#nomen nudum

[alphynix]

It Came From The Trash Heap (We Don't Talk About Kholumolumo)

A wastebasket taxon is what happens when species can't be easily classified and instead get hurled into a "catch-all" category.

…But that's not the only kind of taxonomic tangle that can befall a new discovery.

When a scientific name is assigned to a new species, but it isn't given a corresponding formal description and type specimen, it becomes a nomen nudum – a "naked name". Without a proper description and assigned holotype the name isn't valid, and the new species isn't technically accepted by the wider scientific community.

This has even happened to some surprisingly famous names. In the 1920s Velociraptor mongoliensis was briefly given the nomen nudum "Ovoraptor djadochtari" before getting its much more familiar name when it was officially described. Meanwhile the giant pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus northropi was stuck as a nomen nudum for decades, only finally getting a proper published description in 2021.

And there's another particular long-standing nomen nudum that became mildly infamous – "Thotobolosaurus", the "trash heap lizard".

Discovered next to a literal trash pile in the village of Maphutseng in Lesotho, a few scattered and broken bones of this "prosauropod" sauropodomorph dinosaur were first found in 1930. But it wasn't until the mid-1950s that a more extensive bonebed began to be unearthed at the site, and over the next decade over 1000 fossil fragments were collected.

In the mid-1960s the remains were initially classified as belonging to Euskelosaurus browni (which is now considered to be a wastebasket taxon), but just a few years later in 1970 the "Maphutseng Beast" was re-evaluated as a species new to science. It was referred to as "Thotobolosaurus mabeatae" – based on the local name of the discovery site, "Thotobolo ea ‘Ma-Beata" (trash heap of Beata’s mother) – but this name was never actually formally published.

Despite "Thotobolosaurus" being an undescribed nomen nudum it nonetheless went on to be repeatedly referenced in scientific literature over the next few decades, and appeared in several popular dinosaur books (even as recently as 2020!).

In the mid-1990s it was alternatively named "Kholumolumosaurus ellenbergerorum" in a Ph.D. dissertation, with this name derived from the kholumolumo, a reptilian creature in Sotho mythology, and the Ellenberger brothers who worked on the site. But this also didn't count as a formal publication and instead became a second nomen nudum for the species.

Eventually, 90 years after the first bones were found and 50 years after the debut of the name "Thotobolosaurus", this long-neglected sauropodomorph was finally given a proper published full anatomical description in 2020.

And it also got a third name, this time officially valid, based on the second one from the 1990s: Kholumolumo ellenbergerorum.

For something associated with trash for so long, Kholumolumo is actually now one of the most completely-known prosauropods. At least five different individuals were present in the collected fossil material, possibly as many as ten, and between them most of the full skeleton is represented – with the exception of the skulls, which are only known from a couple of small fragments.

We now know Kholumolumo was rather heavily-built, with chunky limb bones and unusually short shinbones. It would have been one of the biggest animals around in the Late Triassic (~210 million years ago), measuring at least 9m long (~30') and weighing around 1.7 tonnes (1.9 US tons), but despite its size it seems to have still been bipedal.

Due to the highly disarticulated nature of the bones the fossil site may have been a "bone accumulation area", a place where dismembered bits and pieces of different carcasses were regularly carried to be eaten by a predator or scavenger – essentially a trash heap, fittingly enough. A couple of "rauisuchian" teeth have actually been found among the remains, which might indicate what was chomping on these particular Kholumolumo.

———

Nix Illustration | Tumblr | Twitter | Patreon

[a-dinosaur-a-day]

Round One: Ngwevu vs Kholumalumo

Factfiles:

Ngwevu ntoloko

Artwork by @i-draws-dinosaurs, written by @i-draws-dinosaurs and @zygodactylus

Name meaning: Grey skull

Time: ~190 to 180 million years ago (Pliensbachian to Toarcian stages of the Early Jurassic)

Location: Clarens Formation, South Africa

Ngwevu is a dinosaur with a case of baby-face so bad it was classified as another genus for 40 years. Initially discovered in 1978 and thought to be a specimen of Massospondylus, turns out it was just a really baby-looking prosauropod of a different kind! Many times in evolution animals will retain “baby” characteristics into adulthood - the classic and easily recognizable trait being large, round eyes, but also other features such as stunted proportions and chunkier limbs, depending. It seems that Ngwevu went through one of these processes, looking more similar to juveniles of other prosauropods (such as Massospondylus) than adults, all while actually being adults themselves. Predictably, it had a squat face with large eyes, a wide snout, robust proportions, and a thick body - babified Massospondylus! It probably had a more generalist diet than its cousin, indicating probable niche partitioning as the two lived in the same environment. The Clarens Formation, coming right after the Elliot, was an arid desert dominated by dunes, with a few types of dinosaurs including ornithischians, theropods, and other sauropodomorphs. In addition, fish, crustaceans, and invertebrates are also known from this location. 

Kholumolumo ellenbergerorum

Artwork by @alphynix, written by @i-draws-dinosaurs

Name meaning: Kholumolumo (giant reptilian dragon from Sotho folklore) named for Paul and François Ellenberger (the original excavators of the fossils)

Time: 210 million years ago (Norian stage of the Late Triassic)

Location: Lower Elliot Formation, Lesotho

Kholumolumo is an old friend with a new name. Its previous informal name, “Thotobolosaurus” meaning “trash heap reptile”, was truly magnificent and became one of the great memes of Ye Olde 2010s Palaeo Tumblr! Needless to say it was a bittersweet moment to see our old buddy finally published but lose its iconic name in the process. Rest in peace, Trash Heap Lizard.

The reason it wound up with that name is because the fossils were in fact found basically right next to the local rubbish dump of the village of Maphutseng in 1955. The trash pile turned out to be sitting on a bone bed of around five to ten animals, and over the course of several years they were excavated and moved to the University of Cape Town. Unfortunately, and perhaps appropriately to the name, the subsequent study of these fossils ended up being a complete trash fire. Specimens went missing that have never been found, professional relationships fell apart, and the animal itself wasn’t mentioned in the literature until 1970 when it was dropped into a discussion on the stratigraphy of the Elliot formation and named “Thotobolosaurus mabeatae” without any description of the fossils. This made the name “Thotobolosaurus” a nomen nudum (naked name) and thus invalid.

Finally in 2020 all the tribulation paid off and it received a proper initial description, although many fossils that weren’t lost in the chaos still remain under study and could be the subject of future papers. It’s nice to see our beloved trash heap of a dinosaur finally coming into its own!

DMM Round One Masterpost

[paleopalsfacts]

Chaoyangsauras

Chaoyangsaurus was a ceratopsian dinosaur from the late Jurassic found in what is now northeastern China.  Chaoyangsaurus is also considered basal for the ceratopsian group meaning it was one of the earliest ceratopsians.  This means that Chaoyangsaurus can help show us what early ceratopsians may have looked like.

Another fun thing about Chaoyangsaurus is that it was referenced many times before it was properly described.  Because of this all of the names Chaoyangsaurus was given where nomina nuda (the plural of nomen nudum).  A nomen nudum looks like a scientific name but it was not published with an adequate description of the organism so it cannot be accepted as the scientific name. So Chaoyangsaurus was is in an odd scenario where remains where found all the way back in 1976 but was only formally named in 1999!

Chaoyangsaurus is named after Yang Zhongjian who has been called the “Father of Chinese Vertebrate Paleontology”

Thanks for the interest in this unique dinosaur!

Sources bellow:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoyangsaurus

Zhao Xijin; Cheng Zhengwu & Xu Xing (1999) [1999-12-13]. "The earliest ceratopsian from the Tuchengzi Formation of Liaoning, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (4): 681–691. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011181.

[aquariuminfobureau]

Organ pipe coral, soft yet stony?

