#post quantum cryptography

[ncogofficial]

Post Quantum Algorithm: Securing the Future of Cryptography

Can current encryption meet the quantum future? With the entry of quantum computing, classical encryption techniques are under the immediate threat of compromise. There has come a new age with the post quantum algorithm as a vital solution. Having the capability to shield data from being vulnerable to quantum attacks, this fascinating technology promises digital security for the future decades. Different from classic crypto schemes, such algorithms resist even sophisticated quantum attacks. But how do they work, and why are they important? In this article, we’ll explore how post-quantum algorithms are reshaping the cybersecurity landscape — and what it means for the future of encryption.

What is a Post Quantum Algorithm?

A post quantum algorithm is an encryption technique implemented to secure sensitive information from the vast processing power of quantum computers. In contrast to the classic encryption method, which can be cracked using the help of algorithms like Shor’s by quantum computers, this new method takes advantage of maths problems that are difficult for both quantum and classical systems to calculate. Quantum computers employ qubits to process information at new rates, endangering the current state of encryption, such as RSA or ECC.

To counter this, post-quantum solutions employ methods such as lattice-based encryption, code-based cryptography, and hash-based signatures. These are long-term security frameworks that keep data safe, even when there are vast numbers of quantum computers available for cryptographic algorithms.

Why We Need Post Quantum Algorithms Today

Although quantum computers are not yet available, post-quantum implementation of the algorithms in the initial stages is unavoidable. Encryption is not for today — it’s for tomorrow’s data too. A cyberthief will tap encrypted data today and crack it when there’s quantum technology in the future.

The application of a post quantum algorithm nowadays assures long-term secure information protection. Government agencies, banks, and medical providers are already transitioning to quantum-resistant systems.

Types of Post Quantum Algorithms

There are various kinds of post quantum algorithms, and each one has special strengths-

Lattice-based Cryptography: Lattice-based cryptography holds most hope. It relies on lattice problems upon which to build security that even a highly capable quantum computer possesses no way of solving quickly. They do digital signatures and encryption, and are relatively fast. They are quite general, hence are in line for standardization.

Hash-based Cryptography: Hash-based cryptography is primarily digital signature-based. They enjoy the security of traditional cryptographic hash functions and are safe against known quantum attacks. Very secure and grown-up, but generally not employed for encryption due to their size and slow performance, these schemes are only suitable to protect firmware and software patches.

Multivariate Polynomial Cryptography: Multivariate Polynomial Cryptography: Multivariate polynomial cryptography consists of complex mathematical equations involving numerous variables. They provide compact signature generation and verification, which is advantageous in resource-limited settings such as embedded systems.

Code-based Cryptography: Code-based cryptography research has been conducted for many decades and employs error-correcting codes for encrypting and protecting information. It provides very good security against quantum attacks and is particularly suitable for encryption applications. Although code-based cryptosystems have large public key sizes, their long history of resistance makes them a popular selection for protecting information in the long term.

How Post-Quantum Algorithms Work

A post quantum algorithm relies on the concept of using mathematical problems that are hard to break through quantum computers. They are resistant to both classical and quantum attacks. One of them, lattice-based cryptography, uses vectors in high-dimensional space. It is still very hard to solve the lattice problems even for highly powerful quantum processors.

All of the suggested algorithms test extensively for performance, key size, and resistance against any known quantum attacks. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) coordinates the worldwide effort in testing and standardizing the algorithms. They will work on new cryptographic systems used to replace current systems that are vulnerable and offer long-term security of information in a world where quantum computers are readily available and extremely powerful.

Real-World Applications of Post-Quantum Algorithms

Post quantum algorithm application is not a theory. Many companies have already started using them-

Finance: Organisations in the finance sector employ quantum-resistant cryptography to protect confidential financial transactions and customer data. Financial information is confidential for decades, and quantum-safe encryption protects it from hacking in the future. Banks and payment processors are piloting and implementing post-quantum approaches into core security solutions.

Healthcare: The integrity and confidentiality of medical records form the basis of the healthcare business. Healthcare organizations and hospitals have been using quantum-secure encryption to secure patients’ data for decades. Health information is retained for many years, and post-quantum methods provide guarantees that such information will not be vulnerable to future computing breakthroughs.

