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An implantable device could enable injection-free control of diabetes
The device contains encapsulated cells that produce insulin, plus a tiny oxygen-producing factory that keeps the cells healthy.
Anne Trafton | MIT News
One promising approach to treating Type 1 diabetes is implanting pancreatic islet cells that can produce insulin when needed, which can free patients from giving themselves frequent insulin injections. However, one major obstacle to this approach is that once the cells are implanted, they eventually run out of oxygen and stop producing insulin.
To overcome that hurdle, MIT engineers have designed a new implantable device that not only carries hundreds of thousands of insulin-producing islet cells, but also has its own on-board oxygen factory, which generates oxygen by splitting water vapor found in the body.
The researchers showed that when implanted into diabetic mice, this device could keep the mice’s blood glucose levels stable for at least a month. The researchers now hope to create a larger version of the device, about the size of a stick of chewing gum, that could eventually be tested in people with Type 1 diabetes.
“You can think of this as a living medical device that is made from human cells that secrete insulin, along with an electronic life support-system. We’re excited by the progress so far, and we really are optimistic that this technology could end up helping patients,” says Daniel Anderson, a professor in MIT’s Department of Chemical Engineering, a member of MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), and the senior author of the study.
While the researchers’ main focus is on diabetes treatment, they say that this kind of device could also be adapted to treat other diseases that require repeated delivery of therapeutic proteins.
MIT Research Scientist Siddharth Krishnan is the lead author of the paper, which appears today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The research team also includes several other researchers from MIT, including Robert Langer, the David H. Koch Institute Professor at MIT and a member of the Koch Institute, as well as researchers from Boston Children’s Hospital.
Replacing injections
Most patients with Type 1 diabetes have to monitor their blood glucose levels carefully and inject themselves with insulin at least once a day. However, this process doesn’t replicate the body’s natural ability to control blood glucose levels.
“The vast majority of diabetics that are insulin-dependent are injecting themselves with insulin, and doing their very best, but they do not have healthy blood sugar levels,” Anderson says. “If you look at their blood sugar levels, even for people that are very dedicated to being careful, they just can’t match what a living pancreas can do.”
A better alternative would be to transplant cells that produce insulin whenever they detect surges in the patient’s blood glucose levels. Some diabetes patients have received transplanted islet cells from human cadavers, which can achieve long-term control of diabetes; however, these patients have to take immunosuppressive drugs to prevent their body from rejecting the implanted cells.
More recently, researchers have shown similar success with islet cells derived from stem cells, but patients who receive those cells also need to take immunosuppressive drugs.
Another possibility, which could prevent the need for immunosuppressive drugs, is to encapsulate the transplanted cells within a flexible device that protects the cells from the immune system. However, finding a reliable oxygen supply for these encapsulated cells has proven challenging.
Some experimental devices, including one that has been tested in clinical trials, feature an oxygen chamber that can supply the cells, but this chamber needs to be reloaded periodically. Other researchers have developed implants that include chemical reagents that can generate oxygen, but these also run out eventually.
The MIT team took a different approach that could potentially generate oxygen indefinitely, by splitting water. This is done using a proton-exchange membrane — a technology originally deployed to generate hydrogen in fuel cells — located within the device. This membrane can split water vapor (found abundantly in the body) into hydrogen, which diffuses harmlessly away, and oxygen, which goes into a storage chamber that feeds the islet cells through a thin, oxygen-permeable membrane.
A significant advantage of this approach is that it does not require any wires or batteries. Splitting this water vapor requires a small voltage (about 2 volts), which is generated using a phenomenon known as resonant inductive coupling. A tuned magnetic coil located outside the body transmits power to a small, flexible antenna within the device, allowing for wireless power transfer. It does require an external coil, which the researchers anticipate could be worn as a patch on the patient’s skin.
Drugs on demand
After building their device, which is about the size of a U.S. quarter, the researchers tested it in diabetic mice. One group of mice received the device with the oxygen-generating, water-splitting membrane, while the other received a device that contained islet cells without any supplemental oxygen. The devices were implanted just under the skin, in mice with fully functional immune systems.
The researchers found that mice implanted with the oxygen-generating device were able to maintain normal blood glucose levels, comparable to healthy animals. However, mice that received the nonoxygenated device became hyperglycemic (with elevated blood sugar) within about two weeks.
Typically when any kind of medical device is implanted in the body, attack by the immune system leads to a buildup of scar tissue called fibrosis, which can reduce the devices’ effectiveness. This kind of scar tissue did form around the implants used in this study, but the device’s success in controlling blood glucose levels suggests that insulin was still able to diffuse out of the device, and glucose into it.
This approach could also be used to deliver cells that produce other types of therapeutic proteins that need to be given over long periods of time. In this study, the researchers showed that the device could also keep alive cells that produce erythropoietin, a protein that stimulates red blood cell production.
“We’re optimistic that it will be possible to make living medical devices that can reside in the body and produce drugs as needed,” Anderson says. “There are a variety of diseases where patients need to take proteins exogenously, sometimes very frequently. If we can replace the need for infusions every other week with a single implant that can act for a long time, I think that could really help a lot of patients.”
The researchers now plan to adapt the device for testing in larger animals and eventually humans. For human use, they hope to develop an implant that would be about the size of a stick of chewing gum. They also plan to test whether the device can remain in the body for longer periods of time.
“The materials we’ve used are inherently stable and long-lived, so I think that kind of long-term operation is within the realm of possibility, and that’s what we’re working on,” Krishnan says.
“We are very excited about these findings, which we believe could provide a whole new way of someday treating diabetes and possibly other diseases,” Langer adds.
The research was funded by JDRF, the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering at the National Institutes of Health.
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Digital Displacement Sensor Market: Investment Analysis and Strategic Outlook 2025–2032
Digital Displacement Sensor Market, Trends, Business Strategies 2025-2032
Digital Displacement Sensor Market was valued at 2029 million in 2024 and is projected to reach US$ 3656 million by 2032, at a CAGR of 9.0% during the forecast period.
Our comprehensive Market report is ready with the latest trends, growth opportunities, and strategic analysis https://semiconductorinsight.com/download-sample-report/?product_id=103474
MARKET INSIGHTS
The global Digital Displacement Sensor Market was valued at 2029 million in 2024 and is projected to reach US$ 3656 million by 2032, at a CAGR of 9.0% during the forecast period.
Digital displacement sensors are precision measurement devices that convert physical movement into electrical signals for position monitoring and control applications. These sensors utilize various technologies including optical, inductive, capacitive and magnetic principles to measure linear or angular displacement with high accuracy. The market offers both contact and non-contact variants, with the latter gaining popularity due to wear-free operation and longer lifespan.