One of the oddest octocorals, is the organ pipe coral, Tubipora musica. Technically T. musica may be a species complex, and if zoological naming standards were upheld, T. musica would then become a nomen nudum, because its type material cannot be designated to any species within its own species complex. This kind of dilemma more often affects paleontologists, than those working with extant animals. But it has the same cause - Linneaus used ambiguous skeletal material for the holotype, without knowledge of the traits useful in discerning closely related species.

T. musica colonies are rounded and may grow to 3 meters or 110 inches across, but the living polyps are small in diameter when they are extended. This coral has a stony skeleton composed of calcium carbonate, that is a vivid red (or sometimes violet) in color, and the form of many vertical tubes, resembling the pipes of a church organ. Each tube houses a Tubipora polyp, and in life the cream to green or brown colored polyps, mask the color of the colonial skeleton. Each polyp possesses eight, rather than six tentacles, the number and pennate form of which, identify the skeleton maker as an octocoral, or soft coral, rather than one of the scleractinian or stony corals that it mimics.

Tubipora grow in shallow, sheltered situations, from East Africa to the West Pacific, in shallow waters from 2 to 20 meters in depth. Seemingly they are commonest between 8 and 10 meters down, where they can be locally dominant over sympatric scleractinians. Like reef building stony corals, T. musica accommodates symbiotic dinoflagellates within its own living tissues. These are photosynthetic, microscopic organisms, that provide energy for their host, in exchange for shelter in its tissues - a true example of symbiosis on the reef. Tubipora itself also obtains nutrients from dissolved organic matter in the surrounding water, and is an effective predator of bacteria. Octocorals as a whole, are inefficient at feeding on animal plankton, or at heterotrophic feeding more generally, explaining why they are outnumbered on the reef by their scleractinian rivals. Of the octocorals, Tubipora is one of the better competitors, against the more diverse scleractinians.

In the reef aquarium, Tubipora appreciates average lighting, and a brisk water flow. The Tubipora skeleton has all types of nooks that allow detritus to accumulate. Too much of this accumulation, can lead to detritus build up suffocating the polyps that inhabit the skeleton, so it's important that flow passes through. This flow should not, however, be laminar, and if the flow is too strong, Tubipora colonies will fail to extend and feed. These are not difficult corals to care for, although like scleractinians, their presence and growth in the aquarium, creates demands for water chemistry to be maintained. This is because the polyps of skeletonised anthozoans, absorb minerals from seawater to secrete their skeletons. In this sense, caring for Tubipora actually is more like caring for scleractinian corals, than an ordinary octocoral. Also note that colonies collected by detachment from larger colonies, are not expected to survive in the aquarium. Healthy Tubipora colonies, are imported as attached already to a base rock.

[ochoislas]

Zótico dejó aquí el nombre escueto y vano; purgóse el cuerpo en ceniza, la vida en aire.

*

Zoticus hic nomen nudum vanumque reliquit; in cineres corpus et in aethera vita soluta est.

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum

di-versión©ochoislas

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[wtf-triassic]

Teleocrater rhadinus

By Ripley Cook

Etymology: Completed Basin 

First Described By: Nesbitt et al., 2017 

Classification: Biota, Archaea, Proteoarchaeota, Asgardarchaeota, Eukaryota, Neokaryota, Scotokaryota Opimoda, Podiata, Amorphea, Obazoa, Opisthokonta, Holozoa, Filozoa, Choanozoa, Animalia, Eumetazoa, Parahoxozoa, Bilateria, Nephrozoa, Deuterostomia, Chordata, Olfactores, Vertebrata, Craniata, Gnathostomata, Eugnathostomata, Osteichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Rhipidistia, Tetrapodomorpha, Eotetrapodiformes, Elpistostegalia, Stegocephalia, Tetrapoda, Reptiliomorpha, Amniota, Sauropsida, Eureptilia, Romeriida, Diapsida, Neodiapsida, Sauria, Archosauromorpha, Crocopoda, Archosauriformes, Eucrocopoda, Crurotarsi, Archosauria, Avemetarsalia, Aphanosauria

Status: Extinct 

Time and Place: Possibly 247 million years ago, in the Anisian age of the Middle Triassic

Teleocrater is known from the Lifua Member of the Manda Formation in Tanzania

Physical Description: Teleocrater was a long, slender reptile measuring 2.1 to 3 meters long from snout to tail tip. It had a long, narrowing skull with small, very pointed teeth lining the insides. Its nostrils were at the tip of its snout, while its eyes were deep in its head. In a lot of weird ways, its skull kind of looked like that of a Monitor Lizard. However, it was no lizard. It had a very long neck, with some of the longest neck vertebrae of any bird-line Archosaur (Avemetatarsalia). These vertebrae were weirdly ornamented in addition to long, which turns out to have been a defining feature of this early offshoot in the bird-line group (Aphanosaurs). These vertebrae get taller and taller as they continue down the neck, unique for Teleocrater. It only had two vertebrae on its pelvis, unlike the contemporaneous dinosaur Nyasasaurus that had three, indicating its lower position on the bird-line tree. It also had small nubbins coming off of its ribs like seen in other early Avemetatarsalians. It had long legs, going out to the sides and not under the body, with very small hands and normally-proportioned feet. It didn’t have very long feet compared to its legs like those seen in Ornithodirans, indicating it wasn’t very fast or adapted to running like in those other animals. Despite being in Avemetatarsalia, Teleocrater had an ankle more closely like those of the ancestral condition - ie, the crocodilian ankles rather than the firmly connected ankles of the pterosaurs and dinosaurs. Teleocrater also had a long tail, giving it an overall very elongated appearance. 

It is uncertain what Teleocrater would have been covered in. It is a very distinct and notable mid-point in the bird-line evolution - it is a part of the earliest group to branch off on this portion of the tree of life and it lacks many of the defining characteristics of Avemetatarsalians, including the one from which they got their name. That said, it doesn’t preserve osteoderms like in Pseudosuchians, indicating that these structures were lost in even the earliest Avemetatarsalians (and only regained later in some unique dinosaur groups). So - did it have floof? We don’t know. We probably will never know. Unlike other small bird-line archosaurs of the time, it’s a 50/50 shot. 

Diet: Thanks to the very well preserved teeth, we know for a fact that Teleocrater was a carnivore. 

Behavior: Teleocrater may have oddly resembled living monitor lizards from a far and may have had much in common with living Crocodilians in its skeleton, but it - like other early Archosaurs - would have most likely been endothermic, living a very active lifestyle. The bones of this animal indicate that it grew rapidly, much more so than earlier archosaurs (which have decent evidence for at least partial endothermy), though less so of dinosaurs and pterosaurs. This would have looked interesting with its splayed-out legs, and it probably would have run very clumsily and slowly given its small hands and non-adapted for fast movement feet. That said, it could have used its increased activity to aid in catching prey that other reptiles couldn't, to help get away from predators, and in general be a weird active possibly fluffy lizard dude. You know. Like Varactyl from Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith. Except without front feet. Or, useful front feet. It was weird. It may or may not have been social. We have no evidence either way - while it was common, it was also a carnivore, so it probably wouldn’t have gotten much out of being in social groups in such a crowded ecosystem. That said, it was an archosaur, and archosaurs should be assumed to take care of their young without evidence to the contrary. Modern archosaurs across the board, except the weird and highly unique Megapodes, take care of their young - so Teleocrater would have too. That said, both Crocodilians and Birds have unique nesting strategies, so we can’t look to them for clues into how Teleocrater took care of its young. 