Government: Government departments manage national security information that may be useful for many decades. Therefore, they are leading the adoption of post-quantum technologies, primarily for secure communication and sensitive documents. Military, intelligence, and diplomatic operations are investing in quantum-resistant technologies to prepare for the future.

Cloud Services: Cloud service providers deploy Quantum-resistant encryption. As cloud infrastructure is responsible for everything from document storage to software services, they have to ensure data protection both in transit and at rest. Cloud giants are experimenting with hybrid approaches that involve classical and post-quantum encryption to protect data even further.

Post Quantum Security in the Modern World

Security does not only mean encrypting information; it means expecting it. That is where post quantum security comes in. With billions of devices connected and more data exchanges taking place, organizations need to think ahead. One quantum attack will reveal millions of records. Adopting a post-quantum algorithm today, companies construct tomorrow-proof resilience.

Transitioning to Post Quantum Algorithms: Challenges Ahead

The transition to a post quantum algorithm presents a sequence of challenges for contemporary organizations. The majority of today’s digital architectures depend on outdated encryption algorithms such as RSA or ECC. Replacing those systems with quantum-resistant technology requires a lot of time, capital, and extensive testing. Post-quantum techniques have greater key lengths and increased computational overhead, affecting performance, particularly on outdated hardware.

To control this transition, companies have to start with proper risk analysis. Companies have to tag the systems handling sensitive or long-term data and have them upgraded initially. Having a clear migration timeline guarantees the process will be seamless. With early execution and adopting hybrid cryptography, companies can phase their systems gradually while being in advance of the quantum attack without sacrificing the security level.

Governments and Global Efforts Toward Quantum Safety

Governments across the globe are actively engaging in countering quantum computing risks. Governments recognize that tomorrow’s encryption must be quantum-resistant. Organizations such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) spearhead initiatives globally by conducting the Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process. The process is to identify the best post quantum algorithm to implement worldwide.

Parallely, nations finance research, sponsor academic research, and engage with private technology companies to develop quantum-resistant digital infrastructures. For the effectiveness of these breakthroughs, global cooperation is necessary. Governments need to collaborate in developing transparent policies, raising awareness, and providing education on quantum-safe procedures. These steps will determine the future of secure communications and data protection.

Understanding Post Quantum Encryption Technologies

Post quantum encryption employs post-quantum-resistant methods to encrypt digital information. This is in conjunction with a post quantum algorithm, which protects encrypted information such that no individual, even quantum computers, can access it. Whether it is emails, financial data, or government documents being protected, encryption is an essential aspect of data protection. Companies embracing quantum encryption today will be tomorrow’s leaders.

The Evolution of Cryptography with Post Quantum Cryptography

Post quantum cryptography is the future of secure communication. Traditional cryptographic systems based on problems like factorization are no longer efficient. Post quantum algorithm…

[digitaledemocratie]

Current Trends in Protecting Electronic Voting Systems Using Modern Cryptography and Blockchain Technology

Introduction Electronic Voting (EV) has emerged as a vital element in contemporary democratic processes, offering citizens a streamlined, accessible, and efficient method for participating in elections. However, as EV systems integrate into society, the need for enhanced security, transparency, and reliability intensifies. This essay explores the state of EV systems, particularly those fortified…

[mathematical-madness]

The day has come!! The first finalised PQC standards have been published - 1 key encapsulation mechanism standard and 2 digital signature standards.

I’ve been creating a public github repo for anyone curious to find out more about quantum preparedness here - let me know any feedback!

[regicidal-defenestration]

I should relisten to Wooden Overcoats don't look at the responsibilities

[elodieunderglass]

That thing is actually a quantum fridge. Mind you if it was a functioning quantum computer you might be able to post memes that were entangled with elections

That picture of Biden looking at a quantum computer and being unable to grasp the true form of what he's seeing

To be fair that's how I would I react too

[entertainologyhub]

Post-Quantum Cryptography: Securing Data in the Quantum Era

The advent of quantum computing poses a significant challenge to modern cryptographic systems. While classical encryption methods have long safeguarded digital communications, the computational power of quantum computers threatens to render them obsolete. Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) emerges as a vital solution, ensuring the continued security of sensitive information in a future dominated by…

[goodoldbandit]

Technology Trends 2025: Exploring Risks and Unveiling Possibilities.

