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allinllachuteruteru · 1 year

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i am very new to learning quechua and am having trouble finding resources to learn, do you know any? i also need some pointers on how to learn a new language from scratch since i dont really know where to start

Imaynalla kasanki :)

I have a few resources, although the vast majority of them are from Spanish (I see an Argentine flag in your bio, so I'm hoping that isn't a problem).

English resources:

This website has extremely basic survival Quechua and audio in English, along with the romanization of words and phrases to pronounce them.

Here is extremely basic vocab for Bolivian Quechua; words only.

This wonderful source has a basic internet course for Quechua and if you explore it a bit includes a ton of information about the language along with places and people to contact that can help teach you.

Here is a very famous movie in Quechua with English subtitles that you can watch for free.

The movie Retablo is free on Tubi. It's about a Runa boy in Peru discovering his father isn't actually heterosexual and the repercussions he faces in the community and his own family because of it. Subtitles in English.

The Quechua Collective of New York periodically offers Quechua classes on Zoom, if you're willing to spend $90 for a 12-week course.

If you are extremely serious about learning Quechua, there are multiple universities that offer online courses with 101/201 usually in the Fall and 102/202 in the Spring. Purdue University, Oberlin College, Indiana University, UChicago, UPenn, University of Michigan, Northwestern University, East Carolina University, and the Ohio State University all offer courses, with all of them for sure offering online options except for UPenn and UMichigan--those I'm not sure. Expect to pay no less than $1500 for each course.

Spanish resources:

This podcast series is on Apple Podcasts and can help if you have a basic level already.

Here is an app from the Ministry of Tourism in Peru that can help with basics.

Here is a free online course for Quechua Chanka.

This is an extremely tedious but helpful guide pdf from Spanish.

Online games making the learning process a little less painful.

If you really want a resource for the Collao dialect and don't mind dropping some coin, this course is about $15 and will give you a certificate at the end.

This is made by the same people right above in the Collao dialect, but free.

Here's a super rare audio course for Kichwa Inga made by Indiana University.

Here's an online translator that can theoretically translate from English too but works best in Spanish.

These Spanish Youtube channels teach some Quechua.

This monstrosity of a pdf that is half grammar/pronunciation and half vocab, in the Sureño dialect but the Peruvian one rather than Bolivian.

Here's a ginormous pdf of a Quechua-Spanish dictionary.

This pdf on Scribd. Scribd makes you do a free trial, but you can download as much material to your pc as your heart desires. I highly recommend that you do a trial, find and download as many relevant resources as you can, and then end the trial before the 30 days is up.

This wonderful human being's Instagram. T'ikita hasn't posted her usual reels and tiktoks lately but if you scroll back a little she has a ton of helpful videos in her Quechua Chic series with Bolivian Quechua. I also paid $25 a month to have Zoom lessons with her which we did using a mix of English and Spanish. She was amazing, but I feel like she would definitely prefer to teach in Spanish is why I'm putting her in this section. I think she may still do group classes but I'm not sure.

Wilfredo also teaches Bolivian Quechua from Spanish and has his WA number in his bio. My boyfriend took classes with him and seemed to enjoy it.

Qhalincha makes helpful instagram reels and offers group classes at an affordable price; I think she speaks Bolivian Quechua but I'm not 100% sure.

This is a general instagram account that teaches different dialects of Quechua.

This is like the above, but this Instagram has organized group courses seemingly at an affordable rate.

Peru's Catholic University has an online Quechua class (courses ranging from 1-2 months) that meets daily. The 2 month class is about $75.

Again, if you are EXTREMELY serious about learning Quechua, then the Centro Tinku program takes place in Cusco where you live with a Runa family and have the language taught to you in Spanish. If you're not attending a partner University with the organization, you may email [email protected] to enroll directly with Centro Tinku. The cost is a whopping $4100, but Centro Tinku also offers 50% scholarships on tuition costs to Latin American students not eligible for other funding. UMich has more info about it here.

Bilingual resources:

This nifty lil page has a basic course.

This one is also like the above.

This SUPER beyond helpful Discord channel where you have speakers to actually talk to.

Here is an entire Google Spreadsheet of affordable online Quechua teachers.

Listen to Renata Flores. She doesn't have many songs on here at the moment and isn't a native speaker, but I love her rap. She's super popular in Peru.

Italki has super cheap Quechua tutors. While most of the tutors teach in only Spanish and Peruvian/Cusco dialects, there is at least one who can teach from English a range of dialects such Boliviano, Cusco, and even Ecuadorian Kichwa.

I also have pdfs for Quechua resources including the insanely rare and critically endangered Cajamarca dialect, but considering the source has been taken down every time I see it pop up on the internet probably due to copyright violations, I 100% don't feel comfortable posting it here. If you trust me enough, I can email it to you or whomever seriously wants their hands on it.

Now, as for learning a new language, I would say don't even try to start until you've organized yourself a bit and set up goals for what you want to achieve. Sure, you want to learn Quechua, but there's always more learning to do with language acquisition. Where do you want to be in 3 months? Do you want to be able to introduce yourself and count and know colors? Start small, and build from there.

I think ChatGPT may be useful here too with creating outlines for achieving language learning goals if you prompt it with something along the lines of "I want to learn Quechua. I will spent 2 hours a day, 5 days a week studying. Set me up an outline and schedule I should follow in order to be conversational." (Yes, I used that exact prompt and it generated me a pretty solid learning schedule).

I will also always swear by flashcards and physically writing down new vocabulary and concepts. Practice speaking out loud to yourself even if it feels ridiculous. The Hellotalk app is also helpful as long as you are confident you can avoid random people insistently messaging you on it, and instead use it for native speaker interactions and corrections.

Best of luck <3

#quechua #learning quechua #quechua resources #quechua resource grand masterlist #quechua boliviano #quechua chic #quechua chanka #quechua sureño #english resources #castellano resources #spanish resources #kichwa #quichua #language learning #ask #quechua masterpost

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zvaigzdelasas · 2 years

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Bolivia's Foreign Minister Rogelio Mayta Wednesday highlighted his country's Bioceanic Integration Railway Corridor (CFBI), which seeks to link the Brazilian port of Santos with Ilo in Peru to further develop the region's trade capabilities[...]

The Bolivian initiative received additional momentum last month following a virtual meeting amon dignitaries of Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru to draw up a timetable through work groups, after three years of inaction. The original 2013 plan had been devised under the administration of then-President Evo Morales.

Mayta also asked Uruguay, who will take over Mercosur's pro tempore presidency Thursday, to convene the associated states to “build” a space that “allows to prioritize the articulation projects.”

The Bolivian Minister also called for responses to the management of water resources, and the reactivation of tourism through “joint promotion mechanisms,” among other issues of common interest.[...]

Bolivia firmly believes in integration with development” and has therefore promoted the Bioceanic Integration Railway Corridor (CFBI) project, argued Mayta, who also pointed out his country sought to contribute to the region's “socio-economic development.”

He also recalled that in 2017 that project was declared by Mercosur, both by member and associate states, as a plan of “regional interest” and insisted it can help solve “logistics problems”.

21 Jul 22

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aetours · 4 months

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mahafus · 5 months

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B2B Bolivia Phone Number List

Bolivia is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the southwest. With an area of 1,098,581 km2 (424,164 sq mi), Bolivia is the fifth largest country in South America. Bolivia is one of the least developed countries in South America. It has a high poverty rate and is ranked as the 113th least livable country in the world. Despite its challenges, Bolivia has a lot to offer. It is a culturally rich country with a diverse landscape. Bolivia is also a member of the WTO and has signed free trade agreements with a number of countries, making it an attractive market for businesses. If you're looking to expand your business into Bolivia, you'll need a reliable B2B Bolivia phone number list. A B2B Bolivia phone number list can help you reach new customers and grow your business. With a B2B Bolivia phone number list, you can connect with Bolivian businesses and connect with new markets.

