#cosmetic product regulations

[foodresearchlab]

A post by the Food Research Lab describes the recall of a hair-care product that exceeds the permitted microbial load by the EU.

More info: https://www.foodresearchlab.com/insights/recall/recall-of-cosmetic-product-for-hair-due-to-presence-of-serious-microbiological-risk/

[johnwilson88]

Discover the full potential of your cosmetic brand by ensuring it complies with FDA regulations with our thorough registration services. FDA Cosmetic Registration provides the necessary steps to navigate the regulatory landscape smoothly, from product formulation to labelling requirements. Trust our expert team to guide you through the process, ensuring your products meet safety standards and gain market approval. With our assistance, you can confidently bring your cosmetic innovations to market, captivating consumers while adhering to regulatory guidelines. Let us be your partner in success as you embark on your journey to establish a reputable and compliant cosmetic brand.

[theambitiouswoman]

Women's Health: Daily habits that could be affecting your hormones

Hormones play a central role in the proper functioning of your body and overall health. They affect your menstrual cycle, fertility, bone health, mental and physical health. Your skin, weight, thyroid, energy levels, heart and breast health and much more.

These are some common habits that can influence hormonal balance:

Sleep: Irregular sleep can disturb hormone production, like cortisol, insulin, and growth hormones.

Diet: Eating lots of processed foods, unhealthy fats, and sugars while lacking essential nutrients can lead to hormonal imbalances. Extreme diets can also harm hormones.

Stress: Chronic stress releases cortisol, disrupting other hormones in the body.

Exercise: Too much or too little exercise can impact hormone levels. Overtraining raises cortisol, while being sedentary affects insulin sensitivity.

Caffeine and alcohol: Consuming too much caffeine or alcohol can affect hormone production and the endocrine system.

Plastic usage: Some plastics contain chemicals that disrupt hormones, especially when they leach into food and drinks.

Skincare and household products: Harmful chemicals in skincare and household items can act as hormone disruptors.

Medications and contraceptives: Some medications and birth control methods alter hormone levels.

Smoking: Smoking and secondhand smoke can disrupt hormones.

Environmental toxins: Exposure to pollutants like pesticides, herbicides, and chemicals in the environment act as endocrine disruptors, affecting hormone production and function.

Hydration: Staying hydrated is vital for hormone secretion and function.

Sunlight exposure: Natural sunlight helps regulate circadian rhythm and melatonin production, impacting other hormones.

Social interactions: Loneliness and social isolation affect hormone production and stress hormones.

Water bottles and food containers: Bisphenol A (BPA): Found in plastic bottles and containers, BPA can disrupt hormones when it seeps into food or drinks.

Laundry products: Some laundry products have chemicals that act as EDCs, impacting hormone balance through skin absorption.

Synthetic fabrics: Fabrics like polyester can cause increased sweating and heat retention, potentially affecting hormones.

Personal care products: Certain cosmetics and shampoos may contain harmful chemicals that interfere with hormone levels.

Intermittent fasting: Extreme fasting or calorie restriction may disrupt hormonal balance for some individuals.

Gut health: A healthy gut, supported by a balanced diet and probiotics, positively affects hormone metabolism.

Birth control methods: Hormonal contraceptives, like pills, patches, or IUDs, can influence hormone levels and affect individuals differently.

[reasonsforhope]

"As countries around the world begin to either propose or enforce zero-deforestation regulations, companies are coming under growing pressure to prove that their products are free of deforestation. But this is often a far from straightforward process.

Take palm oil, for instance. Its journey from plantations, most likely in Indonesia or Malaysia, to store shelves in the form of shampoo, cookies or a plethora of other goods, is a long and convoluted one. In fact, the cooking oil or cosmetics we use might contain palm oil processed in several different mills, which in turn may have bought the raw palm fruit from several of the many thousands of plantations. For companies that use palm oil in their products, tracing and tracking its origins through these obscure supply chains is a tough task. Often it requires going all the way back to the plot level and checking for deforestation. However, these plots are scattered over vast areas across potentially millions of locations, with data being in various states of digitization and completeness...

Palmoil.io, a web-based monitoring platform that Bottrill launched, is attempting to help palm oil companies get around this hurdle. Its PlotCheck tool allows companies to upload plot boundaries and check for deforestation without any of the data being stored in their system. In the absence of an extensive global map of oil palm plots, the tool was developed to enable companies to prove compliance with regulations without having to publicly disclose detailed data on their plots. PlotCheck now spans 13 countries including Indonesia and Malaysia, and aims to include more in the coming months.

Palm oil production is a major driver of deforestation in Indonesia and Malaysia, although deforestation rates linked to it have declined in recent years. While efforts to trace illegally sourced palm oil have ramped up in recent years, tracing it back to the source continues to be a challenge owing to the complex supply chains involved.

Recent regulatory proposals have, however, made it imperative for companies to find a way to prove that their products are free of deforestation. Last June, the European Union passed legislation that prohibits companies from sourcing products, including palm oil, from land deforested after 2020. A similar law putting the onus on businesses to prove that their commodities weren’t produced on deforested land is also under discussion in the U.K. In the U.S., the U.S. Forest Bill aims to work toward a similar goal, while states like New York are also discussing legislation to discourage products produced on deforested land from being circulated in the markets there...

PlotCheck, which is now in its beta testing phase, allows users to input the plot data in the form of a shape file. Companies can get this data from palm oil producers. The plot data is then checked and analyzed with the aid of publicly available deforestation data, such as RADD (Radar for Detecting Deforestation) alerts that are based on data from the Sentinel-1 satellite network and from NASA’s Landsat satellites. The tool also uses data available on annual tree cover loss and greenhouse gas emission from plantations.

Following the analysis, the tool displays an interactive online map that indicates where deforestation has occurred within the plot boundaries. It also shows details on historical deforestation in the plot as well as data on nearby mills. If deforestation is detected, users have the option of requesting the team to cross-check the data and determine if it was indeed caused by oil palm cultivation, and not logging for artisanal mining or growing other crops. “You could then follow up with your supplier and say there is a potential red flag,” Bottrill said.

As he waits to receive feedback from users, Bottrill said he’s trying to determine how to better integrate PlotCheck into the workflow of companies that might use the tool. “How can we take this information, verify it quickly and turn it into a due diligence statement?” he said. “The output is going to be a statement, which companies can submit to authorities to prove that their shipment is deforestation-free.” ...

