#star_systems

[phonemantra-blog]

The Hubble telescope captured the galaxy NGC 685, made up of more than 100 million stars, appearing to orbit in the depths of space The average galaxy NGC 685 contains at least 100 million stars. About 58 million light-years from Earth, galaxy NGC 685 appears to be orbiting in the depths of space. The Hubble Space Telescope image, the last of six released as part of Hubble's Galaxy Week, shows the galaxy with its spiral arms dotted with countless pockets of bright blue regions called star clusters. Closer to the center of the galaxy, there are also many twisted red wisps, representing bands of gas and dust where new generations of stars form over eons. [caption id="attachment_69171" align="aligncenter" width="598"] galaxy[/caption] NGC 685: a galaxy home to millions of stars surprised Hubble NASA's accompanying description of the photo of the galaxy NGC 685 says it is located in the constellation Eridanus, measures about 60,000 light-years, and may contain at least 100 million stars. In comparison, the Milky Way is estimated to consist of approximately 100 billion stars. Despite the difference in size and number of stars, both galaxies have an interesting feature: they have a central bar that crosses the cores of the galaxies. In this image of the galaxy NGC 685, this red-flecked bar can be seen stretching horizontally within a small circle of gas and dust. Its intense brilliance is due to the many stars concentrated in a relatively small area. Previous studies have shown that such bars are observed in about two-thirds of spiral galaxies. Gas and other material flows into the galactic cores through these bridges, indicating that the galaxy's "formative period" is over, astronomers say. Although little time has been devoted to studying NGC 685, studying bar galaxies like this one helps astronomers understand how galaxies evolve and whether the process is different for our galaxy.

[grifanias]

A little introductory information... maybe someone needs it. The source is Wikipedia, so maybe not all the information is true.

Albireo, β Cygnus, Beta Cygnus, β Cyg is the fifth brightest star in the constellation Cygnus. It is a binary system, clearly visible even in a small telescope.Albireo is an optical binary, that is, two stars at different distances projected onto close points of the starry sky. It is now known that Albireo A and B form a true binary system with an orbital period of about 100,000 years. Albireo forms the "Northern Cross".

For convenience in my sketch, Albivereo is a combination of the names of stars from this system. Albi is a blue-white star. Vereo is a yellow-orange star.

The darkness and emptiness of space is terrifying, but it doesn't matter if you're happy. Two bright lights with such different color temperatures looked so harmoniously with each other and moved in a charming dance

One was a rather bright yellow-orange guy in a neat suit and long hair that was pulled back in a ponytail, with a bluish tie around his neck that echoed his partner's outfit. He was beaming at her.

The second is a girl whose hair is slightly disheveled. A loose shirt and a light skirt that beautifully developed from the movements in the dance, and a cute orange bow on her neck to match her partner. She smiled radiantly, The dance really gave her pleasure, because she danced with him, Albi has known him for so long, they have always been together. Albivereo will never break up... or not?

Альбирео, β Лебедя, Бета Лебедя, β Cyg — пятая по яркости звезда в созвездии Лебедя. Представляет собой двойную систему, хорошо различимую даже в небольшой телескоп.Альбирео — оптическая двойная, то есть две звезды на разных расстояниях, проецирующиеся на близкие точки звёздного неба. Сейчас известно, что Альбирео A и B образуют настоящую двойную систему с периодом обращения около 100000 лет. Альбирео образует «Северный крест».

Для удобства в моей зарисовке, Альбиверео-это объединение имен звезд из этой системы. Альби-бело-голубая звезда. Верео-желто-оранжевая звезда.

Темнота и пустота космоса наводит ужас, но это не важно если ты счастлив. Два светлых огонька с такими разными температурами цвета так гармонично смотрелись друг с другом и двигались в чарующем танце

Один- достаточно яркий желто-оранжевый парень в опрятном костюме и длинными волосами , что были собраны в хвост, с голубоватым галстуком на шее ,что перекликался с нарядом своей партнерши. Он лучезарно улыбался для нее.

Вторая- Девушка чьи волосы слегка растрепанны. Свободна рубашка и легкая юбка что красиво развивалась от движений в танце, и милый оранжевый бантик на шее под стать ее партнеру. Она лучезарно улыбалась Танец по настоящему доставлял ей удовольствие, ведь она танцевала именно с ним, Альби так долго знает его, они всегда были вместе. Альбиверео никогда не расстанется… или нет?

[celestialstarsystem]

Celestial-star_system / Celestial System

System tag: ~ 🌌

System type: not entirely sure/diagnosed so no labels d:

Alter count: 70+

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Collective name: Nico or nemi

Collective pronouns: he/it

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System info ✨✨

Core: Nico/nemi

Host: doesn't want to say at the moment !!