Ecosystem: Teleocrater lived in the amazing Manda Beds Formation, a seasonally arid river valley floodplain in the heart of Tanzania where many early and fascinating reptiles appeared as the Triassic began to go into full swing. Teleocrater probably came at least a little earlier than more famous animals of the formation - it comes from the Lower portion of the Lifua Member, while Asilisaurus and Nyasasaurus, among others, came from the Upper portion. That said, it wasn’t much earlier, and the exact ecology is still a little murky. Teleocrater itself was found with the large Dicynodont Dolichuranus, the smaller cynodont Cynognathus, the temnospondyl Stanocephalosaurus, an unnamed Allokotosaurian, and the Ctenosauriscid Hypselorhachis. So, the explosion of the reptiles was still not quite there - but Teleocrater represented change in the winds to come. It probably would have been able to feed on many of the other animals in its environment, given its fairly large size. 

Other: Once upon a time, a fossil that would tell us much about the evolution of bird-line archosaurs and ruling reptiles in general sat unstudied in a cabinet in the Natural History Museum of London. Then, a young scientist described this animal as Teleocrater in a PhD Thesis - which means it wasn’t officially named, making it a nomen nudum - a naked name. It would take nearly sixty years for more parts of Teleocrater - parts that could actually be described and talked about, as opposed to the locked-away remains of the thesis - to be found and properly described, bringing us Teleocrater, officially, at last. This important discovery was of the oldest bird-line Archosaur known, beating the previous record holders, Asilisaurus and Nyasasaurus, by quite a few million years. It helped to piece together the evolution of the bird-line Archosaurs, see where certain traits (including the famed ankles) actually appeared, and also lead to the formation of a new group of animals entirely - the Aphanosaurs. Many weird early dinosaur-esque creatures that formerly didn’t have a home have now been placed in the Aphanosaur group, giving them a home at last - and showing how diverse bird-line archosaurs were outside of the famed Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs. Given their fast growth rate and potential fluff (though that’s a 50/50 shot) but splayed out legs and lizard-like appearance they - rather than dinosaurs - probably deserve the name “Lizard-Birds”, as they look like lizards, but their closest living relatives are birds. Other Aphanosaurs include Yarasuchus, Spondylosoma, and Dongusuchus. 

~ By Meig Dickson

Sources Under the Cut

Angolin, F. L., M. D. Ezcurra. 2019. The Validity of Lagosuchus talampayensis Romer, 1971 (Archosauria, Dinosauriformes) from the Late triassic of Argentina. Breviora 565 (1): 1 - 21. 

Benton, M. J. 1999. Scleromochlus taylori and the origin of dinosaurs and pterosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences 354 (1388): 1423 - 1446. 

Benton, M. J. 2004. Origin and relationships of Dinosauria. In David B. Weishampel; Peter Dodson; Halszka Osmólska (Hrsg.) (eds.). The Dinosauria. Berkeley: Zweite Auflage, University of California Press. pp. 7–19. 

Botha-Brink, J., R. M. H. Smith. 2011. Osteohistology of the Triassic Archosauromorphs Prolacerta, Proterosuchus, Euparkeria, and Erythrosuchus from the Karoo Basin of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 (6): 1238 - 1254. 

Brusatte, S. L., M. J. Benton, J. B. Desojo, M. C. Langer. 2010. The higher-level phylogeny of Archosauria (Tetrapoda: Diapsida). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8 (1): 3 - 47. 

Brusatte, S. L., G. Niedzwiedzki, R. J. Butler. 2010. Footprints pull origin and diversification of dinosaur stem lineage deep into Early Triassic. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278 (1708): 1107 - 1113. 

Butler, R. J., P. M. Barrett, R. L. Abel, D. J. Gower. 2009. A possible Ctenosauriscid Archosaur from the Middle Triassic Manda Beds of Tanzania. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (4): 1022 - 1031. 

Butler, R. J., S. J. Nesbitt, A. J. Charig, D. J. Gower, and P. M. Barrett. 2018. Mandasuchus tanyauchen, gen. et sp. nov., a pseudosuchian archosaur from the Manda Beds (?Middle Triassic) of Tanzania. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Memoir 37 (suppl.):96-121. 

Cau, A. 2018. The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year-long process. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 57 (1): 1 - 25. 

Charig, A. J. 1957. New Triassic archosaurs from Tanganyika, including Mandasuchus and Teleocrater: Dissertation Abstracts, Cambridge University. 

Chinsamy, A. 1990. Physiological implications of the bone histology of Syntarsus rhodesiensis (Saurischia: Theropoda). Palaeontological Africana 27: 77 - 82. 

Diaz-Molina, M. 1993. Geometry and Lateral Accretion Patterns in Meander Loops: Examples from the Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene, Loranca Basin, Spain. In Marzo, M.; Puigdefábregas, C. (eds.). Alluvial Sedimentation. Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologists. 17. pp. 115–131. 

Dzik, J. 2003. A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (5): 556 - 574. 

Elgin, R. A., D. W. Hone, E. Frey. 2011. The Extent of the Pterosaur Flight Membrane. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (1): 99 - 111. 

Ezcurra, M. D. 2016. The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriformes. PeerJ 4: e1778. 

Ezcurra, M. D., S. J. Nesbitt, L. E. Fiorelli, J. B. Desojo. New Specimen Sheds Light on the Anatomy and Taxonomy of the Early Late Triassic Dinosauriforms from the Chañares Formation, NW Argentina. 2019. The Anatomical Record doi:10.1002/ar.24243. 

Fostowicz - frelik, L., T. Sulej. 2010. Bone histology of Silesaurus opolensis from the Late Triassic of Poland. Lethaia 43 (2): 137 - 148. 

Gauthier, J. A. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. The origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. K. Padian (ed.), Memoirs of the california Academy of Sciences 8: 1 - 55. 

Gauthier, J., K. de Queiroz. 2001. Feathered dinosaurs,f lying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name Aves. pp. 7 - 41 in Gauthier, J. and L. F. Gall (eds.) New Perspectives on the Origin and early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History. 

Griffen, C. T., S. J. Nesbitt. 2016. The Femoral Ontogeny and Long Bone Histology of the Middle Triassic (?Late Anisian) Dinosauriform Asilisaurus kongwe and Implications for the Growth of Early Dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36 (3): e1111224. 

Kubo, T., M. O. Kubo. 2012. Associated evolution of bipedality and cursoriality among Triassic archosaurs: a phylogenetically controlled evaluation. Paleobiology 38 (3): 474 - 485. 

Langer, M. C., M. J. Benton. 2006. Early Dinosaurs: A phylogenetic study. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4 (4): 309 - 358. 

Langer, M. C., M. D. Ezcurra, J. S. Bittencourt, F. E. Novas. 2010. The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs. Biological Reviews 85 (1): 55 - 110. 

Lautenschlager, S.; Desojo, J. B. 2011. Reassessment of the Middle Triassic rauisuchian archosaurs Ticinosuchus ferox and Stagonosuchus nyassicus. Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 85 (4): 357–381. 

Lloyd, G. T., D. W. Bapst, M. Friedman, K. E. Davis. 2017. Probabilistic divergence time estimation without branch lengths: dating the origin of dinosaurs, avian flight and crown birds. Biology Letters 12: 20160609.  

Nesbitt, S. J., C. A. Sidor, R. B. Irmis, K. D. Angielczyk, R. M. H. Smith, L. A. Tsuji. 2010. Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira. Nature 464 (7285): 95 - 98. 

Nesbitt, S. J. 2011. The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 352: 1 - 292. 

Nesbitt, S. J., R. J. Butler. 2012. Redescription of the archosaur Parringtonia gracilis from the Middle Triassic Manda beds of Tanzania, and the antiquity of Erpetosuchidae. Geological Magazine 150 (2): 225 - 238. 

Nesbitt, S. J., C. A. Sidor, K. D. Angielczyk, R. M. Smith, W. Parker. 2012. Derivation of the aetosaur osteoderm carapace: evidence from a new, exceptionally preserved "stem aetosaur" from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) Manda Beds of southwestern Tanzania. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (supp 1): 149. 

