Nasties and Ethicus promote organic cotton and ethical fashion. Several printing companies now offer water-based and digital eco-printing solutions to meet the growing demand for sustainability.

How to Choose the Right Eco-Friendly Printing Service

If you're looking for sustainable custom t-shirt printing in Chennai, consider these factors:

Printing Technique: Ensure they use water-based, sublimation, or DTG printing with non-toxic inks.

Fabric Options: Check if they offer organic cotton, rPET, or other sustainable fabrics.

Certifications: Look for GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard) or Fair Trade Certified labels.

Local vs. Imported: Opt for locally sourced materials to reduce carbon footprint.

Conclusion

Eco-friendly custom t-shirt printing in Chennai is a step toward a sustainable future. Whether you’re an individual, a business, or an event organizer, making ethical choices in fabric and printing methods can help protect the environment. By supporting sustainable printing services, you contribute to reducing pollution, conserving resources, and promoting fair trade practices.

If you're ready to make the switch to eco-friendly custom t-shirt printing in Chennai, contact a reliable sustainable printing provider today and create stylish, planet-friendly apparel!

[banarjeenikita]

Textile Dyeing and Coloration: An Overview of Textile Chemicals

Textile dyeing and coloration are essential processes in the textile industry, responsible for adding aesthetic appeal and functionality to fabrics. These processes rely heavily on various textile chemicals, including dyes, pigments, and auxiliaries, which help achieve desired shades, fastness properties, and environmental sustainability. Understanding the chemistry behind textile dyeing is crucial for improving efficiency, reducing environmental impact, and developing sustainable alternatives.

1. Understanding Textile Dyeing and Coloration

Textile dyeing is the process of imparting color to fibers, yarns, or fabrics using dyes that bond chemically or physically with the material. Coloration encompasses not only dyeing but also printing and other surface treatments that modify color appearance. The success of the dyeing process depends on several factors, including dye type, fiber type, dyeing method, and the use of auxiliary chemicals.

Dyes are broadly classified into natural dyes and synthetic dyes. While natural dyes were historically used, synthetic dyes dominate the modern textile industry due to their cost-effectiveness, consistency, and superior fastness properties.

2. Types of Dyes Used in Textile Dyeing

Different textile fibers require specific types of dyes for effective coloration. The major types of dyes used in textile processing include:

a) Direct Dyes

Water-soluble dyes applied directly to cellulosic fibers like cotton.

Moderate fastness properties but improved by after-treatments.

b) Reactive Dyes

Form covalent bonds with cellulose fibers, ensuring excellent wash fastness.

Commonly used for cotton, rayon, and linen fabrics.

c) Disperse Dyes

Non-soluble dyes used for synthetic fibers like polyester, nylon, and acetate.

Require high-temperature dyeing methods for better fixation.

d) Acid Dyes

Water-soluble dyes used mainly for protein fibers (wool, silk) and synthetic fibers (nylon).

Provide vibrant colors but moderate wash fastness.

e) Basic (Cationic) Dyes

Applied to acrylic and modified polyester fibers.

Offer bright shades but lower light fastness.

f) Vat Dyes

Insoluble dyes converted into a soluble form during dyeing.

Used for cotton, offering excellent fastness but requiring complex processing.

g) Sulfur Dyes

Used for deep black and navy blue shades on cotton fabrics.

Cost-effective but prone to fading over time.

3. Role of Textile Auxiliaries in Dyeing

Apart from dyes, various textile auxiliaries are used to enhance the dyeing process and improve the performance of dyed fabrics. These include:

Leveling agents – Ensure uniform dye penetration and prevent streaking.

Wetting agents – Improve fiber absorption by reducing surface tension.

Fixing agents – Improve color fastness to washing and rubbing.

Sequestering agents – Remove unwanted metal ions that interfere with dyeing.

pH regulators – Maintain optimal acidity/alkalinity for dye fixation.

4. Common Dyeing Methods in the Textile Industry

The method of dye application depends on the fiber type, dye properties, and desired outcome. Some commonly used dyeing techniques include:

a) Exhaust Dyeing (Batch Dyeing)

Fabrics or yarns are immersed in a dye bath for a specific time.

Used for cotton, wool, polyester, and blends.

b) Continuous Dyeing

Used for high-speed production of uniform color fabrics.

Ideal for polyester, cotton, and synthetic blends.

c) Pad-Dry-Cure Method

Fabric is padded with dye, dried, and cured at high temperatures.

Common for reactive dyes on cotton.

d) Jet Dyeing

Used for synthetic fibers like polyester and nylon.