Frequent frontiers: you can ask it ranges alot d:

Has: ADHD, dyslexia, claustrophobia, talassophobia

———————————————

Dni: proshipers, transphobes, homophobes, basically if you like something that's immoral get off our page and block us<3

[web1995]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_system

[wigmund]

From Wikipedia Picture of the Day; January 28, 2018:

Rho Ophiuchi is a multiple star system in the constellation Ophiuchus. The central system has an apparent magnitude of 4.63. Based on the central system's parallax of 9.03 mas, it is located about 360 light-years (110 parsecs) away. The other stars in the system are slightly farther away.

Photograph: Rogelio Bernal Andreo

[amagicalcollectorballoonpos-blog]

3D Anaglyph Solar System

I made this!

It's in Chapters 13 and 14 of 3D Game Programming for Kids

// This is where stuff in our game will happen: var scene = new THREE.Scene(); // This is what sees the stuff: var width = 400; var height = 300; var aspect_ratio = 400 / 300; var above_cam = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(50, aspect_ratio, 1, 1e6); above_cam.position.z = 1500; above_cam.position.y = 200; scene.add(above_cam); var earth_cam = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(50, aspect_ratio, 1, 1e6); scene.add(earth_cam); var camera = above_cam; // This will draw what the camera sees onto the screen: var renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer(); renderer.setSize(width, height); //THREE.StereoCamera.eyeSep(0.64); effect = new AnaglyphEffect(renderer,width, height); effect.setSize(width, height); document.getElementById("ice-code-2017-09-11").appendChild(renderer.domElement); // document.getElementById("ice-code-2017-09-11").style.backgroundColor = 'black'; // ******** START CODING ON THE NEXT LINE ******** // var surface = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({ambient:0xFFD700}); var surface = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({emissive:0xFFD700, color:0xFFD700}); var star = new THREE.SphereGeometry(50, 28, 21); var sun = new THREE.Mesh(star, surface); scene.add(sun); var ambient = new THREE.AmbientLight(0xFFFFFF, 1); scene.add(ambient); var sunlight = new THREE.PointLight(0xFFD700, 5, 0); sunlight.position.set(0, 0, 0); sun.add(sunlight); var surface = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({specular:0x000000,emissive:0x0000cd, color: 0x808080}); var planet = new THREE.SphereGeometry(20, 20, 15); var earth = new THREE.Mesh(planet, surface); var surface = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({specular:0x000000,emissive:0x330000, color: 0x808080}); var planet = new THREE.SphereGeometry(15, 20, 15); var venus = new THREE.Mesh(planet, surface); var sun_frame_of_reference = new THREE.Object3D(); sun.add(sun_frame_of_reference); sun_frame_of_reference.add(earth); earth.position.set( 0, 0, 850); var sun_frame_of_reference2 = new THREE.Object3D(); sun.add(sun_frame_of_reference2); sun_frame_of_reference2.add(venus); venus.position.set( 0, 0, 500); var surface = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({specular:0x000000,emissive:0x333333, color: 0x808080}); var planet = new THREE.SphereGeometry(3, 30, 25); var moon = new THREE.Mesh(planet, surface); var earth_frame_of_reference = new THREE.Object3D(); // earth_frame_of_reference seems better name than moon_orbit var earth_frame_of_reference2 = new THREE.Object3D() earth.add(earth_frame_of_reference); earth_frame_of_reference.add(moon); moon.position.set(0,0,50); //earth_frame_of_reference.add(earth_cam); earth.add(earth_cam); var EulerRotation = new THREE.Euler(0,Math.PI,0); earth_cam.setRotationFromEuler(EulerRotation); /* Comment-out star field. Can easily reverse if desired by removing multi-line comment codes. var stars = new THREE.Geometry(); while (stars.vertices.length<1e4){ var lat = Math.PI*Math.random() - Math.PI/2; var lon = 2*Math.PI*Math.random(); stars.vertices.push(new THREE.Vector3(1e5*Math.cos(lon)*Math.cos(lat), 1e5*Math.sin(lon)*Math.cos(lat), 1e5*Math.sin(lat))); } var star_stuff = new THREE.PointsMaterial({size:500}); var star_system = new THREE.Points(stars, star_stuff); scene.add(star_system); */ var time = 0; var speed =1; var pause = false; // Now, show what the camera sees on the screen: clock = new