#chincha islands war

[orderjackalope]

This one has it all: sibling rivalry, country club politics, adultery, duels, the Civil War, Spanish colonial policy, and three giant piles of bird poop, all conected by the greatest American painter of the 19th Century: James McNeill Whistler.

Transcript, sources, links and more at https://order-of-the-jackalope.com/crepuscule-in-blood-and-guts/

Key sources for this episode include Daniel E Sutherland's Whistler: A Life for Art's Sake; Nikolaus Pevsner's "Whistler's Valparaiso Harbour at the Tate Gallery"; William Columbus Davis's The Last Conquistadores: The Spanish Intervention in Peru and Chile, 1863-1866; and the personal correspondence of James McNeill Whistler.

Part of the That's Not Canon Productions podcast network.

This week we're co-promoting with fellow TNC podcast Art Slice. Join artists Stephanie Dueñas and Russell Shoemaker as they approach art history from an artist's perspective, without all the technical gibberish getting in the way.

Discord: https://discord.gg/Mbap3UQyCB Twitter: https://twitter.com/orderjackalope Tumblr: https://orderjackalope.tumblr.com Email: jackalope@order-of-the-jackalope.com

[worldhistoryfacts]

At first glance, it looks kind of like a mountain. A little bit like Uluru/Ayers Rock in Australia, perhaps. But this towering structure, a couple of hundred feet high, was not a mountain of rock.

It was a mountain of bird shit, two million tons of it. This mountain of shit saved lives, sparked war, made people immensely rich, and served as an unexpected engine of world history.

Off of the west coast of South America, there are a number of little islands, including the three that make up the Chincha archipelago, where the above picture was taken. They have, since time immemorial, been a nesting site for seabirds. Tens of millions of them, in fact. To give you a sense of the numbers, the photo below, taken in 1910 for a U.S. government report, is drily captioned, “Very small portion of a flock of cormorants on the south island of the Chinchas.”

Without rain to wash it away, pure, unadulterated guano accumulated on the islands for centuries in deposits a hundred feet high or more.

{WHF} {Ko-Fi} {Medium}

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 12.5 (before 1940)

63 BC – Cicero gives the fourth and final of the Catiline Orations. 633 – Fourth Council of Toledo opens, presided over by Isidore of Seville. 1033 – The Jordan Rift Valley earthquake destroys multiple cities across the Levant, triggers a tsunami and kills many. 1082 – Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona is assassinated, most likely by his brother, Berenguer Ramon II. 1408 – Seeking to resubjugate Muscovy, Emir Edigu of the Golden Horde reaches Moscow, burning areas around the city but failing to take the city itself. 1456 – The first of two earthquakes measuring Mw  7.2 strikes Italy, causing extreme destruction and killing upwards of 70,000 people. 1484 – Pope Innocent VIII issues the Summis desiderantes affectibus, a papal bull that deputizes Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger as inquisitors to root out alleged witchcraft in Germany. 1496 – King Manuel I of Portugal issues a decree ordering the expulsion of Jews from the country. 1560 – Thirteen-year-old Charles IX becomes king of France, with Queen Mother Catherine de' Medici as regent. 1578 – Sir Francis Drake, after sailing through Strait of Magellan, raids Valparaiso. 1649 – The town of Raahe (Swedish: Brahestad) is founded by Count Per Brahe the Younger. 1757 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Leuthen: Frederick II of Prussia leads Prussian forces to a decisive victory over Austrian forces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine. 1766 – In London, auctioneer James Christie holds his first sale. 1770 – 29th Regiment of Foot privates Hugh Montgomery and Matthew Kilroy are found guilty for the manslaughter of Crispus Attucks and Samuel Gray respectively in the Boston Massacre. 1775 – At Fort Ticonderoga, Henry Knox begins his historic transport of artillery to Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1776 – Phi Beta Kappa, the oldest academic honor society in the U.S., holds its first meeting at the College of William & Mary. 1831 – Former U.S. President John Quincy Adams takes his seat in the House of Representatives. 1847 – Jefferson Davis is elected to the U.S. Senate. 1848 – California Gold Rush: In a message to the United States Congress, U.S. President James K. Polk confirms that large amounts of gold had been discovered in California. 1865 – Chincha Islands War: Peru allies with Chile against Spain. 1895 – New Haven Symphony Orchestra of Connecticut performs its first concert. 1914 – The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition began in an attempt to make the first land crossing of Antarctica. 1919 – Ukrainian War of Independence: The Polonsky conspiracy is suppressed and its participants are executed by the Kontrrazvedka. 1921 – The Football Association bans women's football in England from league grounds, a ban that stays in place for 50 years. 1933 – The Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified. 1934 – Abyssinia Crisis: Italian troops attack Wal Wal in Abyssinia, taking four days to capture the city. 1935 – Mary McLeod Bethune founds the National Council of Negro Women in New York City. 1936 – The Soviet Union adopts a new constitution and the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic is established as a full Union Republic of the USSR.

[workingonmoviemaps]

Popular Locations Wednesday

Madrid’s Plaza del Callao

Callao Square was designed in 1861 and named in 1866 after the battle of Callao, the final battle between Spanish and Peruvian force during the Chincha Islands War. The square underwent an extensive renovation in the 21st century removing almost all historical elements and converting it into a pedestrian square.