Provides better dye penetration with minimal fabric damage.

e) Garment Dyeing

Applied to finished garments rather than raw fabric.

Popular for fashion industry trends.

5. Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Dyeing Practices

The textile dyeing industry is one of the biggest contributors to water pollution, as it generates high levels of wastewater, chemical effluents, and energy consumption. To reduce the environmental impact, several sustainable dyeing practices have been developed, including:

a) Waterless Dyeing Technologies

Supercritical CO₂ dyeing eliminates water usage in polyester dyeing.

Foam dyeing reduces water and chemical consumption.

b) Natural and Plant-Based Dyes

Derived from plants, minerals, and insects, offering eco-friendly alternatives.

Less harmful but require mordants for fixation.

c) Bio-Based Dyes and Enzymatic Processing

Biodegradable dyes and enzymes replace harsh chemicals.

Used for denim processing to minimize water use.

d) Effluent Treatment and Recycling

Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) plants treat and recycle wastewater.

Advanced membrane filtration and bioremediation techniques help purify effluents.

e) Low-Impact Synthetic Dyes

Certified eco-friendly dyes (OEKO-TEX, GOTS) ensure safety.

Reduce hazardous byproducts.

Conclusion

Textile dyeing and coloration play a crucial role in the fashion and textile industries, offering a wide range of color choices, effects, and fabric enhancements. The chemistry behind textile dyes and auxiliaries determines fabric performance, durability, and sustainability. With increasing awareness of environmental impact, the industry is shifting towards sustainable dyeing technologies to minimize pollution and resource consumption.

As technology evolves, innovations like waterless dyeing, bio-based dyes, and AI-driven color matching will shape the future of textile coloration, ensuring both aesthetic appeal and eco-friendliness in fabric manufacturing.

[conveyorbelts-india]

Why PU Conveyor Belts are the Best Choice for Your Industry

In today’s fast-paced industrial world, choosing the right conveyor belt is crucial for ensuring smooth operations, efficiency, and durability. Among the various types of conveyor belts available, PU conveyor belts have gained significant popularity due to their excellent performance in a wide range of industries. 

PU conveyor belts are known for their robustness, versatility, and long-lasting features. They are fast becoming the preferred choice for industries that require high productivity and material handling standards.

We'll explore why PU conveyor belts are considered the best choice for your industry, covering their applications, key advantages, and why they stand out compared to other materials like PVC, rubber, or fabric belts.

What Are PU Conveyor Belts?

PU conveyor belts are made of a polymer material called polyurethane, which is widely used for applications requiring durability, strength, and flexibility. 

PU belts are engineered to handle both lightweight and heavy-duty materials, making them suitable for a variety of industrial tasks. 

They are highly resistant to wear and tear, can handle temperatures ranging from -30°C to 80°C, and offer excellent resistance to oils, greases, and chemicals.

Applications of PU Conveyor Belts

PU conveyor belts are used across a wide range of industries due to their unique properties. Here are some common applications where PU belts are the best fit:

Food Processing Industry: One of the most significant advantages of PU conveyor belts is their suitability for food processing. 

PU belts are FDA-approved for direct food contact, making them an ideal choice for the food industry, where hygiene and safety standards are strict. 

They are commonly used for conveying raw materials, packaging, and sorting food products like fruits, vegetables, baked goods, and meats.

2. Packaging Industry: In the packaging sector, PU conveyor belts help transport products through packaging lines, ensuring smooth operations. 

The belts' smooth surface ensures minimal friction, reducing the chances of product damage during transportation.

3. Logistics & Warehousing: PU belts are often used in warehouses and logistics centers to handle the transport of packages, cartons, and materials. 

Their ability to work in various temperature ranges and their durability make them suitable for high-volume environments where efficiency is key.

4. Automotive Manufacturing: PU conveyor belts are used in assembly lines to transport car parts, engines, and components. 

Their abrasion resistance ensures that delicate components are not damaged during handling.

5. Textile Industry: PU belts are used in textile manufacturing processes such as dyeing, finishing, and drying. 

The belts' resistance to wear and heat makes them perfect for handling materials that undergo high-temperature processes.

6. Pharmaceutical Industry: PU belts are also used in the pharmaceutical sector to transport medical products, medicines, and packaging materials. 

Their resistance to chemicals, oils, and other substances makes them suitable for environments where contamination must be avoided.

Advantages of PU Conveyor Belts

When comparing PU conveyor belts to traditional options like rubber or PVC belts, several standout advantages make them a preferred choice:

Durability and Longevity: PU conveyor belts are known for their superior durability. Unlike rubber belts, PU belts do not crack or become brittle over time, even under constant use.