Nesbitt, S. J., P. M. Barrett, S. Werning, C. A. Sidor, A. J. Charig. 2013. The oldest dinosaur? A Middle Triassic dinosauriform from Tanzania. Biology Letters 9 (1): 20120949. 

Nesbitt, S. J., C. A. Sidor, K. D. Angielczyk, R. M. H. Smith, and L. A. Tsuji. 2014. A new archosaur from the Manda beds (Anisian, Middle Triassic) of southern Tanzania and its implications for character state optimizations at Archosauria and Pseudosuchia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34(6):1357-1382. 

Nesbitt, S. J., R. J. Butler, M. D. Ezcurra, P. M. Barrett, M. R. Stocker, K. D. Angielczyk, R. M. H. Smith, C. A. Sidor, G. Niedzwiedzki, A. G. Sennikov, and A. J. Charig. 2017. The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan. Nature 544(27):484-487. 

Nesbitt, S. J., R. J. Butler, M. D. Ezcurra, A. J. Charig, P. M. Barrett. 2018. The anatomy of Teleocrater rhadinus, an early Avemetatarsalian from the lower portion of the Lifua Member of the Manda Beds (Middle Triassic). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (sup1): 142 - 177. 

Nesbitt, S. J., M. C. Langer, M. D. ezcurra. 2019. The Anatomy of Asilisaurus kongwe, a Dinosauriform from the Lifua Member of the Manda Beds (~Middle Triassic) of Africa. The Anatomical Record: 1 - 61. 

Padian, K., J. R. Horner, A. Ricqles. 2004. Growth in Small Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs: The Evolution of Archosaurian Growth Strategies. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (3): 555 - 571. 

Parrish, J. M. 1987. The origin of crocodilian locomotion. Paleobiology 13 (4): 396 - 414. 

Ricqles, A., K. Padian, F. Knoll, J. R. Horner. 2008. On the origin of rapid growth rates in archosaurs and their ancient relatives: complementary histological studies on Triassic archosauriforms and the problem of a "phylogenetic signal" in bone histology. Annales de Paleontologie 94 (2): 57 - 76. 

Rubidge, B. S. 2005. Re-uniting lost continents – Fossil reptiles from the ancient Karoo and their wanderlust. South African Journal of Geology 108 (1): 135 - 172. 

Sen, K. 2005. A new rauisuchian archosaur from the Middle Triassic of India. Paleontology 48 (1): 185 - 196. 

Sereno, P. C., A. B. Arcucci. 1994. Dinosaurian precursors from the Middle Triassic of Argentina: Marasuchus lilloensis, gen. Nov. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 (1): 53 - 73. 

Senter, P. 2005. Phylogenetic taxonomy and the names of the major archosaurian (Reptilia) clades. PaleoBios 25 (3): 1 - 7. 

Sereno, P. C. 1991. Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 2, 11 (4s): 1 - 53. 

Sidor, C. A., D. A. Vilhena, K. D. Angielczyk, A. K. Huttenlocker, S. J. Nesbitt, B. R. Peecook, J. S. Steyer, R. M. H. Smith, L. J. Tsuji. 2013. Provincialization of terrestrial faunas following the end-Permian mass extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (2): 8129 - 8133. 

Smith, N. D., T. A. Cross, J. P. Dufficy, S. R. Clough. 1989. Sedimentology 36 (1): 1 - 23. 

Smith, R. M. H. 1993. Sedimentology and ichnology of floodplain paleosurfaces in the Beaufort Group (late Permian), Karoo Sequence, South Africa. PALAIOS 8 (4): 339 - 357. 

Sues, H. D., N. C. Fraser. 2010. Early and Early Middle Triassic in Gondwana. Triassic Life on Land: The Great Transition. New York: Columbia University Press. 19 - 36. 

Taylor, M. 2007. Phylogenetic definitions in the pre-PhyloCode era; implications for naming clades under the PhyloCode. PaleoBios 27 (1): 1 - 6. 

Tsuji, L. A.; Sobral, G.; Müller, J. 2013. Ruhuhuaria reiszi, a new procolophonoid reptile from the Triassic Ruhuhu Basin of Tanzania. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 12 (7–8): 487–494.

Wopfner, H. 2002. Tectonic and climatic events controlling deposition in Tanzanian Karoo basins. Journal of African Earth Sciences 34 (3): 167 - 177. 

Wynd, B. M., B. R. Peecook, M. R. Whitney and C. A. Sidor. 2018. The first occurrence of Cynognathus crateronotus (Cynodontia: Cynognathia) in Tanzania and Zambia, with implications for the age and biostratigraphic correlation of Triassic strata in southern Pangea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37(Sup. 1):228-239. 

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[animalslife74-blog]

regram @mustafagultekinavsar #TortoisesOfinstagram #TortoisesLifeSeria #GopherTortoisesSeria #Tortoises #TortoisesSeria #KaplumbagalarSeria #FloridaAnimalsSeria #FloridaTortoisesSeriaSeria #UsaTortoisesSeria #UsaAnimalsSeria #NorthAmericaAnimalsSeria Kingdom: #AnimaliaSeria Phylum: #ChordataSeria Class: #ReptiliaSeria Order: #TestudinesSeria Suborder: #CryptodiraSeria Superfamily: #TestudinoideaSeria Family: #Testudinidae Genus: #GopherusSeria Species: #GopherusPolyphemusSeria Binomial name #GopherusPolyphemus Daudin, 1802 Synonyms ◾#TestudoPolyphaemus Bartram, 1791 (nomen nudum) ◾#TestudoPolyphemus Daudin, 1801 ◾#EmysPolyphemus Schweigger, 1812 ◾#Testudo depressa Cuvier, 1829 ◾#GopherusPolyphemus Rafinesque, 1832 ◾#TestudoGopher Gray, 1844 ◾#XerobatesGopher Gray, 1873 ◾#XerobatesPolyphemus True, 1881 ◾Gopherus praecedens Hay, 1916 ◾Gopherus polyphemus polyphemus Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 The gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) is a species of the Gopherus genus native to the southeastern United States. The gopher tortoise is seen as a keystone species because it digs burrows that provide shelter for at least 360 known other animal species. They are threatened by predation and habitat destruction. The gopher tortoise is a representative of the genus Gopherus, which contains the only tortoises native to North America. This species of gopher tortoise is the state reptile of Georgia and the state tortoise of Florida #february03subat2016 subat03seria Çarşamba #subat2016seria

[a-dinosaur-a-day]

Round Two: Kholumalumo vs Amanzia

Kholumolumo ellenbergerorum

Artwork by @alphynix, written by @i-draws-dinosaurs

Name meaning: Kholumolumo (giant reptilian dragon from Sotho folklore) named for Paul and François Ellenberger (the original excavators of the fossils)

Time: 210 million years ago (Norian stage of the Late Triassic)

Location: Lower Elliot Formation, Lesotho

Kholumolumo is an old friend with a new name. Its previous informal name, “Thotobolosaurus” meaning “trash heap reptile”, was truly magnificent and became one of the great memes of Ye Olde 2010s Palaeo Tumblr! Needless to say it was a bittersweet moment to see our old buddy finally published but lose its iconic name in the process. Rest in peace, Trash Heap Lizard.

The reason it wound up with that name is because the fossils were in fact found basically right next to the local rubbish dump of the village of Maphutseng in 1955. The trash pile turned out to be sitting on a bone bed of around five to ten animals, and over the course of several years they were excavated and moved to the University of Cape Town. Unfortunately, and perhaps appropriately to the name, the subsequent study of these fossils ended up being a complete trash fire. Specimens went missing that have never been found, professional relationships fell apart, and the animal itself wasn’t mentioned in the literature until 1970 when it was dropped into a discussion on the stratigraphy of the Elliot formation and named “Thotobolosaurus mabeatae” without any description of the fossils. This made the name “Thotobolosaurus” a nomen nudum (naked name) and thus invalid.