Key growth drivers include accelerating industrial automation and the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies across manufacturing sectors. While automotive and aerospace remain dominant application areas, emerging opportunities in medical devices and semiconductor manufacturing are creating new revenue streams. Recent technological advancements have enabled miniaturization and improved measurement resolutions below 1 micrometer, further expanding potential applications.
List of Key Digital Displacement Sensor Companies Profiled
Panasonic Corporation (Japan)
Polytec GmbH (Germany)
Messotron GmbH & Co. KG (Germany)
Balluff GmbH (Germany)
Schreiber Meßtechnik GmbH (Germany)
INELTA Sensorsysteme GmbH (Germany)
VIBRO-METER GmbH (Germany)
bach-messtechnik gmbh (Germany)
Rösler u. Cie. Instruments GmbH (Germany)
WayCon Positionsmesstechnik GmbH (Germany)
a.b.jödden GmbH (Germany)
BMC Blume Marketing Concepts GmbH (Germany)
Cunz GmbH & Co. KG (Germany)
Fraunhofer-Institut IMS (Germany)
HMT, Hochrein Measuring Technology (Germany)
Magnet-Schultz GmbH & Co. KG (Germany)
Gefran Suisse SA (Switzerland)
Segment Analysis:
By Type
Non-Contact Sensors Lead the Market Due to Their High Precision and Flexibility in Industrial Automation
The market is segmented based on type into:
Contact Sensors
Subtypes: Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT), Potentiometric Sensors, and others
Non-Contact Sensors
Subtypes: Optical, Capacitive, Inductive, Magnetic, and others
By Application
Automotive Industry Segment Holds Significant Share Owing to Increased Demand for Quality Control and Vehicle Safety
The market is segmented based on application into:
Mechanical Engineering
Automotive Industry
Aerospace
Medical Technology
Others
By Technology
Optical Sensors Gain Traction for High-Accuracy Measurements in Precision Manufacturing
The market is segmented based on technology into:
Optical
Capacitive
Inductive
Magnetic
Others
By End-User
Industrial Manufacturing Dominates Due to High Automation Adoption
The market is segmented based on end-user into:
Industrial Manufacturing
Electronics
Energy & Power
Healthcare
Others
Regional Analysis: Digital Displacement Sensor Market
North America The North American digital displacement sensor market is driven by advanced manufacturing automation and increasing adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. The U.S. leads in demand, supported by robust aerospace, automotive, and medical technology sectors, which rely heavily on precision measurement. Government investments in smart manufacturing initiatives, such as $2.3 billion allocated to AI and automation in the CHIPS and Science Act, further stimulate market growth. However, high product costs and stringent compliance standards (e.g., FDA for medical devices) create barriers for entry-level manufacturers. Companies like Balluff GmbH and Panasonic maintain strong footholds here through high-accuracy, IoT-integrated sensors tailored for industrial applications.
Europe Europe’s market thrives on strict regulatory frameworks (e.g., EU Machinery Directive) mandating safety and precision in industrial equipment. Germany and France dominate, spurred by automotive OEMs and a strong robotics sector. The shift toward miniaturized, energy-efficient sensors aligns with the region’s sustainability goals, such as the European Green Deal. However, fragmented supply chains and reliance on imported raw materials pose challenges. Innovations like Polytec GmbH’s non-contact laser sensors cater to high-demand verticals like aerospace and renewable energy, where sub-micron accuracy is critical.
Asia-Pacific With a CAGR exceeding 10%, Asia-Pacific is the fastest-growing market, led by China’s manufacturing boom and Japan’s leadership in robotics. Cost-effective production hubs (e.g., India, Vietnam) drive demand for mid-range sensors, while China’s “Made in China 2025” initiative accelerates adoption in automotive and electronics assembly lines. Despite this, price sensitivity limits the uptake of premium sensors, favoring domestic players like Panasonic Asia. Emerging applications in EV battery manufacturing and semiconductor inspection present untapped opportunities, though intellectual property concerns persist.
South America Market growth in South America is moderate, constrained by economic instability and underdeveloped industrial automation. Brazil’s agricultural machinery and oil & gas sectors offer niche demand, particularly for ruggedized sensors capable of withstanding harsh environments. Local manufacturers face competition from imported European and Asian products, but trade protections in Argentina and Colombia foster regional production. The lack of standardized IoT infrastructure slows digitalization efforts, though partnerships with global firms (e.g., Gefran Suisse SA) aim to bridge this gap.
Middle East & Africa This region shows nascent but promising growth, with the UAE and Saudi Arabia investing in smart cities and industrial diversification under Vision 2030. Oilfield automation drives demand for explosion-proof sensors, while medical device imports create opportunities in healthcare. Challenges include limited technical expertise and high dependence on foreign suppliers. Turkish manufacturers like WayCon Positionsmesstechnik are expanding footprints through customized solutions for construction and energy projects, yet financing constraints delay large-scale adoption.
MARKET DYNAMICS
As digital displacement sensors become increasingly connected through Industrial IoT networks, they face growing cybersecurity vulnerabilities. A recent analysis of manufacturing facilities revealed that 23% of operational technology breaches originated from networked sensors, with displacement measurement systems being particularly vulnerable due to their direct linkage to critical control systems. These security concerns have led 38% of plant managers to delay digital sensor deployments until more robust security frameworks are established. The challenge is compounded by the 9-12 month lifecycle for security patches in industrial environments, leaving systems exposed to new threats.
The renewable energy sector presents substantial growth potential, with wind turbine applications alone expected to account for $287 million in digital displacement sensor sales by 2027. These sensors are critical for monitoring blade pitch, tower deflection, and drivetrain alignment in wind turbines, where measurements must maintain accuracy despite vibration and harsh weather conditions. Similarly, solar tracking systems incorporating digital sensors have shown 8-12% improvement in energy capture efficiency. With global wind and solar capacity projected to double by 2030, the demand for ruggedized displacement measurement solutions will grow proportionally.
Recent breakthroughs in MEMS-based displacement sensors are opening doors for portable and wearable applications previously considered impractical. Medical device manufacturers have successfully integrated millimeter-scale digital sensors into surgical robotics and rehabilitation equipment, creating a $156 million niche market expected to grow at 14.5% annually. In consumer electronics, prototype smartphones featuring internal displacement sensors for structural health monitoring have demonstrated the potential to reduce warranty claims by up to 17%. These innovations suggest significant untapped potential in sectors where size constraints previously limited sensor adoption.
The market is highly fragmented, with a mix of global and regional players competing for market share. To Learn More About the Global Trends Impacting the Future of Top 10 Companies https://semiconductorinsight.com/download-sample-report/?product_id=103474
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:
What is the current market size of Global Digital Displacement Sensor Market?
Which key companies operate in Global Digital Displacement Sensor Market?