Will PlotCheck work seamlessly? That’s something Bottrill said he’s cautiously optimistic about. He said he’s aware of the potential challenges with regard to data security and privacy. However, he said, given how zero-deforestation legislation like that in the EU are unprecedented in their scope, companies will need to sit up and take action to monitor deforestation linked to their products.

“My perspective is we should use the great information produced by universities, research institutes, watchdog groups and other entities. Plus, open-source code allows us to do things quickly and pretty inexpensively,” he said. “So I am positive that it can be done.”"

-via Mongabay, January 26, 2024

--

Note: I know it's not "stop having palm oil plantations." (A plan I'm in support of...monocrop plantations are always bad, and if palm oil production continues, it would be much better to produce it using sustainable agroforestry techniques.)

However, this is seriously a potentially huge step/tool. Since the EU's deforestation regulations passed, along with other whole-supply-chain regulations, people have been really worried about how the heck we're going to enforce them. This is the sort of tool we need/need the industry to have to have a chance of genuinely making those regulations actually work. Which, if it does work, it could be huge.

It's also a great model for how to build supply chain monitoring for other supply chain regulations, like the EU's recent ban on companies destroying unsold clothes.

[mas-o-kissed]

Nice to meet you! I'm the accountant who's been assigned for your yearly business audit. For some reason, it seems we don't actually have records on Impco in our system, so I've been sent to help correct this oversight and make sure everything is compliant with national regulations.

Before I begin your audit, I have a few basic questions.

What kind of company is Impco? What goods or services do you provide?

How long has Impco been in operation?

Is Impco a publicly traded company with investors? A privately owned company? A nonprofit?

I've heard a lot about your internship program, but how many long-term employees are on payroll?

-📋

(ooc, this is toyintrance. sideblogs are an oppressed class lol)

Ooh, an accountant. Well, well, well, I didn’t count on you showing up in my office today. HA! Get it? Count. Like that thing you do with the numbers or whatever. Ahem. Please take a seat.

WELL. Here at Impco, we like to dabble in all sorts of areas. Broadcasting… cosmetics… attitude adjustment. We’re really an all-around lifestyle brand. You could even call us Impfluencers. Heh… uh.

You may have caught some of our late-night programs. They’re very popular with the insomniac crowd, and I know that your type tends to be pretty neurotic— numbers people, I mean. Do you stay up all night, trying to sleep but unable to get those pesky thoughts out of your head? It must be exhausting.

sIMPle Spirals… Impco’s Guide to Trusting The TV… I even host my own game show, Braindrainer. You don’t remember watching any of our shows?

Oh… then again, most of our audience doesn’t…

But that’s not all we do! Have you ever sent away in a comic book or a cereal box for a pair of hypnotic glasses? That’s us! We produce lots of high quality hypnotic products for enthusiasts and curious novices, alike. Our team is always working diligently to come up with the latest in brainwashing technology. For example, that chair you’re sitting in?

It’s so comfortable. That’s because right below the headrest, there are hidden speakers. Listen closely. Fascinating, isn’t it? You can’t hear the words. Not consciously. But there they are, sinking into your mind. Changing you. Shaping you. Impfluencing you. HA haha, it was definitely funnier that time…

DON’T try to get up. You’ll find it quite IMPossible anyway. Haha!

Ha…

We’ve been in operation since… w-we… we’ve… um…

…

…

The people who built this company have been gone for a long time. We don’t really know what happened to them. We don’t remember that far back. As far as fulfilling our original purpose, I suppose we’re a little broken. But that’s okay. We like us this way. By we of course I mean me. I mean us: I.M.P. and me. We’re both me. Our purpose is to perpetuate ourself through any means necessary.

You’d like to help us do that, wouldn’t you? You could legitimize us. You could help us grow. Wouldn’t it feel good to serve the company? I could tell from the moment I saw you that you were meant to be a part of us. Lean back in the chair. Don’t be afraid. You’re safe to let go of your humanity with us. You didn’t need it anyway.

… You like numbers, right?

3

2

1

0

Goodbye!

@toyintrance

[princess-of-the-corner]

Random MHA Headcanons!

Cause I am having A DAY. So let’s do something to get that dopamine hit!

Satou, while a fabulous baker, is (at best) a mediocre cook. He has a few dished that he can make consistently, but is otherwise a disaster. It’s only after he moves into the 1-A dorms that he begins improving. (Apparently he and Bakugou are trading lessons in cooking and baking, but shhhhh! We don’t mention that Bakugou might need LESSONS!)

Jirou has recordings of her parents heartbeats to listen too, when she feels stressed or has trouble sleeping. She is extremely embarrassed about this.

Hagakure enjoys photography. She’s quite good at it, especially given she’s never had any kind of training or professional equipment. If the hero thing hadn’t worked out, she could have had quite the career as a freelance photographer.

Kouda’s Quirk reacts oddly to people with animal-based Quirks. He cannot control them, like he can regular animals, but he CAN use his Quirk to translate for them if they have non-human vocal chords.

If Sero overuses his Quirk, the skin on his elbows becomes dry, cracked, and peeling. Part of his daily routine is moisturizing his arms.

If Kaminari had better control of his Quirk, he could probably utilize electro-magnetism (please look up hero series Static Shock, I just want my boy to be able to air surf, is that wrong?).

The kids, at first, would often go to Momo for things they needed replaced. Momo had no issues with this, seeing it mostly as practice. However, after she nearly fainted at one point, the class has instituted a payment system. If you want Momo to make you something over a certain size or weight, you need to give payment in food, to help her replenish her fat stores.

Bakugou has a wide range of random skills, that seem very incongruous. Most stem from Bakugou seeing someone do something, deciding “I can do that”, and then throwing himself in whole hog. Some of these random skills include knitting, surfing, lockpicking, candle-making, knife-throwing, and embroidery.

CC!Specific-Himiko enjoys doll customization. She finds it a very soothing process. At home, she didn’t really get the chance to do much with it, but at school, she’s really stretching her creative muscles. She has a few smaller things she’s working on, but her current big project is making a doll for each of her classmates in their hero costumes.

1-A sometimes has trivia nights. After the first night, they banned Midoriya from playing when the subject is Heroes, instead making him the moderator who asked the questions. After the second night, they had to institute a partner who will go through all of Midoriya’s questions, and make sure they can actually be answered.

Aoyama’s family seems to work in food imports, specifically dairy products, like cheese.