THREE.Clock(); function animate(){ requestAnimationFrame(animate); //renderer.render(scene, camera); if (pause) return; time = time + speed; var e_angle = time*0.001; earth.position.set(850*Math.cos(-e_angle),0, 850*Math.sin(-e_angle)); //sun_frame_of_reference.rotation.set(0,e_angle,0); var v_angle = time*0.002; sun_frame_of_reference2.rotation.set(0,v_angle,0); var m_angle = time*0.02; earth_frame_of_reference.rotation.set(0,m_angle,0); effect.render(scene, camera); } animate(); document.addEventListener("keydown", function(event){ var code = event.keyCode; if (code==67) changeCamera(); //C if (code==32) changeCamera(); //space if (code==80) pause =!pause; //P if (code==49) speed =1; // 1 if (code==50) speed = 2; //2 if (code==51) speed = 10; //3 }); function changeCamera(){ if (camera==above_cam) camera=earth_cam; else camera = above_cam; } function AnaglyphEffect ( renderer, width, height ) { // Matrices generated with angler.js https://github.com/tschw/angler.js/ // (in column-major element order, as accepted by WebGL) this.colorMatrixLeft = new THREE.Matrix3().fromArray( [ 1.0671679973602295, -0.0016435992438346148, 0.0001777536963345483, // r out -0.028107794001698494, -0.00019593400065787137, -0.0002875397040043026, // g out -0.04279090091586113, 0.000015809757314855233, -0.00024287120322696865 // b out ] ); // red green blue in this.colorMatrixRight = new THREE.Matrix3().fromArray( [ -0.0355340838432312, -0.06440307199954987, 0.018319187685847282, // r out -0.10269022732973099, 0.8079727292060852, -0.04835830628871918, // g out 0.0001224992738571018, -0.009558862075209618, 0.567823588848114 // b out ] ); var _camera = new THREE.OrthographicCamera( - 1, 1, 1, - 1, 0, 1 ); var _scene = new THREE.Scene(); var _stereo = new THREE.StereoCamera({eyeSep:0.064}); var _params = { minFilter: THREE.LinearFilter, magFilter: THREE.NearestFilter, format: THREE.RGBAFormat }; if ( width === undefined ) width = 512; if ( height === undefined ) height = 512; var _renderTargetL = new THREE.WebGLRenderTarget( width, height, _params ); var _renderTargetR = new THREE.WebGLRenderTarget( width, height, _params ); var _material = new THREE.ShaderMaterial( { uniforms: { "mapLeft": { value: _renderTargetL.texture }, "mapRight": { value: _renderTargetR.texture }, "colorMatrixLeft": { value: this.colorMatrixLeft }, "colorMatrixRight": { value: this.colorMatrixRight } }, vertexShader: [ "varying vec2 vUv;", "void main() {", " vUv = vec2( uv.x, uv.y );", " gl_Position = projectionMatrix * modelViewMatrix * vec4( position, 1.0 );", "}" ].join( "\n" ), fragmentShader: [ "uniform sampler2D mapLeft;", "uniform sampler2D mapRight;", "varying vec2 vUv;", "uniform mat3 colorMatrixLeft;", "uniform mat3 colorMatrixRight;", // These functions implement sRGB linearization and gamma correction "float lin( float c ) {", " return c <= 0.04045 ? c * 0.0773993808 :", " pow( c * 0.9478672986 + 0.0521327014, 2.4 );", "}", "vec4 lin( vec4 c ) {", " return vec4( lin( c.r ), lin( c.g ), lin( c.b ), c.a );", "}", "float dev( float c ) {", " return c <= 0.0031308 ? c * 12.92", " : pow( c, 0.41666 ) * 1.055 - 0.055;", "}", "void main() {", " vec2 uv = vUv;", " vec4 colorL = lin( texture2D( mapLeft, uv ) );", " vec4 colorR = lin( texture2D( mapRight, uv ) );", " vec3 color = clamp(", " colorMatrixLeft * colorL.rgb +", " colorMatrixRight * colorR.rgb, 0., 1. );", " gl_FragColor = vec4(", " dev( color.r ), dev( color.g ), dev( color.b ),", " max( colorL.a, colorR.a ) );", "}" ].join( "\n" ) } ); var mesh = new THREE.Mesh( new THREE.PlaneBufferGeometry( 2, 2 ), _material ); _scene.add( mesh ); this.setSize = function ( width, height ) { renderer.setSize( width, height ); var pixelRatio = renderer.getPixelRatio(); _renderTargetL.setSize( width * pixelRatio, height * pixelRatio ); _renderTargetR.setSize( width * pixelRatio, height * pixelRatio ); }; this.render = function ( scene, camera ) { scene.updateMatrixWorld(); if ( camera.parent === null ) camera.updateMatrixWorld(); _stereo.update( camera ); renderer.render( scene, _stereo.cameraL, _renderTargetL, true ); renderer.render( scene, _stereo.cameraR, _renderTargetR, true ); renderer.render( _scene, _camera ); }; this.dispose = function() { if ( _renderTargetL ) _renderTargetL.dispose(); if ( _renderTargetR ) _renderTargetR.dispose(); }; }