2. Resistance to Oils and Chemicals: One of the key features of PU conveyor belts is their excellent resistance to oils, greases, and chemicals. 

In industries where products are exposed to such substances (like food processing, automotive, and chemical manufacturing), PU belts help ensure that the belts remain intact and functional, even after prolonged exposure.

3. Hygienic and Food-Safe: PU belts are non-porous and have a smooth surface, which makes them easy to clean and maintain. 

This is particularly important in the food and pharmaceutical industries, where hygiene and safety are non-negotiable. 

Many PU conveyor belts are FDA-approved, meaning they can be safely used for direct contact with food products without the risk of contamination.

4. Flexibility and Customization: PU conveyor belts can be customized to meet specific needs. They are available in various thicknesses, widths, and coatings, allowing businesses to choose the belt that best suits their operational requirements. 

Whether it's a belt with a textured surface for better grip or a specific color for easy identification, PU belts offer versatility in design.

5. Low Maintenance: Another significant advantage of PU conveyor belts is their low maintenance needs. Since they are resistant to wear and chemical degradation, PU belts require less frequent repairs or replacements compared to other types of belts.

This lowers the overall operational costs and helps industries maintain a more efficient production line.

6. Energy Efficiency: PU belts have a low coefficient of friction, which reduces the energy required for the belt to operate. This means businesses can achieve higher efficiency in their conveyor systems while consuming less power, contributing to a more sustainable operation.

7. Temperature Resistance:

PU conveyor belts are effective in a broad temperature range, typically from -30°C to 80°C, making them suitable for environments where products are exposed to fluctuating temperatures. 

Whether it’s freezing conditions in food storage or high temperatures in manufacturing, PU belts can handle it all.

8. Lightweight: PU belts are relatively lightweight compared to rubber or PVC options, making them easier to handle, install, and maintain.

Why Choose PU Conveyor Belts for Your Industry?

PU conveyor belts are an excellent choice for industries looking for a reliable, durable, and efficient solution for material handling. 

Their versatility in handling different materials, resistance to wear and tear, and ability to function in demanding environments make them the go-to option for businesses looking to enhance productivity.

Choosing the right conveyor belt is critical, as the wrong choice can lead to frequent breakdowns, increased maintenance costs, and reduced operational efficiency. 

With their unique combination of properties, PU conveyor belts are designed to optimize your production lines, lower downtime, and enhance the overall performance of your operations.

Whether you're in the food processing, automotive, pharmaceutical, or logistics industry, PU conveyor belts offer a range of benefits that can help streamline your production processes and reduce costs. 

If you’re looking for a belt that can stand the test of time and ensure smooth, continuous operations, PU conveyor belts are undoubtedly the best choice for your industry.

[webnewsify1]

Best Pregnancy-Safe Face Moisturizers Of 2023

Every woman's skin undergoes massive changes during pregnancy. Pregnancy is undoubtedly a beautiful chapter in their life but it is also a period of huge physical changes. In this period, more than 90% of women face complex and significant skin changes that have a huge impact on their lives. So, for all those lovely moms out there, we have put together a list of the best pregnancy-safe face moisturizers to help you glow and enhance the quality of your skin during pregnancy. Our list comprises of various moisturisers which are no less than a saviour. Trust us, they will keep your skin young, healthy, soft, smooth and most importantly hydrated, just like you always wanted. Below is our comprehensive list of some top-notch moisturizers safe for pregnancy. Take a look

1)CeraVe Moisturizing Cream

Buy now on Amazon Our first recommendation is the Sole CeraVe Moisturizing Cream, due to its exceptional skin-soothing properties and power-packed ingredients like ceramides and hyaluronic acid. Secondly, its MVE technology promises 24 hours of hydration and extreme nourishment to the skin. We also love this product because it restores and maintains skin's natural barrier. Without a doubt, it has managed to garner over 1 lakh ratings on Amazon and moms-to-be happily award it as the best moisturizer for pregnancy. Pros - Fragrance-free - Won’t clog pores - Non-comedogenic - Developed by dermatologists  

2)La Roche-Posay Effaclar Duo Dual Action Acne Spot Treatment Cream

  Buy Now on Amazon While researching the best face moisturizer for pregnancy, we came across this moisturizer from La Roche Posay. It's an oil-controlling and mattifying moisturizer that's earned over 12,000 ratings on Amazon. It not only hydrates your skin but also acts as a wonderful makeup base that controls shine. For added focus, it is enriched with the goodness of Salicylic Acid to unclog and refine pores. The best part – it is suitable for sensitive skin and can be used on an everyday basis. Pros - Non-comedogenic - Allergy-tested - Paraben-free - Minimizes and tightens pores - Recommended by dermatologists  