The square can be seen above in The Cold Light of Day, The Day of the Beast, Ferpect Crime, and Unknown Origins.

[aegor-bamfsteel]

hello, I love reading your blackfyre metas! they are a treasure, I have a hypothetical? question regarding dragonstone. idk if you watched the show but basically at the end of it there’s no targs or baratheons anymore (which makes me glad but poor shireen). now if this scenario happens, do you imagine a blackfyre descendant (even after the name die) being interested in taking dragonstone after everything? it’s a volcanic island and described as dark and grim,but it’s the original seat of house targ. there’s a fic that makes fun of D&D writing(and the political situation in Westeros after show! ending, very fun) and it has house velaryon taking dragonstone ,that is, aurane waters and his nephew lord monterys. but what do you think of the idea of a blackfyre taking dragonstone instead in this scenario? will they even think that it’s worth it to take it and rule as lords/ladies?or it won’t matter to them considering how long it has been and that they are living well and happy in Essos and have no intention of moving to Westeros?

I’m glad you like reading my metas! It’s always great to hear positive feedback.

I did watch the show, and I am familiar with the ending (didn’t think too highly of it, although at least House Targaryen’s name dying out makes sense thematically). I actually hadn’t thought about who would get Dragonstone now that there are no more Baratheons or Targaryens. Bran is the king by acclamation and would thus would be able to dispose of it as its overlord, probably to Davos Seaworth (he’s a named important character with some history with Dragonstone, he knows the sea, he was loyal to the Starks and in the show wasn’t given the Rainwood). But should Bran for some reason offer a Blackfyre descendant rulership of the island, would they be willing to be a guest on This Old House: Dragonstone?

It does seem unlikely, but not impossible. Dragonstone is a gloomy island that smells like smoke and brimstone, but it’s rich in obsidian/dragonglass which is highly useful in Westeros as jewelry, magically enhanced weaponry, and glass candles (plus in the show, it seems obsidian mines were opened, but it’s unlikely all deposits were mined in such a short time). Tyroshi make fine armor and possibly jewelry, so it could be of interest. There’s also a port town with taverns and inns and a shipyard, which might be fixed up if the owner is willing to invest in it (which has happened with Hull and Spicetown under Corlys Velaryon, or Tumbleton under Sharis Footly). The island has a strategic location for controlling trade in the Gullet, though I don’t know how much an advantage that would be with King’s Landing destroyed, House Velaryon as competitors, and Bran/Tyrion as a higher authority to which to complain if the tolls ever get too high. I don’t think any one Blackfyre scion would have the funds to fix up Dragonstone, its town, and mines, but we know there are several trading cartels and a bank from which to borrow money. They could sell stakes in the obsidian mines or the shipyards, essentially spreading out the massive cost between several merchant princes, or even some adventurous commoners. Something similar happened in the mercantile era that led to the establishment of many of America’s 13 original colonies (ex: Massachusetts, Virginia, New Amsterdam aka New York).

However, it would be a massive project to make Dragonstone successful, one that would probably fail once the obsidian runs out (an economy based on a single luxury item is heading for disaster in a few decades, such as Peru’s in the time around the Chincha Islands War over guano). There’s also the distance. Tyrosh to Dragonstone is 700 miles by water, so it’d take about 100 hours or 4 days 4 hours at the fastest to get people there, or about 7-8 days on average. Hardly insurmountable, but definitely uncomfortable and expensive to keep going back and forth, especially when it comes to fixing up the town. Consider also that the Blackfyre descendants are in this scenario Essosi merchants taking over a symbolically important castle right after Dæny burned King’s Landing and the Unsullied killed surrendering soldiers for revenge; Essosi have never been viewed favorably in Westeros and tolerance toward them is probably at a low. Given the different political systems of Westerosi feudalism and Tyroshi plutocracy, its also possible they wouldn’t initially know how to govern the people. Without the motivation to attract backers, the long distance, the lack of experience, and cultural prejudice, even in the unlikely event that the Blackfyre descendants are offered Dragonstone rather than a Westerosi supporter of the new regime, I don’t think they would take it. Maybe they might try to sell the rights, or ask for a stake in the obsidian mining/shipbuilding, but I doubt it’d go further.

A long lost heir suddenly being called to inherit a volcanic lair from a foreign country’s new wizard-king and having to sell the idea of getting rich quick off mining magic volcanic glass to a bunch of adventurous merchants in order to make the lair‘s port town more habitable does sound like a decent plot for a fanfic, though.

[microsoftedgy69]

TMI Thursday.

