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ao3feed-stucky · 6 years ago

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by Not_Your_Deers

On one wrist is the name of your worst enemy, on the other is the name of your perfect match. Your nemesis and your soulmate. True love and pure hatred. But it’s impossible to tell which name is which. Some are born with the soulmate on their left wrist, and their nemesis on their right. For some it’s the other way. What could possibly go wrong with that?

Disclaimer: We Do Not Own Anything You Recognise and Everything You Don't. If we did we would be the Carriban on a private yatch not writing all inclusive Fanfictions.

Words: 1693, Chapters: 1/?, Language: English

Fandoms: Harry Potter - J. K. Rowling, Sherlock (TV), One of Us Is Lying - Karen M. McManus, Seven Ways We Lie - Riley Redgate, Red Queen Series - Victoria Aveyard, The Grisha Trilogy - Leigh Bardugo, Six of Crows Series - Leigh Bardugo, Carry On Series - Rainbow Rowell, Raven Cycle - Maggie Stiefvater, Shadowhunters (TV), Marvel Cinematic Universe, The Flash (TV 2014), Supergirl (TV 2015), DC's Legends of Tomorrow (TV), Arrow (TV 2012), The Umbrella Academy (TV), iZombie (TV), Lunar Chronicles - Marissa Meyer

Rating: Teen And Up Audiences

Warnings: No Archive Warnings Apply

Categories: Multi

Characters: Lily Evans Potter, James Potter, Remus Lupin, Sirius Black, Severus Snape, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger, Ginny Weasley, Fred Weasley, George Weasley, Percy Weasley, Oliver Wood, Draco Malfoy, Luna Lovegood, Neville Longbottom, Dean Thomas, Seamus Finnigan, Nymphadora Tonks, Teddy Lupin, Victoire Weasley, Dominique Weasley, Lucy Weasley, Molly Weasley II, Original Female Character(s), Original Male Character(s), Roxanne Weasley, Rose Weasley, Hugo Weasley, James Sirius Potter, Lily Luna Potter, Albus Severus Potter, Scorpius Malfoy, Lorcan Scamander, Lysander Scamander, Simon Snow, Tyrannus Basilton "Baz" Pitch, Penelope Bunce, Agatha Wellbelove, Blue Sargent, Richard Gansey III, Adam Parrish, Ronan Lynch, Henry Cheng, Joseph Kavinsky, Noah Czerny, Olivia Scott (Seven Ways We Lie), Matt Jackson (Seven Ways We Lie), Kat Scott, Valentine Simmons, Lucas McCallum, Juniper "Juni" Kipling, Claire Lombardi, Kaz Brekker, Inej Ghafa, Jesper Fahey, Hanne Brum, Nina Zenik, Matthias Helvar, Wylan Van Eck, Nikolai Lantsov, The Darkling (The Grisha Trilogy), Zoya Nazyalensky, Genya Safin, David Kostyk, Clary Fray, Jace Wayland, Isabelle Lightwood, Alec Lightwood, Magnus Bane, Raphael Santiago, Simon Lewis, Steve Rogers, Tony Stark, Pepper Potts, Clint Barton, Natasha Romanov (Marvel), Thor (Marvel), Loki (Marvel), Peter Parker, James "Bucky" Barnes, Michelle Jones, Peter Quill, Gamora (Marvel), Nebula (Marvel), T'Challa (Marvel), Carol Danvers, Oliver Queen, Felicity Smoak, Barry Allen, Iris West, Caitlin Snow, Cisco Ramon, Hartley Rathaway, Sara Lance, Leonard Snart, Laurel Lance, Tommy Merlyn, Eddie Thawne, Winn Schott Jr., Kara Zor-El, Luther Hargreeves, Allison Hargreeves, Diego Hargreeves, Klaus Hargreeves, Vanya Hargreeves, Number Five | The Boy (Umbrella Academy), Ben Hargreeves, Eudora Patch, Leonard Peabody, Dave (Umbrella Academy), Liv Moore, Major Lilywhite, Evan Moore, Ravi Chakrabarti, Peyton Charles, Blaine DeBeers, Clive Babineaux, Dale Bozzio, Gilda | Rita du Clark, Bronwyn Rojas, Addy Prentiss, Nate Macauley, Cooper Clay, Kris, Linh Cinder, Kai (Lunar Chronicles), Scarlet Benoit, Wolf | Ze'ev Kesley, Crescent Moon "Cress" Darnel, Carswell Thorne, Winter Hayle-Blackburn, Jacin Clay, Iko (Lunar Chronicles), Mare Barrow, Maven Calore, Tiberias "Cal" Calore VII, Evangeline Samos, Elane Haven, Julian Jacos, Sara Skonos, Kilorn Warren, Cameron Cole, Ptolemus Samos, Sherlock Holmes, Anthea (Sherlock), Mycroft Holmes, Greg Lestrade, Molly Hooper, John Watson, Jim Moriarty, Mary Morstan, Stephen Strange