3)Vanicream Daily Facial Moisturize

  Buy now on Amazon Finding a moisturizer for pregnancy is no longer a difficult task, as we have found Vanicream's Daily Facial Moisturizer which is completely free of irritants. Our team also took a look at the reviews and comments section of this product and found that it contains Ceramides, Hyaluronic Acid and Squalene which are highly beneficial in softening and hydrating your skin during your expectation. Secondly, it is a dermatologically-tested product that does not contain any parabens, dyes or isoline. Hence, it is an ideal option to get glowing and healthy skin during pregnancy. Pros - Unscented - Affordable - Mild formula - Non-greasy texture

4)Aveeno, Facial Moisturizers Ultra-Calming Daily Moisturizer

Buy now on Amazon Aveeno brings to you the best pregnancy-safe moisturizer with broad spectrum SPF 15. It is renowned for reducing redness and calming sensitive and dry skin. After testing it, users loved its unique formula which is enriched with effective ingredients like Chamomile and Dimethicone. Secondly, this product is hypoallergenic, clinically proven, non-comedogenic and dermatologically tested for daily use. Trust us, this is a perfect product to prevent UVA and UVB rays from damaging your skin. Pros - Gentle - Lightweight - Oil-free formula - Fast absorbent  

5)EltaMD PM Therapy Facial Moisturizer

Buy now on Amazon Based on direct research by our team, EltaMD Skincare PM Therapy is a fabulous pregnancy moisturizer that has the power to restore and repair damaged skin. This fragrance-free product is made with antioxidants and niacinamide that work together to enhance skin's texture. In addition, it is a non-comedogenic skin care product that is perfect for sensitive skin. Let us also tell you that it completely reduces the chances of skin inflammation and flaky skin. Pros - Lightweight - Lotion-like formula - Restores skin’s elasticity - Can be used every day - Recommended by dermatologists Read the full article

[textilelearner]

Cost Effective of Direct Dye (Solophenyl) with Optimum Fastness Properties

Cost Effective of Direct Dye (Solophenyl) with Optimum Fastness Properties #directdye #solophenyl #solophenyldirectdye #costeffectivedirectdye #fastnessproperties #optimumfastnessproperties #directdyes #substantivedye #cottonfabricdyeing

Cost Effective of Direct Dye (Solophenyl) with Optimum Fastness Properties R.C. Gosh, R. Sohel, U. Hossen, I.H. Shimul, S. Rana, S. Karmaker, S.A. Khan Textile Engineering College, Noakhali & M.I. Kiron, Editor & Founder, Textile Learner Email: editor@textilelearner.net   ABSTRACT Solophenyl (Huntsman) direct dye is applied on 180 GSM single jersey cotton fabrics. We also use Congo red dye on…

[marchioness-caprina]

You Changed But Still the Same

Pairings : Ex! Katsuki Bakugou x Ex! Reader.

Writing Style : 3rd Person

Warning : Cussing

Word Count : 3428

3rd Person's POV

A Year ago since that fateful day where everything ended and the only thing that's left were the memories and promises from the past. Y/n and Bakugou who were High school sweethearts had quite a past together but sometimes all the good things come to an end .

That's exactly what happened, Bakugou at some point in his life had to pick between two things , y/n or his Hero Career. He picked His Hero Career even though y/nl tried to desperately persuade him that it could work out. She tried her best to persuade Katsuki that They can grow Together.

Even though it was painful, Katsuki still stuck to his choice leaving everything behind . Leaving y/n with her heart that has been shattered, Leaving her to pick up all the broken pieces herself.

He had to pick his Hero career because he knew he needed to become stronger, strong enough to Be confident that He will be able to protect her in the future. Strong enough to flaunt her to the world without worrying how many villains would be after his lover. As surprising as it may seem his reason why he picked his career over her was because of her, not because he wanted to be number one... He'll admit that, it was his former goal but after meeting her everything changed.

He actually wanted to become a better version of himself because no matter how good he is, theres still a nagging feeling at the back of his head that says he does not deserve her because she deserves so much more.

Today was a special Day because Class 1-A was holding a reunion party. And Katsuki normally turns down events like this bit this time , he was excited because he knew y/n would be there. Now he was ready, Now he was confident, Now all he needed to do was to get his Girl back.