[phonemantra-blog]

On October 29, the INFUSE mission launched, designed to study the formation of star systems through the study of data on supernova explosions On October 29, 2023, the INFUSE mission will launch, designed to explore the mysteries of the emergence of new star systems through the study of supernova explosions. The sounding rocket launches from the White Sands Range in New Mexico. Every year, the constellation Cygnus attracts astronomers in the northern hemisphere. A special artifact of the night sky directly above this constellation is the Veil Nebula, which has become a favorite object of observation for both amateur astronomers and scientific researchers. It is the remnant of a star whose size in the past exceeded the mass of our Sun by 20 times. About 20,000 years ago, this giant star underwent gravitational collapse, resulting in a brilliant supernova explosion. Even at a distance of 2,600 light years, the brightness of this event was sufficient that it could be observed from Earth even in daylight. [caption id="attachment_76772" align="aligncenter" width="727"] star systems[/caption] Supernova explosions are an integral part of the life cycle of a star. They eject into the surrounding space heavy elements formed in the core of the star, which subsequently becomes a source of chemical elements that exceed the mass of iron. As a result, planets, stars, and new star systems gradually form over time from the dispersed clouds of dust and gas left after the flare. The Veil Nebula provides a unique opportunity to observe a recent supernova explosion in its active stage. This huge cloud, more than 120 light years in size, continues to expand at a speed of about 1.5 million kilometers per hour. The INFUSE mission is the key to understanding the formation of star systems What astronomers detect with telescopes is not the explosion itself, but the dust and gas superheated by the shock wave and manifesting itself as a glow as it cools. To study the shock wave, Professor Brian Fleming and his team developed a telescope capable of detecting ultraviolet radiation, which has too high an energy for human vision to perceive. This light will help reveal the glow of dust and gas that has been hit by the shock waves and is still at a high temperature after the process. The INFUSE mission is an innovative spectrograph that is the first instrument of its kind to go into space. This tool combines the advantages of two techniques: optical imaging and spectroscopy. Modern optical telescopes have excellent cameras that allow them to accurately determine the direction of light and its spatial location. But they can't separate the light into its different wavelengths, and the resulting image ends up with different spectra superimposed on each other. In turn, spectroscopy divides a light beam into its components - certain spectra, similar to the division of a light beam by a prism into a rainbow. This procedure will help reveal a lot of additional information about the composition of the light source, its temperature, and the dynamics of the processes occurring. However, spectroscopy can help analyze only a narrow strip of light at a time, similar to looking at the night sky through a narrow keyhole. The INFUSE instrument creates an image and then “cuts” it—the spectrometer separates each strip into a spectrum. This data can be reconstructed into a three-dimensional "data cube" - a stack of images where each layer reveals a specific wavelength of light. Using data obtained from INFUSE, Professor Fleming and his team will be able to not only identify specific elements and their temperatures but also analyze the location of these elements along the shock wave. INFUSE will be launched into space aboard a sounding rocket. These are miniature rockets that fly into space for a few minutes to collect scientific data. The mission will launch a two-stage Black Brant 9 rocket to a peak altitude of about 240 kilometers before parachuting down to the ground for recovery. The team has already planned to upgrade the tool and relaunch. Moreover, some parts of the rocket are already being reused from the previous launch of the DEUCE mission, which took place in Australia in 2022.

[phonemantra-blog]