Relationships: James Potter/Lily Evans Potter, Sirius Black & Remus Lupin & Peter Pettigrew & James Potter, Sirius Black/Remus Lupin, Remus Lupin/Nymphadora Tonks, Harry Potter/Ginny Weasley, Hermione Granger & Harry Potter & Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger/Ron Weasley, Luna Lovegood & Ginny Weasley, Fred Weasley & George Weasley, Angelina Johnson/George Weasley, Percy Weasley/Oliver Wood, Percy Weasley & Oliver Wood, Audrey Weasley/Percy Weasley, Neville Longbottom/Luna Lovegood, Seamus Finnigan/Dean Thomas, Teddy Lupin/Victoire Weasley, Lucy Weasley/Original Male Character(s), Molly Weasley II & Original Female Character(s), Roxanne Weasley/Original Female Character(s), Scorpius Malfoy/Rose Weasley, Hugo Weasley/Original Female Character(s), Alice Longbottom/James Sirius Potter, Scorpius Malfoy/Albus Severus Potter, Lily Luna Potter/Lorcan Scamander, Lysander Scamander/Original Female Character(s), Tyrannus Basilton "Baz" Pitch/Simon Snow, Simon Snow/Agatha Wellbelove, Penelope Bunce & Simon Snow, Richard Gansey III/Blue Sargent, Ronan Lynch/Adam Parrish, Henry Cheng & Richard Gansey III, Joseph Kavinsky/Ronan Lynch, Matthias Helvar/Nina Zenik, Hanne Brum/Nina Zenik, David Kostyk/Genya Safin, James "Bucky" Barnes/Steve Rogers, Michelle Jones/Peter Parker, Michelle Jones & Shuri, Number Five | The Boy & Allison & Ben & Diego & Klaus & Luther & Vanya, Allison Hargreeves/Luther Hargreeves, Dave/Klaus Hargreeves, Number Five | The Boy/Ben Hargreeves, Vanya Hargreeves/Original Female Character(s), Diego Hargreeves/Eudora Patch, Major Lilywhite/Liv Moore, Evan Moore/Original Female Character(s), Ravi Chakrabarti/Peyton Charles, Peyton Charles/Blaine DeBeers, Clive Babineaux/Dale Bozzio, Sherlock Holmes/Molly Hooper, Mary Morstan/John Watson, Sherlock Holmes & Jim Moriarty

Additional Tags: Alternate Universe - Soulmates, Soulmates, Romantic Soulmates, Platonic Soulmates, Gay Sirius Black, Bisexual Remus Lupin, Bisexual Draco Malfoy, Bisexual Dean Thomas, Gay Seamus Finnigan, Bisexual James Sirius Potter, Gay Albus Severus Potter, Genderfluid Teddy Lupin, Other Additional Tags to Be Added

#Bucky #AO3 works tagged 'James Barnes/Steve Rogers'#ao3feed #stucky #steve rogers #bucky barnes #c

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arch-wistcrias · 6 years ago

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blog makeover.

I’ve felt really gross on this blog lately because everything is chaotic and shit. so I’m posting under the cut my new muses list, and I’m going to be changing up my reply style, maybe even my icons too tbh. expect a new dash icon and header too. and.... a new url!

i will also be going dash-only for a while.