Sanjay Kumar Mohindroo Sanjay Kumar Mohindroo. skm.stayingalive.in Discover the groundbreaking trends, risks, and opportunities in technology for 2025. Learn how AI, quantum computing, and cybersecurity will shape the future. Embracing Innovation with Awareness
 As we step into 2025, the technology landscape continues to evolve at an unprecedented pace, redefining industries and creating…

[reviewshub20]

Post-Quantum Cryptography Advancements: Securing the Future

🌐 Ready for a quantum future? Learn how post-quantum cryptography advancements and quantum networking are transforming data security and enterprise solutions. 🚀 Click to dive in! https://reviews-hub.com/?p=699

Introduction In today’s fast-evolving technological landscape, quantum computing stands out as one of the most groundbreaking advancements of our time. Unlike classical computers, which process information in binary states (0s and 1s), quantum computers harness the principles of quantum mechanics to solve complex problems at unprecedented speeds. This leap forward opens doors to incredible…

[onetechavenue]

IBM-Developed Algorithms Announced as NIST's First Published Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards

MANILA – Two IBM-developed algorithms (NYSE: IBM) have been officially published among the first three post-quantum cryptography standards, announced by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The standards include three post-quantum cryptographic algorithms: two of them, ML-KEM (originally known as CRYSTALS-Kyber) and ML-DSA (originally…

[ncogofficial]

5 Reasons to Switch from Traditional Email to Dmail in 2025

As our virtual world keeps evolving, so do the threats to internet privacy and data integrity. By 2025, it will seem totally out of context to rely on legacy email networks for secure communications. Dmail is a revolutionary decentralized email system rapidly picking up speed. From state-of-the-art privacy to post-quantum cryptographic security, decentralized email offers a fresh perspective on an old issue that has bedeviled digital communications for decades. This article informs us about the five reasons to ditch mainstream email providers and embrace decentralized email today.

5 Reasons to Switch from Traditional Email to Dmail in 2025

As we dive further into the age of digital communication, the shortcomings and vulnerabilities of old email infrastructure have become self-evident. Email services such as Gmail, Yahoo, and Outlook were built on archaic architectures focused on convenience, not privacy, and centralized authority over user control. Compared to them, dmail, which is a decentralized blockchain-based email service, is revolutionizing the concept of safe communication in 2025. Here are five sound reasons why leaping to decentralized email this year is a good and timely move-

1. Unparalleled Privacy through End-to-End Encryption

As opposed to the typical email services that habitually read your letters for adverts or data tracking, dmail has end-to-end encryption by default. Your letters are only readable to you and your sender — no go-betweens, no corporate spying. This kind of privacy matters in a time when personal data is constantly used against them by Big Tech.

2. Real Data Ownership and Control

With conventional email providers, your information resides on central servers and can be exposed to intrusions, spying, and abuse. decentralized email shatters the status quo with decentralized storage of information on blockchain nodes. You own your messages, attachments, and identity — no single company holds keys to your mailbox.

NCOG’s Dmail operates on the green, post-quantum secure Earth Chain. Encrypted and censorship-free communication is assured. Access and data sharing belong to users. Trees are planted for each transaction over $1. It promotes sustainability. Dmail is coupled with Web3ID for easy management of identity. It safeguards privacy, security, and the environment.

3. Post-quantum security for Future-Proof Protection

As quantum computing continues to advance, current encryption techniques employed by older email services are progressively becoming insufficient. Dmail is among the rare platforms actively embracing post-quantum cryptography, protecting your communication in a quantum-enabled future too.

4. Seamless Web3 Integration

decentralized email is Web3 universe-specific. It enables users to send and receive emails using crypto wallet addresses (such as MetaMask or WalletConnect), providing a secure and seamless means of communication within decentralized communities. This makes decentralized email a perfect utility for crypto traders, DAO members, and NFT collectors.

5. No Ads, No Tracking, No Surveillance

If you’re fed up with email services that profit from your attention and your data, decentralized email is a breath of fresh air. Users receive emails without tracking systems and advertising, while algorithms do not alter their inbox content. A distraction-free, minimalist experience focused on secure communication.

Why Dmail is the Future of Secure & Private Communication

One of the best reasons people are utilizing Dmail is due to the fact that it’s secure and private-centric. In contrast to the other email platforms, decentralized email is run through a blockchain-driven decentralized network. What this accomplishes is that your information is not stored on centralized servers vulnerable to hacking and corporate spying.

