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femenaces · 2 months ago

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The Environmental Protection Agency plans to eliminate its scientific research arm, firing as many as 1,155 chemists, biologists, toxicologists and other scientists, according to documents reviewed by Democrats on the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology.

The strategy is part of large-scale layoffs, known as a “reduction in force,” being planned by the Trump administration, which is intent on shrinking the federal work force. Lee Zeldin, the administrator of the E.P.A., has said he wants to eliminate 65 percent of the agency’s budget. That would be a drastic reduction — one that experts said could hamper clean water and wastewater improvements, air quality monitoring, the cleanup of toxic industrial sites, and other parts of the agency’s mission.

The E.P.A.’s plan, which was presented to White House officials on Friday for review, calls for dissolving the agency’s largest department, the Office of Research and Development, and purging up to 75 percent of the people who work there.

The remaining staff members would be placed elsewhere within the E.P.A. “to provide increased oversight and align with administration priorities,” according to the language shared with The New York Times by staff members who work for Democrats on the House science committee.

Molly Vaseliou, a spokeswoman for the E.P.A., said in a statement that the agency “is taking exciting steps as we enter the next phase of organizational improvements” and stressed that changes had not been finalized.

“We are committed to enhancing our ability to deliver clean air, water and land for all Americans,” she said, adding, “While no decisions have been made yet, we are actively listening to employees at all levels to gather ideas on how to increase efficiency and ensure the E.P.A. is as up to date and effective as ever.”

Representative Zoe Lofgren, Democrat of California, said that the Office of Research and Development was created by congressional statute and that dissolving it would be illegal.

Representative Zoe Lofgren of California, the top Democrat on the science committee, said that without the Office of Research and Development, the E.P.A. would not be able to meet its legal obligation to use the “best available science” when writing regulations and considering policy. She also said that the office was created by congressional statute and that dissolving it would be illegal.

“Every decision E.P.A. makes must be in furtherance of protecting human health and the environment, and that just can’t happen if you gut E.P.A. science,” Ms. Lofgren said in a statement. She said that the first Trump administration had weakened the agency’s scientific research in order to relax regulations against polluting industries. “Now this is their attempt to kill it for good,” she said.

The E.P.A.’s science office provides the independent research that undergirds virtually all of the agency’s environmental policies, from analyzing the risks of “forever chemicals” in drinking water to determining the best way to reduce fine particle pollution in the atmosphere. It has researched synthetic playground material made from discarded tires; found that hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, can contaminate drinking water; and measured the impact of wildfire smoke on public health. The office also helps state environmental agencies figure out how to address algae blooms, treat drinking water and more.

Its findings tend to support stronger regulations to protect against exposure to air pollution, hazardous chemicals and climate change. And that has made it a target of many industries. Eliminating the office would serve the Trump administration’s dual goals of reducing the size of government while potentially easing the regulation of the chemical and fossil fuel industries.

The science office was also criticized by Project 2025, a blueprint for overhauling the federal government that was produced by the Heritage Foundation and written by many who are serving in the Trump administration.

The chapter on the E.P.A. accuses the science office of being “precautionary, bloated, unaccountable, closed, outcome-driven, hostile to public and legislative input, and inclined to pursue political rather than purely scientific goals.”

It calls for eliminating programs within the science office, in particular the Integrated Risk Information System, which evaluates the human health effects of exposure to toxic chemicals and uses that information to form the basis for restrictions on their use. Industries regulated by the E.P.A. often push back against that research. A bill introduced by Senator John Kennedy, Republican of Louisiana, and backed by industry groups seeks to prevent the E.P.A. from using the research.

“It is an assault on science,” said Jennifer Orme-Zavaleta, who ran the E.P.A. office under the first Trump administration.

Lee Zeldin, the administrator of the E.P.A., in Altadena, Calif., last month. He has said he wants to eliminate 65 percent of the E.P.A.’s budget.

Shuttering the office would cost jobs across the country, particularly in places like North Carolina and Ada, Okla., two of the places where the agency operates major research labs, she said. In addition to chemists and biologists, the science office also employs physicians, nurses, hydrologists and experts who focus on plants, soils and wetlands.

Chris Frey, who led the Office of Research and Development under the Biden administration, said eliminating it would create a vacuum that would allow an administration to impose any policies it wanted to.

“It’s certainly convenient for certain stakeholders to have O.R.D. silenced,” Mr. Frey said.

The American Chemistry Council, which represents chemical manufacturers, said in a statement that it supported the E.P.A.’s having the “resources, technical staff and subject matter expertise needed for the agency to meet its statutory requirements.”

More than 40 former E.P.A. officials who served in Republican and Democratic administrations plan to send a letter on Tuesday to Mr. Zeldin warning that steep cuts will render the agency unable to meet its mission.

“Policy changes are to be expected from one administration to the next, but not the dismantling of E.P.A.,” the officials wrote in the letter, a copy of which was obtained by The Times. “If the administration does not agree with the laws Congress has passed and the programs it has funded, it should work with Congress to seek changes, not unilaterally and recklessly freeze, delay or eliminate funding.”

#project 2025 #Elon musk #donald trump #doge #EPA #environmental protection agency #pollution #climate change

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usafphantom2 · 2 months ago

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Just some Records held by the SR-71

Altitude in Horizontal Flight: 85,068.997 feet

Speed Over a Straight Course – Average Speed: 2,193.167 mph

Speed Over a Recognized Course: New York to London: 1 hour, 54 minutes, 56.4 seconds

The SR-71’s speed was not limited by the power of its engines. It was limited by the heat its structure could withstand.

Titanium makes up 93% of the SR-71s structure. A material that had never been truly utilized to its full potential until the SR-71 came along.

Each SR 71 was handmade. That means everyone of the Blackbirds were ever so slightly different. The men that flew the SR’s had their favorites and then there were the hangar queens that no one liked to fly..

The reason why titanium was so expensive was the process to make it usable.

The first reliable process to produce chemically pure titanium was developed in the 1940s. This process made the SR-71 possible. It begins by first converting the titanium dioxide to titanium chloride.

How do we convert the Titanium?

To do this titanium dioxide is mixed with chlorine and pure carbon and heated. Any oxygen or nitrogen leaking in will ruin the process, so this has to be done in relatively small batches in a sealed vessel. Once this process is complete, we have Titanium Chloride.

We then need to purify the Titanium Chloride from any impurities in the titanium ore through distillation. Where we heat the product and separate titanium chloride using its lower boiling point.

This Titanium Chloride vapor is fed into a stainless steel vessel containing molten magnesium at 1300 kelvin. Titanium is highly reactive with oxygen at high temperatures, so the vessel also needs to be sealed and filled with argon. Here the Titanium Chloride reacts with the magnesium, which itself is an expensive metal, to form titanium and magnesium chloride.

At times the engineers were perplexed as to what was causing problems, but thankfully they documented and cataloged everything, which helped find trends in their failures.