What are the key growth drivers?
Which region dominates the market?
What are the emerging trends?
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Education in varanasi
Varanasi, often referred to as the cultural capital of India, holds a significant place in the realm of education as well. Let's delve into why education in Varanasi is notable:
Rich Cultural and Historical Background
Varanasi, situated on the banks of the sacred river Ganges, has been a center of learning for centuries. The city is steeped in history, with its ancient universities and traditional Gurukuls (educational institutions) attracting scholars and students from all over the world.
Educational Institutions
Banaras Hindu University (BHU):
Founded in 1916 by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, BHU is one of the largest residential universities in Asia.
It offers a wide range of courses in various disciplines such as arts, sciences, engineering, medicine, and management.
BHU is known for its emphasis on research and has produced many distinguished alumni who have made significant contributions in their respective fields.
Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), BHU:
Renowned for its medical education and research facilities, IMS BHU is a leading institution in the field of healthcare.
Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith (MGKV):
Founded by Mahatma Gandhi during the freedom struggle, MGKV focuses on promoting Gandhian ideals and values through education.
It offers courses in arts, commerce, sciences, and vocational studies.
Traditional and Modern Blend
Varanasi not only preserves its ancient educational traditions but also embraces modern educational methods and technologies. Institutions like BHU and MGKV blend traditional knowledge with contemporary academic practices, providing students with a holistic educational experience.
Cultural Influence on Education
The cultural milieu of Varanasi fosters an environment conducive to learning and intellectual growth. The city's vibrant cultural heritage, including music, dance, art, and religious practices, adds a unique dimension to the educational experience.
Challenges and Opportunities
While Varanasi boasts of rich educational heritage, challenges such as infrastructure development, quality of education delivery, and inclusivity remain. Efforts are underway to address these issues and further enhance Varanasi's status as a hub of education and learning.
Conclusion
Education in Varanasi is not just about acquiring academic knowledge; it's about immersing oneself in a cultural and spiritual journey. The city continues to attract students and scholars seeking to explore its rich tapestry of knowledge and tradition. As Varanasi evolves, its educational institutions strive to uphold its legacy while embracing the future of learning.
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MIT engineers design a robotic replica of the heart’s right chamber
MIT engineers design a robotic replica of the heart’s right chamber. The realistic model could aid the development of better heart implants and shed light on understudied heart disorders. Robotic Replica - A ballet of beats A heart’s shelf-life December 08, 2023 - MIT engineers have created a robotic replica of the right ventricle of the heart that mimics the beating and blood-pumping action of a living heart. The robo-ventricle is made up of real heart tissue and synthetic, balloon-like artificial muscles that allow scientists to control the ventricle's contractions while also observing how its natural valves and other intricate structures work. The artificial ventricle can be programmed to simulate both healthy and diseased states. The researchers manipulated the model to simulate right ventricular dysfunction conditions such as pulmonary hypertension and myocardial infarction. The model was also used to test cardiac devices. For example, the researchers implanted a mechanical valve to repair a naturally malfunctioning valve, then observed how the ventricle's pumping changed as a result. They claim that the new robotic right ventricle, or RRV, can be used as a realistic platform for studying right ventricle disorders and testing devices and therapies to treat them. “The right ventricle is particularly susceptible to dysfunction in intensive care unit settings, especially in patients on mechanical ventilation,” says Manisha Singh, a postdoc at MIT’s Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES). “The RRV simulator can be used in the future to study the effects of mechanical ventilation on the right ventricle and to develop strategies to prevent right heart failure in these vulnerable patients.” Singh and her colleagues report details of the new design in an open-access paper appearing today in Nature Cardiovascular Research. Her co-authors include Associate Professor Ellen Roche, who is a core member of IMES and the associate head for research in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at MIT; along with Jean Bonnemain, Caglar Ozturk, Clara Park, Diego Quevedo-Moreno, Meagan Rowlett, and Yiling Fan of MIT; Brian Ayers of Massachusetts General Hospital; Christopher Nguyen of Cleveland Clinic; and Mossab Saeed of Boston Children’s Hospital.
Robotic Replica - A ballet of beats
The right ventricle is one of the heart’s four chambers, along with the left ventricle and the left and right atria. Of the four chambers, the left ventricle is the heavy lifter, as its thick, cone-shaped musculature is built for pumping blood through the entire body. The right ventricle, Roche says, is a “ballerina” in comparison, as it handles a lighter though no-less-crucial load. “The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, so it doesn’t have to pump as hard,” Roche notes. “It’s a thinner muscle, with more complex architecture and motion.” This anatomical complexity has made it difficult for clinicians to accurately observe and assess right ventricle function in patients with heart disease. “Conventional tools often fail to capture the intricate mechanics and dynamics of the right ventricle, leading to potential misdiagnoses and inadequate treatment strategies,” Singh says To improve understanding of the lesser-known chamber and speed the development of cardiac devices to treat its dysfunction, the team designed a realistic, functional model of the right ventricle that both captures its anatomical intricacies and reproduces its pumping function. The model includes real heart tissue, which the team chose to incorporate because it retains natural structures that are too complex to reproduce synthetically. “There are thin, tiny chordae and valve leaflets with different material properties that are all moving in concert with the ventricle’s muscle. Trying to cast or print these very delicate structures is quite challenging,” Roche explains
A heart’s shelf-life
In the new study, the team reports explanting a pig’s right ventricle, which they treated to carefully preserve its internal structures. They then fit a silicone wrapping around it, which acted as a soft, synthetic myocardium, or muscular lining. Within this lining, the team embedded several long, balloon-like tubes, which encircled the real heart tissue, in positions that the team determined through computational modeling to be optimal for reproducing the ventricle’s contractions. The researchers connected each tube to a control system, which they then set to inflate and deflate each tube at rates that mimicked the heart’s real rhythm and motion. To test its pumping ability, the team infused the model with a liquid similar in viscosity to blood. This particular liquid was also transparent, allowing the engineers to observe with an internal camera how internal valves and structures responded as the ventricle pumped liquid through. They found that the artificial ventricle’s pumping power and the function of its internal structures were similar to what they previously observed in live, healthy animals, demonstrating that the model can realistically simulate the right ventricle’s action and anatomy. The researchers could also tune the frequency and power of the pumping tubes to mimic various cardiac conditions, such as irregular heartbeats, muscle weakening, and hypertension. “We’re reanimating the heart, in some sense, and in a way that we can study and potentially treat its dysfunction,” Roche says To show that the artificial ventricle can be used to test cardiac devices, the team surgically implanted ring-like medical devices of various sizes to repair the chamber’s tricuspid valve — a leafy, one-way valve that lets blood into the right ventricle. When this valve is leaky, or physically compromised, it can cause right heart failure or atrial fibrillation, and leads to symptoms such as reduced exercise capacity, swelling of the legs and abdomen, and liver enlargement. The researchers surgically manipulated the robo-ventricle’s valve to simulate this condition, then either replaced it by implanting a mechanical valve or repaired it using ring-like devices of different sizes. They observed which device improved the ventricle’s fluid flow as it continued to pump. “With its ability to accurately replicate tricuspid valve dysfunction, the RRV serves as an ideal training ground for surgeons and interventional cardiologists,” Singh says. “They can practice new surgical techniques for repairing or replacing the tricuspid valve on our model before performing them on actual patients.” Currently, the RRV can simulate realistic function over a few months. The team is working to extend that performance and enable the model to run continuously for longer stretches. They are also working with designers of implantable devices to test their prototypes on the artificial ventricle and possibly speed their path to patients. And looking far in the future, Roche plans to pair the RRV with a similar artificial, functional model of the left ventricle, which the group is currently fine-tuning. “We envision pairing this with the left ventricle to make a fully tunable, artificial heart, that could potentially function in people,” Roche says. “We’re quite a while off, but that’s the overarching vision.” This research was supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation. Source: MIT Read the full article