With dmail, all communication is end-to-end encrypted and stored in a way that even the service providers will not be able to reach it. All users remain in full ownership of their data and can openly communicate without apprehension that their messages will be hacked by third parties. As decentralized, dmail is also resistant to outages and censorship, which gives users ensured access regardless of the situation.

Also, dmail does not depend on selling users’ information to third parties — a common occurrence on conventional platforms. In an age where people worry about surveillance capitalism, decentralized email is a relief, a safe platform whose attraction meets contemporary assumptions about data ownership.

Dmail vs. Gmail: Key Differences & Benefits of Decentralized Email

People doubt whether their technological tools provide advantages in an era of rapidly developing online communication processes. Gmail owns the email industry as the common household name largely because users find its simple design and Google integration convenient. The rising apprehensions about data privacy, combined with surveillance and centralized control issues, are making dmail gain substantial user interest. Let’s compare these specific areas between dmail and Gmail-

1. Centralized vs. Decentralized Infrastructure

The biggest difference between Gmail and dmail is the way they’re organized. Gmail is based on a centralized design. User information and emails are stored on Google’s servers, which makes services simpler to manage but results in a single point of failure. If Google’s servers are compromised, user information can be leaked in bulk.

Conversely, decentralized email is based on a decentralized network of blockchains. The messages are encrypted and sent through a node network, and hence no centralized database can be targeted by hackers. Not only does the distributed system secure data, but it also keeps the network online even if nodes fail.

2. Data Ownership and Privacy

One of the most appealing motives for making the change to dmail is the guarantee of ownership over real data. Gmail users do not have much control over how they would like their data treated. Emails, attachments, and even metadata are scanned, most often, in fact, for targeting ads or machine training.

Dmail provides strict privacy. Your email is end-to-end encrypted, and even the firm that offers the service cannot read it. With no ads and no data mining, dmail provides a sense of respect and control to the user that centralized services like Gmail simply cannot provide.

3. Security and Post-Quantum Readiness

Gmail offers two-factor authentication and spam filtering. However, it still uses conventional encryption methods, which are vulnerable to the advent of quantum computing.

decentralized email advances the post-quantum cryptographic standards by demonstrating leadership in their adoption. This means that even when next-generation quantum computers can erase classical encryption, dmail messages are safe. This forward-looking feature provides dmail with a solid advantage in long-term data security.

4. Web3 Compatibility

As Web3 worlds expand, decentralized email will be the communications layer for dApps, DAOs, and crypto-native users. Gmail does not require a Google account and tends to lock users to centralized identifiers such as phone numbers and IP addresses.

With dmail, users authenticate via their crypto wallets (like MetaMask or WalletConnect). Not only is this more secure, but it also gives way to smoother interactions within blockchain environments, from transaction confirmation to governance alerts.

5. No Ads, No Spam, No Surveillance

Gmail’s “free” service isn’t so free, after all — the users are paying for information. Ads, specials, and algorithmically sorted inboxes are in the package. decentralized email features a spam-proof smart filter with an ad-free setting, bringing a cleaner, safer, and less distracting communications platform.

Dmail for Crypto Users: Why It’s the Safest Way to Send Messages

Crypto-native users already get it. They already appreciate how critical decentralization, anonymity, and wallet-based interactions are. To crypto-native users, decentralized email is not even emailed — it’s the natural extension of their Web3 experience.

With decentralized email, you can send and receive messages with wallet addresses (such as MetaMask and WalletConnect) with very little in the way of classic sign-ups. This painless integration with blockchain wallets means that dmail is not only a communication tool but also a safe notification system for DeFi transactions, NFT drops, DAO governance, etc.

And because the majority of crypto users fall victim to phishing and scams, dmail offers a safe shield against such attacks. It is built with anti-phishing measures, encrypted attachments, and authentication barriers that render impersonation almost impossible. For others who use DeFi services, NFTs, or Web3 DAOs, decentralized email is not an option — it’s mandatory.

Dmail’s AI Integration: How Smart Features Enhance Privacy

What distinguishes dmail in 2025 isn’t merely its unmatched security — it’s the smart, privacy-focused design of its integrated AI capabilities. Unlike other email clients that use centralized servers to drive their artificial intelligence, dmail goes a completely different route. Its AI capabilities are executed locally on your device so that your private data never escapes your system or is transmitted to the cloud.