Finally in 2020 all the tribulation paid off and it received a proper initial description, although many fossils that weren’t lost in the chaos still remain under study and could be the subject of future papers. It’s nice to see our beloved trash heap of a dinosaur finally coming into its own!

Amanzia greppini

Artwork by @i-draws-dinosaurs, written by @i-draws-dinosaurs

Name meaning: Named for 19th-century geologists Amanz Gressly and Jean-Baptiste Greppin

Time: 157 million years ago (Kimmeridgian stage of the Late Jurassic)

Location: Reuchenette Formation, Switzerland

Amanzia has been through a real odyssey of classifications. First discovered c. 1860, it was mistaken for a theropod and named Megalosaurus meriani in the 1870s, reclassified as a sauropod and named Ornithopsis greppini in 1922, then re-reclassified as a species of Cetiosauriscus in 1927, and then basically ignored ever since. Poor guy’s got an identity crisis now.

The actual fossils weren’t properly cleaned until 2003, and subsequent study in 2020 named it and revealed it was probably a turiasaur, an early-branching group of large sauropods that was unknown before the 2000s, so nobody working on it in the century and a half beforehand could have had any idea what they’d really found!

[mcblackneck]

Scandic rex; the Tyrannosaur that turned out to be a fish! The teeth of an unknown dinosaur, suspected to be a tyrannosaur, was found in Skåne, Sweden. It has later been confirmed to not have been a dinosaur at all but most likely came from a fish.  I just found it very cool as a person from Sweden that a species of tyrannosaur was thought to have lived here and just might have! The name "Scandic rex" is obviously a nomen nudum. I would have problably named it something along the line as "Borealisaurus scandic" as in "the boreal lizard from scandinavia".......or viking...something with viking...

[reptilemanaustralia]

Species illegally renamed by thieves ....