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2. A key component of any business expansion is having a reliable and up-to-date phone number list for Bolivia.

A key component of any business expansion is having a reliable and up-to-date phone number list for the country you are expanding into. This is especially true for Bolivia, where the business landscape is constantly changing. There are a few different ways to acquire a Bolivia phone number list, and the best method will depend on your specific needs and budget. One option is to purchase a list from a reputable data provider. This will be the most expensive option, but it will also give you the most comprehensive and up-to-date list available. If you have the budget for it, this is the best option. Another option is to find a list online. There are many websites that offer free or paid Bolivia phone number lists. The quality of these lists can vary, so it is important to do your research before choosing one. The advantage of this option is that it is usually much cheaper than purchasing a list from a data provider. The final option is to compile your own Bolivia phone number list. This can be a time-consuming process, but it is free and you can be sure that the list is accurate and up-to-date. The best way to do this is to use a combination of online resources and personal contacts. Whichever method you choose, a key component of any business expansion is having a reliable and up-to-date phone number list for Bolivia.

3. There are a few different ways to obtain a Bolivia phone number list.

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4. One way to get a Bolivia phone number list is to purchase it from a third-party provider.

One way to get a Bolivia phone number list is to purchase it from a third-party provider. There are a number of reputable companies that sell these lists, and they can be a great resource for expanding your business into Bolivia. When you purchase a Bolivia phone number list from a third-party provider, you will typically receive a list of numbers that you can use to contact potential customers in Bolivia. These numbers can be used for a variety of purposes, such as making sales calls, sending promotional materials, or even just conducting market research. The benefits of using a Bolivia phone number list from a third-party provider are numerous. First, you will have access to a large pool of potential customers that you would not otherwise have. Second, you will be able to save money on long-distance calling charges by using a local number. Finally, you will be able to customize your list to target specific demographics, regions, or even industries. If you are interested in expanding your business into Bolivia, then purchasing a Bolivia phone number list from a third-party provider is a great way to get started. With a little bit of research, you should be able to find a reputable provider that can offer you a high quality list at a reasonable price.

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If you want to expand your business into Bolivia, one way to get a list of potential customers is to compile it yourself using public sources. You can find lists of businesses in Bolivia online, in both English and Spanish. Searching for keywords such as "Bolivia business directory" or "Bolivian companies" will give you a good starting point. Another way to get a Bolivia phone number list is to search for online directories that focus specifically on Bolivian businesses. These directories will usually have contact information for a variety of businesses in different industries. Try searching for "Bolivia phone directory" or "Bolivia business directory" to find some of these websites. Once you have a list of potential customers, you can start contacting them to see if they're interested in your products or services. When you're doing this, it's important to be polite and professional. Many businesses in Bolivia are family-run, so building personal relationships is important. Keep in mind that most people in Bolivia speak Spanish, so it's important to have someone on your team who can communicate in this language. If you don't have anyone on your team who speaks Spanish, there are a number of translation services that can help you. With a little effort, you can compile your own Bolivia phone number list and start expanding your business into this promising market.

6. Once you have a Bolivia phone number list, you can start contacting potential customers and partners.

If you're looking to expand your business into Bolivia, one of the first things you'll need is a phone number list. This will allow you to start contacting potential customers and partners within the country. There are a few different ways to obtain a Bolivia phone number list. One option is to purchase a list from a reputable company. This is often the quickest and easiest way to get a list, but it can be expensive. Another option is to compile your own list. This can be done by collecting business cards or contacting people directly. This method can be more time-consuming, but it's often less expensive than purchasing a list. Once you have a Bolivia phone number list, you can start contacting potential customers and partners. You can use it to make sales calls, set up appointments, or simply build relationships. No matter how you use it, a Bolivia phone number list can be a valuable tool for expanding your business.

7. With a reliable Bolivia phone number list, you can confidently expand your business into this new market.

B2B Bolivia Phone Number List: How to Expand Your Business in Bolivia If you're looking for opportunities to expand your business, Bolivia should be high on your list. This South American country offers plenty of potential for businesses in a variety of industries. But before you start marketing your products or services in Bolivia, you need to make sure you have a reliable Bolivia phone number list. A good list will have accurate and up-to-date contact information for potential customers and clients in Bolivia. There are a few ways to get a Bolivia phone number list. You can purchase one from a reputable marketing or research firm, or you can compile your own list using Bolivia Yellow Pages or other online directories. Once you have your Bolivia phone number list, you can start planning your marketing strategy. Keep in mind that Bolivians are generally more formal than North Americans, so your marketing materials should reflect that. Some tips for marketing your business in Bolivia: -Make sure your website is available in Spanish. This is the language that most Bolivians speak. -Use social media to reach potential customers and clients. Facebook and Twitter are popular in Bolivia. -Be prepared to do business in person. Bolivians prefer to do business face-to-face, so don't rely too heavily on email or other electronic communication. With a reliable Bolivia phone number list and a well-thought-out marketing strategy, you can confidently expand your business into this new market.

One way to expand your business in Bolivia is to get a B2B Bolivia phone number list. This list can help you connect with potential customers and partners in Bolivia. With a reliable list, you can easily communicate with people in Bolivia and grow your business.

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sounmashnews · 2 years

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[ad_1] But later the Uruguayans grew to become cautious of the mission for 2 causes. Firstly, they feared that the big iron ore manufacturing and transportation actions may spoil the quiet and exquisite setting of the nation. Unlike international locations akin to Brazil, Peru and Chile, Uruguay has no mining custom, nor are there another important mining ventures within the nation. Agriculture and tourism are the mainstay of the economic system. Justifiably, the Uruguayans had been involved that the large mining mission of Agarwal would have an effect on tourism and agriculture. Secondly, they knew that Agarwal’s purpose was to not run the mission in the long run however to develop it and promote it to the very best bidder. He has accomplished this in different international locations. In Brazil, he developed an iron ore mission and bought it for 735 million dollars to ENRC of Kazakhstan. So the Uruguayans had been skeptical about Agarwal’s long run dedication and didn't purchase his guarantees of ecological administration. So ultimately the Uruguayan authorities revoked the mining license of Agarwal. Agarwal has claimed that Uruguay’s fame as an investor-friendly nation is simply an ‘eyewash’. He has blamed the left wing components of the Uruguayan authorities for stopping the mission.Agarwal was a commodity dealer who ventured into iron ore mining after his journey to Brazil in 2004. He purchased some mining concessions, developed them and bought the belongings at excessive revenue margins. He rode on the wave of excessive world iron ore costs and have become a billionaire along with his Latin American mining ventures.Agarwal had a authorized dispute earlier over the sale of stake in a Brazilian iron mission in 2010 to ENRC of Kazakhstan. The dispute ended with a settlement. I had met Agarwal in Uruguay and visited his workplace in addition to the mining website after I was Ambassador to Uruguay, based mostly in Buenos Aires. I used to be impressed by his entrepreneurial spirit. But I used to be in no way certain concerning the success of the mission and shared the identical reservations as my Uruguayan amigos. In reality, one in all my amigos Ruben Azar was making an attempt to facilitate the communication between Agarwal and the Uruguayan authorities. But he too had shared his doubts with me. So I'm not shocked that the mission ended up as a failure. I doubt the determine of 365 million dollars claimed to be already invested by Agarwal. The precise determine is perhaps one tenth of that. I additionally assume that the declare of compensation of three.5 billion dollars is preposterous. It is a pity that the title of India is caught up on this enterprise dispute. Agarwal is perhaps holding an Indian passport like Lakshmi Mittal. But his declare for compensation is predicated on the British-UK funding safety Treaty. His kids maintain British passports and maintain shares within the mining firm. He had acquired Colombian singer Shakira to sing on the wedding ceremony of one in all his two daughters in San Clemente Palace, Venice. This is the second failure of a big mining funding mission by Indian entrepreneurs in Latin America. Earlier Jindal group had introduced a mission to speculate 2 billion dollars in iron ore mining and in a metal plant in Bolivia. But the Indian firm had no intention of constructing a metal plant and misplaced curiosity in mining when the worldwide iron ore costs had crashed. So the Bolivian authorities cancelled the license and encashed the Jindal assure of about 20 million dollars. My blog on this There have additionally been a number of extra failures of Indian ventures in Latin America together with Reddy Labs three way partnership in Sao Paulo and Renuka Sugars's acquisition of Brazilian sugar mills. The IIM-A well informed promoter CEO of Renuka was described because the "Mittal of sugar business" by Forbes Asia for revolutionizing the sugar manufacturing and enterprise in India. Heady with this Indian success Murkumbi had invested round 500 million dollars in Brazil.