This local-first AI architecture provides you with the convenience of a contemporary smart email without sacrificing any of the typical privacy trade-offs. decentralized email employs its built-in AI to automatically sort and prioritize messages, so you can address the most urgent and time-sensitive emails in your inbox. From critical work deadlines to confidential memos, dmail makes sure nothing falls through the cracks.

Security is also strengthened. Dmail’s artificial intelligence will recognize phishing attacks, dubious attachments, and menacing links in real time. This high-level security protects you from increasing cybercrime threats without submitting your information to third-party scanners or cloud vendors.

Moreover, decentralized email streamlines inbox management through AI-created summaries of lengthy email chains, so you can glance through the key points at a glance. It even provides the feature to elicit encrypted responses, promoting secure exchange without extra effort.

Unlike Big Tech’s AI programs, which learn from your information to make their algorithms better, dmail doesn’t train its models using your information. It is strictly privacy-by-design, keeping your content private at all times. In a world where AI is most commonly associated with spying, dmail…

[digitaledemocratie]

The Quantum Threat to Blockchain Security: Preparing for the Post-Quantum Era

The emergence of quantum computing poses a significant threat to current blockchain technology and its underlying cryptographic foundations. This comprehensive review paper by Fernández-Caramés and Fraga-Lamas examines how quantum computing impacts blockchain security and explores potential solutions through post-quantum cryptography. As blockchain technology continues to expand beyond…

[nadcablabs9616]

What is post-Quantum Cryptography? How does it work?

Cryptography keeps our digital world safe by ensuring our online activities, like banking and emailing, stay private and secure. It works like a lock and key system, where we can send messages without sharing the key beforehand.

But with the arrival of quantum computers, our digital locks might not hold up anymore. These super powerful computers could easily break the locks on our private emails, making it possible for others to read them. They could also make it easier for fraudsters to steal money through online banking, and even put our country's secrets at risk.

In simple terms, Quantum Computing could break the security we rely on every day online, so we need to find new ways to keep our digital world safe in the future.

What is post-quantum cryptography?

In the quantum computing era, Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) is essential for securing digital communication and data. PQC involves developing cryptographic algorithms that are secure against both quantum and classical computers, and can be easily integrated into current systems.

Research in PQC has led to the development of several promising mathematical schemes, including lattice-based, multivariate polynomial, code-based, hash-based, and isogeny-based cryptography. To standardize these quantum-safe algorithms, the U.S.National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) started a program in 2016.

The following algorithms selected by NIST address general encryption and digital signatures that are crucial for Securing Data Exchanges and identity authentication:

Quantum Threat to Current Cryptography

Current cryptographic algorithms like RSA and ECC are based on mathematical problems that are difficult for classical computers to solve. However, quantum computers, using algorithms like Shor's algorithm, can solve these problems much more quickly, potentially breaking the security of these cryptosystems.

Imagine your digital secrets as treasures locked away in a safe. This safe is like the one you might have at home, protecting your valuables from intruders. Now, think of a new kind of master thief - the quantum computer. It's not like any thief you've ever seen before; it's super smart and can crack your safe in the blink of an eye, without breaking a sweat.

That's the threat hanging over our current way of keeping digital secrets safe. The locks we use, based on complex math puzzles, are like the locks on your safe. They're strong, but quantum computers have powers that can easily break through them. This means our private messages, online purchases, and even government secrets could all be at risk.

And it's not just a future story. Quantum computers are getting smarter and more efficient every day. It's like watching a storm gather on the horizon, knowing it could hit at any moment. That's why experts are scrambling to find new ways to protect our digital secrets before it's too late.

Why Post-Quantum Cryptography is Important?

Ensuring Long-Term Security- Term Security-Implementing PQC demonstrates your commitment to long-term data security and reassures customers that their data is safe.

Securing a Competitive Lead- Being an early adopter of PQC can set your company apart from others. This positions you as a progressive cybersecurity leader and attracts customers who put security first.

Preparing for Regulatory Compliance- Standards bodies like NIST are working on defining PQC standards. Early adoption can help you stay compliant with future regulations and best practices, avoiding potential legal and financial repercussions.

