WEEK FIVE: WHAT IS DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP? HASHTAG PUBLICS, POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT AND ACTIVISM
When it comes to digital citizenship, there are three different approaches to this theory: the unidimensional approach, the multidimensional approach, and the critical and radical approach (Choi & Cristol, 2021, p. 362). However, this discussion only focuses on a unidimensional approach to digital citizenship, which concentrates on one digital citizenship’s aspect based on the discipline (Choi & Cristol, 2021, p. 362), mainly from a political communication and political science perspective.
From this perspective, digital citizenship refers to the concept of participating and engaging in civic issues at various levels (macro and micro) in the online world (Choi & Cristol, 2021, p. 362). One of the online participatory activities with civic issues at the micro level is expressive participation, one of the concepts contributed to the concept of participatory democracy, in which participants will discuss with others about politics and express and show support to politicians in various ways (Choi & Cristol, 2021, p. 364).
However, social media have impacted expressive participation, especially political participation, because social media are now categorized as "platforms," which are places to be heard and to be spoken (Helmond, 2015, p. 2) by providing opportunities to make communication and interaction through the platform’s affordances (Gillespie, 2010, as cited in Helmond, 2015, p. 2). And people will express their participation differently on different social media platforms depending on the social media’s affordances (Theocharis et al., 2023, p. 791).
Take Twitter as an example of how social media platforms have impacted political engagement and expressive participation. Firstly, compared to traditional or standard participation in political issues, Twitter’s affordances like “Follow”, “Share profile via”, “Block”, “Add/remove [account name] from List”, “Comment”, “Retweet”, “Like”, “Hashtags”, “Mention”, etc allow people to express their support or hate for politicians in new ways (Theocharis et al., 2023, p. 795) (Figure 1). For example, the U.S. presidential election in 2024, many U.S. citizens expressed and showed support for Trump by engaging with the hashtag #MakeAmericaGreatAgain and creating other hashtags to show their love and support for Trump: #IStandWithTrump, #TrumpForThePeople, #Trum2024NowMorethanEver, etc. on Twitter (Figure 2). People who support Trump are also given opportunities to engage directly with Trump through commenting on his tweets in different formats (pictures, texts, videos, etc.), following his account, sharing his profile, retweeting his tweets, and so forth (Figure 3). As a “political space” where people can discuss, share, and debate political ideas and issues with politicians (Nelimarkka et al., 2020, p. 2), Twitter can affect election efficiency.
Figure 1: Platform affordances
Figure 2: Engage directly with politicians
Additionally, not only do Twitter’s affordances impact the expressive participation of digital citizens, but also, because Twitter is a platform, its design is also a factor that affects the expressive participation of digital citizens. Specifically, not like other social media platforms like Facebook or Instagram, Twitter is designed as a place where people are motivated to participate and engage with politics and share news more than a place for entertainment and social networking services (Nelimarkka et al., 2020, p. 3).
As a result, Twitter, as a social media platform, significantly impacts digital citizens' expressive participation and digital citizenship when its affordances and architecture (design) allow digital citizens to engage in interactivities in numerous ways, self-expressive participation, and collaboration (Theocharis et al., 2023, p. 793).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Platformization: Changing from a social networking site to a platform, Twitter is provided with an interface allowing for (re)programming, an API, and API (1) allows digital citizens to make interactions or respond to requested data and services from other applications, and (2) facilitates exchanging data across applications, creating new applications and the concept of “Web as a platform” (Helmond, 2015, p. 4). These aspects of social media, or Twitter in particular, have contributed to the impact of political engagement when digital citizens can share political news from a website to their Twitter account (Figure 4) and log in to other applications to discuss politics and follow news by using their Twitter account (Figure 5). Moreover, these changes created the new applications “Twitterific” and "Tweetbot,” allowing third parties to let users view tweets in another interface.