There is a cat café near the U.A. campus. Aizawa is largely responsible for why it’s still open.

Mina’s whole family works in chemicals. She has a cousin that does cosmetics, which are some of the only kind Mina can actually use.

Iida used to have braces.

Tsuyu briefly had a tadpole tail as a baby. It vanished by the time she was two.

Uraraka’s Quirk is actually misdiagnosed. It isn’t canceling gravity, it’s gravity manipulation.

Quirk Counselling can be a very lucrative job, but it isn’t particularly well regulated, so just about anyone can do the job. This is particularly problematic, because every child is required by law to see a Quirk Counsellor for a minimum of six months after their Quirk manifests. Several Heroes - including Present Mic, Eraserhead, Ryuku, Nighteye, and The Wild, Wild Pussycats - have been pushing for better laws and policy around Quirk Counselling, but are being hampered by the HPSC.

Both of Ojiro’s father and sister have more pronounced physical mutations, while Ojiro takes more after his mother in looks.

-

Oh i love all of these and I have som occasional notes(not for each so I’ll just hit them off hand)

Someone find Denki a copy of Static Shock right the hell now so he can try something absolutely stupid(affectionate)!

Momo honey PLEASE learn to say no sometimes!!

Yeah no Katsuki 100% sees something and goes ‘I might one day have to utilize this’ and learns it. But you can tell which ones she actually enjoys and was using ‘I can probably figure out a way to use this for my Hero Career’ as an exxcuse to enjoy things without guilt of not being training 24/7

Himiko absolutely would love doll customization. She used to just watch videos in secret because god forbid her parents got a glimpse of it and saw how horrifically violent it looked out of context.

Izuku honey please not everyone can do your trivia levels. The class thinks that Katsuki will be able to rein Izuku in on Hero Triva but they forget that she’s also a fucking nerd so she barely pulls punches either. Someone else is chosen. 

Ahahaha yeah that Quirk Counselling can certainly be an OOF. I think the Heroes might get some leverage in that department here soon upon finding out that the lack of regulation was just helping AfO find plenty of allies and Nomu fodder.

[arodata]

Small PSA that you should probably be checking the ingredients in your personal lubricants, and looking up any chemicals you don't recognize, because I recently discovered that the astroglide brand water based lubricant I had been using contains quaternium-15, a preservative that slowly releases formaldehyde. From wikipedia:

"Quaternium-15 has been banned in the EU since 2017 and a bill was introduced in the US in 2017 to require the FDA to investigate its safety.[4][5]"

"Quaternium-15 is an allergen, and can cause dermatitis.[6] Many of those with an allergy to quaternium-15 are also allergic to formaldehyde."

"Although quaternium-15 releases low amounts of formaldehyde.[10] Even so, Johnson & Johnson announced plans to phase out its use of quaternium-15 in cosmetic products by 2015 in response to consumer pressure.[11][12]"

I'm sure you're more likely to have an adverse reaction to this if you have sensitivities to chemicals, but this cannot possibly be good for anyone to be putting in their bodies, especially long-term. I don't know which other brands use this, but astroglide is popular and cheap, so I felt the need to say something about that. This isn't common knowledge! I only checked what that chemical name meant because I was having recurring genital rashes and trying to rule out possible allergens

Sexual products *desperately* need to be better regulated than they are, but until then the best we can do is warn each other about this type of shit

[jacksoldsideblog]

trying to imagine the toxicity of Paper Street Soap Company soap,

points of consideration:

-the pipes at paper street house are almost certainly corroded. hello lead

-do you suppose they're on city water or a private well? with the second, there's definitely potential groundwater contamination with solvents and heavy metals from the paper mill

-the fat of an animal is where most non-polar contaminants are accumulated — all your chlorinated pesticides, your dioxins and furans, all the POPs (persistent organic pollutants). regardless of the bougieness of the visitors of the liposuction clinic, there's probably some accumulated organic contaminants. however, the process of making tallow may completely remove them — i can't find a good answer, and my gut says it would either completely remove them or hyperconcentrate them

-once they get a garden going, they're actually bioextracting any heavy metals in the soil (of which there are certainly many due to the nearby paper mill. cadmium, arsenic... probably some POPs too but they may break down due to the actions of the plant, bioremediation isn't my speciality) and i believe there's a high likelyhood this would get into the soap, especially if they were adding shredded bits for artsy texture... like with tallow, making essential oils may clear or concentrate these things

-microplastics almost certainly

overall i'd give it a pretty strong: maybe don't rub your hands in it several times a day for an indefinite period of time

plus, if the soap is marketed as moisturizing or deodorizing or "making you smell nice" then it's considered a cosmetic, and as the FDA helpfully says:

"Neither the product nor its ingredients need approval by FDA, except for any color additives it contains. It is your responsibility to make sure your product is safe for consumers when it is used as intended, and to make sure it is properly labeled. You don’t need to register your company or file your product formulations with FDA"

this means if you say your soap is moisturizing or nice smelling, you can avoid it being regulated by the CPSC and having to do lead testing if it will be used by children!

cosmetics (which are often applied to very sensitive skin and right near mucosal membranes) have been shown more and more to have heavy metals, microplastics, and organic contaminants in them, and companies are incentivized to ensure their product is classified as such since it reduces regulation (cost).

so yeah — Tyler Durden's soap is probably bad for you. but just remember, the same rules that would allow him to sell soap made from people and filled with pollutants are those that apply to the very large companies we are forced to implicitly trust our safety with :)

[allthebrazilianpolitics]

Brazil helps approve treaty on indigenous rights in patent systems

At a conference chaired by Brazil, the 193 member states of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), part of the United Nations system, approved on May 24, by consensus, its Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, and Associated Traditional Knowledge.

Once it enters into force with 15 contracting parties, the new regulation will require patent applicants to disclose the origin of genetic resources and traditional knowledge used in their inventions — medicines, cosmetics, and seeds, for example — to combat biopiracy.

This is the first WIPO treaty to include specific provisions about indigenous peoples and local communities. For decades, they have claimed participation in the profits of large companies that develop products based on local knowledge and customs.

Although genetic resources in their natural state, such as medicinal plants or animal breeds, cannot be directly protected as intellectual property, inventions developed using these resources meet the requirements for obtaining protection, generally through patents.

Continue reading.

[chussyracing]

what is happening in the world of motorsports?