Future-Proofing Your Systems- Transitioning to PQC now ensures that your systems are protected against future threats, avoiding the need for urgent and costly upgrades later.

Implementing Post-Quantum Cryptography

Step 1- Assessing Current Systems

Evaluate your current cryptographic systems and identify which components are vulnerable to quantum attacks. Develop a roadmap for transitioning to PQC, balancing immediate needs with long-term goals.

Step 2: Educating and Training Your Team

Ensure your development team understands PQC, including how the new algorithms work and how to integrate them. Training is crucial for a smooth transition.

Step 3: Selecting Appropriate Algorithms

Choose the right PQC algorithms for your use cases. NIST’s ongoing standardization process is a valuable resource for finding vetted algorithms that meet your needs.

Step 4: Implementing and Testing New Algorithms

Carefully implement the chosen PQC algorithms and rigorously test them to ensure they meet security and performance requirements. Thorough testing is essential to identify and fix potential issues.

Step 5: Communicating with Clients

Inform your clients about the importance of PQC and the steps you’re taking to protect their data. Transparency builds trust and reassures clients that you are proactive about security.

Projecting into the future

Post-Quantum Cryptography is now a reality rather than just a theoretical idea. PQC has been used in a number of ways. OpenSSL has completely supported PQC for digital signatures and fundamental establishment procedures in its most recent version. Being the first to use PQC for main key generation, Signal Protocol, a crucial component of Signal, Google RCS, and WhatsApp communications, also revealed support for the PQXDH protocol. For iMessage, Apple has launched a new PQ3 encryption protocol that provides enhanced post-quantum security features.

PQC is expanding quickly in the fields of cryptography, quantum safe digital signatures, and basic exchange mechanisms. Given the growing hazards associated with quantum supremacy, its broad implementation is inevitable.Because standardized algorithms have not been tested in the real world, they may contain exploitable errors that force them to change or create entirely new algorithms.

Post-Quantum Cryptography has been an important part of cyber security plans for many years. In addition, safety regulations should require or recommend Post-Quantum Cryptography.

Post-Quantum Cryptography is now an integral part of an organization's security, protecting the integrity and confidentiality of sensitive data and preventing quantum attacks.

Businesses need to start preparing for the post-quantum transition from secure lock to impenetrable vault! Service providers are essential to helping businesses succeed at all levels.

How is Nadcab Labs incorporating post-quantum cryptography into its development strategies?

Nadcab Labs is focusing on advancing Post-Quantum Cryptography in its development initiatives. They are playing a supportive role in the development of new cryptographic algorithms that are resistant to quantum computer attacks. Additionally, they are participating in standardization initiatives with prominent organizations like NIST and ETSI, aiming to develop and promote post-quantum cryptographic standards.

Nadcab Labs is preparing to integrate post-quantum cryptography into their products to enhance data security for their customers. Their main goal is to be prepared well in advance of future quantum computing advancements and to strengthen data security by incorporating post-quantum cryptography into their offerings.

Author Profile:

Siddharth Kanojia work at Nadcab Labs, helping businesses succeed online. He uses SEO strategies to make sure companies show up easily when people search the internet. He uses new technology like blockchain to help businesses grow. At Nadcab Labs, our goal is to help businesses get noticed and do well in the digital world with smart digital marketing and innovative solutions.

[govindhtech]

Cryptography’s three primary categories

Cryptography, from the Greek words meaning “hidden writing,” encrypts sent data so only the intended recipient can read it. Applications for cryptography are numerous. Cryptography is essential to our digital world and protects sensitive data from hackers and other cybercriminals, from WhatsApp’s end-to-end message authentication to legal form digital signatures to cryptocurrency mining’s CPU-draining ciphers.

One of the first cryptologists was Julius Caesar. Modern cryptosystems are more advanced yet work similarly. Most cryptosystems start with plaintext, which is encrypted into ciphertext using one or more encryption keys. The recipient receives this ciphertext. If the ciphertext is intercepted and the encryption algorithm is strong, unauthorized eavesdroppers cannot break the code. The targeted receiver can simply decipher the text with the correct decryption key.

Let’s start with robust cryptography frameworks’ key features:

Confidentiality: Only the intended recipient can access encrypted information.

Integrity: Encrypted data cannot be altered in storage or transit between sender and receiver without detection.