Y/n, She was never the same after that dreadful day. She never knew why she was Never Enough for Katsuki... She doesn't know why she's not a good enough reason to be picked. She never knew why He had to leave her in the dust, Hurt and alone. And honestly no matter how hard she tried to forget him. It never worked, She was still hung up on him like before and because of that. She hated him so much.

She started overworking herself doing more hero work than necessary since it's the only thing that could keep her mind away from him.

Her smile faded and she was never the same, she moved to another city because being in the same city where there's a possibility for her and Katsuki to work together is too painful for her.

She managed to rise to the hero rankings in the city she moved in. She was well known and villains feared her. But she started distancing herself from others, always taking on solo jobs and gradually turning colder by time.

It took a lot of persuading from the girls for her to eventually agree to this little reunion and she wasn't looking forward to it.

Because he was going to be there, it was already 6 and she was late since the agreed time to meet was 5 sharp bit she got caught up fighting Villains on her way . Of course the girls were furious but after hearing her reason they were much more understanding than expected.

They were supposed to meet in a Restaurant the boys booked all for their class and of course wearing something fancy was required because according to Momo they should ' Dress for the Occasion ' .

So of course y/n did try to make an effort to dress up because She wanted to prove to everyone that she was fine without Katsuki. Because back then when they broke up, Everything fell apart and she stopped caring about everything around her.

She loves the girls because they almost Wrestled Katsuki for hurting her , and some of the Boys even attempted to fight him because Y/n was a wreck back then.

But now look at her. She's not a narcissistic bitch but she really outdid herself. She wore a red sleeveless fishtail dress that clung onto her curves like it was her own skin, the dress had little crystal details that matched her hair. Her make up was Smoky and elegant and her lips were a crimson color of red. Her hair was curled on the ends and she did end up dyeing her hair to H/c, she also had a few accessories on, like the emerald necklace, a few bracelets she randomly picked out and a small Phoenix Hair clip.

She looked gorgeous and she could tell from the way passersby looked at her when she got out of her car right infront of the restaurant.

She walked towards the receptionist who was oogling on her figure.

Clearing her throat she caught the attention of the receptionist.

" I'm here for Denki Kaminari's Party " Y/n stated and the receptionist immediately stumbled towards the door opening it for her.

" This way ma'am "

" Thank you " Y/n thanked the man who started nodding his head nervously and she made her way inside.

The whole place was noisy and she could see her old classmates chatting and drinking the night away.

The first one to notice her was Momo.

" Oh my God Y/n!? Is that you " Momo exclaimed running towards y/n and giving the girl a tight hug.

The whole room was quiet, everyone's attention was directed towards y/n. She really was a head turner. The states she was getting was a bit overwhelming but she didn't mind. Someone in the room did Though.

" Woah! You really did dress to impress Missy! Where the hell have you been? " Mina joined in and y/n didn't hesitate to hug her as well.

" You're Drop Dead Gorgeous! We didn't even recognize you... I mean... Look at You! Damn " Hagakure complimented slapping y/n's ass.

" Hey keep your hands to yourself " Y/n muttered as she shoved Hagakure playfully.

" My goodness! I can't believe my eyes, Don't tell me you don't have a boyfriend!? It's kinda impossible for you Not to if you Look that Hot " Uraraka joined their little group and soon the boys also gathered around her to Either greet and hug her or comment on how she looks.

The attention she's getting was flattering but a bit suffocating.

" Ok, enough about me. How are you guys? " Y/n tried changing the subject but none of them were up for it.

" Well Duh, we all work in the same city and some of us gets paired up from Time to Time so there's nothing new about us that we didn't Know. You on the other hand moved to another fucking City and we barely have any contact with you so don't change the subject " Jiro stated and everyone seemed to fire their questions towards me one by one.

" So how are you? Are things good over there? I heard you ranked 2 in your city"

" Yeah everything is alright , things are pretty stressful though "

" You're pretty popular there! I see you on the news all the time "

" Er... Well... I can't even get some alone time without people trying to shove themselves to me "

As y/n was bombarded with questions a certain blonde male kept his gaze glued to her figure, she was gorgeous that's for sure and he could barely keep his eyes off her figure but that doesn't mean everyone else had to do that.

Even if they aren't together anymore. She is still considered to be his property and it's pissing him off that she didn't even try to acknowledge his existence. It was spissing him so much that she gave everyone a hug and not him. Why is she so happy talking to other men when he's right here waiting for her to finally look at him.