LIT:

Adelina Amouteru ( The Young Elites, No FC )

Addy Hanlon ( Dare Me, Emilija Baranac )

Astoria Greengrass ( HP, Liz Gillies )

Aphrodite LaFont ( House of Night, Annalynne Mccord )

Audrey Rose Wadsworth ( Stalking Jack the Ripper, Naomi Scott )

Beth Cassidy ( Dare Me, Kim Chungha )

Camellia Beauregard ( The Belles, Yara Shahidi )

Camilla Macauley ( The Secret History, Jinsoul )

Cléo Fortescue ( HP OC, Brittany O'Grady )

Daphne Greengrass ( HP, Lili Reinhart )

Dominique Weasley ( HP, Indiana Evans )

Hermione Granger ( HP, No FC )

Lira ( To Kill a Kingdom, Jang Da-hye)

Kady Grant ( The Illuminae Files, Paris Berelc )

Kestrel Trajan ( The Winner’s Trilogy, Bridget Satterlee )

Jude Duarte ( The Cruel Prince, Odeya Rush )

Jude Sweetwine ( I’ll Give You The Sun, Ginny Gardner )

Juniper Kipling ( Seven Ways We Lie, Halston Sage )

Nicasia ( The Cruel Prince, Summer Bishil )

Nomi Tessaro ( Grace & Fury, Hande Erçel )

Pansy Parkinson ( HP, Benedetta Gargari )

Penelope Clearwater ( HP, Tristin Mays )

Nesta Archeron ( ACOTAR, Merritt Patterson )

Ridley Duchannes ( The Caster Chronicles, Madelaine Petsch )

Rose Calloway ( Addicted / Calloway Sisters, Phoebe Tonkin )

Sarai ( Strange The Dreamer, Morgan Crabtree )

Serina Tessaro ( Grace & Fury, Fahriye Evcen )

Shahrzad al-Khayzuran ( The Wrath & The Dawn, Medalion Rahimi )

Sparrow ( Strange The Dreamer, Sabrina Claudio )

Zoey Redbird ( House of Night, Malese Jow )

MOVIES:

Danielle de Barbarac ( Ever After: A Cinderella Story, Drew Barrymore & Caitlin Stasey )

Fauna del Ciervo ( Descendants OC / Daughter of Bambi, Lorenza Izzo )

GAMES:

Beth Washington ( Until Dawn, Jessica Lowndes )

Katharine Scarlet ( Clue/do, Constance Wu )

Hana Lee ( Play Choices, Diana Korkunova )

Kara ( Detroit: Become Human, Ayça Ayşin Turan )

Jessica Riley ( Until Dawn, Olivia Holt )

Mae Borowski ( NITW, Mae Whitman )

Kate Marsh ( LIS, Willa Fitzgerald )

COMICS:

Barbara Gordon ( DC Comics [NEW 52], Laura Berlin )

Cheryl Blossom ( Archie Comics [ Vixens/666 ], Madeline Ford )

Lottie Person ( Snotgirl Comics, Reina Hardesty )

Nancy Drew ( 2018 Comics, Luanna Perez )

SHOWS:

Anna of Arendelle ( Frozen / OUAT, Elizabeth Lail )

Ariel ( OUAT, Joanna Garcia Swisher )

Bloom Peters ( WINX, Bella Thorne )

Brooke Davis ( One Tree Hill, Sophia Bush )

Erin Silver ( 90210, Jessica Stroup )

Emma Harte ( Stoked, Katie Stevens )

Hanna Marin ( PLL, Ashley Benson )

Juniper Lee ( Life and Times of Juniper Lee, Jessica Henwick )

Jazz Fenton ( Danny Phantom, Lindsay Hansen )

Isabelle Lightwood ( Shadowhunters / TMI, Emeraude Toubia )

Trixie Tang ( Fairy Odd Parents, Lana Condor )

Ophelia Mayer ( Sweet/Vicious, Taylor Dearden )