Got trouble keeping up with the taxonomic vandalism of the Wolfgang Wuster gang. Well here are over 70 illegally renamed reptiles! Illegal name coined by associates of the Wolfgang  Wüster gang of thieves and improperly promoted.Comments or reasons given by author for breaching  International Code of Zoological  Nomenclature.Correct taxon name according to scientific  ethics and International Code of  Zoological Nomenclature.Acanthophis cryptamydros Maddock, Ellis, Doughty, Smith and Wüster, 2015Falsely alleged Wells and  Wellington, 1985 name not code compliant. See Wellington (2016).Acanthophis lancasteri Wells and Wellington, 1985Afronaja  Wallach, Wüster and  Broadley 2009.Falsely alleged earlier Hoser paper  not published according to Article 8 of Zoological Code.Spracklandus Hoser, 2009.Ahaetuliinae Figuero et al., 2016.No reason given. Due to time  factor and authorship, oversight must have been deliberate.Charlespiersonserpeniinae Hoser,  2013 (Alt: Ahaetuliinae Hoser, 2013) Amerotyphlops  Hedges et al., 2014Author was a signatory to Kaiser  et al. documents of 2012/2013.Altmantyphlops Hoser, 2012Antaresia stimsoni (Smith, 1985)Name published after Wells and  Wellington, 1985, (date priority) but improperly not renounced.Antaresia saxacola Wells and  Wellington, 1985. Note: Nomen nudem  claim on Wikipedia is false. Antillotyphlops  Hedges et al., 2014Author was a signatory to Kaiser  et al. documents of 2012/2013.Mosestyphlops Hoser, 2012Archipelagekko Wood et al. 2019Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.Extentusventersquamus Hoser, 2018Asiatyphylops Hedges et al., 2014Author was a signatory to Kaiser  et al. documents of 2012/2013.Argyrophis Gray, 1845Bartleia Hutchinson et al. 1990Deliberately ignored name authority  to rename taxon (nomen furtum).Techmarscincus  Wells and  Wellington, 1985Bassiana  Hutchinson et al. 1990Deliberately ignored name authority  to rename taxon (nomen furtum).Acritoscincus Wells and Wellington, 1985Brachyseps Erens et al., 2016Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.Oxyscincus Hoser,  2015Broadleysaurus  Bates et al., 2013Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally ignore rules of ICZN’s  code.Funkisaurus Hoser, 2013Candoiidae  Pyron et al., 2014No reason given, but authors and  stated reviewers have improperly attacked Hoser for years.Candoiidae  Hoser, 2013Carlia isostriacantha Silva et al. 2018No reason given. Did not cite  Wells and Wellington, 1985.Carlia mysteria Wells and Wellington, 1985Cautula  Hutchinson et al. 1990Deliberately ignored name authority  to rename taxon (nomen furtum).Harrisoniascincus  Wells and  Wellington, 1984Chelodina burrungandjii Thomson, Kennett and Georges, 2000Alleged Wells and Wellington,  1985 not code compliant when it was.Chelodina billabong (Wells and Wellington, 1985)Chelodina canni  McCord  and Thomson, 2002Falsely claimed Wells and  Wellington, 1985 nomen nudem.Chelodina rankini Wells and Wellington, 1985Crocodylus halli Murray et al. 2019No citation or reason given.Crocodylus adelynhoserae (Hoser, 2012)Ctenophorus spinodomus Sadlier, Colgan, Beatson and Cogger, 2019Falsely claimed Wells and  Wellington, 1985 name invalid.Ctenophorus hawkeswoodi (Wells and  Wellington, 1985) Cubatyphlops Hedges  et al., 2014Author was a signatory to Kaiser et al. documents of 2012/2013.Dannytyphlops Hoser, 2012Cyclocoridae, Zaher et al. 2019 (via Weinell and Brown,  2018)Authors cited Kaiser et al. (2015 version)Oxyrhabdiumiidae Hoser, 2013.  (by later author’s family definitions)Dasypeltis arabica Bates and Broadley, 2018Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.Dasypeltis saeizadi Hoser, 2013Diporiphora granulifera Melville et al. 2019.See for Lophognathus horneri Melville et  al., 2018.Diporiphora melvillae Hoser, 2015.Diporiphora gracilis Melville et al. 2019.See for Lophognathus horneri Melville et  al., 2018.Diporiphora garrodi Hoser, 2015.Egernia arnhemensis Sadlier, 1990Original name over-written in  expectation ICZN would rule against Wells and Wellington (they didn’t!).Hortonia obiri Wells and  Wellington, 1985 (genus in contention)Emydocephalus  orarius Nankivell et al.  2020Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally ignore rules of ICZN’s  code.Emydocephalus  teesi Hoser, 2016Emydura macquarii dharra Cann, 1998Alleged Wells and Wellington,  1985 not code compliant when it was.Emydura cooki (Wells and  Wellington, 1985)Emydura macquarii emmotti Cann, McCord and Joseph-Ouni, 2003Alleged Wells and Wellington,  1985 not code compliant when it was.Emydura macquarii windorah (Wells and Wellington, 1985)Gehyra arnhemica Oliver, et a. 2020Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.Phryia paulhorneri Hoser, 2018Gehyra capensis Kealley et al., 2018No reason given. But published  several weeks after Hoser, 2018.Dactyloperus bulliardi Hoser,  2018.Flexiseps Erens et al., 2016Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.Clarascincus Hoser,  2015Hapturosaurus Bucklitsch, Böhme and Koch, 2016No reason given. Also co-published  hate rant (Denzer at al. 2016).Shireenhosersaurea Hoser, 2013 Indotyphlops  Hedges et al., 2014Author was a signatory to Kaiser  et al. documents of 2012/2013.Maxhoserus Hoser,  2012Japonigekko  Wood et al. 2019Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally ignore rules of ICZN’s  code.Sparsuscolotes  Hoser, 2018Leiopython  meridionalis Schleip, 2014Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally ignore rules of ICZN’s  code.Leiopython  hoserae Hoser, 2000Leiopython montanus Schleip, 2014Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.Leiopython albertisi bennetti Hoser, 2000Lemuriatyphlops Pyron and Wallach, 2014Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally ignore rules of ICZN’s  code.Elliotttyphlopea Hoser, 2012Lepidodactylus  aignanus Kraus, 2019Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally ignore rules of ICZN’s  code.Shireenhosergecko  jarradbinghami Hoser, 2018Lepidodactylus kwasnickae Kraus, 2019Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.Adelynhosergecko brettbarnetti Hoser, 2018Lepidodactylus mitchelli Kraus, 2019Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.Adelynhosergecko stevebennetti Hoser, 2018Lepidodactylus sacrolineatus Kraus and Oliver, 2020Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.Bobbottomcolotes bobbottomi Hoser, 2018Lepidodactylus zweifeli Kraus, 2019Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.Bobbottomcolotes potens Hoser, 2018Lophognathus horneri Melville et al., 2018No reason given in paper.  Description lifted from Hoser, 2015. Editor cited Kaiser et al. veto.Lophognathus wellingtoni Hoser, 2015Macrochelys apalachicolae Thomas et al., 2014Falsely claimed no holotype ever  existed. Claim rebutted by co-author.Macrochelys muscati Hoser, 2013.Macrochelys suwanniensis Thomas et al., 2014Falsely claimed no holotype ever  existed. Claim rebutted by co-author.Macrochelys maxhoseri Hoser, 2013. Madatyphlops Hedges  et al., 2014Author was a signatory to Kaiser et al. documents of 2012/2013.Ronhoserus Hoser, 2012Malayodracon Denzer, Manthey, Mahlow and Böhme, 2015No reason given. Later published hate  rant (Denzer at al. 2016).Daraninagama  Hoser, 2014Malayopython Reynolds et al., 2013a, 2013b, 2014Invoked Kaiser veto; also falsely  claimed Broghammerus a nomen nudumBroghammerus Hoser, 2004 Malayotyphlops  Hedges et al., 2014Author was a signatory to Kaiser  et al. documents of 2012/2013.Katrinahosertyphlops Hoser, 2012Matobosaurus  Bates et al., 2013Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally ignore rules of ICZN’s  code.Swilesaurus Hoser, 2013Metlapilcoatlus Campbell, Frost and Castoe, 2019No reason given. No citation of  Hoser, 2012.Adelynhoserserpenae Hoser, 2012Microauris  Pal et al. 2018No reason given. No citation of  Hoser, 2014.Tamilnaducalotes Hoser, 2014Monilesaurus Pal et  al. 2018No reason given. No citation of  Hoser, 2014.Skrijelus Hoser, 2014Montivipera xanthina occidentalis Cattaneo, 2017No reason given. No citation  of Hoser, 2016.Montivipera yeomansi europa Hoser, 2016 (or simply M. yeomansi Hoser, 2016)Montivipera xanthina varoli Afsari, Yakin, Cicek and Ayaz  2019No reason given. No  citation of Hoser, 2016.Montivipera snakebustersorum Hoser, 2016.Myuchelys  Thomson and Georges,  2009Falsely claimed Wells 2007 breached  article 8 of Zoological Code.Wollumbinia  Wells, 2007Mopanveldophis Figuero et al., 2016.No reason given. Due to time factor  and authorship, oversight must have been deliberate.Chrismaxwellus Hoser, 2013Narawan Esquerré et al., 2020No reason given in online paper.Nictophylopython  Wells and  Wellington, 1985Naja (Boulengerina) guineensis Wüster et al.  2018Wolfgang Wüster said on Facebook  he invoked Kaiser “veto” to coin new name.Boulengerina jackyhoserae Hoser, 2013Niveoscincus  Hutchinson et al. 1990Deliberately ignored name  authority to rename taxon (nomen furtum).Litotescincus Wells  and Wellington, 1985Oedura elegans Hoskin, 2019Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.Marlenegecko shireenhoserae Hoser, 2017.Oedura nesos Oliver et al. 2020Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.Oedura bulliardi Hoser, 2017Oedura luritja Oliver  and McDonald, 2016Falsely alleged Wells and  Wellington, 1985 name not code compliant.Oedura greeri Wells  and Wellington, 1985Ophiomorus kardesi Kornilios et al., 2018Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.Ophiomorus macconchiei Hoser,  2015Paralaudakia Baig et  al., 2012Author was a signatory to Kaiser et al. documents of 2012/2013.Adelynkimberleyea Hoser, 2012Pogona brevis Witten,  1994Witten falsely claimed the Wells  and Wellington, 1985 holotype was “missing” when it never was.Pogona henrylawsoni Wells and Wellington, 1985Ptychozoon cicakterbang Grismer et al. 2019.Authors over-written Hoser names  previously. See for Mopanveldophis.Cliveevattcolotes (or alternatively Ptychozoon) steveteesi Hoser, 2018 Rhacogekko  Wood et al. 2019Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally ignore rules of ICZN’s  code.Alexteescolotes  Hoser, 2018Silvascincus  Skinner et al., 2013.Co-author Mark Hutchinson has long  term form for renaming Wells and Wellington taxa (e.g. Niveoscincus).Karma  Wells, 2009.Solomonsaurus Bucklitsch, Böhme and Koch, 2016No reason given. Also co-published  hate rant (Denzer at al. 2016).Oxysaurus Hoser, 2013Stegonotus melanolabiatus Ruane et al. 2017No reason given. Ostensibly  overlooked by 6 authors and alleged peer reviewers. Diagnosis effectively  lifted from Hoser 2012.Stegonotus adelynhoserae Hoser, 2012Sundagekko Wood et al. 2019Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.Scelotretus Fitzinger, 1843 Sundatyphlops  Hedges et al., 2014Author was a signatory to Kaiser  et al. documents of 2012/2013.Sivadictus Wells and  Wellington, 1985, (Note: Anilios  Gray, 1845, is a different genus: Type sp. australis)Suta gaikhorstorum Maryan et al. 2020Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.Feresuta hamersleyensis Hoser, 2018Tribolonotus parkeri Rittmeyer and Austin, 2017No reason given.  Remote possibility it was a genuine  oversight.Pediporus (Feretribolonotus) greeri Hoser, 2016Tropicagama Melville et al. 2018No reason given in paper. Description  lifted from Hoser, 2015. Editor cited Kaiser et al. veto.Melvillesaurea Hoser, 2015Tumbunascincus  Skinner et al., 2013Co-author Mark Hutchinson has long  term form for renaming Wells and Wellington taxa (e.g. Niveoscincus).Magmellia Wells, 2009.Tympanocryptis osbornei Melville et al. 2019.Falsely claimed T. lineata holotype was T. telecom Wells and Wellington, 1985  to assert species unnamed.Tympanocryptis lineata Peters, 1863.Varanus  teriae Sprackland, 1991Allegedly overlooked name authority  and then refused to renounce synonym.Varanus  keithhornei (Wells and  Wellington, 1985). (Note: genus assignment is in flux). Xerotyphlops Hedges  et al., 2014Author was a signatory to Kaiser et al. documents of 2012/2013.Lenhosertyphlops Hoser, 2012  Underlined names in original document (not copied here as underlined) are OBJECTIVE synonyms (as in exactly the same type specimen or type species). Items in blue (others) are so-called subjective synonyms, but based on second authors taxonomic diagnosis are one and the same taxon as earlier items on right, meaning oldest available names must be used.  Items in blue typically include specimens from same location and collection series and/or extremely closely related species if genus, with later authors typically lifting important diagnostic material from earlier authors papers (mainly uncited or alternatively derided, but bootlegged). About half the junior synonyms have NOT been recorded in Zoobank (ICZN Repository) as of end January 2020 and many of the others are incompletely listed. All senior Hoser names (most on this list) have been fully recorded in Zoobank at time of original publication since inception of Zoobank (ICZN), and also recorded on publication and archived at Zoological Record, National Library of Australia, Natural History Museum, UK, etc, and fully comply with rules of the in force International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Last updated 20 May 2020. Learn more here at http://www.smuggled.com/scientific-fraud-wolfgang-wuster.htm

[snakebusters]

Taxonomic vandalism in herpetology. 70 illegally coined names.