Non-repudiation: Encrypted information cannot be denied transmission.

Authentication: Sender, receiver, and information origin and destination are verified.

Key management: Data encryption and decryption keys (and related duties like key length, distribution, generation, rotation, etc.) are secure.

Three encryption types

Hybrid systems like SSL exist, although most encryption methods are symmetric, asymmetric, or hash functions.

Key symmetric cryptography

Symmetric key encryption, also known as private key cryptography, secret key cryptography, or single key encryption, employs one key for encryption and decryption. These systems need users to share a private key. Private keys can be shared by a private courier, secured line, or Diffie-Hellman key agreement.

Two types of symmetric key algorithms:

Block cipher: The method works on a fixed-size data block. If the block size is 8, eight bytes of plaintext are encrypted. Encrypt/decrypt interfaces usually call the low-level cipher function repeatedly for data longer than the block size.

Stream cipher: Stream ciphers convert one bit (or byte) at a time. A stream cipher creates a keystream from a key. The produced keystream is XORed with plaintext.

Symmetrical cryptography examples:

DES: IBM developed the Data Encryption Standard (DES) in the early 1970s. While it is vulnerable to brute force assaults, its architecture remains relevant in modern cryptography. 

Triple DES: By 1999, computing advances made DES unsecure, however the DES cryptosystem built on the original DES basis provides protection that modern machines cannot break.

Blowfish: Bruce Schneer’s 1993 fast, free, public block cipher.

AES: The only publicly available encryption certified by the U.S. National Security Agency for top secret material is AES.

Asymmetric-key cryptography

One secret and one public key are used in asymmetric encryption. This is why these algorithms are called public key algorithms. Although one key is publicly available, only the intended recipient’s private key may decrypt a message, making public key cryptography more secure than symmetric encryption.

Examples of asymmetrical cryptography:

RSA: Founded in 1977 by Rivest, Shamier, and Adleman, the RSA algorithm is one of the oldest public key cryptosystems for secure data transfer.

ECC: ECC is a sophisticated kind of asymmetric encryption that uses elliptic curve algebraic structures to create very strong cryptographic keys.

One-way hash

Cryptographic hash algorithms convert variable-length input strings into fixed-length digests. The input is plaintext, and the output hash is cipher. Good hash functions for practical applications satisfy the following:

Collision-resistant: A new hash is generated anytime any data is updated, ensuring data integrity.

One-way: The function is irreversible. Thus, a digest cannot be traced back to its source, assuring data security.

Because hash algorithms directly encrypt data without keys, they create powerful cryptosystems. Plaintext is its own key.

Consider the security risk of a bank password database. Anyone with bank computer access, authorized or illegal, may see every password. To protect data, banks and other companies encrypt passwords into a hash value and save only that value in their database. Without the password, the hash value cannot be broken.

Future of cryptography

A quantum cryptography

Technological advances and more complex cyberattacks drive cryptography to evolve. Quantum cryptography, or quantum encryption, uses quantum physics’ natural and immutable laws to securely encrypt and transfer data for cybersecurity. Quantum encryption, albeit still developing, could be unhackable and more secure than earlier cryptographic systems.

Post-quantum crypto

Post-quantum cryptographic methods use mathematical cryptography to generate quantum computer-proof encryption, unlike quantum cryptography, which uses natural rules of physics. Quantum computing, a fast-growing discipline of computer science, might exponentially enhance processing power, dwarfing even the fastest super computers. Although theoretical, prototypes suggest that quantum computers might breach even the most secure public key cryptography schemes in 10 to 50 years.

NIST states that post-quantum cryptography (PQC) aims to “develop cryptographic systems that are secure against both quantum and classical computers, and [that] can interoperate with existing communications protocols and networks.”

The six main quantum-safe cryptography fields are:

Lattice-based crypto

Multivariate crypto

Cryptography using hashes

Code-based cryptography

Cryptography using isogeny

Key symmetry quantum resistance

IBM cryptography helps organizations protect crucial data

IBM cryptography solutions offer crypto agility, quantum-safety, and robust governance and risk policies through technology, consulting, systems integration, and managed security. End-to-end encryption tailored to your business needs protects data and mainframes with symmetric, asymmetric, hash, and other cryptography.