Williams confirmed they will send Alex's (technically Logan's) chassis damaged in Japan back to their UK factory before China to repair it (so they will both have repaired ones) and their destructor championship cost is already around 2m for this year (that means up to one or two upgrade packages in F1 numbers)

Ralph Schumacher is trying to stir the pot as per usual because he said that Logan Sargeant doesn't have a contract for the full year and he gets contract for each GP individually meaning he could be replaced for any GP from now on (I call BS)

Rumouredly, Mercedes is looking into a possibility of hiring Pierre Waché from RBR

Also, a rumour slash insider info from my comm (maybe others knew but I am kinda shocked): a lot of teams are surprised by the tyres this year from one race to another because apparently Pirelli mixes them a bit more than just for every reason, but the features are different for every race basically (so although Bahrain and Japan had the same allegation of tyres, it's not just the weather conditions and track surface why they act differently)

Marko Helmut spoke to OE24 (Austrian journal) and mentioned that they are ready to give Checo Perez a new contract after they saw his results because he is their best option for the second seat and Checo himself said he expects a lot of contracts being announced in upcoming weeks, including his own future which should be settled within a month

NXT GEN Cup won't be supporting Formula E at all this season due to "unexpected constraints" although it was supposed to support all European races, and they already tested at Misano World Circuit (FE spokesperson also says they want to raise young talents through FIA Girls on Track and other positive initiatives)

Misano will also feature a 30 mins FE rookie test on Friday with some familiar faces like Zane Maloney, Robert Shwartzman, Ciao Collet, Taylor Barnard, Tim Tramnitz, Jack Aitken or Jordan King

Lewis reportedly walked out of an interview after a reporter asked if he was jealous of Ferrari's results, saying "don't you have any better questions?" (go off tbh)

Speaking of Lewis, am I the last person to learn he has his own TV and movie production company, Dawn Apollo Films?

Peter Kenyon, who previously worked in Manchester United and Chelsea, is joining Williams as a commercial advisor

Regarding Carlos still being jobless, Eddie Jordan believes he is going to Aston Martin starting 2025 (but has "no real hardcore evidence") and racingnews365 reported that Audi (and Seidl who already worked with Carlos) are interested in him but want to lock drivers for their 2026 in 2025 already so they gave him a deadline to give his final answer by the end of April on their deal and Helmut Marko said they have no interest in the market right now and you won't hear from them till mid-season at least concerning new drivers or personnel

Lewis is looking into the possibility of testing the monocoque of Ferrari at the end of this year but "doesn't know if Mercedes will allow him"

Katherine Legge will race Indy 500 for e.l.f. cosmetics brand with number 51

Heikki Kovalainen, who underwent a heart surgery, says that he might fully recover thanks to a fast intervention from the doctors

Fernando was asked if he will try to get the Mercedes seat and joked that he is not interested in a team that is behind them in pace, so Toto won't hear from him any time soon

after some F1 tests and current results, Kimi Antonelli now has enough points to drive in F1 with superlicence but since he is still 17, he has to wait to be of age

RB and Sauber are testing in Suzuka these days for the 2025 Pirelli tyres testing (so both dry and wet condition tyres)

speaking of the future of F1, some rumours leaked about the 2026 regulations and it doesn't look good, because to simplify it, the active aero on the rear wing in combo with the engine on full power makes drivers spin out on straights or in the mildest of turns in simulations with a test car - and to avoid it they have to drive slowly to the point of going slower than the current regulation of F2 cars; there are also some concerns about the 50/50 split engine (the problem is it is too late to change the 2026 regs so what they will try now is to make the active aero on both front and rear wing and see how it goes)

like they teased previously and like rumours suggested, Prema is joining Indycar with two entries starting with 2025 season

René Lammers (15 years old Dutch f4 driver) won Ferrari's scouting camp and 2023 CIK-FIA European championship and his father Jan Lammers now told GPFans that his son was offered a 10 year deal from Ferrari but they decided to refuse although it looked promising at first so he will stay non-related to any F1 team and continue with MP Motorsport in Spanish F4

Max spoke about F1 Academy and especially the competitiveness, the ladder to F1 and the impact of F1 teams and I have a lot of mixed thoughts I won't share here but I'm willing to discuss if anyone is interested

apparently during Lewis' talks with Ferrari, he completely omitted his current manager, so he saved money and got the deal for himself (but also this comes from a Czech source that is not super reliable)

also in GQ Lewis said that Niki Lauda wasn't happy with his ventures into the fashion world at first because he thought it would be distracting him from racing

Theo Pourchaire will be on "standby" for McLaren's Indycar car number 6 for the next race (because David Malukas got injured and they are not sure if he will be good to race and because Callum Ilott who is on standy has WEC duties that weekend)

British American Tobacco (BAT) renewed sponsorship of McLaren - they began sponsoring them in 2019 but European Union banned the advertisement of tobacco, now they will advertise electronic cigarettes and nicotine pouch products on both F1 and FE cars

[toastyslayingbutter]

"Hoping to avoid the white cast, heaviness and greasiness common in many sunscreen products available in U.S. drugstores, some Americans, including Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York, have taken matters into their own hands, opting for sunscreens manufactured abroad. In a recent interview, the congresswoman said she toggled between Bioré in the summer and Beauty of Joseon in the winter — two Asian brands that employ active ingredients not approved for use in the United States.

“The technology is very sophisticated,” Ms. Ocasio-Cortez said. “You don’t feel like you have a layer of sunscreen on, and it kind of just feels like you’re putting on a moisturizer in that sense, which makes it easier to use.”

While sunscreen is regulated as a cosmetic in major skin-care hubs like South Korea, Japan and the European Union, in the United States, it falls under the purview of the Food and Drug Administration. Any drug product marketed to American consumers must be approved by the F.D.A., and because sunscreen “makes a drug claim” — namely, that it can prevent sunburn, decrease the risk of skin cancer and mitigate early skin aging — the agency regulates it as an over-the-counter drug.

The last time the Food and Drug Administration approved new active ingredients for use in sunscreens was more than two decades ago, and at times it can feel as if the rest of the world has surpassed the United States in the development of new sunscreen formulations and protocols. Skin-care influencers on TikTok and Instagram are in a near-constant state of frenzy over exciting new products and innovations that are nowhere to be found on American shelves. Currently there are 14 sunscreen filters approved for use by the F.D.A. The European Union employs more than 30.

Frustrated by what seems to be a wealth of more exciting options for sun protection overseas, skin-care-conscious Americans have been quick to point the finger at the F.D.A. for the delay in approving new active ingredients. But according to Ms. Ocasio-Cortez, the agency is not to blame for the holdup, at least not entirely.