It's fucking irritating . She was beautiful... Too beautiful that he feels like someone else would take her if he even dares to look away.

It was painful to see how much she had grown without him. He's starting to regret his decision. Damn it. He knew he missed her but fuck. He didn't know he missed her to the point where it's actually painful to see her here but ignore him like he's nothing.

His mood was foul and everyone noticed, sure they were pissed that Bakugou Had the face to hurt y/n but they saw how hurt he was too, and one time during a small get together Bakugou started screaming her name and yelling why he left while sobbing angrily like a sick lunatic. And they finally understood why he made such a rash decision. It was because of his insecurities and nobody thought that this Haughty Hero was actually insecure about something.

And everyone felt bad for him because after y/n left he was a reckless Asshole who kept getting himself hurt over and over again as if he's pushing himself to the brink of death on purpose. Everyone knew he regretted his past actions and that's exactly why they were gonna help these two love sick puppies out.

" Hey! Let's play Seven Minutes in Heaven! " Denki suggested and everyone got the message.

" Really? Denki why would we play that here?" Y/n laughed but to her surprise everyone was in on it too.

" Yeah sounds fun! "

" I'll get the bottle! "

" Who's going first? "

____________________

Everyone was seated on the floor forming a circle.

" Ok I'll spin the bottle and if the bottle lands on you, you have to go in the closet with the person the end of the bottle is pointing towards. Simple as that " Kirishima explained and he started spinning the bottle.

" Hey y/n have you heard about the latest trend lately? " Momo asked y/n who's eyes we're torn away from the bottle and her attention was snapped towards Momo.

Sero moved fast and immediately pointed the bottle at y/n and Bakugou.

Bakugou saw the whole thing and he stared at his friends in disbelief.

" Kaachan.... I think you deserve a second chance " Izuku muttered and everyone gave Bakugou a thumbs up or a supporting look.

Bakugou was touched as he stared at everyone with thankful eyes but he was a prideful asshole so he turned his head away muttering.

" I don't need your help shitty extras " His comment made everyone chuckle.

" You better not ruin this Bakugou or else I'll poke your eyes out " Jiro threatened before she turned to y/n

" Y/n! You're going in the Closet with Bakugou! "

Y/n froze at the mention of Bakugou's name her eyes trailing down to ten bottle that was pointing at her and Katsuki.

" What? No" Y/n grumbled her tone filled with venom. Bakugou noticed her tone and it almost made him flinch.

" It's only seven minutes y/n...dont tell me you still love him that's why you refuse to do so " Denki stated slyly earning a menacing glare from the girl that made him shiver.

" I'll fucking do it and you better watch me you Prick " Y/n stood up from her place stomping her way towards the closet, opening it as she pointed inside her gaze landing on Bakugou.

" Get in so we could get this over with " She hissed before stomping inside Bakugou who was a bit astonished by how fierce she had become. But nonetheless he followed her inside the closet closing it as he stepped inside.

It was quiet, far too quiet but he was determined to change that.

" Y/n...I-"

" Shut up" Y/n cut him off sharply and he can't believe he was this sensitive when it came to her because damn it hurt when she said it like that.

" I'm sorry... I know it's not gonna fucking Cut all the shit I put you-"

" You fucking bastard I said shut up " Y/n growled but Bakugou continued.

" I was the biggest idiot in the world --"

" Bakugou. Fuck off. "

" Please just lis--"

" Did you listen to me?! Did you listen to me when I begged you to not end things between us? Did you know how much pain I felt losing you? Because you didn't have the fucking balls to choose me? Do you know how worthless I felt? I felt like I wasn't a good enough reason for you to choose me. I felt like I wasn't enough, because you never looked back on your decision and just kept going leaving me behind ... To pick myself up and pretend like nothing happened. Stop this Bullshit Katsuki, Let's just pretend like we're strangers causing its better that way---" Y/n was cut off with Katsuki's harsh tone.

" Don't you dare Fucking Go there woman! I'm a poor excuse of a boyfriend I know! And I regret the day I made the decision in leaving you because everyday is like walking in an eternity of hell without you.. I missed you so damn much... I missed your laugh... Your smug smile... Everything... I missed you! You wanna know why I ended things? It was because I felt weak, I felt like you deserve better so don't you dare say that you're not enough! Because you're more than enough! I was scared that villains may come after me and they'll take you because I wasn't strong enough! That's why I dedicated my time in trying to be better because the day I'll be ready is the day I'll claim you back . Today is the day.... And you have no idea how painful every passing day is for me without you.... And you turned me into this pathetic shitty love struck idiot who becomes soft and mushy when you're around!... I'm pouring out my feelings here because this may be the last! And I'm not good at this shit you dumbass! You knew that from the start but... I'm begging you Please... Give me another chance Because I Fucking Love you" Bakugou's voice broke at the end of his sentence and y/n was conflicted.