Renuka grew to become one of many high ten sugar and ethanol producers within the nation. But the Brazilian enterprise ended up in chapter and had sunk the mum or dad firm in India too. Renuka has now been purchased over by Adanis. Murkumbi has misplaced his fortune and fame in India as a result of failure of his Brazilian enterprise. The principal purpose for these failures was the lack of expertise of Latin American politics and enterprise tradition by the Indian businessmen. The Indian buyers knew their enterprise effectively and had been competent of their core enterprise. But they'd no concept of the Latin American tradition. They plunged into ventures in Latin America with out correct examine of and adjustment to the native enterprise ecosystem.These failures have classes for the opposite Indian firms planning to spend money on Latin America. But the Indians shouldn't be discouraged by these few failures. They ought to get inspiration from the various success tales akin to these of UPL, Mothersons, Aditya Birla Group and TCS who're flourishing within the area with massive annual turnovers. UPL, the biggest Indian agrochemical agency does extra enterprise in Latin America (round 1.5 billion dollars) than in India. The different three have annual turnover of near a billion dollars every. The Indian funding in Latin America is greater than ten billion dollars. There is scope for extra Indian funding and enterprise in Latin America in the long run. Various Indian executives, who've lived in Latin America for a few years managing Indian enterprise, have change into consultants on the native enterprise practices. In reality, a few of them have been recruited by Latin American firms themselves for increasing their enterprise with India and for his or her world enterprise. When I requested a few of these executives they instructed me that it took a while for them to know and regulate to Latin American tradition. But afterwards they discovered it simpler to handle enterprise in Latin America than in India. The Indians have instructed me that they'd learnt from the Latin Americans to have work-life steadiness, have some enjoyable with out guilt and benefit from the weekend seashore events and and salsa as a lot as week day enterprise success. [ad_2] Source link

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xtruss · 2 years

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The Lithium Curse: Why Bolivia Has Failed To Turn Minerals Into Gold

Bolivians thought green energy would make them richer. Now locals worry they’ll be exploited again

— The Economist | 1843 Magazine | May 30th, 2022 | By Sarah Esther Maslin

The Mountainous Region of Potosí in Southern Bolivia was one of the richest places in the Spanish Empire. In the 16th and 17th centuries more than half the world’s silver came from one mountain in the region. Potosí’s barren landscape has yielded plenty of other riches since then, including aluminium, lead and zinc. In the 19th century a British company built a railway line to carry minerals from landlocked Bolivia to the Chilean coast, from where they were shipped to Europe. Potosí, home to a rail junction that connects La Paz, Bolivia’s administrative capital, with Chile and Argentina, remains an important transport hub.

Yet little of the wealth generated in the soil of Potosí over the centuries has stayed in Bolivia. Potosí is the poorest part of Bolivia, which is South America’s second-poorest country. More than two-thirds of Potosinos live in houses made from mud bricks or earth. In the rainy season, when red clay turns to mud, the area’s unpaved roads become impassable. Its residents lack adequate health care and schools: a quarter of women still give birth at home; nearly 40% of adults only ever attended primary school and nearly 20% have never been to school.

Potosí’s poverty is all the more striking because it harbours the world’s largest deposits of lithium, a light, volatile metal used for batteries in smartphones, computers and electric vehicles. The mineral was discovered in the Uyuni salt flat in the 1970s, but has become increasingly sought after as people move towards greener forms of energy.

Looking to profit from this burgeoning demand, in 2013 the Bolivian government opened a lithium factory on one edge of the salt flat, a solid white expanse of 10,000 square kilometres (4,000 square miles) that sits high up in the Andes – 1km higher than Machu Picchu in neighbouring Peru.

Modern Alchemy Opening Image: The Uyuni salt flat holds the world’s biggest deposits of lithium. From top to bottom: In 2013 the government opened a lithium factory on the edge of the salt flat. The mineral was discovered in the 1970s. The factory also produces potassium chloride, a byproduct that is used for fertiliser. Refining lithium carbonate is challenging work. The complex is so big workers drive around in trucks

The communities nearby, already some of the least well-off in Potosí, have yet to see the material benefits. In some ways, life is harder than ever. Tourism, a source of income to many, dried up during the pandemic. Climate change has led to harsh droughts, with the result that traditional industries such as quinoa-farming and llama-herding have become unsustainable.

Some locals make a meagre living by harvesting salt: a laborious process involving a dumper truck, a tractor and several men with shovels and long sleeves to protect them from the fierce glare of the sun. It doesn’t rain as much as it used to, however, so the fresh layer of crystals that forms each year is no longer as thick as it used to be. Locals are worried that lithium production, which relies on large quantities of water, will worsen water shortages.

Can Bolivia avoid being exploited, as it has been so many times before?

If Potosí is to find its way out of poverty, its best bet is its fledgling lithium industry. But can it avoid being exploited, as it has been so many times before?

We want development but we don’t want to repeat history,” says Donny Alí, 34, a lawyer and hotel owner from Rio Grande, a town of around 2,000 people on the southern edge of the salt flat. Alí is slight of stature and speaks with a soft intensity. As a child, he was taught by his parents to “distrust any foreigner who talks about our natural resources”. Rapacious foreign companies, enabled by the Bolivian government, kept his town poor for centuries.

In the 1990s members of his family protested against the government’s decision to grant exclusive mining rights for the whole salt flat to a Canadian company, LitCo. Once again, it looked as though local communities would lose out. Thanks to the protests, the contract was eventually revoked.

Green Dreams (from top to bottom) There are 160 evaporation pools filled with blue-white brine. Extracted from a mixture of salts, lithium is used to make batteries for smartphones and electric cars. Locals hoped the factory would bring jobs to the area. Bags of potassium chloride wait to be collected. Chuvica, a village that borders the salt flat

Alí and his seven siblings were among the first residents of Rio Grande to go to university. This, he says, is down to his mother. She dropped out of school aged seven and made a living selling street food, but convinced Alí’s father, a railway porter, to move the entire family to Uyuni, a bigger town on the other side of the salt flat. Unlike Rio Grande, it had a secondary school.

The seven siblings all went to university in Sucre, a nearby city. At one point, six of them were crammed into two rented rooms; each week, a package would arrive containing quinoa, bread and dried meat from relatives in Rio Grande, where staples were cheaper. Alí became immersed in left-wing university politics and even travelled to Cuba to hear Fidel Castro speak.

“We want development but we don’t want to repeat history”

It was a hopeful time in Potosí. Evo Morales, the socialist president who governed Bolivia from 2006 to 2019, barred foreign companies from having a controlling stake in mineral extraction. Instead, he promised, Bolivia would create its own lithium industry. In 2013, when the lithium factory opened on the outskirts of Rio Grande, residents were excited that their town had become the “epicentre of the white-gold industry” as Alí puts it. As a member of the town council at the time, he helped negotiate a deal with Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos, the state-owned lithium company. The factory would gain access to the village’s water supply in exchange for giving lorry drivers from Rio Grande first dibs on transporting lithium carbonate and potassium chloride, a byproduct that is used for fertiliser.