Figure 4: Share political news directly from website to Twitter’s account
Figure 5: Use Twitter to log in to other applications, here is the app "US Political News"
REFERENCES
M., & Cristol, D. (2021). Digital Citizenship with Intersectionality Lens: Towards Participatory Democracy Driven Digital Citizenship Education. Theory into Practice, 60(4), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2021.1987094
Helmond, A. (2015). The Platformization of the Web: Making Web Data Platform Ready. Social Media + Society, 1(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115603080
Nelimarkka, M., Laaksonen, S.-M., Tuokko, M., & Valkonen, T. (2020). Platformed Interactions: How Social Media Platforms Relate to Candidate–Constituent Interaction During Finnish 2015 Election Campaigning. Social Media + Society, 6(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120903856
Theocharis, Y., Boulianne, S., Koc-Michalska, K., & Bimber, B. (2023). Platform affordances and political participation: how social media reshape political engagement. West European Politics, 46(4), 788–811. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382
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Since the FBI raided Mar-a-Lago in August and recovered reams of classified government documents, Donald Trump and his allies have trotted out an endless array of bullshit excuses re: why his choice to abscond with them was completely fine. A small sampling includes but is in no way limited to: Trump was simply bringing work home with him; federal agents planted the documents at Mar-a-Lago as a part of a setup; the ex-president declassified the documents with his mind; he was merely utilizing the documents to satisfy his alleged love of scrapbooking.
One of Trump’s most frequently used lines, although, is that previous POTUSes have engaged in comparable conduct and none of them have been criminally investigated over it. Not surprisingly, provided that Barack Obama has long lived rent-free in the guy’s head, Trump initially focused on the lie that his immediate predecessor took “33 million pages” of classified documents to Chicago after he left office. However over the weekend, he prolonged that allegation to each White House inhabitant going back to the late 1980s, including one who’s no longer alive however whom Trump would nonetheless like to see prosecuted.
Speaking at a rally in Nevada on Saturday, the 45th president demanded to know when the Department of Justice might be criminally charging not just Obama but George W. Bush; Bill Clinton; George H.W. Bush, who died in 2018; and Hillary Clinton—who, yes, never actually became president. The following night, at a rally in Arizona, he once more baselessly accused his predecessors of doing the precise thing he did, and took the opportunity to say something particularly insane about H.W.
“George H.W. Bush took millions of documents to a former bowling alley and a former Chinese restaurant, where they combined them. So they’re in a bowling alley-slash-Chinese restaurant,” Trump informed the crowd.
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If you’re wondering at this time WTF the former guy is speaking about, you’re not alone.
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Where, exactly, did Trump come up with this story? As has historically been the case, it seems that a tiny kernel of fact crossed paths with his brain, where it got combined in with god knows what and by the time he spit it out, it had turn into an incomprehensible lie. The kernel, as The Independent reports, was that the National Archives had rented space in a Texas bowling alley to sort through materials for Bush’s future presidential library. (They also reportedly used space next door, in what used to be a Chinese restaurant.) As the Los Angeles Times reported in 1994, the premises were patrolled by “uniformed guards” and “closed-circuit television monitors and sophisticated electronic detectors along walls and doors.”
Maybe most crucially, Bush didn‘t take anything to Texas with him; the Archives did. (Equally, Obama took nothing to Chicago and, as NARA itself said, neither Obama nor his foundation ever had control of the documents in question.)
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Elsewhere throughout the rally, Trump also repeated the false claim—which his lawyers won’t repeat in court filings—that the FBI planted incriminating evidence throughout its raid of Mar-a-Lago. Nonetheless, this time, he suggested that the agency specifically planted a guide to making a nuclear weapon. (According to The Washington Post, among the top secret materials seized on August 8 was information about a foreign nation’s nuclear capabilities.)
Source: A Very Sane Trump Accuses George H.W. Bush of Hiding Classified Documents in a “Bowling Alley/Chinese Restaurant”
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America And Iran war
TODAY WE ARE GOING TO TALK ABOUT THAT TOPIC , WHICH MOST PEOPLE HAVE BEEN LISTENING TO BY MOUTH. TAKING THE FIGHT GOING ON BETWEEN AMERICA IRAN. THE SAME THING IS BEING SEEN ALL OVER THE WORLD IN THE WHOLE WORLD . EVERYONE HAS STARTED FEELING THAT THIS WORLD WAR THREE HAS STARTED BUT THERE IS NOTHING IN WHICH WORLD THREE STARTS. LET'S SEE WHAT IS GOING ON BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES.