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Collin Stultz named co-director and MIT lead of the Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology | MIT News
Collin Stultz named co-director and MIT lead of the Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology | MIT News
Collin M. Stultz, the Nina T. and Robert H. Rubin Professor in Medical Engineering and Science at MIT, has been named co-director of the Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology (HST), and associate director of MIT’s Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), effective June 1. IMES is HST’s home at MIT. Stultz is a professor of electrical engineering and computer science…
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#Collin Stultz#Emery N. Brown#Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology (HST)#MIT Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES)#MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics
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Hi, My name is Reiner Ethaniel A. Bautista, im 15 years old from Tuguegarao City Cagayan, i live in Ugac Norte Reyes St, im grade 11 STEM student in St.Paul University Philippines
1.Where do i see myself in ten years from now?Was my learning in SPUP vital to where im leading to?
To see myself ten years from now scares me a little knowing that in one short decade, I will be adulting and expecting major responsibilities for myself and for my family as well. One thing I am certain of it is that if God gives me the opportunity to be able to reached that certain age‚ I will make the most of it and put all of my effort to become a successful and responsible individual.
2.Was STEM the best choice after all?
Being enrolled in the Senior High in this beloved institution, the Saint Paul University Philippines, especially choosing the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) strand will help me be equipped with the skills necessary for pursuing my dream of becoming a Medical Technologist. For me, choosing this senior high track is one of the most important decisions I had made as it set the course of my life for many years to come. I felt lucky to have found the strand that I am really comfortable with. Choosing a career is difficult in itself, but Senior High School here in Saint Paul University Philippines prepares everyone to make crucial decisions that will impact one’s future. I believe that STEM strand remains elusive considering that it is the most effective way to enhance learning and inspire careers related to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Since, I wanted to purse Medical Technology for my college degree, I believe that STEM strand will help me realized this vision. Through these I know I will be able to explore, gain knowledge in sciences, and achieve my goal as a health worker in the future. The career of a Medical Technologist is tough because other people depend on you to help them. I always wanted to become Medical Technologist for as long as I can remember. My entire life, I have always been fascinated in science and how it has been changing the world today. Finding new ways to cure diseases and being able to help save someone’s life would be great. I would love to be a part of a big change in the recovery in someone else’s life. I would someday like to be involved in something that will change the way humanity lives and to help find the cure for diseases. This is something I have always wanted to do in my life, the opportunities that exist in this field can lead to something worth fulfilling. With proper education here in Saint Paul University Philippines and learnings in the STEM Strand, I know I can achieve this career.
3.What course will you take in college and why?
Indeed, everyone wants to be something when they grow up. Not everyone gets the chance to be what they want to be. Not everyone is provided with an opportunity. I am lucky that I was given one and now I have to do my part by taking advantage of it. Hence, over the next few years, I will do my very best to achieve my dream of becoming a Medical Technologist. This is what I love doing. This is what I am passionate with. With proper education and support from my family and friends I hope and pray that someday this will be realized.
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i didn't know you were doing that ask game omg, do any 3 of your choosing that you havent answered yet but you want to! (mainly because im too lazy to pull up the question list)
I know everything about me so idk what y'all would wanna know so I'm just gonna give three facts about my past, present, and future (that tbh anybody that knows me irl knows but y'all don't know me irl so it's fair)
When I was 3 I swallowed a battery or penny or something and it burned a hole in my intestines so I was hospitalized for like a month, during which time due to constantly throwing up I had to get several teeth removed and to get easier access they surgically widened my mouth (which I've never heard any complaints about). Then two years later when I was 5, my intestines wound up in a knot as a post-surgery complication. My mom wanted me to go into a medical field but I spent enough time in the hospital as a kid that I couldn't.
I've always been super into extracurricular activities! In high school I ran cross country for a couple years before quitting because I was too slow, but then I went on to do drama club (both props and stagehand as well as acting at different points), student council (I was historian which recorded all events for a big book), key club (community service, I was treasurer), National Honor Society (also community service, I was also treasurer), French club (I was president). Then I came to college and joined house council (I just wanted to plan parties, but I ended up treasurer again freshman year), the chemistry club, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and oSTEM (for queer people in science, I'm going on my second year as president now).
My goal in life is to work as an R&D engineer somewhere in the Northeast (not Western Mass, but maybe Boston or New York or PA) working on implementing sustainability in polymer science. I want at least a dog, maybe two and maybe a cat. Ideally I'm married in this future, but my hopes are low. Assuming I am married, I lean more towards not having kids. At some point I want to retire relatively early (a combo of engineering salary and no kids helps with that) and turn my baking hobby into minor income.
This isn't what you asked for but now y'all know a lot more about me, for better or for worse.
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MIT Engineers Create an Inhalable Form of Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA, which can induce cells to produce therapeutic proteins, holds great promise for treating a variety of diseases. The biggest obstacle to this approach so far has been finding safe and efficient ways to deliver mRNA molecules to the target cells.
In an advance that could lead to new treatments for lung disease, MIT researchers have now designed an inhalable form of mRNA. This aerosol could be administered directly to the lungs to help treat diseases such as cystic fibrosis, the researchers say.
“We think the ability to deliver mRNA via inhalation could allow us to treat a range of different diseases of the lung,” says Daniel Anderson, an associate professor in MIT’s Department of Chemical Engineering, a member of MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), and the senior author of the study.
The researchers showed that they could induce lung cells in mice to produce a target protein — in this case, a bioluminescent protein. If the same success rate can be achieved with therapeutic proteins, that could be high enough to treat many lung diseases, the researchers say.