Planta Llipi, as it is known, is a hulking complex enclosed by a tall metal fence. The factory buildings, warehouses, laboratories and 160 evaporation pools filled with blue-white brine are far enough apart that workers drive around in trucks.

A New Dawn? (from top to bottom) Salt blocks stand in Colchani, a village near Uyuni salt flat. A truck carries minerals from the salt flat. Rio Grande is a town of 2,000 people on the edge of the flat. Under Evo Morales, new houses and businesses sprang up in Rio Grande. The New Dawn school, built during a construction boom after the factory opened.

When the factory opened, optimists reckoned lithium would help pull Bolivia into the modern world, bring in jobs and develop the region. Scores of families in Rio Grande formed a co-operative, buying lorries in the expectation of an imminent lithium boom. They thought they’d be ferrying goods other than lithium, too, from nearby bauxite and ulexite mines. (Bauxite, which is essentially red mud, is used in industrial chemicals and building materials; ulexite contains boron, which is used in fertiliser and fibre optics.)

There was a mini-construction boom in Rio Grande. New houses sprang up, as did a modern town hall with big windows, a school called New Dawn and a football stadium known as the “coliseum”. Alí built a two-storey hotel on a busy corner and called it the Lithium Hotel. He also opened a shop so that his future guests could stock up on snacks.

But turning lithium into gold proved to be more challenging than anyone had bargained for.

Although the lorry-driver co-op helped Rio Grande become more prosperous than other communities around the salt flat, the contract with the state-owned lithium company has been less lucrative than the lorry-drivers hoped. Some of them haul truck-loads of lithium carbonate between buildings inside the plant. But drivers from elsewhere are usually favoured for trips to big cities such as La Paz and Santa Cruz, from which potassium chloride and lithium carbonate are exported.

Evo Morales barred foreign companies from having a controlling stake in mineral extraction

The foreign businessmen Alí expected to flood Rio Grande have yet to arrive; the factory produced a piddly 600 tonnes of lithium carbonate in 2021 (by contrast, Chile and Argentina produced 134,000 and 36,000 tonnes respectively). Extracting lithium is tricky, especially in Bolivia, because of the high magnesium content of the brine, and more importantly, due to a lack of local know-how.

Mineral Water (from top to bottom) Extracting lithium is tricky because of the high magnesium content of the brine. Evaporation pools. A mountain of salt about to be processed. The industrial monitoring room at the plant

This is one reason why the jobs that the locals were hoping for haven’t materialised. Natalio Cayo, the former mayor of Chuvica, a village near the salt flat, told me that in 2020 the government asked him to compile a list of villagers who would be suited to factory work. The people he recommended have yet to be contacted. Cayo says it’s naive to assume that lithium will provide employment for many locals. In recent years, half the people in his village have left in search of work; on dusty streets, weeds grow from the hubcaps of abandoned cars.

There are plans to build a new secondary school in Rio Grande that specialises in chemistry, in the hope of training a new generation to work in the lithium industry. At New Dawn one morning, as children kicked a football around a concrete pitch, I spoke to Alí’s cousin, Jonas, a lorry driver and the head of the parents’ union. He likes to imagine his two young sons in white lab coats. “I never had the chance to get an education,” he says, rushing off to drive his truck to the ulexite mine, where he’s heard there’s a ready load.

“It is arrogant to assume we can industrialise lithium from scratch ourselves”

But it will take time to build up a workforce with the right skills, a fact recognised by Luis Arce, Bolivia’s president since 2020. Unlike Morales, his predecessor, Arce wants to build partnerships with foreign companies that could help develop technology to ramp up production. Donny Alí, like many in Rio Grande, has come round to the idea of foreign investment. “It is arrogant to assume we can industrialise lithium from scratch ourselves,” he says.

In 2021, he moved to La Paz to work on lithium policy for the national energy ministry in La Paz, after the government bowed to local demands for a voice in the federal government. But just a year later, he quit and moved back to Rio Grande, frustrated by the lack of progress. He remains concerned that Bolivia could repeat the errors of the past. He believes that local communities must be consulted before any deals are signed, and that they deserve a fair share of the royalties. Meanwhile, his Lithium Hotel sits empty. ■

— Sarah Esther Maslin is The Economist’s Brazil correspondent. Photographs: Marcelo Pérez del Carpio

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dinnerdinghy51 · 2 years

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How To Apply For A China Visa

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The German universities record the programs for which they can nonetheless supply free locations in the summertime semester 2022 online. Refugees from Ukraine can enter Germany with no visa and receive a extensive range of assistance, including entry to education. For college students who studied in Ukraine and want to continue their studies in Germany, you don't have to use for asylum. Exit playing cards should even be filled out for cross-border train and bus visitors. Carriers have additionally been obliged to distribute info on illness prevention to all passengers in cross-border transportation . Visitors arriving from Italy, South Korea and Japan and arriving in Beijing, Shanghai, Sichuan or Guangdong should enter quarantine for two weeks. According to latest updates the record of countries included within the 14-day quarantine list has now been prolonged to Iran, France, Spain, Germany and the United States. Many university buildings are closed with a couple of exceptions e.g. for departments with clinical duties. It wants to find out how universities are coping with the corona crisis in comparison to Germany. Worldwide college students currently cannot go to universities but need to study from residence. For the first time, the attendance semester has become virtually entirely a digital semester. 56.7 percent would like to see a transition to conventional types of educating for the approaching winter semester, the company Studentenrabatt.com introduced in Cologne on Thursday, referring to its own representative survey of 1,000 students. The EU states have determined that from 1 July 2020 individuals from 14 international locations shall be allowed to re-enter the nation. These are Algeria, Australia, Canada, Georgia, Japan, Montenegro, Morocco, New Zealand, Rwanda, Serbia, South Korea, Thailand, Tunisia, and Uruguay on the listing. Germany Scholar Visa Necessities 2021 Most establishments that outline the rights and responsibilities of their college students additionally provide a code of conduct to information their conduct, as a end result of independence and freedom include duties. Students of various nationalities at an international faculty in Shanghai, China, 2017. Contact your country’s embassy right here in the U.S. to find out if any lodging might be made to help together with your return residence. Check our “Final Quarter Checklist” to discover out if any of the options apply to you (practical training, transfer out, and so forth.). The I-765 type to apply for Optional Practical Training instructs you to submit the shape inside the United States. We suggest that you simply observe the directions on the form. Mention to the representative of the diplomatic office your essential relationships and educational/professional/personal affiliations in your home nation that give you causes to return. Such can be your loved ones, ongoing research, a candid ongoing job position, business, property, or other. At the port of entry, a CBP official validates Form I-94, Record of Arrival-Departure, which notes the length of keep permitted. Customs and Border Protection upon your entry to the us The US Visa system could be extraordinarily tough and complex to navigate. You have to know your country’s guidelines for renewing passports in addition to the amount of time it's going to take. If USCIS has approved your OPT you will be expected to have your EAD in hand to re-enter the United States, along with your Form I-20, legitimate passport and visa, and a letter of employment in case you have one. If you exceed the limits on unemployment whereas outdoors the United States, you will not be eligible to re-enter the United States in F-1 status. Many tourists, visitors and Summer Work Travel members after arriving to the US resolve to stay and enroll at school. But what they fail to foresee is the “greeting” that they will obtain at the Embassy once they return home to use for a pupil visa. They aren't thought-about “returning” college students, entitled to deference, but first-time scholar visa applicants.