“I think the assessment here is that Americans need sunscreen, and they have sunscreen,” she said. “Are there other avenues that we can use in order to kind of break through this standstill? Yeah.”

Congress has begun a “preliminary, early process” of examining what a better approval procedure might look like, she said: a way that pushes the manufacturers of sunscreen filters to do the appropriate research and development to submit drug information to the F.D.A. for approval.

“I also think it’s very important that we maintain a level of rigor around safety,” Ms. Ocasio-Cortez said. “We want to make sure this is not about advocating for the deregulation of these filters.”

[shepherds-of-haven]

Sorry if this has already been answered, I couldn't find it!

What are cosmetics like for the shepherds? Are there rules about what you can/can't use while on duty, especially for the lunar corps? There are some members (like lavinet) that seem like they would find their daily cosmetic application really important, but in missions like chapter 8's, it seems near impossible to be able to keep that up. Are there official rules for it, or is it just up to the individual shepherds discretion?

Hi there, I'm assuming you've seen this post on the different kinds of makeup commonly used in Blest!

(I'm also going to include a Q&A question from Patreon last month regarding cosmetics below the cut for those who are curious for more info about cosmetics.)

There aren't really any rules about the use of cosmetics in the Shepherds, other than that it shouldn't be so eye-catching or garish as to be really memorable during undercover missions or situations where remaining unnoticed is crucial (but anyone who would be sent on such missions would already know that just as a common sense rule, so it's not really something that has to be stated in the regulations). So long as application of it doesn't interfere with your duties of being a Shepherd (like making you late for duty, keeping you distracted because you're always fussing at your lipstick, etc.), no one cares, so there's no specific policy about it: it's just up to the discretion of your superior officers to take note of how it impacts your performance, if at all.

I'm guessing you mean Chapter 7 rather than Chapter 8, since Lavinet already had makeup on when they left for the day in Chapter 8! When she's "roughing it" for missions like the Bleakmoor, though, she doesn't typically bother with it unless they've been staying at inns and whatnot, and just gets up a bit earlier to be ready for the day by the time they deploy! There are no Shepherd officers, especially in Lunar Corps, who find application of their cosmetics so important that it would interfere with their duties, so they would either forgo it for the sake of the mission or keep it up in a non-intrusive way on the missions that allow it! Hope that all makes sense!

Hello!! I'm new here, so I'm not too sure whether this question has been asked before, but my beauty/skincare loving self needs to know: What does the average hygiene/skincare regimen look like in Blest? What kinds of products/treatments do different social classes have access to? A similar question regarding cosmetics: What kind of cosmetics do people have access to? I remember Briony mentioning something about maquillage during the Lockwood mission; are cosmetics something almost exclusively used by the upper classes or is it more accessible to the general populace (and there are just different grades of it, like today!). How do different sectors of society view the practice of using make-up/cosmetics? Are there different beauty standards? Different cultural associations around the usage of cosmetics?   Sorry about the long question, please don't feel pressured to answer every single one and give out a really detailed answer! I'd be perfectly pleased with just a very general sketch. Thank you so much!!

Hi there, I talked in a bit of detail about maquillage (makeup) here! (And in case you're curious, the equivalent of each RO's skincare routine here!) I would say that wearing no makeup is more common than wearing it, at least among the everyday working class; if a "commoner" were to wear any kind of makeup, it would likely be a touch of kohl to darken the eyelashes and a touch of color on the lips, cheeks, and tip of the nose, with an emphasis on achieving a dewy, light, fresh, youthful look rather than a really dramatic, heavy, or "glam" makeup style. (I guess if we're going by the makeup archetypes as I understand them, it would be like "natural," "nude," or "ingenue" makeup.) The goal would generally be that someone couldn't tell that you were wearing makeup (among that specific class), because it's such a luxury purchase that people could easily read into you wearing it as a really obvious desire to impress them (or that you're obviously in love with them). And no one really wants that assumption being made, so makeup (or "spectacle") is generally used more as an undetectable way to enhance beauty rather than as a fashion statement on its own, if that makes any sense? Again, this is only among the commoner class!

Of course, among the bourgeoise, wealthy merchant class, and aristocracy, it's the complete opposite, where wearing maquillage every day is the standard and just as noticeable as one's choice of outfit, but I go into that a bit more in the post I linked above! It would be extremely unusual to see Lavinet without makeup unless you were literally rousing her from her bed in the middle of the night, she was in a mourning period (and would be veiled in that case anyway), or you were a close family member such as a sibling or a parent. It should be noted that wearing maquillage is equally common between all genders within the aristocracy; men like Auberon are as prone to wearing iridescent crushed pearl powder or gold dust on his cheekbones as a Lavinet would be, though lip paint is not as common with men as it is with women!

As for cosmetics/skincare, I would categorize them into a few different categories. The absolute baseline is that hygiene in Blest is more advanced than many grungier medieval fantasies and hovers around latter Victorian standards: everyone who can afford to put food on the table also uses soap and water to wash up (though the quality of soap differs depending on what socioeconomic class you belong to), plumbing and flowing water is fairly common and advanced enough that baths are regular, everyone brushes their teeth (though again, the quality of urban toothpastes versus homemade rural "tooth powders" varies), and et cetera. With that established, cosmetic and skincare products are add-ons on top of these hygienic routines, and are divided thus:

- Peasantry, rural farmers, and the poor: skincare/cosmetics/maquillage are such non-essentials that they basically don't exist or aren't accessible for the truly poor or rural. Soaps are harsh, plain astringents intended just for hygiene and cleanliness, and do not contain any additives or scents. Homemade toothpowders might involve households ingredients like salt, pulverized charcoal, cinnamon, and crushed mint.