They discovered that spot welded parts made in the summer were failing very early in their life, but those welded in winter were fine. They eventually tracked the problem to the fact that the Burbank water treatment facility was adding chlorine to the water they used to clean the parts to prevent algae blooms in summer, but took it out in winter. Chlorine as we saw earlier reacts with titanium, so they began using distilled water from this point on.

They discovered that their cadmium plated tools were leaving trace amounts of cadmium on bolts, which would cause galvanic corrosion and cause the bolts to fail. This discovery led to all cadmium tools to be removed from the workshop.

Converting Titanium for the SR-71 is really slow

This reduction reaction is extremely slow, between 2 and 4 days. It’s pretty clear that titanium is expensive and extremely difficult to work with. But without Titanium and the SR-71, we wouldn’t be where we are today, talking about the fastest, air, breathing airplane in the world. You can read the full article here. Linda Sheffield.

@Habubrats71 via X

#sr 71 #sr71 #sr 71 blackbird #blackbird #aircraft #usaf #lockheed aviation #skunkworks #aviation #mach3+#habu #reconnaissance #cold war aircraft

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thoughtlessarse · 1 month ago

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Microplastics are now a ubiquitous part of our daily physical reality. These minuscule fragments of degrading plastic now suffuse our air, our soil, the food we eat and the water we drink. They’re being detected everywhere researchers look, from Antarctic sea ice to human brains. As scientists develop a better idea of where microplastics are accumulating in the environment, they’re just beginning to understand how these pollutants affect one of the most essential and widespread kingdoms of life on Earth: plants. A new study, published on Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, reveals how microplastics hinder photosynthesis across a wide range of plant species—including crucial food crops. “It’s really scary,” says Marcus Eriksen, a marine scientist at the 5 Gyres Institute, a nonprofit plastic pollution research organization, who was not involved in the study. The researchers found that the presence of microplastics (plastic particles that are less than five millimeters in size) can reduce photosynthesis by as much as 7 to 12 percent, on average. That could range from 6 to 18 percent in terrestrial crops, 2 to 12 percent in marine plants such as seaweed and 4 to 14 percent in freshwater algae. “The exposure to microplastics was not surprising at all,” Eriksen says. “What surprised me was the level of impact.” A generalized reduction in photosynthesis at such a scale could have major implications for the global food supply, according to the study’s researchers.

#us #microplastic pollution #global food supply #plant photosynthesis #reduced #food crops #yield reductions

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chalogreen · 1 year ago

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Exploring Eco-Friendly Packaging

What is Sustainable Packaging?

Sustainable packaging uses materials and production processes that yield a minimal environmental impact. The aim is to be environmentally friendly.

Benefits of Sustainable Packaging

Biodegradable - They are made from either plant-based or recycled materials that naturally degrade without leaving toxic waste.

Compostable - Decomposes naturally through commercial compost processes. Leaves no trace of plastic.

Recyclable - Commodities consisting of post-consumer recycled paper are recyclable.

Accountable Materials - For example, mushroom fibers, banana leaves, and algae reduce the over-reliance on plastic and the excessive processes involved.

Ethical production - the use of sustainably sourced, locally produced, and fairly traded materials has proven to improve lives while having a lighter impact on the environment.

Small Carbon Footprint - Eco packaging vastly reduces the carbon emissions resulting from traditional manufacturing and waste.

Simple Swaps

Paper or Plastics - Go for paper envelopes, boxes and filler made from recycled content. Don’t use plastic poly bags and bubbles.

Glass vs Plastic - Choose glass bottles over single-use plastics because glass is infinitely recyclable.Support plastic reduction initiatives.

Compostable vs. Styrofoam - Replace styrofoam peanuts with compostable corn starch alternatives. Support the ban on non-recyclable products.

For stylish, zero waste, environmentally friendly packaging solutions pay a visit to Chalogreen. They manufacture their products which are entirely plant-based thus saving the planet.

#jute bags for brand promotion #jute bags #sustainable fashion #jute tote bags #jute bags canada #ecofriendlyproducts #sustainability #ecofriendly #sustainable travel #sustainable living

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rjzimmerman · 8 months ago

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Excerpt from this story from DeSmog Blog:

In the chilled section of any major supermarket, from London to Lagos, you’re likely to find a taste of Ireland – a stick of premium butter wrapped in gold or green packaging, celebrating a superior product from grass-fed pastures.

But the gleaming image of Ireland’s agri-produce hides a number of inconvenient truths, among them the damage the sector is wreaking on Ireland’s climate targets, as well as its waterways and soils.

Ahead of a general election due no later than March next year, DeSmog has launched a new interactive map revealing the power of the Irish agribusiness sector and its hundreds of connections spanning politics, marketing, academia and industry.

Dairy production in Ireland has boomed since 2011, as the EU started phasing out its cap on milk production, with a devastating impact on the climate. Latest figures show that instead of cutting its agricultural emissions, Ireland has increased them – by 10 percent over the period 2010-2023.

While profitable for dairy industry bosses, the expansion is highly detrimental to Ireland’s declared aim to cut agriculture emissions by 25 percent by 2030, as part of its legally binding commitment to achieve net zero emissions no later than 2050.

Intensive farming practices lead to excessive levels of nitrates in fertilisers and manure, harming the lush green pastures Ireland prides itself on. These nitrates lead to oxygen-sucking algae growth in lakes and rivers, and have contributed to 99 percent of Ireland’s ammonia air pollution.

Despite a slight reduction in overall emissions last year, Ireland is still “well off track” in meeting its EU and national climate targets for 2030, according to its Environmental Protection Agency – in large part due to the methane from Ireland’s unchecked dairy production. The agriculture sector was responsible for over a third (37.8 percent) of the country’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2023, the highest proportion in Europe.

The intensive farming lobby appears to be in the driving seat. Major dairy processors in particular have been ramping up lobbying efforts around Ireland’s derogation from the EU Nitrates Directive, designed to tackle farming pollution. The country’s exemption allows certain farms to use larger amounts of manure as fertiliser, despite the fact it releases significant amounts of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas that is 265 times more potent than carbon dioxide over a 100 year period.

#Ireland #climate change #agriculture

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hoshianaarts · 3 months ago

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"𝘐𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘦 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘯𝘰 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘳𝘰𝘷𝘦𝘴, 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘦𝘢 𝘸𝘪𝘭𝘭 𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘦 𝘯𝘰 𝘮𝘦𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨. 𝘐𝘵'𝘴 𝘭𝘪𝘬𝘦 𝘢 𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘦 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘯𝘰 𝘳𝘰𝘰𝘵𝘴, 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘔𝘈𝘕𝘎𝘙𝘖𝘝𝘌𝘚 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘙𝘖𝘖𝘛𝘚 𝘖𝘍 𝘛𝘏𝘌 𝘚𝘌𝘈!"

- 𝐌𝐚𝐝-𝐇𝐚 𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐰𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐢

This month of 𝐅𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲 marks one of my favorite celebrations here in the Philippines, "𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐌𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐡" (It is not just a "Love Month").