#china visa

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mahafus · 5 months

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B2B Bolivia Phone Number List

1. Many businesses are looking to expand their operations into Bolivia.

2. A key component of any business expansion is having a reliable and up-to-date phone number list for Bolivia.

3. There are a few different ways to obtain a Bolivia phone number list.

4. One way to get a Bolivia phone number list is to purchase it from a third-party provider.

5. Another way to get a Bolivia phone number list is to compile it yourself using public sources.

6. Once you have a Bolivia phone number list, you can start contacting potential customers and partners.

7. With a reliable Bolivia phone number list, you can confidently expand your business into this new market.

B2B Bolivia Phone Number List

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randomtimes-com · 3 years

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Route 36: world’s first (and only?) cocaine bar

We are in the Bolivian capital city of La Paz, where sits Route 36, an illegal pop-up bar popular for being the world’s first and only cocaine bar. South America hosts to many popular tourist attractions, but when it comes to drug tourism, it is surely a place that lovers of the genre puts on their must-visit list, as It is probably the only place in the world where you can enter and order…

View On WordPress

#bar #Bolivia #cocaine #human #illegal #international #news #oddities #people #stories #Travel #world

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neuxue · 4 years

Note

You know, between "infiltrating a fortress is not in my top 10 weirdest travel stories", the Bolivian border crossing tag and the offhand mention of a trip to North Korea, if you ever get tired of liveblogging media, I'd love to read some Neuxue Travel Memoirs.

Oh, go on then, twist my arm why don’t you.. ;D

I was kind of considering this when I teased those, and given that a few people seem interested/entertained, sure, why not, what this blog really needs is another series of Lia Talks About Stuff.

But hey, that’s what this ridiculous site is for, so the liveblogging of media shall continue but be joined occasionally by Neuxue’s Absurd Travel Stories. Updates who the fuck knows when; warning do not try this at home (or abroad).

Future instalments probably including but not limited to:

how to talk your way across a border

how not to talk your way across a border

how to talk your way across a border only to decide at the last minute to be a good law-abiding visitor instead

transporting large rocks, metal tubes full of wires, and other ill-advised carry-on contents

if you have nothing planned, why not spend the day accidentally getting cast in a tourism promotional video?

surprising applications of emergency first-aid for fieldwork

accidental subversion of popular fanfic tropes (or: five times there was only one bed, but Not Like That)

top swimming spots for people with no sense of self-preservation

what to do when you have no money, nowhere to stay, and no ticket home

what to do when you have no money, nowhere to stay, and no ticket home: reprise

#travel stories whilst in quarantine #seems thematically appropriate right?#anyway yes bolivian border crossing story coming soon #others to follow... sometime #when i figure out how to like #not incriminate myself #and also what to do about the ones that require content warnings lol #asks #aililin #a day in the life of Lia #adventures and misadventures

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ethn119groupd · 3 years

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Politics

Bolivia

General Assessment of Politics in Bolivia

The Modern Political climate of Bolivia speaks volumes of the effects that happen as a result of Colonization/ Us Imperialism, and embodies the neglectment of the Indigenous people and the continual suppression of their voices.

Key figures

Evo Morales (First Indigenous President for Bolivia, Advocated for Socialist policies, looked down upon by other world leaders, speaks of the Indigenous people's plight, allegations of voter suppression and rigged elections smeared his reelection, Military Coup and a right wing government took over)

Janine Anez Chavez (Majority leader in Bolivian congress, took power after military coup, disputed Evo Morales’ election, right winged, First action taken in office was to take down Wiphala Flag)

Luis Fernando Camacho (Spoke in opposition to Evo Morales, Right Winged, Backed by Racist Elite)

Luis Arce (Socialist, won Presidency in a land slide victory, Signaled a return to a Evo Morales Government )

Summary

Its apparent that there's still a battle in Bolivia for Indigenous rights. Even in the case of securing presidency Indigenous people still have to fight against Far right disruptors like Luis Fernando Camacho. The story of Evo Morales tells this.

Peru

General Assessment of Politics in Peru

The History of Peru’s government takes a tale of many Military Coups along with many unpopular political figureheads People Vote in multiple rounds for their candidate, many people don't align themselves with particular political party, Political issues align with the reduction of poverty, diversification of GDP away from China and US, and Mining laws. Many Indigenous groups are largely ignored, despite making up most of the population No particular Indigenous political party, little representation Different political leaders in the last ~30 years

Key Figures

Alan Garcia (Very Corrupt, Right wing, “Garcia said he could not let indigenous communities stop development that would benefit all Peruvians, and neglected indigenous people over the Peru’s economy

Alberto Fujimori (Focused on the recovering Peru economy, Forced sterilization of indigenous people, arrested for crimes against leftist guerrillas, and participated in embezzlement)

Alejandro Toledo (First Indigenous President, smeared by drug use and corruption, "President of all Peruvians and of all races” advocated for the end of human rights abuses and increase tourism)

Olanna Humana (Reduce Poverty, took hold of the free market and imposed government restrictions, lead a military coup)

Pedro Pablo Kaczynski (Center right, Roots in England and Poland, Corruption, rigged election accusations, Denied Indigenous people’s want for the end of oil pollution and mining)

Summary

Peru appears to be plagued with corrupt leaders who have little regard for their indigenous people. Even after finding a indigenous president, Alejandro Toledo followed the general trend of corruption. Having his presidency riddled with scandals.

Work Cited

AFP News Agency. “Bolivia: How the Crisis Unfolded | AFP.” YouTube, uploaded by AFP News Agency, 27 Nov. 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXh9USJdp_0.

Al Jazeera English. “Peru Swears in President Manuel Merino amid Political Turmoil.” YouTube, uploaded by Al Jazeera English, 11 Nov. 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RuZn7zLJRk.

FRANCE 24 English. “Who’s Who in Bolivia’s Political Crisis.” YouTube, uploaded by FRANCE 24 English, 14 Nov. 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=_klon5YNwqs&t=582s.

Jabzy. “Peru | Basic Politics.” YouTube, uploaded by Jabzy, 9 Feb. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9i1X8b9CZs.

Washington Post. “Coup or No Coup: Why the Loaded Term Is Dividing Bolivia.” YouTube, uploaded by Washington Post, 15 Nov. 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfyitiMQagE.

7zLJRk.

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newstfionline · 4 years

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Headlines

Reopening brings more coronavirus cases (NYT) The warning that echoed ominously for weeks is becoming a reality: Once states begin to reopen, a surge in coronavirus cases will follow. Thousands of Americans have been sickened by the virus in new outbreaks, particularly in the Sun Belt and the West. As of Friday, coronavirus cases were climbing in 22 states amid reopenings. Arizona, Texas and Florida are reporting their highest case numbers yet. California and Washington have reopened in a more incremental way, but have still seen an uptick in cases.

Coronavirus survival comes with a $1.1 million, 181-page price tag (Seattle Times) Remember Michael Flor, the longest-hospitalized COVID-19 patient who, when he unexpectedly did not die, was jokingly dubbed “the miracle child?” Now they can also call him the million-dollar baby. Flor, 70, who came so close to death in the spring that a night-shift nurse held a phone to his ear while his wife and kids said their final goodbyes, is recovering nicely these days at his home in West Seattle. But he says his heart almost failed a second time when he got the bill from his health care odyssey the other day. The total tab for his bout with the coronavirus: $1.1 million. $1,122,501.04, to be exact. All in one bill that’s more like a book because it runs to 181 pages. The bill is technically an explanation of charges, and because Flor has insurance including Medicare, he won’t have to pay the vast majority of it. But for now it’s got him and his family and friends marveling at the extreme expense, and bizarre economics, of American health care.