Astronomers have discovered a galaxy that already had a high concentration of metals a billion years after the Big Bang. Early galaxies contain mostly hydrogen and helium, but this distant galaxy is anomalously rich in metals The universe is becoming more metallic over time: in its younger days, it was composed mostly of hydrogen and helium. But recently, researchers discovered a galaxy that was well ahead of this trend and, a billion years after the Big Bang, had accumulated a high content of metals. Almost all atoms heavier than helium originate in stars, the “forges of the cosmos,” which transform primordial materials into the many different elements we see today. These "forges" process the finite amount of hydrogen and helium in the Universe. As a result, the total supply of hydrogen decreases over time, while the proportion of heavier elements (which astronomers call "metals" regardless of their actual metallic properties) increases. When astronomers look back and observe the early stages of the universe, they expect to see mostly pure hydrogen and helium. [caption id="attachment_68900" align="aligncenter" width="780"] galaxy[/caption] This prediction is generally supported by observations, and when looking at galaxies created in the first 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang, researchers most often observe clouds of gas that contain almost no metals. However, a collaboration led by Jianhao Huyang of the University of South Carolina recently discovered a contradiction to this convention: their observations of a hazy galaxy created a billion years ago showed a metal fraction higher than predicted for such a young source by more than two orders of magnitude. Astronomers have discovered a galaxy that set the trend for a high proportion of metals before anyone else Huyang and his colleagues made this discovery by observing a distant quasar called SDSS J002526.84-014532.5, which has a redshift of 5.07. Between the Earth and this source, there is a galaxy with a redshift of 4.74. As light from a quasar passes through the diffuse gas of a galaxy on its way to our telescopes, certain wavelengths of radiation are preferentially absorbed by the molecules and atoms they encounter along the way. By measuring the relative amount of this absorption, the researchers were able to determine which elements were trying to block the path of light and how dense they were. They discovered that the galaxy contains significant amounts of carbon, oxygen, magnesium, and other heavy elements. Just 1.2 billion years after the Big Bang, this galaxy already had a greater relative amount of carbon and oxygen than our own Sun, which was born many billions of years later. Models of early galaxy formation predict a significantly lower proportion of metals, even taking into account the large uncertainties of described but not yet seen first-generation stars. Like many unexpected discoveries, the authors of the present study cannot yet explain what could lead to such a significant content of heavy elements. They acknowledge that this may be because looking at this particular direction may have passed through a patch of "developed" gas, and the galaxy as a whole may be as metal-poor as expected. However, in this case, they will not be able to explain how the light passed through such a small area with exactly the composition data obtained. It may be time to reconsider models of the chemical evolution of early galaxies, or there may be something special about this particular galaxy that remains hidden.

[phonemantra-blog]

Astrophysicists have discovered that the young star cluster IRS13 near the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* is much younger than expected. The IRS13 cluster migrated to the black hole due to friction with the interstellar medium and collisions with other clusters An international team led by Dr. Florian Peisskei from the Institute of Astrophysics at the University of Cologne has studied in detail a young star cluster near the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) at the center of our galaxy and found that it is much younger than previously estimated. This cluster, known as IRS13, was discovered more than twenty years ago, but only now has it been possible to identify its components in detail by combining a wealth of data collected using different telescopes over several decades. The stars inside the cluster are several hundred thousand years old—they are extremely young by the standards of stellar life. For comparison, our Sun is about 5 billion years old. The galaxy's high-energy radiation and tidal forces make it surprising to have so many young stars near a supermassive black hole. [caption id="attachment_65577" align="aligncenter" width="453"] IRS13 star[/caption] Young stars near a black hole: the mystery of the IRS13 star cluster near Sagittarius A* The study used observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to record a spectrum free from interference from the galactic center. This spectrum reveals the presence of water ice in the galactic center. This water ice, which is often found in dusty disks around very young stars, was another independent indicator of the youth of some stars near the black hole. In addition to JWST's unexpected discovery of young stars and water ice, the researchers also discovered that IRS13 has a turbulent formation history. The results of the study suggest that IRS13 migrated to the supermassive black hole under the influence of friction with the interstellar medium, collisions with other star clusters, or internal processes. And then this star cluster was attracted by the gravity of the black hole. The process also created a compacted formation at the “top” of the cluster due to the dust surrounding the cluster. The increase in dust density stimulated further star formation. This explains why young stars are found mostly at the "top" or front of the cluster. “The analysis of IRS13 and interpretation of the history of this cluster is the first attempt to resolve a decades-old mystery about unexpectedly young stars at the galactic center. In addition to IRS13, there is another star cluster - the so-called S-cluster, which is even closer to the black hole and also consists of young stars. They are also much younger than is possible according to accepted theories,” says Dr. Paisskea. The results obtained about the IRS13 star cluster provide an open opportunity for further studies of the relationship between proximity to the black hole and regions several light years away. The second author of the study, Dr Mišal Zajaček from Masaryk University in Brno (Czech Republic), added: “The IRS13 star cluster appears to hold the key to the origin of the dense stellar population at the center of our galaxy. We have collected extensive evidence that very young stars within the range of a supermassive black hole could form in star clusters such as IRS13. This is also the first time we have been able to identify stellar populations of different ages - hot main sequence stars and young embryonic stars in a cluster so close to the center of the Milky Way."