Was this why he left? It still doesn't count for what he did! He hurt her yet why does she feel so happy to hear him say that? Why is her heart beating so fast when he said those three words she never knew she craved. Why is her mind and heart urging her to give him another chance? Simple she knew the answer and it was because she never stopped loving him at all. Even though she hated him, she still loved him the same.

The room was filled with silence and y/n couldn't mutter another word. She wanted to say Yes. But her pride was getting in the way.

Bakugou was losing his patience, growling in frustration he lunged himself at her pinning her to the wall with both of her hands pinned above her head by Katsuki's hand.

" Screw it Bitch, I miss you too much to Just Let this shit slide. If you Kiss back you're Fucking Mine Again you Hear me!? " Bakugou yelled and he didn't give y/n any time to protest because his lips were already on hers.

Kissing her lips with Vigor and Neediness. It almost seemed desperate , he continued Kissing the girl with everything he had, devouring her lips with his and it didn't take long for y/n's pride to hold out because but broke the second Katsuki's Lips touched hers.

She kissed back with the same intensity. Katsuki let go of her hands and her hands immediately flew up to his neck pulling him closer as her fingers ran through his hair, she dug her fingers through his hair tugging on it desperately . Katsuki's hands were roaming her body in any way they could until finally stopping on her waist.

Fuck he missed her so much, he missed her so Fucking much and right now. He's gonna savor every moment of this. He missed these lips and how she kissed him.

If Oxygen wasn't much of a problem then neither of them would have pulled back.

Panting and breathless Katsuki pressed his forehead along hers a deep chuckle vibrating from his chest.

" So.... Was that a Yes? " Y/n could her the smugness of his voice making her growl at him.

" I Fucking kissed you back didn't I? " She snapped rolling her eyes.

" Well... I didn't quite feel it... Oh well, Looks like we're gonna have to do it again " Katsuki smirked and he was about to dive in for another round but Kaminari had slammed the door open making the two flinch.

" Times up---oh" Kaminari grinned as Katsuki and Y/n glared daggers at him.

" You shitty Pikachu! Can't you see we're busy here!? " Katsuki roared as he tried grabbing Denki who immediately ran away form the door.

With a sigh y/n dragged Katsuki out of the closet and everyone was looking at them with playful eyes, some even giving Katsuki a suggestive wink.

Y/n's eyes trailed up to Katsuki's face and she paled almost immediately seeing the red lipstick smudge on his lips.

" Katsuki you Fucking asshole! You smudged my lipstick! " Y/n barked smacking Katsuki's head and Katsuki was fats to react.

" Haah!? I didn't hear you complaining when I was sucking your lips woman! " Katsuki barked back.

" How the fuck was I supposed to complain when you were practically shoving your lips towards mine!? " Y/n said in defense as she raised her hand about to smack Katsuki's head again but he caught her hand .

Katsuki bent down and slung y/n over his shoulder carrying the angry girl.

" Shut up woman, I'll buy you a whole mall of lipstick if it makes you feel any better, and you extras!... Well... I'm only gonna say this once... T-Thank you " Katsuki muttered and everyone cheered and teased the blonde boy who was now cussing everyone for laughing at him.

" Put me down! " Y/n yelled pinching Katsuki's back but it had no effect because the boy didn't even flinch.

" We're heading out early! " Katsuki yelled but the entrance was blocked by the girls.

" Umm, No! We were the ones who put in a lot of effort in bringing her here Bakugou! You can't just take her away! And everyone missed her you asshole! " Jiro growled and Katsuki was immediately pissed off.

" She's Mine! Of course I can take her away! " Katsuki barked glaring daggers at the girls.

" Well looks like we're gonna have to fight in order to see who's keeping her then " Momo stated as she pulled out a staff from her arm.

Y/n was snatched away from Katsuki's shoulder by none other than Izuku who had a smirk on his face.

" Sorry Kaachan but we wanna hang out with her too" Izuku smiled and it only angered the blonde even more.

" You Fucking Extras! Give her back! "

" Why don't you guys just calm down and let me Go Home! " Y/n yelled throwing her arms up helplessly.

" No! " Everyone responded almost immediately.