Here’s entirely too much information:

Guano (from Spanish guano, from Quechua: wanu) is the accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats. As a manure, guano is a highly effective fertilizer due to its exceptionally high content of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium: nutrients essential for plant growth. Guano was also, to a lesser extent, sought for the production of gunpowder and other explosive materials. The 19th-century guano trade played a pivotal role in the development of modern input-intensive farming, but its demand began to decline after the discovery of the Haber-Bosch process of nitrogen fixing led to the production of synthetic fertilizers. The demand for guano spurred the human colonization of remote bird islands in many parts of the world. During the 20th century, guano-producing birds became an important target of conservation programs and influenced the development of environmental consciousness. Today, guano is increasingly sought after by organic farmers.[1]

Contents

1Composition

2History

3Sourcing

4Properties

5In popular culture

6See also

7References

8Further reading

9External links

8.1Africa

8.2Chile

8.3Peru

8.4Documents

Composition[edit]

Paul Szpak has co-authored several journal articles claiming that seabird guano consists of nitrogen-rich ammonium nitrate and urate, phosphates, as well as some earth salts and impurities, and that unleached guano from favored locales, such as the Chincha Islandsoff the coast of Peru, typically contains 8 to 16 percent nitrogen (the majority of which is uric acid), 8 to 12 percent equivalent phosphoric acid, and 2 to 3 percent equivalent potash.[2][3]

However, The Association of American Plant Food Control Officers (AAPFCO) defines Seabird guano as the hardened excrement from marine birds, which contains no organic matter or nitrogen and is a source of phosphates P2O5: "P- Hydroxylapatite - is a naturally-formed phosphate rock mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH). The Fluorine content is less than 1%."[4]

Bat guano is fecal excrement from bats. Commercially harvested bat guano is used as an organic fertilizer.[5][6] All commercially sold bat guano is derived from insect-eating bats.[7]A study was done that demonstrated that, for fruit bats and insect bats, the composition of their guano was largely the same, and differed mainly based on their diet.[8]

History[edit]

Chincha Islands where guano was found in abundance. Mining was done on site and ships transported it to Europe.

Mining guano in the

Chincha Islands

off the central coast of

Peru

c. 1860.

Advertisement for guano, 1884

The word "guano" originates from the Andean indigenous language Quechua, which refers to any form of dung used as an agricultural fertilizer. Archaeological evidence suggests that Andean people have collected guano from small islands and points located off the desert coast of Peru for use as a soil amendment for well over 1,500 years. Spanish colonial documents suggest that the rulers of the Inca Empire assigned great value to guano, restricted access to it, and punished any disturbance of the birds with death. The Guanay cormorant has historically been the most abundant and important producer of guano. Other important guano producing species off the coast of Peru are the Peruvian pelican and the Peruvian booby.[1][3]

In November 1802, Alexander von Humboldt first encountered guano and began investigating its fertilizing properties at Callao in Peru, and his subsequent writings on this topic made the subject well known in Europe. During the guano boom of the nineteenth century, the vast majority of seabird guano was harvested from Peruvian guano islands, but large quantities were also exported from the Caribbean, atolls in the Central Pacific, and islands off the coast of Namibia, Oman, Patagonia, and Baja California. At that time, massive deposits of guano existed on some islands, in some cases more than 50 m deep.[9] In this context the United States passed the Guano Islands Act in 1856, which gave U.S. citizens discovering a source of guano on an unclaimed island exclusive rights to the deposits. Nine of these islands are still officially U.S. territories.[10] Control over guano played a central role in the Chincha Islands War (1864–1866) between Spain and a Peruvian-Chilean alliance. Indentured workers from China played an important role in guano harvest. The first group of 79 Chinese workers arrived in Peru in 1849; by the time that trade ended a quarter of a century later, over 100,000 of their fellow countrymen had been imported. There is no documentary evidence that enslaved Pacific Islanders participated in guano mining.[11] Between 1847 and 1873, there was a significant increase in Peruvian guano exports, and the revenue from this momentarily ended the fiscal necessity of the colonial head tax.[12]

After 1870, the use of Peruvian guano as a fertilizer was eclipsed by saltpeter in the form of caliche extraction from the interior of the Atacama Desert, not far from the guano areas. During the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) Chile seized much of the guano as well as Peru's nitrate-producing area, enabling its national treasury to grow by 900% between 1879 and 1902 thanks to taxes coming from the newly acquired lands.[13] Contrary to popular belief, seabird guano does not have high concentrations of nitrates, and was never important to the production of explosives; bat and cave-bird deposits have been processed to produce gunpowder, however. High-grade rock phosphate deposits are derived from the remobilization of phosphate from bird guano into underlying rocks such as limestone.[14] In 1990 a group of French researchers, from isotope studies, proposed a marine sedimentation origin for some high-grade phosphate deposits on Nauru.[15][16]

Since 1909, when the Peruvian government took over guano extraction for use by Peru farmers, the industry has relied on production by living populations of marine birds. U.S. ornithologists Robert Cushman Murphy and William Vogt promoted the Peruvian industry internationally as a supreme example of wildlife conservation, while also drawing attention to its vulnerability to the El Niño phenomenon. South Africa independently developed its own guano industry based on sustained-yield production from marine birds during this period, as well. Both industries eventually collapsed due to pressure from overfishing.[1]The importance of guano deposits to agriculture elsewhere in the world faded after 1909 when Fritz Haber developed the Haber-Bosch process of industrial nitrogen fixation, which today generates the ammonia-based fertilizer responsible for sustaining an estimated one-third of the Earth's population.[17]

DNA testing has suggested that new potato varieties imported alongside Peruvian seabird guano in 1842 brought a virulent strain of potato blight that began the Irish Potato Famine.[18][19]

Sourcing[edit]

A

herring gull

(

Larus argentatus

) excreting waste near

Île-de-Bréhat

.

