French Revolution Constitution
The French Revolution resulted in several significant constitutional changes, marking the transition from the Ancien Régime to a series of revolutionary governments. Here is a brief overview of the constitutions developed during the French Revolution:
1. The Constitution of 1791
The first constitution of France, adopted on September 3, 1791, established a constitutional monarchy.
Key Features:
Limited Monarchy: King Louis XVI retained the throne but his powers were considerably reduced.
Separation of Powers: The government was divided into three branches: the executive (the King), the legislative (the Legislative Assembly), and the judiciary.
Legislative Assembly: A single-chamber assembly with 745 members elected for two-year terms.
Voting Rights: Limited to "active citizens" who paid a certain amount of taxes, thus excluding a significant portion of the population.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: Incorporated into the preamble, asserting fundamental rights and freedoms.
2. The Constitution of 1793 (Year I)
Adopted on June 24, 1793, but never implemented due to the ongoing war and internal strife, this constitution was more radical and democratic.
Key Features:
Republican Government: Abolished the monarchy and established a French Republic.
Universal Male Suffrage: All male citizens aged 21 and over could vote.
Direct Democracy: Frequent referendums and primary assemblies where citizens could propose and vote on laws.
Rights and Welfare: Strong emphasis on social and economic rights, including the right to work and education.
3. The Constitution of 1795 (Year III)
Implemented on August 22, 1795, this constitution established the Directory, marking a shift to more conservative governance.
Key Features:
Bicameral Legislature: Consisting of the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients.
Directory: A five-member executive body chosen by the legislature.
Limited Suffrage: Voting rights were restricted to property-owning men, reversing the universal male suffrage of 1793.
Stability Measures: Designed to prevent the rise of another dictatorial power and address the chaos of the previous years.
The Constitution of 1791 (Excerpt Translation)
Here is an excerpt translation from the Constitution of 1791, focusing on key articles that outline the new political structure:
Preamble: The National Assembly, wishing to establish the French Constitution on the principles it has just recognized and declared, abolishes irrevocably the institutions which were harmful to liberty and the equality of rights.
Title III - Public Powers:
Article 1: The sovereignty is one, indivisible, inalienable, and imprescriptible. It belongs to the nation; no section of the people nor any individual may attribute to themselves the exercise thereof.
Article 2: The nation, from which alone emanates all powers, can exercise these powers only by delegation. The French Constitution is representative; the representatives are the Legislative Body and the King.
Article 3: The legislative power is delegated to a National Assembly composed of temporary representatives freely elected by the people to serve for a given period.
Article 4: The government is monarchical; the executive power is delegated to the King, to be exercised under his authority by ministers and other responsible agents, in the manner and to the extent determined by the legislative power.
These documents reflect the evolving political philosophies and tumultuous changes during the French Revolution, capturing the struggle between democratic ideals and practical governance.
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2024 South Korea's 22nd General Election
Update:
SEOUL, April 11 (Reuters) - South Korea's liberal opposition parties scored a landslide victory in a parliamentary election held on Wednesday, dealing a resounding blow to President Yoon Suk Yeol and his conservative party but likely falling just short of a super majority. more at Reuters
Pan-Opposition won 189 seats out of 300: Democracy party & its satellite party 175 l the Rebuilding Korea Party(leader: Cho Kuk) 12 l New Future 1 l Progressive Party 1
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SEOUL, April 10 (Reuters) - South Korea's main opposition Democratic Party and its allies were projected to retain a majority by winning up to 197 seats in Wednesday's elections for the single-chamber, 300-seat legislature, an exit poll conducted jointly by three television networks showed.
According to the exit polls, Democratic Party(blue) is expected to win an overwhelming victory for the election;
민주당 압승 예상 l 조국혁신당 12-14 예상(비례)
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AN OPEN LETTER to THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Co-sponsor The Judicial Ethics Enforcement Act of 2024!
59 so far! Help us get to 100 signers!
A group of House Democrats, led by Reps. Melanie Stansbury, Ilhan Omar and Jamie Raskin, have introduced legislation that would strengthen oversight of the Supreme Court. I’m writing in support of it.
The Judicial Ethics Enforcement Act of 2024 would authorize the creation of an office of the inspector general to investigate allegations of misconduct in the judicial branch. The inspector general would also investigate alleged violations of the Supreme Court code of ethics, issued in November; conduct and supervise audits; and recommend changes in laws or regulations governing the judiciary. The inspector general would be required to inform the attorney general when they believe there has been a violation of federal criminal law.