Mandy Griffin ( Grim Adventures, Meg Donnelly )

Mary Stuart ( Reign, Adelaide Kane )

Rarity Faust ( My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic, Sofia Carson )

Raven Queen ( Ever After High, Lily Collins )

Rose Grant ( Jake Long: American Dragon, Ginny Gardner )

Sabrina Spellman ( STTW / Archie Comics / CAOS, Carlson Young & Kiernan Shipka )

Yasmin Darling ( Bratz, Hanna Romanazzi )

MUSICALS:

Karen Smith ( MG Musical, Jenny Boyd )

Janis Sarkisian ( MG Musical, FC undetermined )

OCS:

Evangeline Vermont / Eve ( Biblical Mythology OC, Paulina Singer )

Nerys Korel ( Superhero OC, Tuba Büyüküstün )

Rae Gardner ( Horror OC, Hailee Steinfeld )

BY REQUEST:

HERE

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ao3feed-alluther · 6 years ago

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by Not_Your_Deers

Disclaimer: We Do Not Own Anything You Recognise and Everything You Don't. If we did we would be the Carriban on a private yatch not writing all inclusive Fanfictions.

Words: 1693, Chapters: 1/?, Language: English

Rating: Teen And Up Audiences

Warnings: No Archive Warnings Apply

Categories: Multi

#IFTTT #alluther #allison/luther #fic

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ao3feed-jily · 6 years ago

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The Words That Bind Us

read it on the AO3 at http://bit.ly/2vf2RuU

by Not_Your_Deers

Disclaimer: We Do Not Own Anything You Recognise and Everything You Don't. If we did we would be the Carriban on a private yatch not writing all inclusive Fanfictions.

Words: 1693, Chapters: 1/?, Language: English

Rating: Teen And Up Audiences

Warnings: No Archive Warnings Apply

Categories: Multi

read it on the AO3 at http://bit.ly/2vf2RuU

#ao3feed #fanfic #Harry Potter #Jily #James Potter #Lily Evans #Lily Potter #Lily Evans Potter

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ao3feed-scorbus · 6 years ago

Text

The Words That Bind Us

read it on the AO3 at http://bit.ly/2vf2RuU

by Not_Your_Deers

Disclaimer: We Do Not Own Anything You Recognise and Everything You Don't. If we did we would be the Carriban on a private yatch not writing all inclusive Fanfictions.

Words: 1693, Chapters: 1/?, Language: English

Rating: Teen And Up Audiences

Warnings: No Archive Warnings Apply

Categories: Multi

read it on the AO3 at http://bit.ly/2vf2RuU

#ao3feed #fanfic #scorbus #harrypotter #scorpius #albus

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ao3feed-snowbaz · 6 years ago

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The Words That Bind Us

http://bit.ly/2vf2RuU

by Not_Your_Deers

Disclaimer: We Do Not Own Anything You Recognise and Everything You Don't. If we did we would be the Carriban on a private yatch not writing all inclusive Fanfictions.

Words: 1693, Chapters: 1/?, Language: English

Rating: Teen And Up Audiences

Warnings: No Archive Warnings Apply

Categories: Multi

read it on the AO3 at http://bit.ly/2vf2RuU

#snowbaz #snowbaz fic #snowbaz fanfiction #snowbaz ao3feed

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bluefanguy · 7 years ago

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Bluefanguy’s Book Thoughts

Seven Ways We Lie by Riley Redgate

Good day all and welcome to another edition of Bluefanguy’s Book Thoughts! Today’s book is Seven Ways We Lie by Riley Redgate.

At an assembly in Paloma High School, the students are informed that someone has reported a student-teacher relationship. Among those students include Oliva Scott, her younger sister Kat, Matt Jackson, Juniper Kipling, Valentine Simmons, Claire Lombardi, and Lucas McCallum. Some of them have known each other for a while, others stay on the fringe of the student body. They each have their own personal issues they have been dealing with and after the events of a party, become connected and soon personal secrets and emotions are revealed. As much as they keep secrets from each other and their loved ones, if they want to move forward, they’ll need to learn to confront their respective issues and refuse to lie to themselves.