The ideal type of guano is found in exceptionally dry climates, as rainwater volatilizes and leaches nitrogen-containing ammonia from guano. In order to support large colonies of marine birds and the fish they feed on, these islands must be adjacent to regions of intense marine upwelling, such as those along the eastern boundaries of the Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans.[9]

Bat guano is usually mined in caves and this mining is associated with a corresponding loss of troglobytic biota and diminishing of biodiversity. Guano deposits support a great variety of cave-adapted invertebrates, that rely on bat feces as their sole source of nutrition. In addition to the biological component, deep guano deposits from birds and bats contain local paleoclimatic records and evidence of other environmental changes in strata that have built up over thousands of years, which are unrecoverable once disturbed.[20]However, when done with caution, extraction of guano can be done alongside marine bird colonies without causing them significant harm.[21][22]

Post-depositional decomposition and ammonia volatilization of penguin guano also plays an important role in the evolution of ornithogenic sediments in the cold and arid environment of Antarctica (McMurdo Sound of the Ross Sea region, East Antarctica).[23]

Properties[edit]

In agriculture and gardening guano has a number of uses, including as: soil builder, lawn treatments, fungicide (when fed to plants through the leaves), nematicide (decomposing microbes help control nematodes), and as composting activator (nutrients and microbes speed up decomposition).[24]

High in nitrogen, guano was also refined in the early 20th century into a precursor to explosives. This caused guano islands to be of strategic significance before the First World War.

In popular culture[edit]

"Guano's historical significance was as much cultural as it was ecological and economic."[25] References to guano in popular culture are an important sign of this cultural influence, especially regarding the ongoing relationship between guano and colonialism. In his 1845 poem "Guanosong", Joseph Victor von Scheffel used a humorous verse to take a position in the then-popular polemic against Hegel's Naturphilosophie. The poem starts with an allusion to Heinrich Heine's Lorelei and may be sung to the same tune.[26] The poem ends however with the blunt statement of a Swabian rapeseed farmer from Böblingen who praises the seagulls of Peru as providing better manure even than his fellow countryman Hegel. This refuted the widespread Enlightenment belief that nature in the New World was inferior to the Old World. The poem has been translated by, among others, Charles Godfrey Leland.[27]

In Joseph Conrad's 1900 novel Lord Jim the characters Chester and Captain Robinson attempt to recruit the eponymous lead character for an expedition harvesting guano.

The setting of Ian Fleming's 1958 installation in the James Bond series Dr. No is a Caribbean guano island, and the villain dies at the end buried in guano.

In Stanley Kubrick's 1964 film Dr. Strangelove, Colonel "Bat" Guano (Keenan Wynn) leads an attack on the airbase responsible for sending a nuclear attack order to bomb the Soviet Union.

The 1994 film Men of War centers on a band of mercenaries who are hired by an investment firm to seize a tropical island for its extensive guano deposits.

In the 1995 film Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls, Jim Carrey's character attempts to save an African tribe from being dispossessed of a fortune in bat guano.

Hungarian painter Judit Reigl had a series of paintings between 1958-1964. She used to protect the floor of her atelier with old and ruined canvasses. When she moved out, she discovered that over these years the paintings developed an interesting surface, and she carved her "Guano painting" from these.

[ultralaser]

today in history: 1536 - anne boleyn arrested and charged with adultery, incest, treason, and witchcraft, 1568 - mary queen of scots escapes loch levan castle, 1611 - first printing of the king james bible, 1670 - charles ii grants a royal charter to the hudson bay company, 1808 - the dos de mayo rebellion, the people of madrid rise up against french rule, sparking the peninsular war - later depicted by goya in his 1814 painting, 1812 - end of the siege of cuatla during the mexican war of independence, 1863 - stonewall jackson mortally wounded by friendly fire during the battle of chancellorville, 1866 - the battle of callao (combate del dos de mayo), peru fights off the spanish fleet at the end of the chincha islands war, 1885 - cree and assiniboine fighters repel canadian forces in the battle of cut knife, 1933 - the nazis "consolidate" the labour unions into the german labour front, 1945 - ussr announces the fall of berlin, the treaty of casserta ends german fighting in italy, the us liberates the wöbbelin concentration camp, and a death march from dachau is intercepted by a segregated japanese-american battallion, 1955 - tennessee williams wins a pulitzer for cat on a hot tin roof, 1989 - the removal of the border fence between hungary and austria starts a chain reaction leading to the fall of the berlin wall, 1998 - the european central bank is founded in brussels, starting a chain reaction of economic reforms leading to britain starting a trade war with itself (see brexit), 2000 - president clinton opens gps up to non-military use, 2008 - cyclone narqis makes landfall in burma, the worst natural disaster in their history, 2011 - bin laden is killed by us forces #may2nd #westernhistory #wikipedia https://www.instagram.com/p/Bw_apQfg4kU/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=j100tbw1jdxe

[promocoes-steam-blog]

Promoção na Steam do jogo Ironclads: Chincha Islands War 1866

O jogo Ironclads: Chincha Islands War 1866 está com 75% de #desconto, saindo por apenas R$ 4,24! http://store.steampowered.com/app/46840/

[topworldhistory]

