Latin Verb Conjugations
In Latin, verbs are conjugated according to mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative), tense (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect), voice (active, passive), and person (first, second, third).
The conjugation for the verb "habēre" (to have) in the indicative mood, which is the most commonly used mood for stating facts or asking questions. This will include both active and passive voices for the present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses. It's worth noting that not all tenses may be commonly used or applicable in the passive voice for this verb, given its meaning.
Active Voice
Present Tense
1st Singular: habēo (I have)
2nd Singular: habēs (you have)
3rd Singular: habet (he/she/it has)
1st Plural: habēmus (we have)
2nd Plural: habētis (you all have)
3rd Plural: habent (they have)
Imperfect Tense
1st Singular: habēbam (I was having)
2nd Singular: habēbās (you were having)
3rd Singular: habēbat (he/she/it was having)
1st Plural: habēbāmus (we were having)
2nd Plural: habēbātis (you all were having)
3rd Plural: habēbant (they were having)
Future Tense
1st Singular: habēbō (I will have)
2nd Singular: habēbis (you will have)
3rd Singular: habēbit (he/she/it will have)
1st Plural: habēbimus (we will have)
2nd Plural: habēbitis (you all will have)
3rd Plural: habēbunt (they will have)
Perfect Tense
1st Singular: habuī (I have had)
2nd Singular: habuistī (you have had)
3rd Singular: habuit (he/she/it has had)
1st Plural: habuimus (we have had)
2nd Plural: habuistis (you all have had)
3rd Plural: habuērunt or habuēre (they have had)
Pluperfect Tense
1st Singular: habueram (I had had)
2nd Singular: habuerās (you had had)
3rd Singular: habuerat (he/she/it had had)
1st Plural: habuerāmus (we had had)
2nd Plural: habuerātis (you all had had)
3rd Plural: habuerant (they had had)
Future Perfect Tense
1st Singular: habuerō (I will have had)
2nd Singular: habueris (you will have had)
3rd Singular: habuerit (he/she/it will have had)
1st Plural: habuerimus (we will have had)
2nd Plural: habueritis (you all will have had)
3rd Plural: habuerint (they will have had)
Latin forms the passive voice for different tenses through specific endings and auxiliary verbs. In the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses, the passive voice is formed using the past participle of the verb combined with the appropriate tense of the auxiliary verb "esse" (to be).
Passive Voice
Present System (Present, Imperfect, Future Tenses)
Present Tense
1st Singular: habeor (I am had/owned)
2nd Singular: habēris or habēre (you are had/owned)
3rd Singular: habētur (he/she/it is had/owned)
1st Plural: habēmur (we are had/owned)
2nd Plural: habēminī (you all are had/owned)
3rd Plural: habentur (they are had/owned)
Imperfect Tense
1st Singular: habēbar (I was being had/owned)
2nd Singular: habēbāris or habēbāre (you were being had/owned)
3rd Singular: habēbātur (he/she/it was being had/owned)
1st Plural: habēbāmur (we were being had/owned)
2nd Plural: habēbāminī (you all were being had/owned)
3rd Plural: habēbantur (they were being had/owned)
Future Tense
1st Singular: habēbor (I will be had/owned)
2nd Singular: habēberis or habēbere (you will be had/owned)
3rd Singular: habēbitur (he/she/it will be had/owned)
1st Plural: habēbimur (we will be had/owned)
2nd Plural: habēbiminī (you all will be had/owned)
3rd Plural: habēbuntur (they will be had/owned)
Given the nature of "habēre" (to have), it is not typically used in the passive voice because it expresses possession rather than an action being done to something or someone. Nevertheless, for verbs that do follow a regular conjugation pattern in the passive voice, you would typically see forms in the present, imperfect, and future tenses.
Let’s look at another example such as “to love”. This time, in passive voice conjugations in the perfect system, which includes the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses. In these tenses, the passive voice is formed using the perfect passive participle of the verb combined with the appropriate tense of the auxiliary verb "esse" (to be).
Perfect System in Passive Voice for "Amāre"
Perfect Tense (I have been loved)
1st Singular: amātus sum (I have been loved)
2nd Singular: amātus es (you have been loved)
3rd Singular: amātus est (he/she/it has been loved)
1st Plural: amātī sumus (we have been loved)
2nd Plural: amātī estis (you all have been loved)
3rd Plural: amātī sunt (they have been loved)
Pluperfect Tense (I had been loved)
1st Singular: amātus eram (I had been loved)
2nd Singular: amātus erās (you had been loved)
3rd Singular: amātus erat (he/she/it had been loved)
1st Plural: amātī erāmus (we had been loved)
2nd Plural: amātī erātis (you all had been loved)
3rd Plural: amātī erant (they had been loved)
Future Perfect Tense (I will have been loved)
1st Singular: amātus erō (I will have been loved)
2nd Singular: amātus eris (you will have been loved)
3rd Singular: amātus erit (he/she/it will have been loved)
1st Plural: amātī erimus (we will have been loved)
2nd Plural: amātī eritis (you all will have been loved)
3rd Plural: amātī erunt (they will have been loved)
The perfect passive participle "amātus" (loved) is used along with the corresponding forms of "esse" to indicate the action of the verb in the passive voice across different times in the past and future. Note that the participle agrees in gender and number with the subject it refers to, hence "amātus" for masculine singular, "amāta" for feminine singular, and so on, adjusting for plural forms as well.
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Mula
In antiquo Chinae regno, bellum gravem oriri coeperat. Omnes viri ad militiam conscribi debebant, sed pater Mulan, Fa Zhou, iam senex erat et infirmus. Mulan, filia eius, timens pro patre suo, consilium cepit.
Mulieris culturam relinquit, et ut virum se vestit, in exercitum secreto intrat, nomen Ping ferens. Nullus de vera eius natura suspicabatur.
In castris, Mulan duras exercitationes perpessus est et strenue pugnavit. Paulatim, a solido gerens, amicitiam cum Li Shang, tribuno militum, fecit. Is quoque non intellexit, Mulan feminam esse.
Interim, Huns, populus hostis, imperio invadere inceptum est. Exercitus imperatoris prompte ad resistendum paratus est. Mulan, cogitans ingeniose, consilium capit, ut ab hostibus deprehensum exercitum salvum duceret.
In pugna finali, Mulan demonstravit virtutem et astutiam suam, et Huns vincitur. Tamen, in proelio, vera eius natura patefacta est. Li Shang, primum commotus, de virtute et fide Mulan miratus est.
Post victoriam, Mulan honore et gratia in exercitu donata est, sed a patria sua silenter recedidit. Revera, non erat honoribus publicis, sed amore et reverentia erga patrem et familiam ducitur.
Fa Zhou, recognoscens filiam suam, superba et laeta est. Mulan, quamvis non sequentur honorum splendor, vera heroina et filia patriae nunc appellatur.
Finis
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