The seven deadly sin tags on the cover had me wanting to categorize each of the students into each one, but as I read into the novel, it became clear no student embodies a single sin. Sure, some emphasize a certain one but as we learn, they’re more complex and the reader learns just how their lies are relatable: lying about relationships, avoiding confronting personal issues, hiding sexual orientation, and keeping up a facade of control among other flaws. It’s a story about how a single lie or unresolved issue can snowball and affect more than one expects.

If you love stories with flawed characters, high school drama, and a notable cast, then you just may love this book!

Thanks for reading! Likes, reblogs, comments, questions, and followings are all appreciated. Until next time.

Bluefanguy, out.

#book thoughts #seven ways we lie #riley redgate #books #novels #drama #fiction

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misssomniferum · 6 years ago

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[From under the cut]:

BROOM

Sweep your outside ritual areas with it to purify and protect. Burning the blooms and shoots calms the wind.

CEDAR

Also known as the Tree of Life, Arbor Vitae, Yellow Cedar. Ancient Celts on the mainland used Cedar oil to preserve the heads of enemies taken in battle. To draw Earth energy and ground yourself, place the palms of your hands against the ends of the leaves.

ELDER

Also known as Ellhorn, Elderberry, Lady Elder. Sacred to the White Lady and Midsummer Solstice. The Druids used it to both bless and curse. Standing under an elder tree at Midsummer, like standing in a Fairy Ring of mushrooms, will help you see the "little people." Elder wands can be used to drive out evil spirits or thought forms. Music on panpipes or flutes of Elder have the same power as the wand.

ELM

A slightly fibrous, tan-coloured wood with a slight sheen. Elm is often associated with Mother and Earth Goddesses, and was said to be the abode of faeries, explaining Kipling's injunction; "Ailim be the lady's tree; burn it not or cursed ye'll be". Elm adds stability and grounding to a spell.

FIR

Fir is a very tall slender tree that grows in mountainous regions on the upper slopes. Fir cones respond to rain by closing and the sun by opening. Fir can see over great distance to the far horizon beyond and below. Fir indicates high views and long sights with clear vision of what is beyond and yet to come.

FIR, SILVER

Also known as the Birth Tree. The needles are burned at childbirth to bless and protect the mother and baby.

FURZE

Also known as Gorse, Whin. Its golden flowers are associated with the Spring Equinox. Wood and blooms are burned for protection and preparation for conflict of any sort.

HAWTHORN

Also known as May Tree and White Thorn. Wands made of this wood are of great power. The blossoms are highly erotic to men. Hawthorn can be used for protection, love and marriage spells.

HAZEL

Wands made of this wood symbolize White Magick and healing. Forked sticks are used to find water or buried treasure. If outside and in need of maigckal protection quickly draw a circle around yourself with a Hazel branch. To enlist the aid of plant fairies, string hazelnuts on a cord and hang up in your house or ritual room. Magically, Hazel wood is used to gain knowledge, wisdom and poetic inspiration.

HOLLY

A beautiful white wood with an almost invisible grain; looks very much like ivory. Holly is associated with the death and rebirth symbolism of winter in both Pagan and Christian lore and is important to the Winter Solstice. Holly may be used in spells having to do with sleep or rest, and to ease the passage of death. A bag of leaves and berries carried by a man is said to increase his ability to attract women.

JUNIPER

Its berries were used with Thyme in Druid and Grove incenses for visions. Juniper grown by the door discourages thieves. The mature berries can be strung and hung in the house to attract love.

MISTLETOE

Also known as Birdlime, All Heal and Golden Bough. It was the most sacred tree of the Druids, and ruled the Winter Solstice. The berries are poisonous! Bunches of mistletoe can be hung as an all-purpose protective herb. The berries are used in love incenses.