I depicted one of my favorite trees, "Bakhaw" (in English, Mangrove). During a family trip to OMAGEICA in Santa Fe, Cebu, in 2023, I recall observing a mangrove forest. It is such a fascinating sight just looking at how large their roots are and how those mangroves can have many benefits for our marine ecosystems. To better understand their value, let's explore some FACTS AND INFO about Bakhaw and its benefits:

1. There are 54 species of true mangroves (34 major and 20 minor) worldwide and 60 mangrove associates (Tomlinson, 1996).

2. Mangroves are home not only to marine animals, but also to tree-dwelling mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and birds.

3. Mangroves are crucial for biodiversity and serve as natural barriers. Their standout characteristic is their carbon capture and storage ability. Like other plants, they absorb carbon dioxide, and their sediments act as carbon sinks. This makes mangroves excellent at sequestering carbon, vital in fighting climate change.

4. Mangrove wood is used for stilt houses, furniture, fences, bridges, fishing poles, canoes, rafts, and boats.

5. Mangroves possess medicinal properties including pain relief, inflammation reduction, diabetes treatment, parasite elimination, and antiseptic action. The bark, rich in tannins—chemicals found in plant cells, particularly in leaves and unripe fruit—is used in tanning to produce soft, flexible, and durable leather.

𝙋.𝙎 𝘋𝘪𝘣𝘶𝘩𝘰 𝘯𝘪 𝘮𝘦𝘢𝘯𝘴 "𝘋𝘳𝘢𝘸𝘯 𝘰𝘳 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘨𝘯𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺". 𝘌𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘰 𝘮𝘦𝘢𝘯𝘴 "𝘑𝘢𝘯𝘶𝘢𝘳𝘺".

𝙋.𝙎2 The last 7 slides 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘱𝘩𝘰𝘵𝘰𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘳𝘰𝘷𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘯 OMAGEICA, 𝘢𝘭𝘰𝘯𝘨 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 𝘴𝘤𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘤 𝘯𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘴.

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Sources: https://climate.gov.ph/news/902

https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/plants-algae/mangroves...

https://oneocean.org/.../201001WhyProtectMangroves.pdf

#artists on tumblr #illustration #artwork #art #artworks #drawing #digital painting #digital illustration #digital art #digital drawing #illustration art #illustrations #original illustration #mangroves #photoshopart #photoshop #concept arts

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thestudentfarmer · 4 months ago

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Jan 9 2025

Little urban homesteading update with and about the chickens~

I started 6 chicken eggs in the incubator yesterday :)

In 21 days we hope to have our first chicken hatchput :D

I haven't done hatchs on my own. my sister was the one who played with the incubator last it was used, and she was just learning too, to hatch out For her ducks. so this is a full first-time go for me.

I'll be using a janoel12 incubator, and the eggs are coming from the flock we currently have. though if successful, I'll likely hatch out a few from other flock keepers who practice their chicken keeping in a similar mindset to ours.

Several people have asked (irl and online) if we are concerned about any certain virus going around. I would like to say, We are keeping an eye on it in our area and others. At this time, we are continuing with flock keeping as normal. Some things we have changed in keeping, some things we already practiced before.

1. We are now keeping our flock penned up so wild songbirds, pigeons, and other wild/feral birds and feral or "outdoor" cats can not get into their water or feed sources. Nor can they nest on, in or around their roost and run. unfortunately, the chickens do not get free yard run anymore. At least not for a while.

2. Regular cleaning and sanitizing of water containers and food troughs and weekly deep clean of roost/run. Full compost and/or disposal in green clean services available in the city/state we reside. We do use peices of copper tubing inside the waterers to assist in algae reduction and to help keep the water cleaner of bacterials. (Effective for some things)

2b) for us, we wear Long jeans, socks, boots. Long sleeves, gloves and face mask while handling dusty things and cleaning of run and coop. We do have valley fever risk from the soil, particulalry during dust storm season. so this wasn't really new safety measures for us and is kind of a regular precaution. we also change and shower down immediatly after a particulalry dirty job or flock handling.

2c) tools, keep tools cleaned between use and if multiusetools. Particulalry those between flock to otherwise. This can be as simple as spray down, sun dry (rakes, hand tools) to bleach sanitizer solution (scissors, gloves and small items).

3. Keep an eye on beak/nose, eyes, combs/wattles, feet and energy levels of the flock. Quarantine and give medical aid where need and can. Cull if necessary and if suspect of avian virus's of concerns, notify county or state authorities for testing.

Keeping basic sanitary practices and vigilance on flock health is usually enough to keep most problems away for both people and the animals they care for and keep. Not all, but most.

A few years ago, mareks disease got a flock of a homesteader in a separate county (same online circles). Once confirmed and the flock culled, they were told they couldn't have any poultry for seven years. None. So we and other urban and suburban flock keeper sin our area tend to take flock health fairly seriously and keep a pretty good eye on them.

As an urban/suburban flock keeper its worth noting this again, as i always do when it come to asking about keeping flocks.

We became painfully aware that we do not have any avian vets who specialize in chickens after we needed one the first time. Their seen as an agricultural animal and those vets are currently very hard to find, or too expensive to get to visit (many only do house visits or it's a few hours to their office with no easy public transport) when living in an urban and suburban environment.

Thankfully, we've mostly had egg bound hens and bumblefoot as health problems aside from that first time. Both are able to be taken care of at home with minimal equipment and medicines. Youtube has been a great resource for learning how to take care of both and others (spur removal, wound care, different entertainment methods).

But do be aware if you want to keep a flock (chickens, quails, ducks, geese) in any situation you may need to (and should) learn some basic medical care on top of the rest.

That's it for now, thanks for stopping by :)

🌱🐔🐓Happy Homesteading 🐓🐔🌱

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ecofashion3 · 6 months ago

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Sustainable Fashion: A New Era for Style and Responsibility

Introduction

The fashion industry is one of the largest contributors to environmental degradation, accounting for significant water usage, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste generation. In response to these challenges, sustainable fashion has emerged as a solution to balance style with environmental and social responsibility. This movement seeks to reform how clothing is designed, produced, consumed, and discarded, making it a key player in the fight against climate change and resource depletion.

The Problem with Fast Fashion

Fast fashion, characterized by mass production of inexpensive and trendy clothing, has dominated the industry for decades. While it has made fashion accessible to millions, its environmental and social costs are staggering.

Resource Depletion: Producing textiles, particularly cotton and synthetic fibers, demands vast amounts of water and energy. For instance, making one cotton T-shirt can require up to 2,700 liters of water.

Carbon Emissions: The fashion industry accounts for approximately 10% of global carbon emissions, with synthetic fibers derived from fossil fuels being major contributors.

Waste Generation: Over 92 million tons of textile waste are generated annually, much of which ends up in landfills or incinerators.

Exploitation of Labor: Fast fashion often relies on low-cost labor in developing countries, where workers may face unsafe conditions and unfair wages.

What is Sustainable Fashion?

Sustainable fashion aims to mitigate these issues by adopting practices that respect the environment, uphold ethical labor standards, and encourage mindful consumption. It incorporates several principles:

Eco-Friendly Materials: Using organic, biodegradable, or recycled materials such as organic cotton, hemp, bamboo, and recycled polyester reduces reliance on virgin resources.