1832 - Andrew Jackson re-elected US President after defeating Henry Clay 1865 - Chincha Islands War: Peru allies with Chile against Spain. 1890 - Berlioz' opera "Les Troyens" premieres in Karlsruhe 1935 - National Council of Negro Women forms by Mary McLeod Bethune (NYC) 1957 - William Inge's "Dark at the Top of the Stairs" premieres in NYC 1974 - Airport terminal roof in Tehran collapses killing 17 1987 - Schonbrunn skates world record 3 km ladies (4:16.76) 1993 - "Timon of Athens" closes at Lyceum Theater NYC after 37 performances 1996 - Portland's Jermaine O'Neal at 18 becomes the youngest NBA player 1998 - 3rd Big 12 Championship Game: #10 Texas AandM beats #2 Kansas State, 36-33 (2 OT)

More Historical Events »

from Historical Events | OnThisDay.com https://ift.tt/380PG2W December 05, 2019 at 10:33AM

[islandsofthemind]

‘The Colony' - Dinh Q. Lê

In the video installation ‘The Colony’, the Vietnamese American artist Dinh Q. Lê (Hà Tiên 1968) shows us the Chincha Islands off the coast of Peru from various perspectives. Whereas Lê’s previous work focuses primarily on the Vietnam War, ‘The Colony’ encompasses a broader web of references to the history of colonialism and imperialism.

The Chincha Islands are home to large colonies of seabirds, which have covered the terrain in mountains of faeces, known as guano. Valued as a fertiliser, this commodity led to a battle over the islands in the 19th century. British merchants used Chinese workers to harvest the guano, while Spain and Peru fought for dominance of the islands. In 1856, the United States introduced the de Guano Islands Act, empowering itself to take charge of uninhabited islands anywhere in the world. With the development of artificial fertiliser at the beginning of the 20th century, the geopolitical conflict over guano came to an end.

Although the islands are no longer inhabited, the guano harvesting continues. We see empty buildings in the desolate landscape, in which the workers carry out the heavy work by hand. In ‘The Colony’, Lê explores the greed, absurdity and human misery associated with imperialism, both in the past and in the present.

Source: https://www.boijmans.nl/en/exhibitions/dinh-q-le-the-colony

More info: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/feb/02/dinh-q-le-the-colony-review-rich-messy-melange-history-technology

https://anti-utopias.com/newswire/dinh-q-le-the-colony/

http://www.thedoublenegative.co.uk/2016/09/disorientating-films-desperate-inhumanity-dinh-q-les-the-colony-reviewed/

[superblydarkbluebird-blog]

Trump Takes Nixon's Order Manuscript As White Residence Course.

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[brookstonalmanac]

Events 12.5

63 BC – Cicero gives the fourth and final of the Catiline Orations. 633 – Fourth Council of Toledo takes place. 1033 – The Jordan Rift Valley earthquake destroys multiple cities across the Levant, triggers a tsunami and kills many. 1082 – Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona is assassinated. 1408 – Emir Edigu of Golden Horde reaches Moscow. 1456 – The first of two earthquakes measuring Mw  7.2 strikes Italy, causing extreme destruction and killing upwards of 70,000 people. 1484 – Pope Innocent VIII issues the Summis desiderantes affectibus, a papal bull that deputizes Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger as inquisitors to root out alleged witchcraft in Germany. 1496 – King Manuel I of Portugal issues a decree ordering the expulsion of Jewish "heretics" from the country. 1560 – Charles IX becomes king of France. 1578 – Sir Francis Drake, after sailing through Strait of Magellan raids Valparaiso. 1649 – The town of Raahe (Swedish: Brahestad) was founded by Count Per Brahe the Younger. 1757 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Leuthen: Frederick II of Prussia leads Prussian forces to a decisive victory over Austrian forces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine. 1766 – In London, auctioneer James Christie holds his first sale. 1775 – At Fort Ticonderoga, Henry Knox begins his historic transport of artillery to Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1776 – Phi Beta Kappa, the oldest academic honor society in the U.S., holds its first meeting at the College of William & Mary. 1831 – Former U.S. President John Quincy Adams takes his seat in the House of Representatives. 1847 – Jefferson Davis is elected to the U.S. Senate. 1848 – California Gold Rush: In a message to the United States Congress, U.S. President James K. Polk confirms that large amounts of gold had been discovered in California. 1865 – Chincha Islands War: Peru allies with Chile against Spain. 1895 – New Haven Symphony Orchestra of Connecticut performs its first concert. 1914 – The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition began in an attempt to make the first land crossing of Antarctica. 1921 - The Football Association bans women's football in England from league grounds, a ban that stays in place for 50 years. 1933 – The Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified. 1934 – Abyssinia Crisis: Italian troops attack Wal Wal in Abyssinia, taking four days to capture the city. 1935 – Mary McLeod Bethune founds the National Council of Negro Women in New York City. 1936 – The Soviet Union adopts a new constitution and the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic is established as a full Union Republic of the USSR. 1941 – World War II: In the Battle of Moscow, Georgy Zhukov launches a massive Soviet counter-attack against the German army. 1941 – World War II: Great Britain declares war on Finland, Hungary and Romania. 1943 – World War II: Allied air forces begin attacking Germany's secret weapons bases in Operation Crossbow. 1945 – Flight 19, a group of TBF Avengers, disappears in the Bermuda Triangle. 1952 – Beginning of the Great Smog in London. A cold fog combines with air pollution and brings the city to a standstill for four days. Later, a Ministry of Health report estimates 4,000 fatalities as a result of it. 1955 – The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merge and form the AFL–CIO. 1955 – E. D. Nixon and Rosa Parks lead the Montgomery bus boycott. 1958 – Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) is inaugurated in the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II when she speaks to the Lord Provost in a call from Bristol to Edinburgh. 1958 – The Preston By-pass, the UK's first stretch of motorway, opens to traffic for the first time. (It is now part of the M6 and M55 motorways.) 1964 – Vietnam War: For his heroism in battle earlier in the year, Captain Roger Donlon is awarded the first Medal of Honor of the war. 1964 – Lloyd J. Old discovers the first linkage between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and disease—mouse leukemia—opening the way for the recognition of the importance of the MHC in the immune response. 1971 – Battle of Gazipur: Pakistani forces stand defeated as India cedes Gazipur to Bangladesh. 1977 – Egypt breaks diplomatic relations with Syria, Libya, Algeria, Iraq and South Yemen. The move is in retaliation for the Declaration of Tripoli against Egypt. 1983 – Dissolution of the Military Junta in Argentina. 1991 – Leonid Kravchuk is elected the first president of Ukraine. 1995 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lanka's government announces the conquest of the Tamil stronghold of Jaffna. 1995 – Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 56 crashes near Nakhchivan International Airport in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan, killing 52 people. 2005 – The Civil Partnership Act comes into effect in the United Kingdom, and the first civil partnership is registered there. 2005 – The 6.8 Mw  Lake Tanganyika earthquake shakes the eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing six people. 2006 – Commodore Frank Bainimarama overthrows the government in Fiji. 2007 – Westroads Mall shooting: Nineteen-year-old Robert A. Hawkins kills nine people, including himself, with a WASR-10 at a Von Maur department store in Omaha, Nebraska. 2013 – Militants attack a Defense Ministry compound in Sana'a, Yemen, killing at least 56 people and injuring 200 others. 2014 – Exploration Flight Test 1, the first flight test of Orion, is launched. 2017 – The International Olympic Committee bans Russia from competing at the 2018 Winter Olympics for doping at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 12.5