OAK

Oak has been considered sacred by just about every culture that has encountered the tree, but it was held in particular esteem by the Celts because of its size, longevity, and nutritious acorns. The Oak was the "King of Trees" in a grove. Magic wands were made of its wood. Oak galls, known as Serpent Eggs, were used in magickal charms. Acorns gathered at night held the greatest fertility powers. The Druids and Priestesses listened to the rustling oak leaves and the wrens in the trees for divinatory messages. Burning oak leaves purifies the atmosphere. It can be used in spells for protection, strength, success and stability; the different varieties will lend their own special 'flavour' to the magic.

PINE

The Pine tree is an evergreen, its old title was "the sweetest of woods". It was known to the Druids as one of the seven chieftain trees of the Irish. Mix the dried needles with equal parts of Juniper and Ccedar, and burn to purify the home and ritual area. The cones and nuts can be carried as a fertility charm. A good magical cleansing and stimulating bath is made by placing pine needles in a loose-woven bag and running bath water over it. To purify and sanctify an outdoor ritual area, brush the ground with a Pine branch.

ROWAN

Also known as Mountain Ash, Witchwood and Sorb Apple, has long known as an aid and protection against enchantment. Sticks of the Rowan were used to carve Runes on. Rowan spays and crosses were placed over cattle in pens and over homes for protection. Its lovely red berries feed the birds in winter. The berries have a tiny pentagram on them and are especially poisonous. The pentagram is the ancient symbol of protection. The Rowan tree indicates protection and control of the senses from enchantment and beguiling. The Rowan was sacred to the Druids and the Goddess Brigit. It is a very magical tree used for wands, rods, amulets and spells. A forked Rowan branch can help find water. Rowan wands are for knowledge, locating metal and general divination.

WILLOW

Also known as White Willow, Tree of Enchantment and Witches' Asprin. One of the seven sacred trees of the Irish, a Druid sacred Tree. The willow is a Moon tree sacred to the White Lady, Its groves were considered so magical that priests, priestesses and all types of artisans sat among these trees to gain eloquence, inspiration, skills and prophecies. For a wish to be granted, ask permission of the Willow, explaining your desire. Select a pliable shoot and tie a loose knot in it while expressing what you want. When the wish is fulfilled. return and untie the knot. Remember to thank the Willow and leave a gift.

YEW

Also known as English Yew and European Yew. Another important tree to the Winter Solstice and the deities of death and rebirth. The wood or leaves were laid on graves as a reminder to the departed spirit that death was only a pause in life before rebirth. All parts of the tree are poisonous except the fleshy covering of the berry, and its medicinal uses include a recently discovered treatment for cancer. The yew may be the oldest-lived tree in the world. Ancient Yews can be found in churchyards all over Britain, where they often pre-date even the oldest churches. There are some convincing arguments for it being the original 'World-tree' of Scandinavian mythology. The Yew may be used to enhance magical and psychic abilities, and to induce visions.

—”The Black Toad” by Gemma Gary, Old Mother Green Cap, pg. 81-2.

Sacred Trees and Their Virtues

From “The Black Toad” by Gemma Gary.

ALDER The Alder may be employed to provide protection and oracular virtues. This tree was sacred to the Druids. The pith is easily pushed out of green shoots to make whistles. Several shoots bound together by cordage, can be trimmed to the desired length for producing the note you want and used to entice Air Elementals. The old superstition of “whistling up the wind” began with this custom.

APPLE Another sacred tree to the Druids. Use apple cider in any old spells calling for blood or wine. Apple indicates choice, and is useful for love and healing magic.

ASH The Ash is a potent and famed aid to all workings of healing and may be employed for acts of protection, curse lifting, love and divination. A Druid sacred tree, Druid wands were often made of Ash because of its straight grain. Ash wands are good for healing, general and Solar Magick. Put fresh Ash leaves under your pillow to stimulate psychic dreams.

ASPEN The Aspen is protective and healing in virtue.

BAY The Bay is to be planted by the threshold to impart a protective influence upon the home, in addition to its leaves being bunched to hang inside the house as a charm for the same, and for the blessings of good health. The Bay is also of oracular virtue and is burned upon the hearth fire so that the behavior of the leaves may be read. Placed beneath the pillow upon retiring for the night it will induce good and prophetic dreams.