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A new way to reprogram immune cells and direct them toward anti-tumor immunity
New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/a-new-way-to-reprogram-immune-cells-and-direct-them-toward-anti-tumor-immunity/
A new way to reprogram immune cells and direct them toward anti-tumor immunity
A collaboration between four MIT groups, led by principal investigators Laura L. Kiessling, Jeremiah A. Johnson, Alex K. Shalek, and Darrell J. Irvine, in conjunction with a group at Georgia Tech led by M.G. Finn, has revealed a new strategy for enabling immune system mobilization against cancer cells. The work, which appears today in ACS Nano, produces exactly the type of anti-tumor immunity needed to function as a tumor vaccine — both prophylactically and therapeutically.
Cancer cells can look very similar to the human cells from which they are derived. In contrast, viruses, bacteria, and fungi carry carbohydrates on their surfaces that are markedly different from those of human carbohydrates. Dendritic cells — the immune system’s best antigen-presenting cells — carry proteins on their surfaces that help them recognize these atypical carbohydrates and bring those antigens inside of them. The antigens are then processed into smaller peptides and presented to the immune system for a response. Intriguingly, some of these carbohydrate proteins can also collaborate to direct immune responses. This work presents a strategy for targeting those antigens to the dendritic cells that results in a more activated, stronger immune response.
Tackling tumors’ tenacity
The researchers’ new strategy shrouds the tumor antigens with foreign carbohydrates and co-delivers them with single-stranded RNA so that the dendritic cells can be programmed to recognize the tumor antigens as a potential threat. The researchers targeted the lectin (carbohydrate-binding protein) DC-SIGN because of its ability to serve as an activator of dendritic cell immunity. They decorated a virus-like particle (a particle composed of virus proteins assembled onto a piece of RNA that is noninfectious because its internal RNA is not from the virus) with DC-binding carbohydrate derivatives. The resulting glycan-costumed virus-like particles display unique sugars; therefore, the dendritic cells recognize them as something they need to attack.
“On the surface of the dendritic cells are carbohydrate binding proteins called lectins that combine to the sugars on the surface of bacteria or viruses, and when they do that they penetrate the membrane,” explains Kiessling, the paper’s senior author. “On the cell, the DC-SIGN gets clustered upon binding the virus or bacteria and that promotes internalization. When a virus-like particle gets internalized, it starts to fall apart and releases its RNA.” The toll-like receptor (bound to RNA) and DC-SIGN (bound to the sugar decoration) can both signal to activate the immune response.
Once the dendritic cells have sounded the alarm of a foreign invasion, a robust immune response is triggered that is significantly stronger than the immune response that would be expected with a typical untargeted vaccine. When an antigen is encountered by the dendritic cells, they send signals to T cells, the next cell in the immune system, to give different responses depending on what pathways have been activated in the dendritic cells.
Advancing cancer vaccine development
The activity of a potential vaccine developed in line with this new research is twofold. First, the vaccine glycan coat binds to lectins, providing a primary signal. Then, binding to toll-like receptors elicits potent immune activation.
The Kiessling, Finn, and Johnson groups had previously identified a synthetic DC-SIGN binding group that directed cellular immune responses when used to decorate virus-like particles. But it was unclear whether this method could be utilized as an anticancer vaccine. Collaboration between researchers in the labs at MIT and Georgia Tech demonstrated that in fact, it could.
Valerie Lensch, a chemistry PhD student from MIT’s Program in Polymers and Soft Matter and a joint member of the Kiessling and Johnson labs, took the preexisting strategy and tested it as an anticancer vaccine, learning a great deal about immunology in order to do so.
“We have developed a modular vaccine platform designed to drive antigen-specific cellular immune responses,” says Lensch. “This platform is not only pivotal in the fight against cancer, but also offers significant potential for combating challenging intracellular pathogens, including malaria parasites, HIV, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This technology holds promise for tackling a range of diseases where vaccine development has been particularly challenging.”
Lensch and her fellow researchers conducted in vitro experiments with extensive iterations of these glycan-costumed virus-like particles before identifying a design that demonstrated potential for success. Once that was achieved, the researchers were able to move on to an in vivo model, an exciting milestone for their research.
Adele Gabba, a postdoc in the Kiessling Lab, conducted the in vivo experiments with Lensch, and Robert Hincapie, who conducted his PhD studies with Professor M.G. Finn at Georgia Tech, built and decorated the virus-like particles with a series of glycans that were sent to him from the researchers at MIT.
“We are discovering that carbohydrates act like a language that cells use to communicate and direct the immune system,” says Gabba. “It’s thrilling that we have begun to decode this language and can now harness it to reshape immune responses.”
“The design principles behind this vaccine are rooted in extensive fundamental research conducted by previous graduate student and postdoctoral researchers over many years, focusing on optimizing lectin engagement and understanding the roles of lectins in immunity,” says Lensch. “It has been exciting to witness the translation of these concepts into therapeutic platforms across various applications.”
#antigen#applications#author#Bacteria#Biological engineering#Cancer#cancer cells#cell#Cells#chemistry#collaborate#Collaboration#deal#Design#design principles#development#Diseases#display#Fight#Fundamental#fungi#hiv#human#human cells#immune cells#immune response#immune system#immunology#Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES)#it
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Teaching Faculty Jobs 23 January 2023 Announcement & Interview Notification By Faculty Tick
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university in dehradun
Why Dehradun is the best option for universities?
Dehradun, the capital of the Indian state of Uttarakhand, is a popular destination for those looking for higher education. With the city's ever-growing education sector, it is no surprise that it has become the top choice for university in dehradun. Universityoffers a wide range of options for students from different backgrounds, including traditional and modern universities.
The city boasts of some of the most renowned university in Uttarakhand, including Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University (DBUU) Dehradun, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, International Institute of Technology and Management, and National Institute of Technology. These universities provide excellent educational opportunities to students and offer a range of courses to choose from. Dehradun's universities have also been recognized by various international organizations as some of the best in the world for research and teaching.
Apart from the academic offerings, Dehradun also offers a unique cultural experience to students. The city has a vibrant art and music scene and is home to numerous festivals and events that celebrate the city's cultural heritage. Dehradun is also known for its lush and beautiful landscapes, making it an ideal place to study and explore.
Dehradun's universities offer students a safe, supportive environment in which to pursue their studies. The city is well connected with other parts of India and provides students with a wide range of transportation options. With its friendly people, excellent infrastructure and excellent educational opportunities, Dehradun is an ideal option for those looking for a university in India.
What are the top universities in Dehradun?
Dehradun is home to some of the most prestigious universities in India. With its peaceful atmosphere, natural beauty and abundance of educational opportunities, it has become a popular choice for students seeking higher education. The top universities in Dehradun offer quality education in different fields of study.