Congress must pass this bill. Confidence in the Supreme Court is at an all-time low, and there’s good reason for that. Several of its justices are deeply compromised and everyone can see it.
Please co-sponsor The Judicial Ethics Enforcement Act of 2024 right away, so the provisions in it can begin to restore Americans’ faith in our highest court. Thanks.
▶ Created on April 19 by Jess Craven
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There was a special election in a swingy Virginia State Senate district on Tuesday. It did not go well for the GOP.
Republicans just lost another competitive race — thanks, in part, to the issue of abortion.
“Republicans in Richmond are trying to pass a new ban on abortion in Virginia. And Kevin Adams, he wants to join them to take away women’s freedom to make our own personal medical decisions,” went one TV ad from Democrat Aaron Rouse, who flipped a GOP-held state Senate seat in Virginia from red to blue.
At issue is a push by Republican Gov. Glenn Youngkin and GOP legislators to ban abortions in the state after 15 weeks of pregnancy.
Virginia has a GOP governor, Glenn Youngkin Trumpkin, who has national ambitions. The GOP holds a small majority in the lower house of the Virginia legislature (the House of Delegates) while Dems narrowly control the upper house. Youngkin Trumpkin had been wanting to enact major restrictions on abortion like ones which exist in trifecta red states. Tuesday’s special election where Democrat Aaron Rouse flipped a Republican seat has for now thwarted Youngkin Trumpkin‘s extremist anti-abortion agenda in the state.
Axios has this analysis...
Why it matters: Youngkin's efforts to build a robust governing record ahead of a possible 2024 presidential campaign — including closely watched plans for a stricter abortion ban — are at risk.
Driving the news: Democrat Aaron Rouse declared victory over Republican Kevin Adams in the Virginia Beach-based seat vacated by former GOP state State Sen Kiggans, who was elected to Congress in November.
• The contest was held in a textbook swing district: It backed Kiggans in 2019, President Biden in 2020 and Youngkin in 2021.
• Rouse focused his campaign message on protecting abortion rights, campaigning against Youngkin's proposal for a 15-week ban that was formally introduced in the Virginia legislature on Wednesday.
This is yet another example of why people need to pay more attention to the legislature in their respective states.
Voters in Virginia Senate District 07 helped save abortion rights in the Old Dominion state. And VA-SD07 had not been perceived a slam dunk for Dems. When you vote, you win.
All 100 seats in the Virginia House of Delegates and all 40 seats in the Virginia Senate are up for election in November of 2023. Yep, VA is one of those off-year states. If turnout and interest statewide are similar to that this month in SD07, Democrats should retain control of the Senate and have an excellent chance of re-taking the House of Delegates. Getting involved in state government races is the best way at the moment to protect reproductive rights.
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Sen. Raphael Warnock (D-Ga.) said on Monday that he “won’t rest” until lawmakers pass national voting rights legislation, renewing his push for further reforms on Martin Luther King Jr. Day.
“Nobody’s about to silence me on this issue of voting rights,” Warnock said in an interview on MSNBC’s “Morning Joe.” “We’re going to get this done.”
In the last Congress, Democrats tried and failed to pass sweeping voting rights legislation that sought to fight back against state laws in a number of GOP states that had curtailed access to the ballot.
After the John R. Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act passed the House in September 2021, Democrats in the Senate were unable to get the bill through the chamber because of Republican opposition.
Now Warnock, who is also the senior pastor at Atlanta’s Ebenezer Baptist Church, where King was pastor until his assassination in 1968, is pressing to get federal voting rights legislation passed, arguing on MSNBC that the issue should be at the top of his party’s agenda.
“Voting rights is not just some other issue alongside other rights,” Warnock said. “It’s the very framework in which we get to fight for all the things we care about.”
Warnock’s offensive on voting rights comes after President Biden during a speech on Sunday at Ebenezer Baptist Church on what would have been the slain civil rights icon’s 94th birthday that the U.S. is at an “inflection point” for the fight for democracy.
But with Republicans in control of the House of Representatives and Democrats holding a slim majority in the Senate, the prospects of passing sweeping voting rights legislation seem slim. Republicans have signaled instead that their legislative priorities include curtailing abortion access and repealing key parts of some of the Biden administration’s most prominent legislative victories over the last two years.
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