BIRCH The protective nature of the Birch may be harnessed by the presence of bunches of its twigs which are kept to drive away evil spirits. Known as Lady of the Woods, Paper Birch and White Birch. Carefully gather strips of the bark at the New Moon. With red ink, write on a Birch strip: “Bring me true love.” Burn this along with a love incense, saying “Goddess of love, God of desire, Bring to me sweet passion’s fire.” The specific name of a god/goddess may be added. Or cast the bark into a stream or other flowing water, saying: “Message of love, I set you free, to capture a love and return to me.”

BLACKTHORN The dark Blackthorn is of highly defensive virtues and an unrivaled ally in the works of blasting or ‘Owl Blinking’. Also harnessed for its virtues and potency for blessing, fertility and power. Blackthorn is a winter tree. Its white flowers are seen even before the leaves in the spring. It is black barked with vicious thorns and grows in dense thickets. The wood is used in the cudgel shillelagh and Blasting Stick. Its thorns are used to pierce waxen images. Blackthorn indicates strong action of fate or outside influences that must be obeyed.

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juniperpublisherscasestudies · 5 years ago

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Juniper Publishers-Open Access Journal of Case Studies

Bitewing Dose Reduction using TWAIN

Authored by Goren AD

Abstract

Background: TWAIN stands for “technology without an interesting name”. TWAIN is the interface standard for Windows and Mac that allows imaging hardware devices to communicate with imaging processing software. Prior to TWAIN, image acquisition devices all came with their own proprietary software, now nearly all imaging processing software today is TWAIN compliant.

Objectives: To determine if using TWAIN for bitewing imaging reduces the absorbed dose and the effective dose to the patient when compared with EMAGO.

Materials and Methods: Dose measurements were obtained using Optically Stimulated Luminescent (OSL) dosimeters placed in pre-manufactured slots at the location of 23 head and neck anatomical structures of an anthropomorphic female CIRS phantom. A Schick direct digital sensor was placed within the phantom in a bilateral removable cutout corresponding to typical sensor placement for bitewing radiographs. Exposures were acquired using a Gendex 765 (65kVp, 7mA) and a Gendex 770 (70kVp, 7mA) x-ray machines. The TWAIN exposures were 0.63s for the 765 machine and 4 impulses for the 770 machine and the EMAGO exposures were 0.125s for the 765 machine and 8 impulses for the 770 machine. All exposures were repeated 10 times. The results were divided by their respective repetition numbers to calculate average dose. The organ fractions irradiated were determined from ICRP-89 reference phantoms according to age. ICRP-103 tissue weighting factors were also applied.

Results: Overall the TWAIN software reduced the absorbed dose at 65kVp by 64% and at 70kVp by 61%. When calculating the effective dose the reduction at 65kVp was 64% and 45% at 70kVp.

Conclusion: Our data showed that use of the TWAIN software yielded the lowest absorbed dose and effective dose to organs of the head and neck at all exposure times for bitewing radiographs.

Keywords: Bitewing; Dose reduction; TWAIN; EMAGO; Optical stimulated luminescence

Background

TWAIN stands for “technology without an interesting name”. TWAIN is the interface standard for Windows and Mac that allows imaging hardware devices to communicate with imaging processing software. Prior to TWAIN, image acquisition devices all came with their own proprietary software, now nearly all imaging software is TWAIN compliant. If one wanted to work with a scanned image in a different application, one had to save the image to a disc first, then open the application of your choice and re-open the image there. Nearly all image processing software today is TWAIN compliant. If your software supports TWAIN, you will find an “Acquire” command in the menus or toolbar (though sometimes the command is hidden under an import in menu.

This command provides access to any TWAIN hardware devices installed on the system. Although the software appearance and capabilities for each device can vary, the TWAIN Acquire command calls up the hardware interfacing software, and places the acquired image into the image processing software, without the need for the image to first be saved to disc. So what does TWAIN really stand for? According to “The Free ON-Line Dictionary of Computing” [1] and substantiated by the “TWAIN Working Group’s official Web site” [2] it’s Not an acronym at all: The word TWAIN is from Kipling’s “The Ballard of East and West” [3] “and never the twain shall meet”, reflecting the difficulty, at the time, of connecting scanners and personal computers. It was up-cased to TWAIN to make it more distinctive.