Ethical Production: Ensuring fair wages, safe working conditions, and labor rights for workers throughout the supply chain.

Waste Reduction: Prioritizing durability, repairability, and recyclability of garments to minimize waste.

Transparency: Providing consumers with information about sourcing, production processes, and environmental impact fosters accountability.

Innovations Driving Sustainable Fashion

The sustainable fashion movement is fueled by innovation and creativity, showcasing how technology and tradition can coexist to reduce environmental harm.

Textile Recycling Technologies: Advanced recycling methods can break down used textiles into their raw fibers, enabling the production of new fabrics without relying on virgin materials.

Alternative Fabrics: Lab-grown materials, such as mushroom leather (mycelium) and algae-based textiles, offer sustainable alternatives to traditional animal and synthetic products.

Digital Fashion: Virtual clothing, designed for social media or gaming, eliminates physical production, addressing issues of waste and resource use.

The Role of Brands

Brands play a crucial role in steering the fashion industry toward sustainability. Many companies are adopting innovative practices to reduce their environmental footprint:

Patagonia: Known for its environmental activism, Patagonia uses recycled materials and offers a repair program to extend the life of its products.

Stella McCartney: The brand prioritizes cruelty-free and eco-friendly materials, avoiding leather, fur, and PVC.

H&M Conscious Collection: A line featuring garments made from organic or recycled materials, showcasing the brand’s commitment to sustainable fashion.

However, the rise of “greenwashing” poses a challenge. Some companies market themselves as eco-friendly without making significant changes to their practices, making it essential for consumers to critically assess claims.

Consumer Role in Sustainable Fashion

Consumers hold significant power in driving the shift toward sustainability through their choices and behaviors:

Mindful Consumption: Opting for quality over quantity and avoiding impulse purchases can reduce demand for fast fashion.

Caring for Clothes: Properly washing, repairing, and storing garments extends their lifespan, reducing the need for new purchases.

Second-Hand Shopping: Buying pre-owned clothing from thrift stores or online platforms reduces waste and promotes circular fashion.

Supporting Ethical Brands: Choosing brands that prioritize sustainability and transparency encourages the industry to adopt better practices.

Challenges to Sustainable Fashion

Despite its promise, sustainable fashion faces several challenges:

Cost: Sustainable garments often come with a higher price tag due to ethical practices and eco-friendly materials, making them less accessible to some consumers.

Scale: Transitioning to sustainable practices on a global scale requires significant investment and collaboration across the supply chain.

Consumer Awareness: Many consumers remain unaware of the environmental impact of their clothing choices or the benefits of sustainable fashion.

The Future of Sustainable Fashion

The future of sustainable fashion lies in collaboration, innovation, and education. Governments, businesses, and consumers must work together to create a circular economy where waste is minimized, and resources are reused. Key developments include:

Legislation: Policies like the European Union’s “Green Deal” are pushing for stricter regulations on waste management and sustainable production in the fashion industry.

Education: Raising awareness about the environmental impact of fashion can empower consumers to make informed choices.

Technological Advancements: Continued innovation in materials science and recycling technologies will make sustainable fashion more accessible and cost-effective.

Conclusion

Sustainable fashion is more than a trend; it is a necessary evolution to address the pressing environmental and social challenges posed by the traditional fashion industry. By embracing eco-friendly materials, ethical practices, and mindful consumption, we can create a future where fashion reflects not just personal style but also a commitment to the planet and its people.

#“Best eco-friendly fashion brands for ethical clothing”#“Environmental impact of fast fashion and sustainable alternatives”#“How to make sustainable fashion choices”#“Tips for incorporating sustainable fashion into daily life”#Embracing Sustainable Fashion #Innovative sustainable materials in the fashion industry #What is Sustainable Fashion?

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readmedia777 · 6 months ago

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Cannabis to Jet Fuel: The High-Flying Future of Sustainable Energy

Introduction

The world stands at a critical crossroads, grappling with the dual challenges of increasing energy demands and climate change. With industries like aviation heavily reliant on fossil fuels, finding sustainable alternatives is no longer optional—it’s imperative. Amid this urgency, a surprising contender is emerging: cannabis, specifically industrial hemp, as a potential source of renewable jet fuel.

From its fast growth cycle to its ability to thrive in diverse conditions, hemp offers remarkable ecological and economic advantages. As researchers explore innovative ways to harness its energy potential, we may be on the cusp of a green revolution in aviation. Let’s delve into how cannabis could transform the skies, making jet fuel not just sustainable but revolutionary.

The Growing Need for Sustainable Energy in Aviation

The aviation industry accounts for nearly 2.5% of global carbon emissions. This might seem like a small percentage, but when you consider the cumulative environmental impact of millions of flights annually, the numbers become alarming. Traditional jet fuel, derived from fossil fuels, is one of the largest contributors to these emissions.

Efforts to transition to greener aviation fuels, such as biofuels from algae and waste materials, have shown promise. However, these alternatives often face scalability issues, high production costs, or supply limitations. A more sustainable and abundant resource is needed to meet the growing energy demands of global air travel. This is where hemp enters the picture, offering a renewable and viable solution to reduce the carbon footprint of aviation.

Cannabis: An Overview of Its Industrial Potential

Cannabis, often associated with recreational or medicinal use, is also a highly versatile crop with industrial applications. Hemp, a strain of cannabis with negligible psychoactive properties, has been cultivated for centuries for its fiber, seeds, and oil.

What makes hemp stand out is its adaptability and efficiency. It grows quickly, requires minimal water, and can thrive in a variety of climates. Its seeds are rich in oil, which can be processed into biodiesel, while its cellulose-rich stalks are ideal for ethanol production. These properties make hemp a promising candidate for the renewable energy sector, including aviation fuel.

Discover how Cannabis Waste to Jet Fuel is driving the next wave of sustainable energy for aviation.

How Cannabis Can Be Transformed into Jet Fuel

The process of converting hemp into biofuel involves several scientific steps, primarily focused on extracting usable energy components from the plant.

Oil Extraction: Hemp seeds are pressed to extract oil, which can be refined into biodiesel.

Cellulose Processing: The stalks are rich in cellulose, a key ingredient for ethanol and other biofuels.

Catalytic Refinement: Advanced technologies can further refine hemp oil and ethanol into aviation-grade fuel.

When compared to other biofuel sources like corn or soybeans, hemp offers higher yields and requires less intensive agricultural inputs. This makes it not only an environmentally friendly option but also a potentially cost-effective one.

Environmental Benefits of Hemp-Derived Jet Fuel

Hemp’s ability to combat climate change extends beyond its use as biofuel. Here’s how:

Carbon Sequestration: Hemp absorbs significant amounts of CO2 during its growth, effectively offsetting emissions from its fuel production and use.

Low Input Farming: It requires fewer pesticides and fertilizers compared to traditional crops, reducing the environmental impact of its cultivation.

Biodegradability: Any waste generated during hemp biofuel production is biodegradable, contributing to a circular economy.