The top universities in Dehradun include Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University (DBUU), Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Graphic Era University, Uttaranchal University, IMS Unison University, Himalayan Garhwal University, and many others. These universities offer a wide variety of courses such as humanities, engineering, medicine, management and various other disciplines.
Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University (DBUU) is a leading university in Dehradun offering courses in engineering, management, architecture and information technology. Himalayan Garhwal University is a renowned university in Dehradun offering courses in engineering, management, sciences, arts and humanities
Baba Farid University of Health Sciences is one of the premier universities in Dehradun offering courses in medical and allied health sciences. It has world-class infrastructure and provides excellent education to students. Graphic Era University is another top university in Dehradun offering courses in engineering, management and computer science. It also offers a range of certificate and diploma courses.
Uttaranchal University is another top university in Dehradun offering a range of courses in engineering, management, commerce and humanities. The university has world-class infrastructure and faculty, and provides excellent education to students. IMS Unison University is a pioneering institute in Dehradun that offers courses in management, science, engineering and IT.
Why students prefer universities in Dehradun?
.Dehradun is an ideal destination for students who are looking to pursue higher education. The city is home to some of the most prestigious universities in the country, such as the Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University (DBUU), Indian Military Academy, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, and Graphic Era University. All these universities offer high-quality education and are renowned for their excellence in their respective fields.
Students prefer universities in Dehradun due to its proximity to Delhi and other major cities. This makes it convenient for students who wish to pursue higher studies there. Additionally, Dehradun is known for its peaceful environment and an abundance of natural beauty. Many students choose to study in Dehradun due to its excellent infrastructure, world-class facilities, and top-notch faculty.
Dehradun is a perfect destination for those who are looking for a quality education at an affordable cost. The city has many universities that provide quality education at a reasonable cost. This makes it a great choice for students who are looking to get the best value for their money. Additionally, the city is well-connected with transportation, making it easy to travel to different places.
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All these factors make Dehradun a great destination for students who are looking for a quality education. The city has many universities that provide top-notch education and a great atmosphere for learning
What are the benefits of universities in Dehradun?
Dehradun, the capital of Uttarakhand, is rapidly becoming a hub for higher education in India. It has several universities, including the university in dehradun, which provides a range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses. These universities offer several benefits to students looking to pursue higher education in the city.
One of the main advantages of studying at a university in Dehradun is the quality of education. The universities in the city are well-equipped with the latest technology and resources, enabling students to get a quality education. Furthermore, the universities offer a variety of courses, allowing students to specialize in their desired field.
In addition to quality education, universities in Dehradun also provide great career opportunities. The universities are connected to several well-known recruiters, so students can easily find internships and jobs in their chosen field. Moreover, they are also connected to several international universities, allowing students to pursue higher studies abroad.
Apart from the career opportunities, universities in Dehradun also provide excellent research facilities. The universities are well-equipped with the latest technology and advanced tools which enable students to carry out innovative and meaningful research. Furthermore, the universities also provide access to advanced libraries, allowing students to gain knowledge and skills in their chosen field.
Finally, universities in Dehradun provide a platform for students to explore their creativity and expand their horizons. The universities are home to various extracurricular activities, such as music, art, sports and other cultural activities, which help students to express themselves and develop new skills.
Overall, universities in Dehradun provide a great platform for students looking for quality education, career opportunities and research facilities
Conclusion
In conclusion, Dehradun is a great place to look into when it comes to universities. With a wide range of options available, it is easy to find a suitable option to pursue a degree in. The university in dehradun provide top quality education and a great learning atmosphere. With the availability of multiple options and a great learning atmosphere, Dehradun is an ideal choice for pursuing higher education.
Visit our website and a toll-free hotline for further information.
Email: [email protected]
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Check the Website/Blog https://www.dbuu.ac.in/Dev Bhoomi Campus, Chakrata Road Navgaon, Manduwala, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, INDIA
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A new computational framework illuminates the hidden ecology of diseased tissues
New Post has been published on https://sunalei.org/news/a-new-computational-framework-illuminates-the-hidden-ecology-of-diseased-tissues/
A new computational framework illuminates the hidden ecology of diseased tissues
To understand what drives disease progression in tissues, scientists need more than just a snapshot of cells in isolation — they need to see where the cells are, how they interact, and how that spatial organization shifts across disease states. A new computational method called MESA (Multiomics and Ecological Spatial Analysis), detailed in a study published in Nature Genetics, is helping researchers study diseased tissues in more meaningful ways.
The work details the results of a collaboration between researchers from MIT, Stanford University, Weill Cornell Medicine, the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and was led by the Stanford team.
MESA brings an ecology-inspired lens to tissue analysis. It offers a pipeline to interpret spatial omics data — the product of cutting-edge technology that captures molecular information along with the location of cells in tissue samples. These data provide a high-resolution map of tissue “neighborhoods,” and MESA helps make sense of the structure of that map.
“By integrating approaches from traditionally distinct disciplines, MESA enables researchers to better appreciate how tissues are locally organized and how that organization changes in different disease contexts, powering new diagnostics and the identification of new targets for preventions and cures,” says Alex K. Shalek, the director of the Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), the J. W. Kieckhefer Professor in IMES and the Department of Chemistry, and an extramural member of the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, as well as an institute member of the Broad Institute and a member of the Ragon Institute.
“In ecology, people study biodiversity across regions — how animal species are distributed and interact,” explains Bokai Zhu, MIT postdoc and author on the study. “We realized we could apply those same ideas to cells in tissues. Instead of rabbits and snakes, we analyze T cells and B cells.”
By treating cell types like ecological species, MESA quantifies “biodiversity” within tissues and tracks how that diversity changes in disease. For example, in liver cancer samples, the method revealed zones where tumor cells consistently co-occurred with macrophages, suggesting these regions may drive unique disease outcomes.
“Our method reads tissues like ecosystems, uncovering cellular ‘hotspots’ that mark early signs of disease or treatment response,” Zhu adds. “This opens new possibilities for precision diagnostics and therapy design.”
MESA also offers another major advantage: It can computationally enrich tissue data without the need for more experiments. Using publicly available single-cell datasets, the tool transfers additional information — such as gene expression profiles — onto existing tissue samples. This approach deepens understanding of how spatial domains function, especially when comparing healthy and diseased tissue.
In tests across multiple datasets and tissue types, MESA uncovered spatial structures and key cell populations that were previously overlooked. It integrates different types of omics data, such as transcriptomics and proteomics, and builds a multilayered view of tissue architecture.
Currently available as a Python package, MESA is designed for academic and translational research. Although spatial omics is still too resource-intensive for routine in-hospital clinical use, the technology is gaining traction among pharmaceutical companies, particularly for drug trials where understanding tissue responses is critical.