This led people to believe it was an acronym, and then to a contest to come up with an expansion. None were selected, but the entry “Technology without an Interesting Name” continues to haunt the standard. According to the definition from Wikipedia: TWAIN is an applications programming Interface (API) and communication between software and digital imaging devices. Here we are using dental imaging devices. Dental radiographs are a useful and necessary tool in the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases such as caries and oral pathologies. Intraoral radiography is still the most common radiographic technique used in dental imaging. Posterior bitewing radiographic imaging is recognized as an important dental radiographic modality. As in all dental radiographic imaging, bitewing imaging should be utilized by dentists only after reviewing the patient’s health history, completing a clinical exam and after ensuring that exposure to radiation is minimized where practicable through the use of a solid quality assurance and control program.

Dentists should weigh the benefits of dental x-rays against the consequences of increasing a patient’s exposure to radiation. Optically stimulated dosimetry (OSL) technology has been shown to have a 10 to 20% higher sensitivity than thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) at the lower dose range [4]. The In Light OSL Nano Dot Dosimeters measure radiation exposure using Aluminum Oxide detectors. The amount of light released upon stimulation of the detector by a light emitting diode array is directly proportional to the radiation dose to which the detector has been exposed. EMAGO is a comprehensive diagnostic tool in oral and maxillofacial radiology. It is a collection of useful image management and image analysis software functions that helps to improve diagnostic image interpretation. It is a solution for managing all digital x-ray devices in a dental practice. It supports practically all dental x-ray systems. The features included in EMAGO are: vendor independent, import and export capabilities, optimization of images, selective templates, measuring and annotative functions, and advanced research tools.

Objective

To determine if using TWAIN for bitewing imaging reduces the absorbed dose and the effective dose to the patient when compared with EMAGO.

Methods and Materials

An adult female anthropomorphic phantom (Model 702, CIRS) representing an average woman was used for all exposures. The phantom is manufactured to ICRP 23 and ICRU 48 specifications. We utilized the head and neck sections (12 sections) (Figure 1). OSL dosimeters (NanoDot) were used to asses ten key head and neck organs (Figure 2). All bitewing exposures were performed on a Gendex 765, Gendex 770, Kodak 9000, and Sirona Orthoophos XG Plus. Histograms, (Figure 3) were made to determine equivalent images and correct exposure times. All these exposures were performed using EMAGO and TWAIN as the software. Digital panoramicscans were performed using the Kodak and Sirona machines only with TWAIN. Three exposures were taken for each protocol. Care was taken to always place the dosimeters in the same orientation for each type of exposure. Unexposed dosimeters were used as controls. The total organ dose was calculated by summing up the individual reading per location within a given organ and dividing by the number of locations. All dosimeters were read three times and background readings were subtracted from the averaged readings. Estimated organ dose and effective dose were also calculated.

Results

Table 1 shows the results 10 exposures taken at 65kVp, 7mA and 0.125 seconds using EMAGO. Table 2, the exposure results for the TWAIN 10 exposures at 65kVp, 7mA and 0.63 seconds. Table 3, shows the 64.4% dose reduction at the six organ sites using TWAIN. Table 4 shows the comparison of the Sirona and Kodak machines for the digital Pan bitewing function using TWAIN. Table 5 is for the estimated organ dose in micro-grays. Table 6 indicates the effective dose in micro-Sieverts assuming the ICRP-103 tissue weighting factors.

Discussion and Conclusion

The organ dose and effective dose are within the limits published for dental cone beam radiation. However during our studies the Kodak 9000 emitted the higher dose to the patient than the Sirona Ortho Plus when Panorex Bitewing imaging was obtained using TWAIN. We could not obtain a comparison with EMAGO for the two machines since EMAGO was not the operational system for these machines. For Bitewing imaging the use of TWAIN as the operating system verses EMAGO reduced the radiation exposure to the patient while obtaining comparable images.

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