The transition to hemp-based aviation fuel could lead to a substantial reduction in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, bringing us closer to carbon-neutral air travel.

Economic Opportunities from Cannabis-Based Aviation Fuel

The hemp-to-jet-fuel pathway isn’t just about sustainability—it’s a potential economic powerhouse. Hemp cultivation can create jobs, especially in rural and agricultural communities. Transitioning to hemp-based fuels provides farmers with a lucrative alternative to conventional crops, especially in regions facing agricultural challenges.

Additionally, scaling hemp biofuel production could drive down costs, making it competitive with traditional jet fuels. This economic potential makes hemp a win-win solution for the environment and the economy.

Overcoming Challenges in Adoption

While the potential of hemp-derived jet fuel is immense, realizing its full benefits requires addressing significant challenges:

Regulatory Hurdles: Many countries still have restrictive laws surrounding cannabis cultivation, even for industrial purposes. Easing these regulations is critical to enabling large-scale hemp farming and its use in energy production.

Technological Limitations: Developing cost-efficient and scalable methods to extract and refine hemp-based biofuels is a priority. Research in this area is ongoing but requires substantial investment.

Public Perception: Hemp often suffers from its association with marijuana, leading to public misunderstandings. Education and awareness campaigns can help demystify hemp’s role in sustainable energy.

Overcoming these obstacles demands coordinated efforts from policymakers, scientists, and industries. By fostering collaboration and innovation, the barriers to hemp-based aviation fuel adoption can be systematically dismantled.

Global Potential for Hemp Aviation Fuel

Hemp is an incredibly adaptable crop, capable of thriving in various climates, from temperate regions to semi-arid zones. This makes it a viable option for countries across the globe, including those with challenging agricultural conditions.

Developing Countries: Hemp cultivation can provide economic opportunities for developing nations, offering a sustainable crop with high market value.

Energy Independence: By producing their own biofuels, nations can reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels, bolstering energy security.

Global Supply Chain: Establishing international networks for hemp farming and biofuel production could transform the global energy landscape, making green aviation fuel accessible to all.

The global potential for hemp-based aviation fuel lies not just in its environmental benefits but also in its ability to create equitable economic opportunities.

Cannabis vs. Other Biofuel Sources

Hemp isn’t the only crop being considered for biofuel, but it has distinct advantages over many alternatives:CriteriaHempSoybeansAlgaeCornGrowth Cycle3-4 months4-5 monthsContinuous4-6 monthsWater RequirementsLowHighModerateHighLand Use EfficiencyHighModerateVery HighModerateEnvironmental ImpactPositive (CO2 sequestration)NeutralNeutralNegative (high pesticide use)Yield per Acre (Fuel)HighModerateHighLow

Hemp’s balance of high yield, low environmental impact, and versatility makes it a standout choice among biofuel crops, particularly for aviation.

The Role of Innovation in Expanding Hemp’s Potential

Innovation is the linchpin for maximizing hemp’s potential in the energy sector. Recent advancements in agricultural technology, such as precision farming and genetic improvements, have enhanced hemp yields and reduced production costs.

Farming Techniques: Modern irrigation methods and soil management practices can optimize hemp growth, even in challenging environments.

Biofuel Refinement: Emerging technologies in biofuel conversion, like enzymatic processing and catalytic cracking, are making hemp fuel production more efficient.

Integrated Systems: Hemp biofuel production can be coupled with other sustainable initiatives, like carbon capture technology and renewable power generation, to create a holistic green energy system.

By continuously pushing the boundaries of innovation, we can unlock even greater possibilities for hemp-derived energy solutions.

Cannabis and the Future of Green Aviation

Imagine a world where airplanes soar across the skies, powered by a fuel that’s not only renewable but also environmentally restorative. This vision isn’t as far-fetched as it seems. Hemp-based aviation fuel has the potential to:

Decarbonize Air Travel: By drastically reducing emissions, hemp biofuel could make aviation one of the greenest modes of transportation.

Inspire Industry Change: The adoption of sustainable fuels in aviation could set a precedent for other industries to follow.

Enhance Public Perception: Passengers and airlines alike would benefit from the positive environmental impact, creating a ripple effect of sustainability consciousness.

The future of aviation is undoubtedly tied to innovative energy solutions, and hemp is poised to play a starring role in this transformation.

Building a Hemp-Based Energy Ecosystem

To fully realize the potential of hemp-based aviation fuel, it’s essential to integrate it into a broader ecosystem of sustainability. This means:

Circular Economy Practices: Utilizing every part of the hemp plant ensures minimal waste and maximized utility. For example, while the seeds are used for oil, the stalks can be processed into materials like bioplastics.

Collaborative Efforts: Partnerships between energy companies, agricultural sectors, and governments are vital to creating a seamless supply chain.

Infrastructure Development: From farming facilities to biofuel refineries, building the necessary infrastructure is critical for scaling production.

This holistic approach not only amplifies the benefits of hemp fuel but also lays the groundwork for a more sustainable future across multiple industries.

Public Awareness and Policy Advocacy

For hemp aviation fuel to succeed, the public must be aware of its benefits, and policymakers must pave the way for its adoption. Key steps include:

Educational Campaigns: Informing the public about the environmental and economic advantages of hemp biofuel can help dispel misconceptions.

Policy Support: Governments need to incentivize hemp cultivation and biofuel production through subsidies, tax breaks, and research funding.

International Collaboration: Coordinated global efforts can accelerate the development and adoption of hemp-based fuels, ensuring widespread benefits.

Through awareness and advocacy, we can create the conditions necessary for hemp-derived jet fuel to take off—both literally and figuratively.

Conclusion

Hemp represents a beacon of hope in the quest for sustainable energy, particularly in the aviation sector. Its rapid growth, low environmental footprint, and high biofuel yield make it an unparalleled resource for addressing the twin challenges of climate change and energy demand.

By embracing cannabis-derived jet fuel, we can transform the skies into a cleaner, greener space, inspiring future generations to dream bigger and think sustainably. The journey from cannabis to jet fuel isn’t just about energy—it’s about redefining what’s possible in our fight for a better planet.

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Progress in the Study of the Protective Effect and Mechanism of C-phycocyanin on Liver Injury

Abstract: C-phycocyanin (C-phycocyanin) is a pigment-containing protein from marine algae that has shown promising results in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases and tumors. C-alpha-cyanobilin is a pigment-containing protein from marine algae that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases and tumors. C-alpha-cyanobilin has a protective effect on various liver diseases, such as drug-induced or toxic substance-induced liver damage, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic fibrosis, and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. The protective effect of C-alginin on liver injury is mainly realized through the regulation of signaling pathways such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), and the inhibition of oxidative stress, etc., and is not toxic to normal cells. Therefore, C-alginin has a broad application prospect as a potential natural hepatoprotective marine active substance. In recent years, the research progress of the protective effect of C-alginin on liver injury and its mechanism is summarized.