“This is just the beginning,” says Zhu. “MESA opens the door to using ecological theory to unravel the spatial complexity of disease — and ultimately, to better predict and treat it.”
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MIT's implantable device could manage diabetes without injections
MIT's implantable device could manage diabetes without injections. The implantable device contains encapsulated cells that produce insulin, plus a tiny oxygen-producing factory that keeps the cells healthy. MIT's implantable device Replacing injections MIT's implantable device - Drugs on demand One promising approach to treating Type 1 diabetes is implanting pancreatic islet cells that can produce insulin when needed, which can free patients from giving themselves frequent insulin injections. However, one major obstacle to this approach is that once the cells are implanted, they eventually run out of oxygen and stop producing insulin. To overcome that hurdle, MIT engineers have designed a new implantable device that not only carries hundreds of thousands of insulin-producing islet cells, but also has its own on-board oxygen factory, which generates oxygen by splitting water vapor found in the body. The researchers showed that when implanted into diabetic mice, this device could keep the mice’s blood glucose levels stable for at least a month. The researchers now hope to create a larger version of the device, about the size of a stick of chewing gum, that could eventually be tested in people with Type 1 diabetes. “You can think of this as a living medical device that is made from human cells that secrete insulin, along with an electronic life support-system. We’re excited by the progress so far, and we really are optimistic that this technology could end up helping patients,” says Daniel Anderson, a professor in MIT’s Department of Chemical Engineering, a member of MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), and the senior author of the study. says Daniel Anderson, a professor in MIT’s Department of Chemical Engineering, a member of MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), and the senior author of the study.
Pictured is the device submerged in water, generating oxygen (bottom) and hydrogen (top) bubbles without the need for any batteries or wires. Credits: Image: Courtesy of Claudia Liu and Dr. Siddharth Krishnan, MIT/Boston Children’s Hospital
MIT's implantable device Replacing injections
Most patients with Type 1 diabetes have to monitor their blood glucose levels carefully and inject themselves with insulin at least once a day. However, this process doesn’t replicate the body’s natural ability to control blood glucose levels. “The vast majority of diabetics that are insulin-dependent are injecting themselves with insulin, and doing their very best, but they do not have healthy blood sugar levels,” Anderson says. “If you look at their blood sugar levels, even for people that are very dedicated to being careful, they just can’t match what a living pancreas can do.” A better alternative would be to transplant cells that produce insulin whenever they detect surges in the patient’s blood glucose levels. Some diabetes patients have received transplanted islet cells from human cadavers, which can achieve long-term control of diabetes; however, these patients have to take immunosuppressive drugs to prevent their body from rejecting the implanted cells. More recently, researchers have shown similar success with islet cells derived from stem cells, but patients who receive those cells also need to take immunosuppressive drugs. Another possibility, which could prevent the need for immunosuppressive drugs, is to encapsulate the transplanted cells within a flexible device that protects the cells from the immune system.
This photo shows the cathode side of fully assembled device, with a United States quarter-dollar coin for scale. Credits: Image: Courtesy of Claudia Liu and Dr. Siddharth Krishnan, MIT/Boston Children’s Hospital However, finding a reliable oxygen supply for these encapsulated cells has proven challenging. Some experimental devices, including one that has been tested in clinical trials, feature an oxygen chamber that can supply the cells, but this chamber needs to be reloaded periodically. Other researchers have developed implants that include chemical reagents that can generate oxygen, but these also run out eventually. The MIT team took a different approach that could potentially generate oxygen indefinitely, by splitting water. This is done using a proton-exchange membrane — a technology originally deployed to generate hydrogen in fuel cells — located within the device. This membrane can split water vapor (found abundantly in the body) into hydrogen, which diffuses harmlessly away, and oxygen, which goes into a storage chamber that feeds the islet cells through a thin, oxygen-permeable membrane. A significant advantage of this approach is that it does not require any wires or batteries. Splitting this water vapor requires a small voltage (about 2 volts), which is generated using a phenomenon known as resonant inductive coupling. A tuned magnetic coil located outside the body transmits power to a small, flexible antenna within the device, allowing for wireless power transfer. It does require an external coil, which the researchers anticipate could be worn as a patch on the patient’s skin.
MIT's implantable device - Drugs on demand
After building their device, which is about the size of a U.S. quarter, the researchers tested it in diabetic mice. One group of mice received the device with the oxygen-generating, water-splitting membrane, while the other received a device that contained islet cells without any supplemental oxygen. The devices were implanted just under the skin, in mice with fully functional immune systems. The researchers found that mice implanted with the oxygen-generating device were able to maintain normal blood glucose levels, comparable to healthy animals. However, mice that received the nonoxygenated device became hyperglycemic (with elevated blood sugar) within about two weeks. Typically when any kind of medical device is implanted in the body, attack by the immune system leads to a buildup of scar tissue called fibrosis, which can reduce the devices’ effectiveness. This kind of scar tissue did form around the implants used in this study, but the device’s success in controlling blood glucose levels suggests that insulin was still able to diffuse out of the device, and glucose into it. This approach could also be used to deliver cells that produce other types of therapeutic proteins that need to be given over long periods of time. In this study, the researchers showed that the device could also keep alive cells that produce erythropoietin, a protein that stimulates red blood cell production. “We’re optimistic that it will be possible to make living medical devices that can reside in the body and produce drugs as needed,” Anderson says. “There are a variety of diseases where patients need to take proteins exogenously, sometimes very frequently. If we can replace the need for infusions every other week with a single implant that can act for a long time, I think that could really help a lot of patients.” The researchers now plan to adapt the device for testing in larger animals and eventually humans. For human use, they hope to develop an implant that would be about the size of a stick of chewing gum. They also plan to test whether the device can remain in the body for longer periods of time. “The materials we’ve used are inherently stable and long-lived, so I think that kind of long-term operation is within the realm of possibility, and that’s what we’re working on,” Krishnan says. “We are very excited about these findings, which we believe could provide a whole new way of someday treating diabetes and possibly other diseases,” Langer adds. The research was funded by JDRF, the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering at the National Institutes of Health. Source: MIT Read the full article
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Collin Stultz named co-director and MIT lead of the Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology | MIT News
Collin Stultz named co-director and MIT lead of the Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology | MIT News
Collin M. Stultz, the Nina T. and Robert H. Rubin Professor in Medical Engineering and Science at MIT, has been named co-director of the Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology (HST), and associate director of MIT’s Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), effective June 1. IMES is HST’s home at MIT. Stultz is a professor of electrical engineering and computer science…
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#Collin Stultz#Emery N. Brown#Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology (HST)#MIT Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES)#MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics
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Artificial intelligence yields new antibiotic
A deep-learning model identifies a powerful new drug that can kill many species of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Anne Trafton | MIT News Office
Using a machine-learning algorithm, MIT researchers have identified a powerful new antibiotic compound. In laboratory tests, the drug killed many of the world’s most problematic disease-causing bacteria, including some strains that are resistant to all known antibiotics. It also cleared infections in two different mouse models.