LET ME TELL YOU, THERE ARE SUCH BIG COUNTRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST . IRAN AND SAUDI ARABIA. THERE ARE FREQUENT CONFLICTS BETWEEN THESE TWO COUNTRIES. THESE TWO COUNTRIES NEVER QUARREL ON FRONT. THEY QUARREL WITH SUPPORT OF OTHERS. IF IRAN SUPPORT SOMEONE, THEN SAUDI ALSO SUPPORT SOMEONE.BY DOING THIS, THEY DO THEIR OWN QUARREL WITH THE HELP OF OTHERS.SIMPLY PUT, THESE TWO COUNTRIES QUARREL BY BRINGING A THIRD IN BETWEEN. SYRIA , IRAQ,AND YEMEN, NOW HOW IS IT THAT ALL THESE CONFLICTS ARE GOING ON BETWEEN IRAN AND SAUDI. NOW THERE IS A GOVERNMENT ONE SIDE AND RUBLES ON OTHER SIDE.SAUDI SUPPORT TO GOVERNMENT AND IRAN SUPPORT RUBLES.BOTH COUNTRIES GIVES GRANT TO THE GOVERNMENT AND RUBLES.
LET ME TELL YOU THAT THERE IS A VERY CLOSE FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN BOTH THE COUNTRIES OF SAUDI ARABIA AND AMERICA. FOR MANY YEARS, WHEN IRAN CAN BE THE ENEMY OF SAUDI ARABIA.''IRAN AND SAUDI ARABIA HAVE TWO CASTES.SIA AND SUNNI. BECAUSE OF THIS, FIGHTS CONTINUE IN BOTH COUNTRIES.IRAQI PEOPLE DO NOT SUPPORT THE GOVERNMENT. BECAUSE, PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN IRAQ IN PROTEST OF THE EMPLOYMENT AND RISING INFLATION.IRAN IS SUPPORTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF IRAQ AND IT SUPPORT THE PROTESTER OF SAUDI ARAB.
NOW IN THE MEANTIME, IT WAS HAPPENING IN THESE COUNTRIES THAT THE GOVERNMENT OF IRAQ WAS KILLING PROTESTERS. NOW TWENTY PROTESTERS HAVE BEEN KILLED. IF YOU TALK FROM TODAY, IN THE LAST FORTY YEARS, BETWEEN IRAN AND AMERICA, THERE HAS NEVER BEEN A QUARREL. ON 15 JUL 2014, BARACK OBAMA WAS THE PRESIDENT OF AMERICA.THEN HE MADE A DEAL WITH IRAN BY TAKING NUCLEAR, BUT THE SAME DEAL WAS AGAIN WITHDRAWN BY TRUMP .IT IS SAID THAT THE TO TRUMP WERE JEALOUS OF OBAMA.THE DATE IS 8 MAY 2018.
‘’15 SEP 2019 , THE DRONE WAS DROPPED ON THE TWO OIL TRUCKS OF SAUDI ARABIA. DONAL TRUMP IS PUTTING THIS POWER ON IRAN.HE SAID THAT IRAN HAS GOT THIS ATTACK DONE. THEN , ON 20 JUN 2019 ,A US DRONE WAS ROAMING IN IRAN'S TERRITORY. IRAN GOT IT TO SHOOT THE AIRCRAFT. SAID THAT THIS DRONE WAS ROAMING IN OUR TERRITORY , BUT TRUMP SAYS THAT IT WAS ROAMING IN INTERNATIONAL TERRITORY.ON 8 APRIL 2019, TRUMP SAID SOMETHING THAT HAS NEVER BEEN SAID BY ANYONE. IRGC(IRAN REVOLUTIONARY GUARD COPS) IS A PART OF A MILITARY OF IRAN.HE GAVE IT TO THE TERRORIST. HE SAID THAT THIS IS A MILITARY IMPUNITY PROMOTING TO TERRORISM. ON 28 DEC 2019 , A ROCKET WAS RELEASED ON A MILITARY IN IRAQ. IN WHICH THE AMERICAN CONTRACTOR DIED.AMERICAN SAID THAT IRAN HAS GOT IT ALL DONE.SAID JOURNAL SULEMAN RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS.ON 29 DEC 2019, THE AMERICA MADE A MILITARY AIRSTRIKES ON IRAN AND MORE THAN 25 PEOPLE WERE KILLED IN IT. ON 31 DEC 2019, IRAN AGAIN GOT A PRO-IRANIAN AIRSTRIKE ON AMERICAN EMBASSY AND THIS EMBASSY IS IN IRAQ. AFTER THIS, TRUMP SAID THAT IRAN WILL HAVE TO SUFFER A HUGE LOSS.
''JUST LIKE TRUMP SAID THAT IRAN WILL HAVE TO SUFFER A LOT. ON JANUARY 3,2020, AMERICA BRUTALLY KILLED QASSEM SOLEIMANI.’'
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