#Best Solar System Cambridge

[aspaceinthecosmos]

Happy International Women's Day!

Women are underrepresented in the fields of astronomy and physics. According to the International Astronomical Union (IAU), between 20-30% of astronomers are women. While many well-known astronomers are men, there have been numerous female astronomers in history who have made incredible discoveries, but who history has forgotten. Today we'll go over some of those women and their accomplishments.

Annie Jump Cannon (1863-1941)

Annie Jump Cannon is the woman responsible for our current stellar classification system, which organizes stars based on spectral types and temperature.

She worked at Harvard Observatory as a computer, working on the Henry Draper Catalogue, which attempted to map and classify all the stars in the sky. She was regarded as the best out of the computers, being able to accurately classify the stars incredibly quickly, up to three stars per minute.

Cannon's classification system (O, B, A, F, G, K, M) is still in use today, and separates stars into one of these spectral groups based on different characteristics of their absorption lines.

Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868-1921)

Henrietta Leavitt is most well known for her discovery of the period-luminosity relationship of Cepheid variable stars.

Henrietta Leavitt was also a computer at Harvard Observatory in the late 1800s and early 1900s, working on cataloguing positions and luminosities of stars. In 1912, Edward Pickering published a paper with Leavitt's observations, which contained a relationship between the brightness of the Cepheid and the logarithm of the period of it.

This discovery, and the ensuing P-L relationship (sometimes known as Leavitt's Law), allowed astronomers to determine the distance to further objects. Because Cepheids are visible in nearby galaxies, astronomers were able to determine that these galaxies (or nebulae, as they were called then), were actually much further away than previously thought, leading to our current understanding of the universe and galaxies outside our own.

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900-1979)

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was the first astronomer to conclude that stars are primarily made of hydrogen and helium.

At the time her thesis was proposed in 1925, it was thought that the sun had a similar elemental composition as the Earth. Payne-Gaposchkin, however, had studied quantum physics, and recognized that the differences in absorption lines between different stars was due to ionization and temperature differences, not elemental differences, and that stars were primarily made of hydrogen and helium, with heavier elements making up less than two percent of stars' masses.

Her theory was met with resistance, and she even put a disclaimer in her thesis, saying the results were "almost certainly not real" in order to protect her career. She was, however, proven right within a few years, and her discovery shaped our knowledge of the composition of the universe.

Vera C. Rubin (1928-2016)

Vera Rubin is most well known for studying the rotation curves of galaxies, and finding a discrepancy that didn't align with the current understanding of physics. This discovery was used as evidence of dark matter, as proposed by Zwicky in the 1930s.

Rubin discovered that spiral galaxies didn't rotate as expected. When looking at our solar system, the outer planets orbit slower due to the inverse square nature of gravity. However, this decaying rotation curve wasn't what was found in spiral galaxies - rather, the outer edges of the galaxies were rotating at about the same speed as the inner areas.

According to Rubin's calculations, galaxies contained 5-10 times more mass than what was accounted for with visible matter. This supported the dark matter theory, and resulted in the current "anatomy" of galaxies, with the visible matter surrounded by a dark matter halo.

Jocelyn Bell (1943-present)

Jocelyn Bell discovered pulsars among a sea of data as a graduate student at Cambridge.

Pulsars (shortened from pulsating radio stars) are rapidly rotating neutron stars, which emit bursts of radiation at extremely short and consistent time intervals.

Bell discovered these, and published the findings in a paper with her thesis supervisor, Antony Hewish. in 1974, Hewish received the Nobel Prize in physics for this discovery, while Bell was omitted, due to her status as both a woman and a graduate student. In 2018, she was awarded the Breakthrough prize in Fundamental Physics for her discovery, and used the three million dollar reward to help minorities in physics.

[scribbles97]

The Nightmare Come True - Part 5 and The End

Thanks @loopstagirl for the original idea of this whole fic that spiralled far further than I think either of us expected. Scott's POV 1 | Part 1 | Scott's POV 2 | Part 2 | Scott's POV 3 | Part 3 | Scott's POV 4 | Part 4

Christmas had come and gone as loudly as it always did in their house. 

The best gift for Gordon was the day his oldest brother had turned up at a training session alongside Jeff, the kid hadn’t stopped talking about it for a week. Jeff had been confident Scott would soon be making his way into the pool himself, especially if his request for an olympic sized pool on their newly purchased island was anything to go by. 

John and Virgil had both returned home for the holidays full of stories and with open invites for their big brother to visit them at their respective colleges come the following semester. Scott had been keen, immediately opening his calendar and circling dates between appointments and other plans. 

Even Jen had paid a brief visit, greeting the younger brothers as old friends proving just how much Scott had spoken of them all to his squad at one point or another. 