Illegal name coined by associates of the Wolfgang  Wüster gang of thieves and improperly promoted.

Comments or reasons given by author for breaching  International Code of Zoological  Nomenclature.

Correct taxon name according to scientific  ethics and International Code of  Zoological Nomenclature.

Acanthophis cryptamydros Maddock, Ellis, Doughty, Smith and Wüster, 2015

Falsely alleged Wells and  Wellington, 1985 name not code compliant. See Wellington (2016).

Acanthophis lancasteri Wells and Wellington, 1985

Afronaja  Wallach, Wüster and  Broadley 2009.

Falsely alleged earlier Hoser paper  not published according to Article 8 of Zoological Code.

Spracklandus Hoser, 2009.

Ahaetuliinae Figuero et al., 2016.

No reason given. Due to time  factor and authorship, oversight must have been deliberate.

Charlespiersonserpeniinae Hoser,  2013 (Alt: Ahaetuliinae Hoser, 2013)

Amerotyphlops  Hedges et al., 2014

Author was a signatory to Kaiser  et al. documents of 2012/2013.

Altmantyphlops Hoser, 2012

Antaresia stimsoni (Smith, 1985)

Name published after Wells and  Wellington, 1985, (date priority) but improperly not renounced.

Antaresia saxacola Wells and  Wellington, 1985. Note: Nomen nudem  claim on Wikipedia is false.

Antillotyphlops  Hedges et al., 2014

Author was a signatory to Kaiser  et al. documents of 2012/2013.

Mosestyphlops Hoser, 2012

Archipelagekko Wood et al. 2019

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.

Extentusventersquamus Hoser, 2018

Asiatyphylops Hedges et al., 2014

Author was a signatory to Kaiser  et al. documents of 2012/2013.

Argyrophis Gray, 1845

Bartleia Hutchinson et al. 1990

Deliberately ignored name authority  to rename taxon (nomen furtum).

Techmarscincus  Wells and  Wellington, 1985

Bassiana  Hutchinson et al. 1990

Deliberately ignored name authority  to rename taxon (nomen furtum).

Acritoscincus Wells and Wellington, 1985

Brachyseps Erens et al., 2016

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.

Oxyscincus Hoser,  2015

Broadleysaurus  Bates et al., 2013

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally ignore rules of ICZN’s  code.

Funkisaurus Hoser, 2013

Candoiidae  Pyron et al., 2014

No reason given, but authors and  stated reviewers have improperly attacked Hoser for years.

Candoiidae  Hoser, 2013

Carlia isostriacantha Silva et al. 2018

No reason given. Did not cite  Wells and Wellington, 1985.

Carlia mysteria Wells and Wellington, 1985

Cautula  Hutchinson et al. 1990

Deliberately ignored name authority  to rename taxon (nomen furtum).

Harrisoniascincus  Wells and  Wellington, 1984

Chelodina burrungandjii Thomson, Kennett and Georges, 2000

Alleged Wells and Wellington,  1985 not code compliant when it was.

Chelodina billabong (Wells and Wellington, 1985)

Chelodina canni  McCord  and Thomson, 2002

Falsely claimed Wells and  Wellington, 1985 nomen nudem.

Chelodina rankini Wells and Wellington, 1985

Crocodylus halli Murray et al. 2019

No citation or reason given.

Crocodylus adelynhoserae (Hoser, 2012)

Ctenophorus spinodomus Sadlier, Colgan, Beatson and Cogger, 2019

Falsely claimed Wells and  Wellington, 1985 name invalid.

Ctenophorus hawkeswoodi (Wells and  Wellington, 1985)

Cubatyphlops Hedges  et al., 2014

Author was a signatory to Kaiser et al. documents of 2012/2013.

Dannytyphlops Hoser, 2012

Cyclocoridae, Zaher et al. 2019 (via Weinell and Brown,  2018)

Authors cited Kaiser et al. (2015 version)

Oxyrhabdiumiidae Hoser, 2013.  (by later author’s family definitions)

Dasypeltis arabica Bates and Broadley, 2018

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.

Dasypeltis saeizadi Hoser, 2013

Diporiphora granulifera Melville et al. 2019.

See for Lophognathus horneri Melville et  al., 2018.

Diporiphora melvillae Hoser, 2015.

Diporiphora gracilis Melville et al. 2019.

See for Lophognathus horneri Melville et  al., 2018.

Diporiphora garrodi Hoser, 2015.

Egernia arnhemensis Sadlier, 1990

Original name over-written in  expectation ICZN would rule against Wells and Wellington (they didn’t!).

Hortonia obiri Wells and  Wellington, 1985 (genus in contention)

Emydura macquarii dharra Cann, 1998

Alleged Wells and Wellington,  1985 not code compliant when it was.

Emydura cooki (Wells and  Wellington, 1985)

Emydura macquarii emmotti Cann, McCord and Joseph-Ouni, 2003

Alleged Wells and Wellington,  1985 not code compliant when it was.

Emydura macquarii windorah (Wells and Wellington, 1985)

Gehyra capensis Kealley et al., 2018

No reason given. But published  several weeks after Hoser, 2018.

Gehyra bulliardi Hoser,  2018.

Flexiseps Erens et al., 2016

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.

Clarascincus Hoser,  2015

Hapturosaurus Bucklitsch, Böhme and Koch, 2016

No reason given. Also co-published  hate rant (Denzer at al. 2016).

Shireenhosersaurea Hoser, 2013

Indotyphlops  Hedges et al., 2014

Author was a signatory to Kaiser  et al. documents of 2012/2013.

Maxhoserus Hoser,  2012

Japonigekko  Wood et al. 2019

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally ignore rules of ICZN’s  code.

Sparsuscolotes  Hoser, 2018

Leiopython  meridionalis Schleip, 2014

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally ignore rules of ICZN’s  code.

Leiopython  hoserae Hoser, 2000

Leiopython montanus Schleip, 2014

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.

Leiopython albertisi bennetti Hoser, 2000

Lemuriatyphlops Pyron and Wallach, 2014

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally ignore rules of ICZN’s  code.

Elliotttyphlopea Hoser, 2012

Lepidodactylus  aignanus Kraus, 2019

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally ignore rules of ICZN’s  code.

Shireenhosergecko  jarradbinghami Hoser, 2018

Lepidodactylus kwasnickae Kraus, 2019

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.

Adelynhosergecko brettbarnetti Hoser, 2018

Lepidodactylus mitchelli Kraus, 2019

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.

Adelynhosergecko stevebennetti Hoser, 2018

Lepidodactylus zweifeli Kraus, 2019

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.

Bobbottomcolotes bobbottomi Hoser, 2018

Lophognathus horneri Melville et al., 2018

No reason given in paper.  Description lifted from Hoser, 2015. Editor cited Kaiser et al. veto.

Lophognathus wellingtoni Hoser, 2015

Macrochelys apalachicolae Thomas et al., 2014

Falsely claimed no holotype ever  existed. Claim rebutted by co-author.

Macrochelys muscati Hoser, 2013.

Macrochelys suwanniensis Thomas et al., 2014

Falsely claimed no holotype ever  existed. Claim rebutted by co-author.

Macrochelys maxhoseri Hoser, 2013.