Protests focus on over-policing. But under-policing is also deadly. (Washington Post) By the time he was 18, Jay had already been shot twice. And he’d learned a lesson about how to keep himself safe in his high-crime New York neighborhood: He was always armed. Jay (a pseudonym we gave him to protect his identity) had little faith that the police would ever bring his assailants to justice—or that they could protect him from future attacks. “I just [know] where [my enemies] live and . . . the gang, I know that they be over there. . . . I gotta carry it in bad places.” As the protests sparked by George Floyd’s death at the hands of officers in Minneapolis have continued, fervent calls to “defund the police”—or even abolish departments altogether—have quickly risen to the top of some reformers’ wish lists. This push seems aimed at addressing the dangers of over-policing: not just obvious abuses like Floyd’s death but also heavy-handed law enforcement responses in communities of color to minor offenses, such as loitering, drinking in public or panhandling. But a great deal of scholarship has demonstrated that under-policing also leaves residents feeling perpetually underserved and unsafe. Residents of distressed urban neighborhoods have complained about ineffective policing for centuries, including officers’ rudeness, slow response times and lack of empathy for crime victims. Some residents of high-crime neighborhoods have long concluded that police are either incapable of keeping them safe or unwilling to do so—and a small subset of repeat offenders, like Jay and others we spoke to, have discarded the criminal justice system entirely as a viable mechanism for settling trivial disputes with enemies, opting instead to literally take matters into their own hands. The result is that many black and brown communities now suffer from the worst of all worlds: over-aggressive police behavior in frequent encounters with residents, coupled with the inability of law enforcement to effectively protect public safety. But defunding police departments would address only one side of this problem. And the real, and significant, dangers of under-policing would just get worse in the neighborhoods that most need the police to improve—not disappear.

Tourists dip their toes in water as top Mexican beach getaway reopens (Reuters) Foreign visitors have begun to trickle back to the white sands and warm waters of Mexico’s Caribbean coast as its popular beaches gradually reopen to tourism with new sanitary measures in place to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. “I’ve been stuck in New York City in my apartment for three months, so I decided that on the beach somewhere open was probably a good call,” said web designer Sam Leon, 31, after arriving Saturday at the airport of famed resort town Cancun. Others were similarly undeterred, even as Mexico reported record infection levels in recent days and in certain areas is at the peak of the pandemic.

Bolivian schoolteacher gives virtual classes as superhero (AP) Sometimes, Jorge Manolo Villarroel is Spiderman. Sometimes, he’s the Flash, or the Green Lantern. But he’s always a teacher—one who lives out his childhood dreams by dressing up as superheroes for the locked-down students who attend his virtual classes. His classes have become so popular that siblings fight for the laptop screen to learn from this costumed teacher. They, in turn, often offer him tech help. At 33, Villarroel speaks with the passion of a child. His modest room is filled with the masks and costumes of his characters, along with images of Christ, several Roman Catholic saints, revolutionary Che Guevara and his parents. Villarroel, who lives in a poorer neighborhood of the Bolivian capital, teaches art at the San Ignacio Catholic School in a wealthier area. His students range from 9 to 14 years old.

Yankee go home: What does moving troops out of Germany mean? (AP) After more than a year of thinly-veiled threats to start pulling U.S. troops out of Germany unless Berlin increases its defense spending, President Donald Trump appears to be proceeding with a hardball approach, planning to cut the U.S. military contingent by more than 25%. About 34,500 American troops are stationed in Germany—50,000 including civilian Department of Defense employees—and the plan Trump reportedly signed off on last week envisions reducing active-duty personnel to 25,000 by September, with further cuts possible. But as details of the still-unannounced plan trickle out, there’s growing concerns it will do more to harm the U.S.’s own global military readiness and the NATO alliance than punish Germany. The decision was not discussed with Germany or other NATO members, and Congress was not officially informed—prompting a letter from 22 Republican members of the House Armed Services Committee urging a rethink.

Delhi to use 500 railway coaches as hospital facilities to fight coronavirus (Reuters) India’s federal government said on Sunday it will provide New Delhi’s city authorities with 500 railway coaches that will be equipped to care for coronavirus patients, after a surge in the number of cases led to a shortage of hospital beds.

China reports 57 new cases, highest daily number in 2 months (AP) China on Sunday reported its highest daily total of new coronavirus cases in two months after the capital’s biggest wholesale food market was shut down following a resurgence in local infections. The Xinfadi market on Beijing’s southeastern side was closed Saturday and neighboring residential compounds locked down after more than 50 people in the capital tested positive for the coronavirus. They were the first confirmed cases in 50 days in the city of 20 million people. Authorities locked down 11 residential communities near the Xinfadi market. Police installed white fencing to seal off a road leading to a cluster of apartment buildings.

Kim Jong Un’s sister threatens S. Korea with military action (AP) The powerful sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un threatened military action against South Korea as she bashed Seoul on Saturday over declining bilateral relations and its inability to stop activists from floating anti-Pyongyang leaflets across the border. Describing South Korea as an “enemy,” Kim Yo Jong repeated an earlier threat she had made by saying Seoul will soon witness the collapse of a “useless” inter-Korean liaison office in the border town of Kaesong. Kim, who is first vice department director of the ruling Workers’ Party’s Central Committee, said she would leave it to North Korea’s military leaders to carry out the next step of retaliation against the South. Kim’s harsh rhetoric demonstrates her elevated status in North Korea’s leadership. Already seen as the most powerful woman in the country and her brother’s closest confidant, state media recently confirmed that she is now in charge of relations with South Korea.

Thai entrepreneur connects Michelin bistros to those in need (AP) Natalie Bin Narkprasart’s business was in Paris. But she was locked down by COVID-19 restrictions and stuck in Thailand. Her heart was in Thailand, too—and it ached for her compatriots who were suffering in the pandemic. So she recruited a network of volunteers, including Michelin-starred chefs, to help those in her homeland whose already modest incomes were shattered by the pandemic restrictions. Her group, COVID Thailand Aid, says it has reached more than 30,000 people in more than 100 locations with care packages and freshly cooked food.

Kids around the world are out of school. Millions of girls might not go back. (Washington Post) She was 13 when the Ebola virus struck her country, shuttering schools across Sierra Leone. The closures lasted nine months, but Mari Kalokoh could not return to the classroom for years. Global shutdowns have pushed approximately 1.5 billion students out of school since March, according to the United Nations Children’s Fund, including 111 million girls in the world’s least developed countries. The disruptions are projected to end or seriously delay the education of 10 million secondary-school age girls. Parents in more traditionally conservative nations tend to prioritize the education of their sons, experts say. In West and Central Africa, 73 percent of boys older than 15 can read, compared with 60 percent of girls in the same age group. So when families lose income, they’re more likely to stretch the budget on schooling for boys, said Laila Gad, UNICEF’s representative in Liberia, a former Ebola hotspot. Remote learning, she added, is especially burdensome for girls, who are frequently expected to shoulder more cooking, cleaning and babysitting.

Pope appeals for end to Libyan civil war (Reuters) Pope Francis appealed on Sunday for both sides in the Libyan civil war to seek peace, urging the international community to facilitate talks and protect refugees and migrants he said were victims of cruelty. In an impassioned plea during his noon address in St. Peter’s Square, Francis said he was pained by the situation in Libya, which has had no stable central authority since dictator Muammar Gaddafi was overthrown by NATO-backed rebels in 2011. For more than five years Libya has had rival parliaments and governments in the east and the west, with streets often controlled by armed groups and sporadic fighting.

#headlines #news

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earthstory · 5 years

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El Cerro Rico – The mountain that eats men

Cerro Rico is a mountain that sits just outside the Bolivian town of Potosi, and is part of the Andean Mountain Chain. Although the Andes mountains are mostly growing, this mountain is unique; it's actually collapsing, leading to the unnerving nickname "The Mountain that Eats Men!"

The reason for its collapse and death toll can solely be pinned to burrowing beneath the mountains surface. Mining has been going on for 500 years due to the large amount of silver ore contained within the mountain. There was so much ore that when the Spanish first claimed Bolivia as part of its Empire, Potosi became one of the richest cities in the New World.

But mining is dangerous work; the trapped Chilean miners and the coal gas explosion in New Zealand have both proven that in recent years. In Potosi, most miners will die of silicosis (a lung disease caused by the inhalation of silica dust thrown into the air as rock is blasted with dynamite) before they reach the age of 40, that’s if they don’t die due to a collapse or toxic gases first. In total it is estimated that Cerro Rico has claimed the life of over 8 million men during its long history, and it has the potential to kill many more.