63 BC – Cicero gives the fourth and final of the Catiline Orations. 633 – Fourth Council of Toledo takes place. 1082 – Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona is assassinated. 1408 – Emir Edigu of Golden Horde reaches Moscow. 1484 – Pope Innocent VIII issues the Summis desiderantes affectibus, a papal bull that deputizes Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger as inquisitors to root out alleged witchcraft in Germany. 1492 – Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to set foot on the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic). 1496 – King Manuel I of Portugal issues a decree ordering the expulsion of Jewish "heretics" from the country. 1560 – Charles IX becomes king of France. 1578 – Sir Francis Drake, after sailing through Strait of Magellan raids Valparaiso. 1649 – The town of Raahe (Swedish: Brahestad) was founded by Count Per Brahe the Younger. 1757 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Leuthen: Frederick II of Prussia leads Prussian forces to a decisive victory over Austrian forces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine. 1766 – In London, auctioneer James Christie holds his first sale. 1775 – At Fort Ticonderoga, Henry Knox begins his historic transport of artillery to Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1776 – Phi Beta Kappa, the oldest academic honor society in the U.S., holds its first meeting at the College of William & Mary. 1831 – Former U.S. President John Quincy Adams takes his seat in the House of Representatives. 1847 – Jefferson Davis is elected to the U.S. Senate. 1848 – California Gold Rush: In a message to the United States Congress, U.S. President James K. Polk confirms that large amounts of gold had been discovered in California. 1865 – Chincha Islands War: Peru allies with Chile against Spain. 1895 – New Haven Symphony Orchestra of Connecticut performs its first concert. 1931 – Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow is destroyed on orders from Joseph Stalin. 1933 – The Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified. 1934 – Abyssinia Crisis: Italian troops attack Wal Wal in Abyssinia, taking four days to capture the city. 1935 – Mary McLeod Bethune founds the National Council of Negro Women in New York City. 1936 – The Soviet Union adopts a new constitution and the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic is established as a full Union Republic of the USSR. 1941 – World War II: In the Battle of Moscow, Georgy Zhukov launches a massive Soviet counter-attack against the German army. 1941 – World War II: Great Britain declares war on Finland, Hungary and Romania. 1943 – World War II: Allied air forces begin attacking Germany's secret weapons bases in Operation Crossbow. 1945 – Flight 19, a group of TBF Avengers, disappears in the Bermuda Triangle. 1952 – Beginning of the Great Smog in London. A cold fog combines with air pollution and brings the city to a standstill for four days. Later, a Ministry of Health report estimates 4,000 fatalities as a result of it. 1955 – The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merge and form the AFL–CIO. 1955 – E. D. Nixon and Rosa Parks lead the Montgomery bus boycott. 1958 – Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) is inaugurated in the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II when she speaks to the Lord Provost in a call from Bristol to Edinburgh. 1958 – The Preston By-pass, the UK's first stretch of motorway, opens to traffic for the first time. (It is now part of the M6 and M55 motorways.) 1964 – Vietnam War: For his heroism in battle earlier in the year, Captain Roger Donlon is awarded the first Medal of Honor of the war. 1964 – Lloyd J. Old discovers the first linkage between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and disease—mouse leukemia—opening the way for the recognition of the importance of the MHC in the immune response. 1971 – Battle of Gazipur: Pakistani forces stand defeated as India cedes Gazipur to Bangladesh. 1977 – Egypt breaks diplomatic relations with Syria, Libya, Algeria, Iraq and South Yemen. The move is in retaliation for the Declaration of Tripoli against Egypt. 1983 – Dissolution of the Military Junta in Argentina. 1991 – Leonid Kravchuk is elected the first president of Ukraine. 1995 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lanka's government announces the conquest of the Tamil stronghold of Jaffna. 2004 – The Civil Partnership Act comes into effect in the United Kingdom, and the first civil partnership is registered there. 2005 – The 6.8 Mw  Lake Tanganyika earthquake shakes the eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing six people. 2006 – Commodore Frank Bainimarama overthrows the government in Fiji. 2007 – Westroads Mall shooting: Nineteen-year-old Robert A. Hawkins kills nine people, including himself, with a WASR-10 at a Von Maur department store in Omaha, Nebraska. 2013 – Militants attack a Defense Ministry compound in Sana'a, Yemen, killing at least 56 people and injuring 200 others. 2014 – Exploration Flight Test 1, the first flight test of Orion, is launched. 2017 – The International Olympic Committee bans Russia from competing at the 2018 Winter Olympics for doping at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 12.5