C-phycocyanin (C-phycocyanin) is a complex protein of cyanobacteria and a natural food protein pigment with pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects, as well as fast-acting and low-toxicity, it can be used as a functional food [1-2]. C-Alginin can also enhance immunity and is safe, without causing acute and subacute toxic reactions [3]. Selenium-enriched PC has been shown to have stronger pharmacological effects [4]. Therefore, C-alginate has important research value both as a drug and a functional food, and has become a hot spot in the field of pharmaceutical research [5]. In this paper, we summarize the progress of research on the application and mechanism of C-alginin in liver diseases.

1 Ameliorative effect of C-phycocyanin on liver injury caused by drugs and toxic substances

The liver is the metabolic center of drugs and exogenous toxic substances, and metabolites are prone to liver injury. C-PC can inhibit the synthesis and release of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon-γ, and increase the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), which can inhibit hepatic inflammation and alleviate hepatic injury [3]. It has been found that C-PC can significantly prevent thioacetamide-induced liver injury, significantly reduce the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aliquot aminotransferase (AST), shorten the prothrombin time and reduce the hepatic histopathological damage, and improve the survival rate of rats with fulminant hepatic failure [6]. C-alginin also has a good effect on thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy, which can be seen in the reduction of tryptophan and lipid peroxidation indexes in different regions of the brain, and the enhancement of catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in rats with fulminant hepatic failure [6].

Another study found that C-alginin not only attenuates the oxidative stress induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene and reduces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) radicals, but also inhibits the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene, thus inhibiting the expression of multidrug resistance genes [7]. Osman et al. [8] also showed that C-alginin could normalize the levels of ALT, AST, catalase, urea, creatinine, SOD and glutathione-s-transferase in the livers of rats poisoned with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). This result was also verified in human liver cell line (L02) [9]. C-phycocyanin can effectively scavenge ROS and inhibit CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver [10], and C-PC can improve the antioxidant defense system and restore the structure of hepatocytes and hepatic enzymes in the liver of gibberellic acid-poisoned albino rats [11]. As a PC chromophore, phycocyanin can also significantly inhibit ROS generation and improve liver injury induced by a variety of drugs and toxic substances [10]. Liu et al. [12] found that phycocyanin showed strong anti-inflammatory effects in a CCl4-induced hepatic injury model in mice, which could significantly reduce the levels of ALT, AST, the expression of TNF-α and cytochrome C, increase the levels of albumin and SOD, and proliferate cytosolic nuclei. It can significantly reduce ALT and AST levels and the expression of TNF-α and cytochrome C, increase albumin levels and the expression of SOD and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, promote hepatocyte regeneration and improve the survival rate of mice with acute liver failure.

Gammoudi et al [13] used response surface method to optimize the extraction process of C-phycocyanin, and obtained high extraction recovery. C-phycocyanin extracted by the optimized method has the ability of scavenging hydroxyl, superoxide anion and nitric oxide radicals as well as the ability of metal chelating, and it has stronger antioxidant effect; C-PC significantly increased the activity of SOD and inhibited the increase of ALT, AST, and bilirubin in cadmium-poisoned rats. C-PC significantly increased the activity of SOD and inhibited the increase of ALT, AST and bilirubin in rats with cadmium poisoning. The above studies show that C-phycocyanin can effectively protect liver injury caused by drugs and toxic substances, and has the efficacy as the basis for drug development.

2 Preventive effect of C-alginin on hepatic fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is an inevitable process in the development of various chronic liver diseases and may be reversed with early and timely treatment. The key to liver fibrosis is the activation of hepatic stellate cells. Previous studies have found that low-dose C-alginin combined with soy isoflavones can inhibit hepatic stellate cell activation by inhibiting the activity of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase［14］, but it is not clear whether C-alginin alone can inhibit the activity of NADPH oxidase. Therefore, the combination of C-algin and soy isoflavones at appropriate doses may have a preventive effect on liver fibrosis in high-risk groups. C-alginin may inhibit the progression of NADPH by suppressing oxidative damage, thereby inhibiting the development of hepatic fibrosis [15].

Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the key mechanisms contributing to the development of fibrotic diseases. C-alginin inhibits transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-induced human EMT [16]. Although the effect of C-alginin on EMT in hepatic fibrosis has not been reported, it has been found that C-alginin can reduce pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting epithelial mesenchymal transition [17]. Another study found that C-alginin could reduce the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA in human dermal fibroblasts and alleviate fibrous contracture [18]. The results of these studies also have significance for the inhibition of hepatic fibrosis, and provide a theoretical basis for the further study of C-PC as a potential antifibrotic drug.

3 Protective effect of C-alginin on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Liver ischemia/reperfusion injury is an important clinicopathophysiological phenomenon. It was found that the addition of two different doses (0.1 g/L and 0.2 g/L) of C-alginin to the Krebs Henseleit preservation solution significantly decreased hepatic ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase activities, and reduced the rate of lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde content in an isolated perfused rat liver model, and increased the activities of hepatic glutathione-s-transferase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as sulfhydryl groups in hepatic tissue. On the other hand, it can increase the activities of hepatic glutathione-s-transferase and glutathione peroxidase and the content of sulfhydryl groups in liver tissues, therefore, C-alginin can significantly reduce hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury as an antioxidant [19]. In isolated perfused mouse livers, it was found that C-alginin significantly reduced the phagocytosis and respiratory burst activity of hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells), attenuated cytotoxicity and inflammation induced by highly active Kupffer cells, and dose-dependently inhibited carbon phagocytosis and carbon-induced oxygen uptake by perfused livers, and then inhibited the increase of hepatic nitric oxide synthase activity induced by gonadotropins [20]. and thus inhibit the thyroid hormone-induced elevation of hepatic nitric oxide synthase activity [20].

However, C-alginin has a very short half-life in vivo, which limits its application in vivo. It was found that the use of polyethylene glycol-b-(polyglutamic acid-g-polyethyleneimine), a macromolecular material with good drug-carrying capacity and slow-release properties, as a nanocarrier of C-alginin could solve this problem, and the release of C-alginin could be delayed by subcutaneous injection into the abdominal region of rats, which could attenuate islet damage caused by hepatic ischemia/reperfusion and enhance the function of the islets [21]. This study broadens the scope of application of C-alginin in vivo and improves the therapeutic effect of C-alginin.

4 Inhibitory effect of C-alginin on hepatocellular carcinoma

It was found that C-alginin significantly reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2) mRNA in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2 cells) [22]. C-alginin is a natural photosensitizer, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by alginin microcystin induced a large accumulation of ROS in HepG2 cells, which promoted mitochondrial damage and cytochrome C release, and led to apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells [23].

Liu et al. [24] used nanoscale C-alginate particles prepared by lactobionic acid grafting and adriamycin loading to enhance the growth inhibition of HepG2 cells when combined with chemo-PDT, and the C-alginate particles could effectively accumulate and diffuse in tumor multicellular spheres. In vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of selenium-enriched PCs on PDT in hepatocellular carcinoma showed that selenium-enriched PCs could migrate from lysosomes to mitochondria in a time-dependent manner, and that selenium-enriched PCs could induce the death of tumor cells through the generation of free radicals in vivo, increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes in vivo, induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and inhibit autophagy, thus offering a relatively safe pathway to tumor treatment and showing new development perspectives [4]. It can provide a relatively safe way to treat tumors and shows a new development prospect [4].