Read more on Govindhtech.com

[sageuniversitybpl]

Mathematics in Cryptography: Securing the Digital World

[milkberrymuse]

hiii! i’m nina, i’m 22 years old and i’m a computer science major and undergrad research student. i graduate with my bachelor’s in the fall and plan to pursue my masters right after!

⋆˚𝜗𝜚˚⋆ i looove programming, cybersecurity, and cryptography. my main area of research is post-quantum cryptography, but im still learning!

⋆˚𝜗𝜚˚⋆ i plan on teaching myself japanese in my spare time. but when im not studying, im baking or playing video games!

⋆˚𝜗𝜚˚⋆ i’ll be posting daily progress, study inspo, and more!! this will be like a personal little virtual diary ˶ᵔ ᵕ ᵔ˶

thank you sooo much for reading!! ⋆. 𐙚 ˚

[cyberstudious]

An Introduction to Cybersecurity

I created this post for the Studyblr Masterpost Jam, check out the tag for more cool masterposts from folks in the studyblr community!

What is cybersecurity?

Cybersecurity is all about securing technology and processes - making sure that the software, hardware, and networks that run the world do exactly what they need to do and can't be abused by bad actors.

The CIA triad is a concept used to explain the three goals of cybersecurity. The pieces are:

Confidentiality: ensuring that information is kept secret, so it can only be viewed by the people who are allowed to do so. This involves encrypting data, requiring authentication before viewing data, and more.

Integrity: ensuring that information is trustworthy and cannot be tampered with. For example, this involves making sure that no one changes the contents of the file you're trying to download or intercepts your text messages.

Availability: ensuring that the services you need are there when you need them. Blocking every single person from accessing a piece of valuable information would be secure, but completely unusable, so we have to think about availability. This can also mean blocking DDoS attacks or fixing flaws in software that cause crashes or service issues.

What are some specializations within cybersecurity? What do cybersecurity professionals do?

incident response

digital forensics (often combined with incident response in the acronym DFIR)

reverse engineering

cryptography

governance/compliance/risk management

penetration testing/ethical hacking

vulnerability research/bug bounty

threat intelligence

cloud security

industrial/IoT security, often called Operational Technology (OT)

security engineering/writing code for cybersecurity tools (this is what I do!)

and more!

Where do cybersecurity professionals work?

I view the industry in three big chunks: vendors, everyday companies (for lack of a better term), and government. It's more complicated than that, but it helps.

Vendors make and sell security tools or services to other companies. Some examples are Crowdstrike, Cisco, Microsoft, Palo Alto, EY, etc. Vendors can be giant multinational corporations or small startups. Security tools can include software and hardware, while services can include consulting, technical support, or incident response or digital forensics services. Some companies are Managed Security Service Providers (MSSPs), which means that they serve as the security team for many other (often small) businesses.

Everyday companies include everyone from giant companies like Coca-Cola to the mom and pop shop down the street. Every company is a tech company now, and someone has to be in charge of securing things. Some businesses will have their own internal security teams that respond to incidents. Many companies buy tools provided by vendors like the ones above, and someone has to manage them. Small companies with small tech departments might dump all cybersecurity responsibilities on the IT team (or outsource things to a MSSP), or larger ones may have a dedicated security staff.

Government cybersecurity work can involve a lot of things, from securing the local water supply to working for the big three letter agencies. In the U.S. at least, there are also a lot of government contractors, who are their own individual companies but the vast majority of what they do is for the government. MITRE is one example, and the federal research labs and some university-affiliated labs are an extension of this. Government work and military contractor work are where geopolitics and ethics come into play most clearly, so just… be mindful.

What do academics in cybersecurity research?

A wide variety of things! You can get a good idea by browsing the papers from the ACM's Computer and Communications Security Conference. Some of the big research areas that I'm aware of are:

cryptography & post-quantum cryptography

machine learning model security & alignment

formal proofs of a program & programming language security

security & privacy

security of network protocols

vulnerability research & developing new attack vectors

Cybersecurity seems niche at first, but it actually covers a huge range of topics all across technology and policy. It's vital to running the world today, and I'm obviously biased but I think it's a fascinating topic to learn about. I'll be posting a new cybersecurity masterpost each day this week as a part of the #StudyblrMasterpostJam, so keep an eye out for tomorrow's post! In the meantime, check out the tag and see what other folks are posting about :D