63 BC – Cicero gives the fourth and final of the Catiline Orations. 633 – Fourth Council of Toledo takes place. 1082 – Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona is assassinated. 1408 – Emir Edigu of Golden Horde reaches Moscow. 1484 – Pope Innocent VIII issues the Summis desiderantes affectibus, a papal bull that deputizes Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger as inquisitors to root out alleged witchcraft in Germany. 1492 – Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to set foot on the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic). 1496 – King Manuel I of Portugal issues a decree ordering the expulsion of Jewish "heretics" from the country. 1560 – Charles IX becomes king of France. 1757 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Leuthen: Frederick II of Prussia leads Prussian forces to a decisive victory over Austrian forces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine. 1766 – In London, auctioneer James Christie holds his first sale. 1775 – At Fort Ticonderoga, Henry Knox begins his historic transport of artillery to Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1776 – Phi Beta Kappa, the oldest academic honor society in the U.S., holds its first meeting at the College of William & Mary. 1831 – Former U.S. President John Quincy Adams takes his seat in the House of Representatives. 1847 – Jefferson Davis is elected to the U.S. Senate. 1848 – California Gold Rush: In a message to the United States Congress, U.S. President James K. Polk confirms that large amounts of gold had been discovered in California. 1865 – Chincha Islands War: Peru allies with Chile against Spain. 1931 – Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow is destroyed on orders from Joseph Stalin. 1933 – The Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified. 1934 – Abyssinia Crisis: Italian troops attack Wal Wal in Abyssinia, taking four days to capture the city. 1935 – Mary McLeod Bethune founds the National Council of Negro Women in New York City. 1936 – The Soviet Union adopts a new constitution and the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic is established as a full Union Republic of the USSR. 1941 – World War II: In the Battle of Moscow, Georgy Zhukov launches a massive Soviet counter-attack against the German army. 1941 – World War II: Great Britain declares war on Finland, Hungary and Romania. 1943 – World War II: Allied air forces begin attacking Germany's secret weapons bases in Operation Crossbow. 1945 – Flight 19, a group of TBF Avengers, disappears in the Bermuda Triangle. 1952 – Beginning of the Great Smog in London. A cold fog combines with air pollution and brings the city to a standstill for four days. Later, a Ministry of Health report estimates 4,000 fatalities as a result of it. 1955 – The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merge and form the AFL–CIO. 1955 – E. D. Nixon and Rosa Parks lead the Montgomery bus boycott. 1958 – Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) is inaugurated in the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II when she speaks to the Lord Provost in a call from Bristol to Edinburgh. 1958 – The Preston By-pass, the UK's first stretch of motorway, opens to traffic for the first time. (It is now part of the M6 and M55 motorways.) 1964 – Vietnam War: For his heroism in battle earlier in the year, Captain Roger Donlon is awarded the first Medal of Honor of the war. 1964 – Lloyd J. Old discovers the first linkage between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and disease—mouse leukemia—opening the way for the recognition of the importance of the MHC in the immune response. 1971 – Battle of Gazipur: Pakistani forces stand defeated as India cedes Gazipur to Bangladesh. 1977 – Egypt breaks diplomatic relations with Syria, Libya, Algeria, Iraq and South Yemen. The move is in retaliation for the Declaration of Tripoli against Egypt. 1983 – Dissolution of the Military Junta in Argentina. 1991 – Leonid Kravchuk is elected the first president of Ukraine. 1995 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lanka's government announces the conquest of the Tamil stronghold of Jaffna. 2004 – The Civil Partnership Act comes into effect in the United Kingdom, and the first civil partnership is registered there. 2005 – The 6.8 Mw  Lake Tanganyika earthquake shakes the eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing six people. 2006 – Commodore Frank Bainimarama overthrows the government in Fiji. 2007 – Westroads Mall shooting: Nineteen-year-old Robert A. Hawkins kills eight people, including himself, with a WASR-10 at a Von Maur department store in Omaha, Nebraska. 2013 – Militants attack a Defense Ministry compound in Sana'a, Yemen, killing at least 56 people and injuring 200 others. 2014 – Exploration Flight Test 1, the first flight test of Orion, is launched. 2017 – The International Olympic Committee bans Russia from competing at the 2018 Winter Olympics for doping at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