Madatyphlops Hedges  et al., 2014

Author was a signatory to Kaiser et al. documents of 2012/2013.

Ronhoserus Hoser, 2012

Malayodracon Denzer, Manthey, Mahlow and Böhme, 2015

No reason given. Later published hate  rant (Denzer at al. 2016).

Daraninagama  Hoser, 2014

Malayopython Reynolds et al., 2013a, 2013b, 2014

Invoked Kaiser veto; also falsely  claimed Broghammerus a nomen nudum

Broghammerus Hoser, 2004

Malayotyphlops  Hedges et al., 2014

Author was a signatory to Kaiser  et al. documents of 2012/2013.

Katrinahosertyphlops Hoser, 2012

Matobosaurus  Bates et al., 2013

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally ignore rules of ICZN’s  code.

Swilesaurus Hoser, 2013

Microauris  Pal et al. 2018

No reason given. No citation of  Hoser, 2014.

Tamilnaducalotes Hoser, 2014

Monilesaurus Pal et  al. 2018

No reason given. No citation of  Hoser, 2014.

Skrijelus Hoser, 2014

Myuchelys  Thomson and Georges,  2009

Falsely claimed Wells 2007 breached  article 8 of Zoological Code.

Wollumbinia  Wells, 2007

Mopanveldophis Figuero et al., 2016.

No reason given. Due to time factor  and authorship, oversight must have been deliberate.

Chrismaxwellus Hoser, 2013

Naja (Boulengerina) guineensis Wüster et al.  2018

Wolfgang Wüster said on Facebook  he invoked Kaiser “veto” to coin new name.

Boulengerina jackyhoserae Hoser, 2013

Niveoscincus  Hutchinson et al. 1990

Deliberately ignored name  authority to rename taxon (nomen furtum).

Litotescincus Wells  and Wellington, 1985

Oedura luritja Oliver  and McDonald, 2016

Falsely alleged Wells and  Wellington, 1985 name not code compliant.

Oedura greeri Wells  and Wellington, 1985

Ophiomorus kardesi Kornilios et al., 2018

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.

Ophiomorus macconchiei Hoser,  2015

Paralaudakia Baig et  al., 2012

Author was a signatory to Kaiser et al. documents of 2012/2013.

Adelynkimberleyea Hoser, 2012

Pogona brevis Witten,  1994

Witten falsely claimed the Wells  and Wellington, 1985 holotype was “missing” when it never was.

Pogona henrylawsoni Wells and Wellington, 1985

Ptychozoon cicakterbang Grismer et al. 2019.

Authors over-written Hoser names  previously. See for Mopanveldophis.

Cliveevattcolotes (or alternatively Ptychozoon) steveteesi Hoser, 2018

Rhacogekko  Wood et al. 2019

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally ignore rules of ICZN’s  code.

Alexteescolotes  Hoser, 2018

Silvascincus  Skinner et al., 2013.

Co-author Mark Hutchinson has long  term form for renaming Wells and Wellington taxa (e.g. Niveoscincus).

Karma  Wells, 2009.

Solomonsaurus Bucklitsch, Böhme and Koch, 2016

No reason given. Also co-published  hate rant (Denzer at al. 2016).

Oxysaurus Hoser, 2013

Stegonotus melanolabiatus Ruane et al. 2017

No reason given. Ostensibly  overlooked by 6 authors and alleged peer reviewers. Diagnosis effectively  lifted from Hoser 2012.

Stegonotus adelynhoserae Hoser, 2012

Sundagekko Wood et al. 2019

Cited Kaiser et al. (2013) as a basis to illegally  ignore rules of ICZN’s code.

Scelotretus Fitzinger, 1843

Sundatyphlops  Hedges et al., 2014

Author was a signatory to Kaiser  et al. documents of 2012/2013.

Sivadictus Wells and  Wellington, 1985, (Note: Anilios  Gray, 1845, is a different genus: Type sp. australis)

Tribolonotus parkeri Rittmeyer and Austin, 2017

No reason given.  Remote possibility it was a genuine  oversight.

Pediporus (Feretribolonotus) greeri Hoser, 2016

Tropicagama Melville et al. 2018

No reason given in paper. Description  lifted from Hoser, 2015. Editor cited Kaiser et al. veto.

Melvillesaurea Hoser, 2015

Tumbunascincus  Skinner et al., 2013

Co-author Mark Hutchinson has long  term form for renaming Wells and Wellington taxa (e.g. Niveoscincus).

Magmellia Wells, 2009.

Tympanocryptis osbornei Melville et al. 2019.

Falsely claimed T. lineata holotype was T. telecom Wells and Wellington, 1985  to assert species unnamed.

Tympanocryptis lineata Peters, 1863.

Varanus  teriae Sprackland, 1991

Allegedly overlooked name authority  and then refused to renounce synonym.

Varanus  keithhornei (Wells and  Wellington, 1985). (Note: genus assignment is in flux).

Xerotyphlops Hedges  et al., 2014

Author was a signatory to Kaiser et al. documents of 2012/2013.

Lenhosertyphlops Hoser, 2012

 In the original table as printed, the underlined names are OBJECTIVE synonyms (as in exactly the same type specimen or type species - about 30 in total). Items in blue are so-called subjective synonyms, but based on second authors taxonomic diagnosis are one and the same taxon as earlier items on right, meaning oldest available names must be used.  Items in blue typically include specimens from same location and collection series and/or extremely closely related species if genus, with later authors typically lifting important diagnostic material from earlier authors papers (mainly uncited or alternatively derided, but bootlegged). About half the junior synonyms have NOT been recorded in Zoobank (ICZN Repository) as of end Sept 2019 and many of the others are incompletely listed. All senior Hoser names (most on this list) have been fully recorded in Zoobank at time of original publication since inception of Zoobank (ICZN), and also recorded on publication and archived at Zoological Record, National Library of Australia, Natural History Museum, UK, etc, and fully comply with rules of the in force International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.  Learn more at http://www.smuggled.com/scientific-fraud-wolfgang-wuster.htm

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Don't Mess with Mamasaurus You'll Get Jurasskicked Floral shirt, hoodie

Don’t Mess with Mamasaurus You’ll Get Jurasskicked Floral shirt, hoodie

This list of dinosaurs is a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been included in the superorder Dinosauria, excluding class Aves (birds, both living and those known only from fossils) and purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomen dubium), or were not formally published (nomen nudum), as…

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Don't Mess with Mamasaurus You'll Get Jurasskicked Floral shirt, hoodie

Don’t Mess with Mamasaurus You’ll Get Jurasskicked Floral shirt, hoodie

This list of dinosaurs is a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been included in the superorder Dinosauria, excluding class Aves (birds, both living and those known only from fossils) and purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomen dubium), or were not formally published (nomen nudum), as…

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J20151217-0003—Sequoiadendron giganteum—RPBG by John Rusk Via Flickr: Sequoiadendron giganteum—big tree. Not all giant sequoia fit the "towering giant" image. Sequoias were introduced into England within a year of "discovery" in 1852. Indeed, the first scientific description of the tree used the genus _Wellingtonia_ after the Duke of Wellington, a designation that did not sit well with American botanists. Fortunately, for international botanical relations it was soon found that _Wellingtonia_ had been used for another genus and was, thus, a "nomen nudum". The tree was generally assigned to the genus _Sequoia_ along with the coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) until it was assigned its current genus in 1939. The tree is grown in many parts of the world as an ornamental, many of which are now more than 150 years old.) See Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum for a good account of the species, as well as www.monumentaltrees.com/en/trees/giantsequoia/elsewhere/ for a discussion and photos of the trees in locations around the world. Many cultivars exist. Photographed at Regional Parks Botanic Garden located in Tilden Regional Parks near Berkeley, CA.