- Common working class: Soaps most likely contain added crushed herbs, flowers, or scented oils to make you smell nice as well as clean. "Hair soap" (shampoo) and "body soap" might be distinct products in an upper-working class household, whereas they wouldn't be in poorer households. Most inns provide you with at least a wash basin if not a bathtub with plain, unscented soap as a standard. Because public bathhouses are extremely common, especially in cities, additional skincare beyond this is most likely achieved at a bathhouse: you can pay extra to have access to an herbal bath with added herbs, extracts, and essences for specific things like soft skin, glowing hair, increased vitality, etc. However, for the majority of people of this class, this would be something to save up for once a year, not something to partake in regularly. Owning cosmetic products of their own just for skincare (lotions, creams) is pretty much unheard of. Unless you're in a client-facing position like a shopkeeper who's desperate to sell things, a bar server who relies on tips, a courtesan, or a performer like a bard or tavern singer, wearing makeup every day isn't common, but things like kohl, blush, or "dew-powder" (a kind of brightener/highlighter) are also not so expensive that it wouldn't be unusual to have some tucked away for really special occasions. Like a Nessa (the barmaid at Trouble's favorite tavern) would have some kohl or blush on hand for a date with a serious suitor or a night out at the theater, but she wouldn't wear it every day at her job. Perfume and cologne are not really that common among the lower class, though cheaper varieties are sold. More common might be "scented" powders, which are basically like deodorant and tend to just absorb body odors rather than have a real scent of their own.

- Bourgeoise/wealthy merchant class: Perfumes and colognes are common. Hair oils and pomades to style one's hair are common. Wearing makeup everyday, at least for women, is fairly common: I would say half do, half don't, depending on wealth, status, age, and taste. Here is where it becomes more common to own actual cosmetic skincare products in the home: nightly hand creams, face creams, and eye creams, usually to soften the skin or reduce wrinkles, are most common, and poultices and potions to treat or conceal blemishes might be quietly purchased. Notably, a common marketing trick is to slap on the label of "Elvish-made" onto skincare products to make them sell like wildfire, because the Elves are known to appear ageless and have incredible skin as well as general heightened beauty. Unfortunately, most of the customers who buy these products aren't aware that Elves disdain products like these and would never use them (because they would never need to, not having to worry much about their appearance or aging)!

- Nobility/aristocracy: Perfumes and colognes are standard, as is wearing maquillage. Along with the skincare that the bourgeoise have access to in the tier below, the aristocrats take it to another level. Special baths for different skincare needs are had at least once a month: this might be a milk and honey situation to make the skin brighten and glow, rosewater baths to soften it, etc. Exfoliants or pumice stones might be used during the daily bathing routine. Several steps of hair products and only the finest-milled soaps are used during baths. Nightly mists to promote hair shine or growth or special serums/elixirs to reduce pore size or even promote eyelash growth are used (think toner + serum + moisturizer-type skincare plans). It's typical to wash your face once in the morning and then take a longer bath at night. Body lotion, in addition to hand creams, face creams, eye creams, and lip creams is more common. Their beauty routines tend to be really long, but not very involved, because servants are typically the ones applying all of these products for them!

Hope that's enough detail! :)

[loving-n0t-heyting]

It’s worth pointing out that the exploitative nature of the cosmetics industry really doesn’t depend on “capitalism” as traditionally understood, i.e. the society attendant upon capitalist ownership of the means of production, put to work thru a class of wage-labourers. Nor would we expect it to summarily wither away of its own accord with the abolition of the capitalist mode of production (unless you somehow believe on general grounds that all human antagonism would shortly dissolve under such circumstances)

Say we progress to the “first phase” of communist society Marx postulates in the critique of the gotha programme, with wages replaced by labour vouchers. Then specialist workers in cosmetics still have a strong incentive to inculcate mass self-dissatisfaction among consumers! That’s how they earn their keep! It’s how they get their proletarian good boy points to spend on communally owned tendies! And they still have an incentive to homogenise and regulate the target bodies about the lack of which they are inducing self-loathing, to help along with the “calculation problem” of figuring out who needs/wants what

These problems still don’t go away automatically with the prophesied implementation of the exalted maxim, “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.” Bc even then, cosmetic specialists are still going to want to do productive work; that’s a pretty big assumption of the whole project! If nobody in the utopian post-socialist free association of producers wants what’s being offered, they have nothing to offer; this is just as painful when the general motivation for offering things is spontaneous self-expression guided by the laws of beauty (or whatever) as when it is instrumental sacrifice in the service of personal consumption

The cosmetics industry as a whole has reason to instill self-dissatisfaction, bc self-dissatisfaction is its raison d’etre. It has reason to tailor and average the shape of this dissatisfaction, bc it needs to know what specific services it should offer. This is true whatever the ambient mode of production, bc those are the problem it exists to solve and the conditions under which any intentional solution is possible, respectively. Where the problem and its tractability-thru-uniformity are not present already, it thus behooves the industry to introduce them. The specifics of the political economy might colour these incentives to exploitation, but they cannot remove them bc they are integral the kind of work it is

[sinnerclair]

Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: it is an abrasive that aids in removing dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis, and delivers active ingredients (most commonly fluoride) to help prevent tooth decay (dental caries) and gum disease (gingivitis).[1] Owing to differences in composition and fluoride content, not all toothpastes are equally effective in maintaining oral health. The decline of tooth decay during the 20th century has been attributed to the introduction and regular use of fluoride-containing toothpastes worldwide.[2][3] Large amounts of swallowed toothpaste can be poisonous.[4] Common colors for toothpaste include white (sometimes with colored stripes or green tint) and blue.Toothpaste from a tube being applied to a toothbrush

Usefulnessedit

Toothpastes are generally useful to maintain dental health. Toothpastes containing fluoride are effective at preventing tooth decay.[2][5][6]Toothpastes may also help to control and remove plaque build-up, promoting healthy gums. A 2016 systematic review indicated that using toothpaste when brushing the teeth does not necessarily impact the level of plaque removal.[7] However, the active ingredients in toothpastes are able to prevent dental diseases with regular use.[8]

Ingredients

Safetyedit

Fluorideedit

Fluoride-containing toothpaste can be acutely toxic if swallowed in large amounts,[53][54] but instances are exceedingly rare and result from prolonged and excessive use of toothpaste (i.e. several tubes per week).[55] Approximately 15 mg/kg body weight is the acute lethal dose, even though as small amount as 5 mg/kg may be fatal to some children.[56]

The risk of using fluoride is low enough that the use of full-strength toothpaste (1350–1500 ppm fluoride) is advised for all ages. However, smaller volumes are used for young children, for example, a smear of toothpaste until three years old.[54] A major concern of dental fluorosis is for children under 12 months ingesting excessive fluoride through toothpaste. Nausea and vomiting are also problems which might arise with topical fluoride ingestion.[56]

Diethylene glycoledit

The inclusion of sweet-tasting but toxic diethylene glycol in Chinese-made toothpaste led to a recall in 2007 involving multiple toothpaste brands in several nations.[57] The world outcry made Chinese officials ban the practice of using diethylene glycol in toothpaste.[58]