Lin et al. [25] combined C-phycocyanin with single-walled carbon nanohorns and prepared phycocyanin-functionalized single-walled carbon nanohorn hybrids, which enhanced the photostability of C-phycocyanin and protected the single-walled carbon nanohorns from adsorption of plasma proteins, and synergistically used with PDT and photothermal therapy (PTT) to treat tumors. C-phycocyanin covalently coupled with biosilica and PDT or non-covalently coupled with indocyanine green and PTT on tumor-associated macrophages can also increase the apoptosis rate of tumor cells [26-27]. The development of PDT and PTT synergistic methods for the treatment of cancer has broadened the application of C-PC and enhanced its value in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

In addition, C-phycocyanin can inhibit the expression of multidrug-resistant genes in HepG2 cells through NF-κB and activated protein-1 (AP-1)-mediated pathways, and C-phycocyanin increases the accumulation of adriamycin in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, which results in a 5-fold increase in the susceptibility of cells to adriamycin [28]. Even in adriamycin-resistant HepG2 cells, C-PC induced the activation of apoptotic pathways such as cytochrome C and caspase-3 [29], and the results of Prabakaran et al. [30] also confirmed the inhibitory effect of C-PC on the proliferation of HepG2 cells, mediated by the inactivation of BCR-ABL signaling and the downstream PI3K/Akt pathway. mediated by BCR-ABL signaling and inactivation of downstream PI3K/Akt pathway. In addition, C-phycocyanin modifies the mitochondrial membrane potential and promotes apoptosis in cancer cells [30]. Currently, C-phycocyanin is a synergistic molecule with other drugs that have been widely used in the treatment of cancer [31]. The above studies demonstrate that C-phycocyanin has good therapeutic potential in the field of hepatocellular carcinoma.

5 Amelioration of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by C-phycocyanin

It has been found that C-alginin can reduce ALT and AST levels, decrease ROS production and NF-κB activation, and attenuate hepatic fibrosis in rats induced by high-fat choline-deficient diets, and thus C-alginin has a protective effect on NAFLD rats through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms [15].

Another study on the effects of aqueous extract of Spirulina (mainly C-alginin) on NAFLD induced by a high-calorie/high-fat Western diet in C57Bl/6J mice showed that aqueous extract of Spirulina significantly improved glucose tolerance, lowered plasma cholesterol, and increased ursodeoxycholic acid in bile in mice [32]. Kaspi-Chadli et al. Kasbi-Chadli et al. [33] showed that aqueous extract of Spirulina could reduce cholesterol and sphingolipid levels in the liver and aortic cholesterol levels in hamsters fed a high-fat diet by significantly decreasing the expression of hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG CoA) gene, a limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis, and TGF-β1 gene, and that ursodeoxycholic acid levels in the feces of hamsters fed high-fat diets were increased in the high Spirulina aqueous extract treatment group.

A daily dose of C-alginin-enriched Spirulina can reduce the harmful effects of oxidative stress induced by a diet rich in lipid peroxides [34]. Ma et al. [35] found that C-alginin promoted the phosphorylation of hepatocyte AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) in vivo and ex vivo, and increased the phosphorylation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase. In the treatment of NAFLD in mice, C-alginin can improve liver inflammation by up-regulating the expression of phosphorylated AMPK and AMPK-regulated transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α) and its target gene, CPT1, and by down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and CD36 [35]. This suggests that C-phycocyanin can also improve lipid deposition in the liver through the AMPK pathway.

Endothelial dysfunction is associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. Studies in animal models of spontaneous hypertension have shown that long-term administration of C-alginin may improve systemic blood pressure in rats by increasing aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase levels, with a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure, and thus C-alginin may be useful in preventing endothelial dysfunction-related diseases in the metabolic syndrome [36]. In the offspring of ApoE-deficient mice fed C-alginate during gestation and lactation, male littermates had an elevated hepatic reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio and significantly lower hepatic SOD and glutathione peroxidase gene expression.

C-PC is effective in preventing atherosclerosis in adult hereditary hypercholesterolemic mice [37]. In vitro, C-phycocyanin also improved glucose production and expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) in high-glucose-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 cells [38]. C-alginin also increases glucose uptake in high glucose-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 cells through the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)/PI3K/Akt and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1)/liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/AMPK signaling pathways, activates glycogen synthase, and increases the amount of glycogen [38]. C-phycocyanin can improve blood glucose and fasting serum insulin levels in tetracycline-induced diabetic mice [39]. Therefore, C-phycocyanin can maintain cellular glucose homeostasis by improving insulin resistance in hepatocytes.

6 Hepatoprotective role of C-phycocyanin in other liver diseases

Studies have shown that C-alginin can inhibit total serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL, ALT, AST, and malondialdehyde levels in mice modeled with alcoholic liver injury, significantly increase SOD levels in the liver, and promote the activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells, which can have an ameliorative effect on alcoholic liver injury [40]. In addition, C-phycocyanin may enhance the intestinal barrier function, regulate the intestinal flora, reduce the translocation of bacteria and metabolites to the liver, and inhibit the activity of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB pathway, which may reduce the inflammation of the liver and prevent the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis in mice [41]. In mice with X-ray radiation-induced liver injury, C-phycocyanin can reduce radiation-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress injury by up-regulating the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and downstream genes, such as HO-1, and play a hepatoprotective role by enhancing the activities of SOD and glutathione peroxidase [42].

7 Outlook

Liver fibrosis is the common final process of chronic liver diseases, and there is no effective therapeutic drug at present. Although some research progress has been made in the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on the reversal of liver fibrosis [43], its toxicological effects have not yet been clarified. Although the incidence of viral hepatitis has gradually decreased with the development and popularization of vaccines and antiviral drugs, the incidence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and liver diseases such as NAFLD has been increasing year by year with the improvement of people's living conditions [44]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find drugs or nutrients that can help maintain normal hepatocyte function and effectively inhibit liver inflammation and fibrosis. C-alginin, with its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor effects, as well as good food coloring, has a wide range of applications in both the pharmaceutical and food industries.

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[30] PRABAKARAN G, SAMPATHKUMAR P, KAVISRI M, et al. Extraction and characterization of phycocyanin from spirulina platensis and evaluation of its anticancer , antidiabetic and antiinflammatory effect[J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2020, 153: 256- 263. doi: 10. 1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.009.

[31] SILVA M R O B D, M DA SILVA G, SILVA A L F D, et al. Bioactive compounds of Arthrospira spp. (spirulina) with potential anticancer activities: a systematic review[J]. ACS Chem Biol, 2021, 16 (11): 2057-2067. doi: 10. 1021/acschembio.1c00568.