The computer model, which can screen more than a hundred million chemical compounds in a matter of days, is designed to pick out potential antibiotics that kill bacteria using different mechanisms than those of existing drugs.
“We wanted to develop a platform that would allow us to harness the power of artificial intelligence to usher in a new age of antibiotic drug discovery,” says James Collins, the Termeer Professor of Medical Engineering and Science in MIT’s Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES) and Department of Biological Engineering. “Our approach revealed this amazing molecule which is arguably one of the more powerful antibiotics that has been discovered.”
In their new study, the researchers also identified several other promising antibiotic candidates, which they plan to test further. They believe the model could also be used to design new drugs, based on what it has learned about chemical structures that enable drugs to kill bacteria.
“The machine learning model can explore, in silico, large chemical spaces that can be prohibitively expensive for traditional experimental approaches,” says Regina Barzilay, the Delta Electronics Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL).
Barzilay and Collins, who are faculty co-leads for MIT’s Abdul Latif Jameel Clinic for Machine Learning in Health (J-Clinic), are the senior authors of the study, which appears today in Cell. The first author of the paper is Jonathan Stokes, a postdoc at MIT and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard.
A new pipeline
Over the past few decades, very few new antibiotics have been developed, and most of those newly approved antibiotics are slightly different variants of existing drugs. Current methods for screening new antibiotics are often prohibitively costly, require a significant time investment, and are usually limited to a narrow spectrum of chemical diversity.
“We’re facing a growing crisis around antibiotic resistance, and this situation is being generated by both an increasing number of pathogens becoming resistant to existing antibiotics, and an anemic pipeline in the biotech and pharmaceutical industries for new antibiotics,” Collins says.
To try to find completely novel compounds, he teamed up with Barzilay, Professor Tommi Jaakkola, and their students Kevin Yang, Kyle Swanson, and Wengong Jin, who have previously developed machine-learning computer models that can be trained to analyze the molecular structures of compounds and correlate them with particular traits, such as the ability to kill bacteria.
The idea of using predictive computer models for “in silico” screening is not new, but until now, these models were not sufficiently accurate to transform drug discovery. Previously, molecules were represented as vectors reflecting the presence or absence of certain chemical groups. However, the new neural networks can learn these representations automatically, mapping molecules into continuous vectors which are subsequently used to predict their properties.
In this case, the researchers designed their model to look for chemical features that make molecules effective at killing E. coli. To do so, they trained the model on about 2,500 molecules, including about 1,700 FDA-approved drugs and a set of 800 natural products with diverse structures and a wide range of bioactivities.
Once the model was trained, the researchers tested it on the Broad Institute’s Drug Repurposing Hub, a library of about 6,000 compounds. The model picked out one molecule that was predicted to have strong antibacterial activity and had a chemical structure different from any existing antibiotics. Using a different machine-learning model, the researchers also showed that this molecule would likely have low toxicity to human cells.
This molecule, which the researchers decided to call halicin, after the fictional artificial intelligence system from “2001: A Space Odyssey,” has been previously investigated as possible diabetes drug. The researchers tested it against dozens of bacterial strains isolated from patients and grown in lab dishes, and found that it was able to kill many that are resistant to treatment, including Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The drug worked against every species that they tested, with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a difficult-to-treat lung pathogen.
To test halicin’s effectiveness in living animals, the researchers used it to treat mice infected with A. baumannii, a bacterium that has infected many U.S. soldiers stationed in Iraq and Afghanistan. The strain of A. baumannii that they used is resistant to all known antibiotics, but application of a halicin-containing ointment completely cleared the infections within 24 hours.
Preliminary studies suggest that halicin kills bacteria by disrupting their ability to maintain an electrochemical gradient across their cell membranes. This gradient is necessary, among other functions, to produce ATP (molecules that cells use to store energy), so if the gradient breaks down, the cells die. This type of killing mechanism could be difficult for bacteria to develop resistance to, the researchers say.
“When you’re dealing with a molecule that likely associates with membrane components, a cell can’t necessarily acquire a single mutation or a couple of mutations to change the chemistry of the outer membrane. Mutations like that tend to be far more complex to acquire evolutionarily,” Stokes says.
In this study, the researchers found that E. coli did not develop any resistance to halicin during a 30-day treatment period. In contrast, the bacteria started to develop resistance to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin within one to three days, and after 30 days, the bacteria were about 200 times more resistant to ciprofloxacin than they were at the beginning of the experiment.
The researchers plan to pursue further studies of halicin, working with a pharmaceutical company or nonprofit organization, in hopes of developing it for use in humans.
Optimized molecules
After identifying halicin, the researchers also used their model to screen more than 100 million molecules selected from the ZINC15 database, an online collection of about 1.5 billion chemical compounds. This screen, which took only three days, identified 23 candidates that were structurally dissimilar from existing antibiotics and predicted to be nontoxic to human cells.
In laboratory tests against five species of bacteria, the researchers found that eight of the molecules showed antibacterial activity, and two were particularly powerful. The researchers now plan to test these molecules further, and also to screen more of the ZINC15 database.
The researchers also plan to use their model to design new antibiotics and to optimize existing molecules. For example, they could train the model to add features that would make a particular antibiotic target only certain bacteria, preventing it from killing beneficial bacteria in a patient’s digestive tract.
“This groundbreaking work signifies a paradigm shift in antibiotic discovery and indeed in drug discovery more generally,” says Roy Kishony, a professor of biology and computer science at Technion (the Israel Institute of Technology), who was not involved in the study. “Beyond in silica screens, this approach will allow using deep learning at all stages of antibiotic development, from discovery to improved efficacy and toxicity through drug modifications and medicinal chemistry.”
The research was funded by the Abdul Latif Jameel Clinic for Machine Learning in Health, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, the Broad Institute, the DARPA Make-It Program, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, the Canada Research Chairs Program, the Banting Fellowships Program, the Human Frontier Science Program, the Pershing Square Foundation, the Swiss National Science Foundation, a National Institutes of Health Early Investigator Award, the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program, and a gift from Anita and Josh Bekenstein.
Topics: ResearchBiological engineeringElectrical Engineering & Computer Science (eecs)Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES)Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL)Broad InstituteSchool of EngineeringBacteriaMicrobesMedicineHealthMachine learningArtificial intelligenceAlgorithmsJ-ClinicNational Institutes of Health (NIH)National Science Foundation (NSF)
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