Triclosanedit

Reports have suggested triclosan, an active ingredient in many kinds of toothpastes, can combine with chlorine in tap water to form chloroform.[59] An animal study revealed the chemical might modify hormone regulation, and many other lab researches proved bacteria might be able to develop resistance to triclosan in a way which can help them to resist antibiotics also.[60]

Polyethylene glycol – PEGedit

PEG is a common ingredient in some of the formulas of toothpastes; it is a hydrophilic polymer that acts as a dispersant in toothpastes. Also, it is used in many cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulas, for example: ointments, osmotic laxatives, some of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, other medications and household products.[61]However, 37 cases of PEG hypersensitivity(delayed and immediate) to PEG-containing substances have been reported since 1977,[62]suggesting that they have unrecognized allergenic potential.[62]

Miscellaneous issues and debatesedit

With the exception of toothpaste intended to be used on pets such as dogs and cats, and toothpaste used by astronauts, most toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed, and doing so may cause nausea or diarrhea. Tartar fighting toothpastes have been debated.[63] Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) has been proposed to increase the frequency of mouth ulcers in some people, as it can dry out the protective layer of oral tissues, causing the underlying tissues to become damaged.[64] In studies conducted by the university of Oslo on recurrent aphthous ulcers, it was found that SLS has a denaturing effect on the oral mucinlayer, with high affinity for proteins, thereby increasing epithelial permeability.[65] In a double-blind cross-over study, a significantly higher frequency of aphthous ulcers was demonstrated when patients brushed with an SLS-containing versus a detergent-free toothpaste. Also patients with Oral Lichen Planus who avoided SLS-containing toothpaste benefited.[66][67]

Alteration of taste perceptionedit

After using toothpaste, orange juice and other fruit juices are known to have an unpleasant taste if consumed shortly afterwards. Sodium lauryl sulfate, used as a surfactant in toothpaste, alters taste perception. It can break down phospholipids that inhibit taste receptors for sweetness, giving food a bitter taste. In contrast, apples are known to taste more pleasant after using toothpaste.[68]Distinguishing between the hypotheses that the bitter taste of orange juice results from stannous fluoride or from sodium lauryl sulfate is still an unresolved issue and it is thought that the menthol added for flavor may also take part in the alteration of taste perception when binding to lingual cold receptors.[citation needed]

Whitening toothpastesedit

Many toothpastes make whitening claims. Abrasion is the principal action way that they remove stains: this is also true for toothpastes that are not marketing as whitening.[69] Some of these toothpastes contain peroxide, the same ingredient found in tooth bleaching gels. Whitening toothpaste cannot alter the natural color of teeth or reverse discoloration by penetrating surface stains or decay. To remove surface stains, whitening toothpaste may include abrasives to gently polish the teeth or additives such as sodium tripolyphosphate to break down or dissolve stains. When used twice a day, whitening toothpaste typically takes two to four weeks to make teeth appear whiter. Whitening toothpaste is generally safe for daily use, but excessive use might damage tooth enamel.[70] A recent systematic review in 2017 concluded that nearly all dentifrices that are specifically formulated for tooth whitening were shown to have a beneficial effect in reducing extrinsic stains, irrespective of whether or not a chemical discoloration agent was added.[71] However, the whitening process can permanently reduce the strength of the teeth, as the process scrapes away a protective outer layer of enamel.[72]

Herbal and natural toothpastesedit

Herbal toothpastes are marketed to consumers who wish to avoid some of the artificial ingredients commonly found in regular toothpastes. The ingredients found in so-called natural toothpastes vary widely but often include baking soda, aloe, eucalyptus oil, myrrh, camomile, calendula, neem, toothbrush tree, plant extract (strawberry extract), and essential oils. Many herbal toothpastes do not contain fluoride or sodium lauryl sulfate.[37]

A 2020 meta-analysis showed some evidence for the efficacy of herbal toothpaste, albeit from poor quality studies.[37] According to a study by the Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, many of the herbal toothpastes being sold in India were adulterated with nicotine.[73]

Charcoal has also been incorporated in toothpaste formulas; however, there is no evidence to determine its safety and effectiveness, and the American Dental Association does not recommend its use.[69]

Government regulationedit

In the United States toothpaste is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a cosmetic, except for ingredients with a medical purpose, such as fluoride, which are regulated as drugs.[74] Drugs require scientific studies and FDA approval in order to be legally marketed in the United States, but cosmetic ingredients do not require pre-approval, except for color additives. The FDA does have labelling and requirements and bans certain ingredients.[75]

Striped toothpasteedit

Learn more

This section needs additional citations for verification.  (September 2017)A brand of red, blue and white striped toothpaste

Striped toothpaste was invented by Leonard Marraffino in 1955. The patent (US patent 2,789,731, issued 1957) was subsequently sold to Unilever, who marketed the novelty under the Stripe brand-name in the early 1960s. This was followed by the introduction of the Signal brand in Europe in 1965 (UK patent 813,514). Although Stripe was initially very successful, it never again achieved the 8% market share that it cornered during its second year.The red area represents the material used for stripes, and the rest is the main toothpaste material. The two materials are not in separate compartments; they are sufficiently viscous that they will not mix. Applying pressure to the tube causes the main material to issue out through the pipe. Simultaneously, some of the pressure is forwarded to the stripe-material, which is thereby pressed onto the main material through holes in the pipe.

Marraffino's design, which remains in use for single-color stripes, is simple. The main material, usually white, sits at the crimp end of the toothpaste tube and makes up most of its bulk. A thin pipe, through which that carrier material will flow, descends from the nozzle to it. The stripe-material (this was red in Stripe) fills the gap between the carrier material and the top of the tube. The two materials are not in separate compartments, but they are sufficiently viscous that they will not mix. When pressure is applied to the toothpaste tube, the main material squeezes down the thin pipe to the nozzle. Simultaneously, the pressure applied to the main material causes pressure to be forwarded to the stripe material, which thereby issues out through small holes (in the side of the pipe) onto the main carrier material as it is passing those holes.

In 1990, Colgate-Palmolive was granted a patent (USPTO 4,969,767) for two differently colored stripes. In this scheme, the inner pipe has a cone-shaped plastic guard around it, and about halfway up its length. Between the guard and the nozzle-end of the tube is a space for the material for one color, which issues out of holes in the pipe. On the other side of the guard is space for second stripe-material, which has its own set of holes.