[32] COUÉ M, TESSE A, FALEWÉE J, et al. Spirulina liquid extract protects against fibrosis related to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and increases ursodeoxycholic acid [J]. Nutrients, 2019, 11 (1): 194. doi:10.3390/nu11010194.

[33] KASBI-CHADLI F, COUÉ M, AGUESSE A, et al. Spirulina liquid extract prevents metabolic disturbances and improves liver sphingolipids profile in hamster fed a high-fat diet[J]. Eur J Nutr, 2021, 60(8):4483-4494. doi: 10. 1007/s00394-021-02589-x.

[34] OULD AMARA-LEFFAD L, RAMDANE H, NEKHOUL K, et al. Spirulina effect on modulation of toxins provided by food, impact on hepatic and renal functions [J] . . Arch Physiol Biochem, 2019, 125 (2): 184-194. doi: 10. 1080/13813455.2018.1444059.

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#phycocyanin #cphycocyanin #phycocyaninspirulina

#healthy eating #health products #nutrition #veganfood

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seacalm73 · 7 months ago

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Are Supplements necessary?

Which Supplements I cannot live without?

Supplements You Can’t Avoid: Are You Missing These Essentials?

Let’s get real for a second — modern life is a whirlwind. We’re juggling work, family, social lives, and trying to squeeze in some self-care between it all. In the midst of this madness, eating a perfectly balanced, nutrient-rich diet every single day feels like a fantasy, doesn’t it? And that’s where supplements come in. Sure, we’d all love to get everything we need from our food, but sometimes that just isn’t possible. So, which supplements are truly hard to avoid in this fast-paced world of ours?

Here’s the audacious truth: some nutrients are just plain tricky to get enough of from diet alone, and for some of us, supplements are a must. But not all supplements are created equal, and not everyone needs the same things. So, let’s break down the supplements that many people simply can’t skip — whether due to diet, lifestyle, or modern living.

1. Vitamin D: Sunshine in a Bottle

We all know the drill: vitamin D is vital for our bones, immune system, and even mood. But here’s the catch — how many of us are actually soaking up enough sun these days? Between working indoors, slathering on sunscreen (and rightly so), and long, dark winters, getting enough vitamin D from sunlight is a tall order. Add to that the fact that it’s found in only a handful of foods, and it’s no wonder so many of us are low on this crucial vitamin.

Without enough vitamin D, you’re looking at weakened bones, a lowered immune system, and even a hit to your mental health. If you’re not getting at least 10–30 minutes of direct sunlight a few times a week, a supplement might just be your best bet to stay healthy and bright. This one’s a no-brainer.

2. Omega-3: The Brain Fuel You Didn’t Know You Needed

Let’s talk fish. Unless you’re munching on salmon, mackerel, or sardines a few times a week (and who really is?), you’re likely missing out on omega-3 fatty acids. These fats are game-changers for your brain, heart, and even mental health. They help fight inflammation, keep your heart ticking along, and are linked to everything from reduced anxiety to better memory.

For those who don’t love fish — or avoid animal products entirely — this is where a supplement can make a world of difference. Fish oil, krill oil, or algae-based supplements can fill that gap with ease. Seriously, your brain will thank you for it.

3. Vitamin B12: The Vegan Achilles Heel

If you’re plant-based, this one’s for you. Vitamin B12 is crucial for nerve function, red blood cell production, and overall energy levels. But there’s a catch — it’s almost exclusively found in animal products. That’s bad news for vegans and vegetarians who can struggle to get enough from diet alone.

Without B12, you risk fatigue, brain fog, and even nerve damage. If you’re following a plant-based diet or if your body doesn’t absorb it well, a B12 supplement is an absolute must. And let’s be honest, even some meat-eaters are deficient because they’re just not getting enough from their diet. No shame in reaching for a little extra help.

4. Iron: More Than Just for Popeye

Iron isn’t just about fighting off anaemia — it’s about keeping your energy levels stable and your immune system strong. But here’s the kicker: iron from plant sources just doesn’t absorb as well as the iron from meat. If you’re not eating red meat, or if you have heavy periods, your iron stores can easily run low.

This isn’t just about fatigue, either. Low iron can mess with your immune system, leaving you more vulnerable to illnesses. For many people — especially women and vegetarians — an iron supplement can be a lifesaver. But, of course, make sure to get your levels checked before you start popping pills.

5. Magnesium: The Unsung Hero

Here’s a nutrient that doesn’t get enough love: magnesium. It’s involved in over 300 processes in your body, from muscle function to heart health to stress reduction. And yet, many people are deficient and don’t even know it.

Why? Well, modern farming practices have left our soil depleted, so even those leafy greens that should be packed with magnesium aren’t always delivering the goods. Throw in a diet that’s heavy on processed foods and low on whole grains, nuts, and seeds, and it’s easy to see why magnesium levels are lagging.

If you’re dealing with stress, sleep issues, or muscle cramps, a magnesium supplement could be exactly what you need to restore balance.

6. Folate (Folic Acid): The Pregnancy Powerhouse

For anyone thinking about pregnancy — or already there — folate (or folic acid) isn’t just important, it’s non-negotiable. It plays a crucial role in preventing birth defects and supporting healthy development. Even if you’re eating your leafy greens, legumes, and fortified grains, it can be tricky to get enough folate from diet alone when your needs increase during pregnancy. So, this is one supplement you don’t want to skip if you’re in the baby-making business.

7. Calcium: Because Bones Don’t Last Forever

We’ve all heard about calcium for strong bones, but as we age, it becomes more important than ever. If you’re dairy-free or simply not a big fan of calcium-rich foods, this is one mineral you can’t afford to ignore.

Low calcium levels lead to weak bones and a higher risk of fractures. For those who avoid dairy, a calcium supplement can make all the difference in keeping your skeleton strong as you age.

8. Zinc: The Immunity Booster

Last but not least, zinc — a superstar for your immune system and overall health. Found in meats, shellfish, and seeds, it’s often tough for plant-based eaters to get enough zinc from food alone. Not to mention, zinc is easily depleted during illness, making it even more critical during cold and flu season.

If you find yourself getting sick often or if you’re vegetarian or vegan, a zinc supplement can be a game-changer for your immune health.

The Bottom Line: Supplements with a Purpose

Here’s the bold truth: while we all want to rely on whole foods for our nutrients, the modern world doesn’t always make that possible. Whether due to lifestyle choices, dietary restrictions, or even the way our food is produced, supplements can fill in those nutritional gaps that are otherwise hard to avoid.

But remember, supplements are just that — supplements. They aren’t a replacement for real, nutrient-dense food. Think of them as backup singers, not the main act. They help when your diet doesn’t quite cut it, but they should never be the sole source of your nutrition.

So, while you might not need every supplement on this list, these essentials are ones you shouldn’t ignore if your diet or lifestyle leaves you lacking. The right supplements can support your health in ways that might just make the difference between thriving and just getting by.

#biology #artificial intelligence #books #branding #supplements #health and wellness #health and nutrition #health & fitness #mental health #healthcare #medicine #lifestyle

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