" I believe we can't do that y/n because Tonight you're the prize for whoever gets to take you out of the door first! " Kids yelled and everyone was excited except for y/n who knew this wasn't gonna end well and she knows for a fact that this restaurant will become nothing but a pile of debris and rocks once everything is over.

" Oh it's on! " Uraraka jumped in excitement.

" I'll Fucking kill all of you Extras and Take back what's mine! " Katsuki yelled angrily sparks coming out of his hands.

And Y/n was right, by the end of the day the whole restaurant was destroyed, everyone was injured the moment yeh fight ensued and nobody won because y/n stepped out of the restaurant herself.

[navpadpigments]

Pigment Violet 23

An extremely important color pigment in the dyeing industry, Pigment Violet 23 is chemically known as Dioxazine Violet.

Pigment Violet 23 is an organic compound that is commonly used as a commercial pigment in the coating industry. It is a member of the dioxazine family of heterocyclic pigments. However, it is derived from carbazoles.

Going into the slightly technical end of explanations; Pigment Violet 23 is prepared by condensation of chloranil and 3 amino-N-ethylcarbazole

​It has a centrosymmetric angular structure as shown below.

Diving a little deep into the history of Pigment Violet 23, we will have a better understanding of it’s early years of coming into use.

Commonly known as PV23 in the industry, Pigment Violet 23 has been around for more than 65 years now. It’s origin dates back to 1928, when a patent was filed for the pigment. Researchers at the Hoechst company in Germany undertook a multistage synthesis based on an ingredient of coal-tar and chloranile known as carbazole.

Initially during World War 2, the production of Diamine Light Blue, a direct dyestuff for cotton, was the sole use of the pigment. Cotton being the cheapest to manufacture back then was an essential commodity. To be able to add a color to textiles became a sort of adaptation overtime to advancements in technology after the War.

Soon enough, came the invention of reactive dyes. To sum it up, reactive dyes considerably simplified the dyeing and printing process for cellulose fibers. This led to Pigment Violet 23’s application to lose its main importance. This loss of importance was short-lived as a new and promising application for Pigment Violet was found, owing to its ability to produce unique colors.

As mentioned earlier, Pigment Violet 23 belongs to a group of High Performance Pigments. The main use of HPP comes to life whenever the requirements for a colorant are particularly High. These requirements mentioned include high light fastness and weather fastness, fastness to solvents and Stability under heat.

To add to its uses, Pigment Violet 23 stands out by its high coloring powder. Even though the pigment Violet 23 particles appear minuscule under an electron microscope, the crude violet shows a highly granular crystalline form.

Pigment Violet 23 stands out in the market as one of the most consumed due to the features that come along with it:• Brilliant Violet Shade- The pigment market is concentrated with multiple shades of all available colors. Multiple experiments are being done on the daily to come up with new, exciting colors. Regardless of all the innovation being done, Pigment Violet 23 has held its place in the market due to the unique shade of Violet that it possesses.

• Free from Impurity-  The property of a pigment color to be able to remain free from impurities is obviously one that every manufacturer prefers. Pigment Violet 23 stands as one of those in the market to be able to remain free from impurities and maintain its quality.

• High Tinting Strength with TiO2- To simplify it, the tinting strength of a color determines the time upto which it can conserve its color by mixing into white. Ti02, commonly known as Titanium Dioxide is the most important coating pigment used in the painting industry, imparting whiteness, brightness and opacity to pigments when it is incorporated into a coating. In our case, a coating with Pigment Violet 23.

• High Gloss and Colour Value- Pigment Violet 23’s high gloss and color value are due to its excellent properties which bring out the external quality.

• Compatible with Any Medium- High pigment solubility and miscibility owes to Pigment Violet 23 being able to mix with multiple media to form the desired results.

Typically, the biggest manufacturers of Pigment Violet 23 follow a five- step process for synthesis and finishing of pigments. This is done by modern production methods and the highest standards of technology in order to reap the best results. Constantly analysing the material flow ensures optimised processes.

Applications of Pigment Violet 23 are well set in today’s market. ​ These include:

• Solvent base Inks

• Water base Inks

• Plastics

• Textile Printing

• Paint

• Powder Coatings

• Automotive Coatings

• Industrial Coatings

• Decorative Paints

The Main markets for

Pigment Violet 23

include the likes of Africa, Asia, Central America, Eastern Europe, South America, Western Europe, North America, Australia and Middle East. Some key Indian manufacturers such as Navpad Pigments, have been a trusted manufacturer of Pigment Violet 23 with a recurring customer base. The company exports to over 40 countries, and itself is a testimony of its standards of manufacturing and why you should trust the best.