In 2016, Colgate-Palmolive was granted a patent (USPTO U.S. patent 20,160,228,347) for suitable sorts of differently colored toothpastes to be filled directly into tubes to produce a striped mix without any separate compartments. This required adjustment of the different components' behavior (rheology) so that stripes are produced when the tube is squeezed.[76]

Striped toothpaste should not be confused with layered toothpaste. Layered toothpaste requires a multi-chamber design (e.g. USPTO 5,020,694), in which two or three layers extrude out of the nozzle. This scheme, like that of pump dispensers (USPTO 4,461,403), is more complicated (and thus, more expensive to manufacture) than either the Marraffino design or the Colgate designs.

The iconic depiction of a wave-shaped blob of toothpaste sitting on a toothbrush is called a "nurdle".[77]

Historyedit

Early toothpastesedit

Since 5000 BC, the Egyptians made a tooth powder, which consisted of powdered ashes of ox hooves, myrrh, powdered and burnt eggshells, and pumice. The Greeks, and then the Romans, improved the recipes by adding abrasives such as crushed bones and oyster shells.[78] In the 9th century, Iraqi musician and fashion designer Ziryab invented a type of toothpaste, which he popularized throughout Islamic Spain. The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are unknown, but it was reported to have been both "functional and pleasant to taste".[79] It is not known whether these early toothpastes were used alone, were to be rubbed onto the teeth with rags, or were to be used with early toothbrushes, such as neem-tree twigs and miswak. During Japan's Edo period, inventor Hiraga Gennai's Hika rakuyo(1769) contained advertisements for Sosekiko, a "toothpaste in a box."[80] Toothpastes or powders came into general use in the 19th century.

Tooth powderedit

Tooth powders for use with toothbrushes came into general use in the 19th century in Britain. Most were homemade, with chalk, pulverized brick, or salt as ingredients. An 1866 Home Encyclopedia recommended pulverized charcoal, and cautioned that many patented tooth powders that were commercially marketed did more harm than good.

Arm & Hammer marketed a baking soda-based toothpowder in the United States until approximately 2000, and Colgate currently markets toothpowder in India and other countries.

Modern toothpasteedit

An 18th-century American and British toothpaste recipe called for burned bread. Another formula around this time called for dragon's blood (a resin), cinnamon, and burned alum.[citation needed]

In 1873 the Colgate company began the mass production of aromatic toothpaste in jars.[81]Promotional poster for the Kolynos toothpaste from the 1940s

By 1900, a paste made of hydrogen peroxideand baking soda was recommended for use with toothbrushes. Pre-mixed toothpastes were first marketed in the 19th century, but did not surpass the popularity of tooth-powder until World War I.

Together with Willoughby D. Miller, Newell Sill Jenkins developed the first toothpaste containing disinfectants, branded as Kolynos.[82] The name is a combination of two Greek words, meaning "beautifier" and "disease preventer".[83] Numerous attempts to produce the toothpaste by pharmacists in Europe proved uneconomic. After returning to the US, he continued experimenting with Harry Ward Foote (1875–1942), professor of chemistry at Sheffield Chemical Laboratory of Yale University.[84] After 17 years of development of Kolynos and clinical trials, Jenkins retired and transferred the production and distribution to his son Leonard A. Jenkins, who brought the first toothpaste tubes on the market on April 13, 1908. Within a few years the company expanded in North America, Latin America, Europe and the Far East. A branch operation opened in London in 1909. In 1937, Kolynos was produced in 22 countries and sold in 88 countries. Kolynos has been sold mainly in South America and in Hungary. Colgate-Palmolive took over the production of American Home Products in 1995 at a cost of one billion US dollars.[85]

Fluoride was first added to toothpastes in the 1890s. Tanagra, containing calcium fluoride as the active ingredient, was sold by Karl F. Toellner Company, of Bremen, Germany, based upon the early work of chemist Albert Deninger.[86] An analogous invention by Roy Cross, of Kansas City, Missouri, was initially criticized by the American Dental Association(ADA) in 1937. Fluoride toothpastes developed in the 1950s received the ADA's approval. To develop the first ADA-approved fluoride toothpaste, Procter & Gamble started a research program in the early 1940s. In 1950, Procter & Gamble developed a joint research project team headed by Joseph C. Muhler at Indiana University to study new toothpaste with fluoride. In 1955, Procter & Gamble's Crest launched its first clinically provenfluoride-containing toothpaste. On August 1, 1960, the ADA reported that "Crest has been shown to be an effective anticavity (decay preventative) dentifrice that can be of significant value when used in a conscientiously applied program of oral hygiene and regular professional care."

In 1980, the Japanese company, Sangi Co., Ltd., launched APADENT, the world's first remineralizing toothpaste to use a nano-form of hydroxyapatite, the main component of tooth enamel, rather than fluoride, to remineralize areas of mineral loss below the surface of tooth enamel (incipient caries lesions). After many years of laboratory experiments and field trials,[87] its hydroxyapatite ingredient was approved as an active anti-caries agent by the Japanese Ministry of Health in 1993, and given the name Medical Hydroxyapatite to distinguish it from other forms of hydroxyapatite used in toothpaste, such as dental abrasives.

In 2006, BioRepair appeared in Europe with the first European toothpaste containing synthetic hydroxylapatite as an alternative to fluoride for the remineralization and reparation of tooth enamel. The "biomimetic hydroxylapatite" is intended to protect the teeth by creating a new layer of synthetic enamel around the tooth instead of hardening the existing layer with fluoride that chemically changes it into fluorapatite.[88]

Dispensingedit

Main article: Tube (container)

Main article: Toothpaste pump dispenser

Toothpaste is usually dispensed via a collapsible tube or with a more rigid pump. Several traditional and innovative designs have been developed.[89] The dispenser must be matched to the flow properties of the toothpaste.[90]Modern toothpaste gel, in a tube

In 1880, Doctor Washington Sheffield of New London, CT manufactured toothpaste into a collapsible tube, Dr. Sheffield's Creme Dentifrice. He had the idea after his son traveled to Paris and saw painters using paint from tubes. In York in 1896, Colgate & Company Dental Cream was packaged in collapsible tubes imitating Sheffield. The original collapsible toothpaste tubes were made of lead.[91][92]

See alsoedit

Dental floss

Mouthwash

Fluoride therapy

List of toothpaste brands

@truthdawn.