The Uses of History, 36 – Mussolini and Fascism, 8
The struggle between the two worlds can permit no compromises; it’s either us or them.
Benito Mussolini. (Brainy Quotes)
(Photo Credit – Warfare History Network – Italian 8th Army in Russia, 1942)
On June 22, 1941, over three million German ground troops plunged into the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa,the most massive military campaign in recorded history. They were joined by Axis allied…
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Today I was reminded of a board game that's so jacked up, so broken, and takes so long to play, that finishing it probably counts as a Masquerade violation
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"Inferno Rages in Sand, Sky of Libya War Zone," Toronto Star. May 28, 1942. Page 23.
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WITH TANKS AND PLANES the war has flared again in the Libyan desert as the Axis forces launched a four-pronged drive at British positions west and south of Tobruk. "The biggest tanks I have seen in two years of desert warfare," was the description given by one foreign correspondent of German tanks. The R.A.F. is in heavy action only 15 miles west of Tobruk.
CENTRE OF THE FOUR-PRONGED Axis drive against the British in the desert is between Ain El Gazala, 30 miles west of Tobruk and Bir Hacheim, southeast of Tobruk. There the British have powerful artillery concentrations, such as these, and, according to London sources, the defences in the rear are even more powerful than the outlying strong points.
DURING THE LULL in desert warfare both sides brought up reinforcements and new equipment. The Axis is said to be using bigger tanks with very strong armor. British forces, too, have new equipment. Ever ready for a possible gas attack, British have masks such as this, being placed on a soldier by a South African W.A.A.F. sergeant.
BEST WAY to put enemy aircraft out of action is to blast them, before they get off the ground and both sides have been doing this since the war flamed up again in the Libyan desert. These are Italian planes burning after a British attack on a airdrome.
ROMMEL'S TANK COLUMNS are in the forefront of the Libyan battle and one observer says that almost all the Axis armored columns are now in the fight. London sources state "no real offensive can be mounted unless the attacking forse holde both Bengazi and Tobruk." The Axis is making a fierce drive only 15 miles from Tobruk. The British are confident. "Let 'em come and get us!" is their motto.
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There was this post a while ago where somebody was saying that Cheetahs aren't well suited to Africa and would do well in Midwestern North America, and it reminded me of Paul S. Martin, the guy I'm always pissed off about.
He had some good ideas, but he is most importantly responsible for the overkill hypothesis (idea that humans caused the end-Pleistocene extinctions and that climate was minimally a factor) which led to the idea of Pleistocene rewilding.
...Basically this guy thought we should introduce lions, cheetahs, camels, and other animals to North America to "rewild" the landscape to what it was like pre-human habitation, and was a major advocate for re-creating mammoths.
Why am I pissed off about him? Well he denied that there were humans in North America prior to the Clovis culture, which it's pretty well established now that there were pre-Clovis inhabitants, and in general promoted the idea that the earliest inhabitants of North America exterminated the ecosystem through destructive and greedy practices...
...which has become "common knowledge" and used as evidence for anyone who wants to argue that Native Americans are "Not So Innocent, Actually" and the mass slaughter and ecosystem devastation caused by colonialism was just what humans naturally do when encountering a new environment, instead of a genocidal campaign to destroy pre-existing ways of life and brutally exploit the resources of the land.
It basically gives the impression that the exploitative and destructive relationship to land is "human nature" and normal, which erases every culture that defies this characterization, and also erases the way indigenous people are important to ecosystems, and promotes the idea of "empty" human-less ecosystems as the natural "wild" state.
And also Martin viewed the Americas' fauna as essentially impoverished, broken and incomplete, compared with Africa which has much more species of large mammals, which is glossing over the uniqueness of North American ecosystems and the uniqueness of each species, such as how important keystone species like bison and wolves are.
It's also ignoring the taxa and biomes that ARE extraordinarily diverse in North America, for example the Appalachian Mountains are one of the most biodiverse temperate forests on Earth, the Southeastern United States has the Earth's most biodiverse freshwater ecosystems, and both of these areas are also a major global hotspot for amphibian biodiversity and lichen biodiversity. Large mammals aren't automatically the most important. With South America, well...the Amazon Rainforest, the Brazilian Cerrado and the Pantanal wetlands are basically THE biodiversity hotspot of EVERYTHING excepting large mammals.
It's not HIM I have a problem with per se. It's the way his ideas have become so widely distributed in pop culture and given people a muddled and warped idea of ecology.
If people think North America was essentially a broken ecosystem missing tons of key animals 500 years ago, they won't recognize how harmful colonization was to the ecosystem or the importance of fixing the harm. Who cares if bison are a keystone species, North America won't be "fixed" until we bring back camels and cheetahs...right?
And by the way, there never were "cheetahs" in North America, Miracinonyx was a different genus and was more similar to cougars than cheetahs, and didn't have the hunting strategy of cheetahs, so putting African cheetahs in North America wouldn't "rewild" anything.
Also people think its a good idea to bring back mammoths, which is...no. First of all, it wouldn't be "bringing back mammoths," it would be genetically engineering extant elephants to express some mammoth genes that code for key traits, and second of all, the ecosystem that contained them doesn't exist anymore, and ultimately it would be really cruel to do this with an intelligent, social animal. The technology that would be used for this is much better used to "bring back" genetic diversity that has been lost from extant critically endangered species.
I think mustangs should get to stay in North America, they're already here and they are very culturally important to indigenous groups. And I think it's pretty rad that Scimitar-horned Oryx were brought back in their native habitat only because there was a population of them in Texas. But we desperately, DESPERATELY need to re-wild bison, wolves, elk, and cougars across most of their former range before we can think about introducing camels.
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