In 2011 a 700km2 sinkhole appeared at the summit of Cerro Rico and the peak is sinking by several centimetres every day. This has been directly linked to the maze of tunnels and cavities dug by miners; the mountain peak is actually sinking into the open space. To make matters worse, the flanks of the mountain are also pockmarked with an array of holes, suggesting they too are caving in. The government is planning to try and pump a super light mixture of cement, polyethylene, and sand into the summit with supporting arches and metal nets set into the mountain to try and plug the gap, but it hasn’t been easy. The challenges involved are only amplified by the 4,768m elevation, which leads to sub-zero temperatures and lack of oxygen.

The government also banned mining above 4,400 metres, but with no attempt to enforce this 1,500 miners still regularly work above this level. The mining sector in this area is all powerful and local governments are unlikely to intervene in their operations, meaning safety standards are also perilously low. The miners themselves are unlikely to protest the point as they believe El Tío (a horned god of the mines) controls their fate and can only be appeased with daily offerings.

But it is not all doom and gloom, tourism has recently boomed in the area giving Potosi an income outside of the collapsing mountain. The irony, of course, is that the very mountain the locals are causing to collapse is the site the tourists are coming to see. It can only be hoped that something is done to save both the mountain and the men that work within its cavernous halls before it is too late.

Watson

Image Credit: Max Toranzos and Ritterback, courtesy of Corbis

References: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/10/bolivia-cerro-rico-mountain-sink-city-potosi http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2077641,00.html

Further Reading: http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/5/8/struggling-to-savethemountainthateatsmen.html

#El Cerro Rico #potosi #geology #mining #The Mountain that Eats Men #silicosis #science #pollution #the earth story

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skippyv20 · 5 years

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Wow! Thank you😁❤️❤️❤️❤️

Amazing places around the world

Sossusvlei

Sossusvlei, sometimes written as Sossus Vlei, is a large, white, salt and clay pan found in the southern region of Namib Desert, Namibia. Sossusvlei is surrounded by high red dunes, some as high as 400 meters, making the dunes some of the highest in the world. Located within the Namib-Naukluft National Park, the largest conservation site in Africa, Sossusvlei provides photographic enthusiasts great shots during the sunrise and sunset. The dunes are a great attraction and in essence make Sossusvlei the best-known, breathtaking site to tourists.

The name Sossusvlei originates from Afrikaans, ‘Sossus’ means no return while ‘Vlei’ means marsh. Literally, Sossusvlei roughly translates to a dead-end marsh. This name is suitable to Sossusvlei since it is a drainage basin to the seasonal Tsauchab River but it does not have a single outflow. However, because of the harsh and dry weather conditions prevalent in the region because of the Namib Desert, the river rarely flows into Sossusvlei and thus the basin remains as dry as a bone in most calendars. Sometimes during the rainy season, Tsauchab flows into the basin. The basin once full can hold water for a full year. Big Daddy holds the record as the highest dune in Sossusvlei.

Sossusvlei’s distinctiveness is what endears all who happen to set their eyes upon it. All the world over, sand dunes and dead trees are easy to find. What are remotely rare to find, however, is both dead trees and sand dunes in the same place. Sossusvlei combines these two rarities and therefore doubles up as truly unique spot in Namibia and the larger Africa as a continent. Hence, Sossusvlei is a quintessential for Namibia’s tourism. Sossusvlei stands out as a unique place even to the regular person accustomed to desert environment. The warm red dunes standing in stark contrast of snow-white pans is a site to behold.

The dunes tower above the regular ground, and are easily visible from afar. Many tourists have captured this rare site with their cameras. The sunrise and sunset, both beautiful in their own right, are visible vividly from the many dunes, which grace Sossusvlei. Being located amidst the desolate desert of Namib and still maintaining this kind of beauty and attractiveness is something unique about Sossusvlei. Located in the middle of Namib-Naukluft National Park, the dunes resemble an amphitheater reaching far into the sky. The white clay and sand pan once filled up with water, reflects the image of a large lake, adding the awe with which Sossusvlei contains.

Located within the 50,000 km2 Namib-Nakluft National Park, Sossusvlei is a top tourist attraction site within this vast conservation effort.

Salar de Uyuni

Nestled in the high plateaus of the Andes Mountains in Bolivia stretch the blindingly bright white plains of the Salar de Uyuni, the largest salt flat in the world. This phenomenon was created 40 thousand years ago, when Lago (lake) Minchin, a giant lake that covered most of southwest Bolivia, dried up, leaving two smaller lakes and two major salt deserts. Covering over 4,600 square miles and nearly 33 feet in depth, the Salar de Uyuni is also the world’s highest desert at almost 12,000 feet above sea level. One of South America’s most awe-inspiring sights, the area contains about ten billion tons of salt. The Salar de Uyuni is also home to sixty percent of the world’s lithium preserves, a mineral commodity used in the production of batteries and various pharmaceuticals. Considering its size, the salt mining endeavors at Salar de Uyuni are relatively meager, though plans for future mining of lithium and other minerals are being considered by Bolivian officials.

Being the largest salt flat in the world has caused for inspiration to arise in its visitors, and it earns a place on any globetrotter’s “must see” list. In fact, many may not know that there is a hotel on the Salar de Uyuni that is made completely out of salt. The expanse of salt here, which stretches for over 4,600 square miles, stands alone in the natural world. The mirages caused by solar radiation and the crystalized ground can be mesmerizing, as can the mirrored images reflected from the sitting water during the rainy season.

For the most part, the salt flats are devoid of life. However, sitting in the middle of the Salar de Uyuni are several islands that serve as the only signs of life, themselves serving as homes to various flora and fauna for thousands of miles. Highlights of a few of the larger islands include thousand-year-old cacti. Among the creatures that wander the islands are three species of flamingos, rare hummingbirds and many other bird species, viscachas (rodents that look like rabbits with long tails), culpeos (Andean foxes), and Andes geese.

Come each November, Salar de Uyuni is a breeding ground for the pink flamingos, which is truly an unforgettable sight for those who behold it.

The Dead Sea

The Dead Sea is also known as the “Sea of Death” or the “Salt Sea”. Located in Western Asia, the sea sits between Jordan to the east and Israel and the West Bank to the west. It is about 304 meters deep and has a salinity level of around 34.2% making it one of the most saline water bodies in the whole world. The Dead Sea is located in the Syro-African Rift, which is seen to be a fault line measuring around 4,000 miles in length across the earth’s crust. Along the Dead Sea, one can find the lowest exposed point of dry land on earth, which is ever-changing its elevation and specific location as the water evaporates from the area. In so doing, salt is often seen left remaining along these shores afterward.

It has been estimated that some 3.7 million years ago the Dead Sea and the Wadi Arabah were actually inundated by the sea waters of the Mediterranean Sea. With the regular flooding in the Dead Sea, it was observed that up until the present time the receding water processes that took place were said to have exposed the land in what is now Israel, and a great separation was caused between the Dead Sea and eastern element of the Mediterranean Sea known as the Levantine Sea. It was also observed that around 26,000 years ago the Lake Lisan arose at a higher level, which resulted in the wetter climate experienced in the Near East region.

Salt build-up along the shores of the Dead Sea.

The region near the Dead Sea has now emerged as a modern tourist and health seekers’ destination as it is seen that, because of the Dead Sea’s high salinity levels, visitors there can be seen floating on the water’s surface, and they may even apply local mud on their bodies which is rich in “healing” minerals. The salty water is also thought to help in the treatment of such diseases as rhinosinusitis, osteoarthritis, and even psoriasis. As it is based at a very low altitude, the harmful ultraviolet rays do not cause as much harm to the sunbathers here. Several industrial factories, tourist hotels, and health spas can be found in the immediately adjacent areas. The Dead Sea’s shores also carry a wealth of mineral deposits, which are especially rich in potash, an important component in agricultural fertilizers.