[promocoes-steam-blog]

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[brookstonalmanac]

Events 12.5

63 BC – Cicero gives the fourth and final of the Catiline Orations. 633 – Fourth Council of Toledo takes place. 1082 – Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona is assassinated. 1408 – Emir Edigu of Golden Horde reaches Moscow. 1484 – Pope Innocent VIII issues the Summis desiderantes affectibus, a papal bull that deputizes Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger as inquisitors to root out alleged witchcraft in Germany. 1492 – Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to set foot on the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic). 1496 – King Manuel I of Portugal issues a decree ordering the expulsion of Jewish "heretics" from the country. 1560 – Charles IX becomes king of France. 1757 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Leuthen: Frederick II of Prussia leads Prussian forces to a decisive victory over Austrian forces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine. 1766 – In London, auctioneer James Christie holds his first sale. 1775 – At Fort Ticonderoga, Henry Knox begins his historic transport of artillery to Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1831 – Former U.S. President John Quincy Adams takes his seat in the House of Representatives. 1847 – Jefferson Davis is elected to the U.S. Senate. 1848 – California Gold Rush: In a message to the United States Congress, U.S. President James K. Polk confirms that large amounts of gold had been discovered in California. 1865 – Chincha Islands War: Peru allies with Chile against Spain. 1931 – Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow was destroyed on orders from Joseph Stalin. 1933 – The Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified. 1934 – Abyssinia Crisis: Italian troops attack Wal Wal in Abyssinia, taking four days to capture the city. 1935 – Mary McLeod Bethune founds the National Council of Negro Women in New York City. 1936 – The Soviet Union adopts a new constitution and the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic is established as a full Union Republic of the USSR. 1941 – World War II: In the Battle of Moscow, Georgy Zhukov launches a massive Soviet counter-attack against the German army. 1941 – World War II: Great Britain declares war on Finland, Hungary and Romania. 1943 – World War II: Allied air forces begin attacking Germany's secret weapons bases in Operation Crossbow. 1945 – World War II: Flight 19, a group of TBF Avengers, disappears in the Bermuda Triangle, in one of the most famous aviation mysteries in history. 1952 – Great Smog: A cold fog descends upon London, combining with air pollution and killing at least 12,000 in the weeks and months that follow. 1955 – The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merge and form the AFL–CIO. 1955 – E. D. Nixon and Rosa Parks lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott. 1958 – Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) is inaugurated in the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II when she speaks to the Lord Provost in a call from Bristol to Edinburgh. 1958 – The Preston By-pass, the UK's first stretch of motorway, opens to traffic for the first time. (It is now part of the M6 and M55 motorways.) 1964 – Vietnam War: For his heroism in battle earlier in the year, Captain Roger Donlon is awarded the first Medal of Honor of the war. 1964 – Lloyd J. Old discovered the first linkage between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and disease—mouse leukemia—opening the way for the recognition of the importance of the MHC in the immune response. 1966 – The musical I Do! I Do!, starring Mary Martin and Robert Preston opens at the 46th Street Theatre, in New York City, and closes on June 15, 1968, after 560 performances. 1971 – Battle of Gazipur: Pakistani forces stand defeated as India cedes Gazipur to Bangladesh. 1977 – Egypt breaks diplomatic relations with Syria, Libya, Algeria, Iraq and South Yemen. The move is in retaliation for the Declaration of Tripoli against Egypt. 1983 – Dissolution of the Military Junta in Argentina. 1991 – Leonid Kravchuk is elected the first president of Ukraine. 1995 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lanka's government announces the conquest of the Tamil stronghold of Jaffna. 1999 – Helen Clark is sworn in as Prime Minister of New Zealand, the second woman to hold the post and the first to be elected to the role. 2004 – The Civil Partnership Act comes into effect in the United Kingdom, and the first civil partnership is registered there. 2005 – The 6.8 Mw  Lake Tanganyika earthquake shakes the eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing six people. 2006 – Commodore Frank Bainimarama overthrows the government in Fiji. 2007 – Westroads Mall shooting: Nineteen-year-old Robert A. Hawkins kills eight people, including himself, with a WASR-10 at a Von Maur department store in Omaha, Nebraska. 2013 – Militants attack a Defense Ministry compound in Sana'a, Yemen, killing at least 56 people and injuring 200 others. 2014 – Exploration Flight Test 1, the first flight test of Orion is launched. 2017 – The International Olympic Committee bans Russia from competing at the 2018 Winter Olympics for doping at the 2014 Winter Olympics.