The Dead Sea is one of the most hyper-saline water body in the world so one cannot find many fishes or other species in the water areas save for the bacteria and certain fungi which are present there. The microorganisms found in the area are inclusive of Halobacterium volcanii, sodomense, and Dunaliella, the latter being a kind of algae, and many other microscopic species which are found in the saline sea’s waters.

Waitomo Caves

New Zealand is home to many beautiful sights of nature, including its vast forests, beautiful lakes, and steep, mystic mountains. Among the country’s greatest attractions, however, the Waitomo Glowworm Caves in Northern New Zealand is one of its most renowned. Located in the North Island of New Zealand, the Waitomo Caves are known for their abundance of glowworms which create a twinkling light show on its dark cave walls. The caves were discovered in 1887 by the Maori Chief Tane Tinorau and the English explorer Fred Mace, who extensively explored them together. Both Tane and Mace built a raft made of flax stems (which is native to the land) and floated into the cave.

The “Cathedral” section of the Waitomo caves involves a series of stalactites shaped like the inside of a church, through which one can see the illuminated caves of the glowworms in the distance

The Waitomo District, in which the Waitomo Glowworm Caves are located, offers great river rafting, relaxation spas, hikes and much more. However, it cannot be argued that the caves are its main attraction. Nowhere else in the world will you be able to see the twinkling bugs create a starlike picture that is awing to the eye.

The emission of light by objects is known as luminescence. There are several forms of luminescence depending on the source of light; they include phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, and fluorescence. Artificial materials that glow contain phosphor. Phosphor elements include calcium sulfide, zinc sulfide, and Strontium aluminate. These products get energized when exposed to light which they then radiate in the light. Chemiluminescence occurs during a chemical reaction that produces energy.

Bioluminescence occurs in living organisms. In most cases, bioluminescence occurs in invertebrates, marine vertebrates, and some types of fungi. Glowing organisms experience a reaction between an enzyme known as the luciferin and a light-emitting molecule. Not all organisms that glow produce the light, some lights are bacteriogenic, meaning that they are produced by the bacteria living on the animals such as Vibrio bacteria. The enzymes work differently depending on the organism; some require other cofactors such as magnesium and calcium.

Marine biologists have found several species of bioluminescence animals in the oceans but several more are yet to be documented due to lack of technology and the vastness of the sea. Bioluminescent marine creatures live in depths of more than 1,000 ft where at that depth, the ocean is nearly pitch black. The sea creatures produce light only when they are required to because bioluminescence takes up energy and attract predators. The number of species that produce light in the ocean is based on observations made from submersibles. Various species produce light at different depths. However, some species are predominantly bioluminescent, for example, 97 to 99.7% of jellyfish and siphonophores produce light, but only 50% of cephalopods and fishes can do so.

The fungus gnat in New Zealand does not have an immediate threat; its bluish-green light is mainly used to attract prey. Fireflies emit the light to attract mates. The dragonfish and anglerfish employ mimicry to attract prey. The dangling appendage on their heads contains a glowing bacterium that is controlled by the fish.

The caves are protected from human pollution. The CO2 level, humidity, and temperature are analyzed using modern technology to ensure that contact with human beings is not causing harm to the glowworms.

Plitvice Lakes

One of the oldest national parks in Southeast Europe and the largest one in Croatia, the Plitvice Lakes National Park spans an area of 296.85 square kilometers in the central Croatian mountainous karst region. The park achieved its national park status in 1949 and in 1979 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The national park shares its territory with the Karlovac County and Lika-Senj County in Croatia. The most distinguishing feature of the Plitvice Lakes National Parks is its series of 16 cascading lakes, each with its own unique color depending on the mineral and organismic composition of the lakes. The lakes, formed at the confluence of small rivers, streams, and subterranean karst rivers, are all connected to each other and lie at varying elevations with the lowest lake forming the Korana River. The boundaries between the lakes are formed by natural dams comprised of travertine limestone.

The area in and around the Plitvice Lakes National Park has witnessed a long history of human settlements, wars, cultural evolution and anthropogenic developments. From time to time, the control of the area has shifted hands between the Romans, Ottomans, Illyrians, and others. During such times, very little emphasis was placed on the conservation of the natural habitat of the park. It was only in the 19th Century when the first tourist facilities were established in the area that the thoughts of conserving the natural beauty of the area surfaced. Several decades of struggle followed when the conservationists tried to reason with the concerned authorities about the need to conserve the park. It was only after the World War II that the importance of the area was realized and finally, in 1949, it earned the status of a national park.

A trail deep in the forest of the Plitvice Lakes National Park in Croatia.

The highest waterfall of Plitvice Lakes is between 68m and 78m tall. The lakes are famous for their constantly changing colour, which varies from light green to light grey and even pale blue. The area is home to more than 160 rare bird species.

Of the 109 species of plants growing in this national park, 75 are endemic to the park. Besides beech, fir, and spruce, 55 orchid species are also found here. Fauna in this park is also highly biodiverse. Mammals inhabiting the forests include lynxes, wolves, wild cats, and brown bears. Avian fauna like golden eagles, capercaillies, Eurasian eagle owls, and white-throated dippers can also be sighted at the national park. The Plitvice Lakes National Park also houses an incredible variety of butterflies and moths, 12 species of amphibians, lizards, snakes, bats, and fish.

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puertomaldonadotours-blog · 5 years

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Is an Amazon tour in Peru right for you

When visiting Bolivia there are a couple of things you simply are not able to skip. Peru is really an awesome place to go to. It not only holds a variety of ethnic mixes, but also a climatic variety of 28 individual climates. Although it is now one of the most popular tourist destinations in South America, with a little planning and forethought, Peru offers some of the best treks in the world. It is also a wonderful choice of country to visit the jungle, as access to the jungle is much more relatively easy, safe, and cost effective compared to other countries such as Brazil (which requires extensive travel to reach the true jungle heartland). Lima is likewise a perfect location for gastronomic adventures. Besides the transit exchange from Lima, everything is fantastic.

Our guides were quite knowledgeable. After the guide finds an opportune spot where you are able to continue to observe nature, we'll eat breakfast. Every one of the guides were quite informative, straightforward and really liked doing their job. Our guides, together with our crew of cooks, boat drivers, is going to be the secret to make your journey an unforgettable experience.

Based on which region you decide to visit will determine your choices for Peru Amazon Lodges. To begin planning your Amazon Rain-forest vacation, you have to first choose which region in Peru you'd love to go to. Keep in mind that during your journey, you are going to be travelling between regions and will have to be ready for all weather conditions.

If you opt not to buy travel insurance then you're directly accountable for your own belongings and well-being. Any expense to retrieve luggage will become your responsibility and you ought to retain receipts to submit to your insurance policy provider. The very best part is that there's an up-front price, which means you can't get overcharged. It's important to decide on a very low price, even supposing it's ridiculously low.

Each tour is customized dependent on the group dynamic, demands, and skill level. Although both tours are spectacular in their very own way, they provide a completely different experience. With us you will go to a wide collection of the greatest tours at cusco and peru. With the Bolivian jungle covering around half of the nation, it's safe to say that a trip to the rain forest is critical. If you're booking through a site, make certain it's genuine. On the Ministry of Tourism website you can also find information on the subject of the government offices that help tourists around the nation.

Alternately, you may choose to extend your journey, at your own expense, and keep on a couple more days in Lima. It is absolutely worth the trip as the website is stunning! Check with the provided packing list for details of what things to bring on your precise trip. Please look at our very best seller tours and bear in mind that it is possible to create your very own ideal trip with our help. Also cruises can be distinguished by category by their degree of comfort, social places, and kinds of cabins, amenities and general service on board. The cruise starts and ends in Iquitos, and whilst shorter cruise alternatives are available, you must elect for the 5-day cruise in order to see the reserve. No matter your style, bear in mind a cruise on a river in the Amazon is not your standard cruise.

#travel #amazon #peru

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