By spring Jeff had noticed just how Scott had begun to fill out again, his time in the gym paying off and rebuilding the muscle that had been lost. He was starting to relax, to enjoy life as he once had and found the confidence he had always worn like a comfortable jacket. Gradually, he was becoming a version of the son Jeff recognised. 

March was spent in the air, racking up supervised flight hours after passing the required psych exams. It had taken time for him to be comfortable in the pilot's seat again, but Scott had said himself that being in the air was as natural to him as being in the water was for Gordon. All he had needed was a supportive shoulder, one that Jeff was willing to offer. 

By his birthday, Scott’s full pilot’s license had been reinstated, giving cause for a celebration alone without the news of John’s new Space Rated status. They had called Virgil on hologram, celebrating from their separate corners of the country louder than they had done over the festive period.

It had been late in the night when Jeff had found Scott out on the porch, a letter discarded but evidently not forgotten in his lap.

“I was going to tell you earlier, but the surprise party kind of distracted me.” Scott had smiled as Jeff had joined him on the step and poured them each a measure of whiskey.

“Cambridge offered me a spot to study English Lit, it’s all online so I’d only need to go over twice a semester so I’d still be able to--” He paused to glance over his shoulder, making sure no younger brothers were lingering in the kitchen.

Jeff had chuckled, glad that Scott was doing something for himself, something that didn’t immediately lead to any plans that had seemingly always been in place.  

“You don’t have to, you know?” He had pointed out, “If you want to take some time for yourself before joining the Project…”

Scott had shook his head, grinning as he sipped his drink, “I want to get in the air again, Dad, and that rocket? I’m not letting you have all the fun.”

Both had laughed at the implication, wordlessly reaching their glasses towards one another in a silent salute to everything they had overcome in that year alone. 

Things still weren’t perfect, Alan and Gordon were far from happy about moving to a boarding school away from their family. Scott still had a way to go before he was back at his full strength and fitness, but with the encouragement from Val and Lee, he was well on his way to outperforming them all. 

“This is what I need.” Scott had nodded, “Despite everything, I’m glad we’ve ended up here Dad.” 

Jeff had slung an arm over his shoulders and pulled him close, “Me too kid, me too.” 

Of course, it hadn’t lasted. 

A short eighteen months later, Jeff had been shot into the farthest reaches of their solar system. He had been sure that he would never see his family, his boys, again. It hadn’t mattered what he had tried with the engines, there had been no way for him to get home. He had tried, time and again to find a way to get through to them but it had eventually become apparent that all he could do was try to stay alive.

He had taken to sketching and writing when he wasn’t trying to keep himself alive, focussing on thoughts of each of his boys. How Scott was at least back doing something he loved, that John had made it to space as he had always wanted to, that Virgil was close to graduating with Honors on his engineering degree, that Gordon would have made it to the Olympics, and Alan at least had four older brothers to look out for him. It had been the thought and memory of them that had kept him going, the irony not lost on him that it had been the same things that had kept Scott going through his imprisonment. 

There had been little else to occupy him over those long years. 

He had never given up hope, not even as the planetoid had begun to separate beneath his feet, he had known they would come. 

Right at the last possible second, he had spotted Scott. 

Just like that, their roles were reversed. 

Scott had stepped up in the time Jeff had been gone, and the more he had seen of the man his eldest had become, the more his heart had hurt. 

He had dropped out of his Literature degree almost immediately after Jeff had gone, had taken up the role of commander in International rescue, and the role of Father to younger brothers that weren’t ready to be orphans. Once again, thanks to Jeff, Scott had lost sight of the man he wanted to be for himself.

Once again, Jeff had vowed to set that right.

There had been months of recovery, hospital appointments and physiotherapy, most of it familiar from the year before he had taken the unexpected trip. Scott had resolutely been at his side through all of it. 

“Alan asked how you did it…” Scott had started one night, sat out by the pool waiting for Virgil and Gordon to return home from a rescue.

Jeff hadn’t needed further clarification as he had trailed off. He’d had therapy that morning, had spent the day pulling his boys closer after talking about what the isolation had done to him. Of course, they had all picked up on it.

“I imagine much the same way as you did during the war,” Jeff admitted softly, “Thinking of your family, remembering all the good times.”

Before he had left, talking about the war had been coming easier for Scott. It hadn’t taken long for Jeff to realize that Scott had clammed up once he had no longer had his father to talk to about such times.

Scott snorted, looking out to the horizon, “Admittedly, it’s a good method.”

Jeff smiled sadly across to him, “It got us both a long way.” 

It had gotten them both back home, back to their family, to somewhere where they could find their feet again and work towards the version of themselves they wanted to be.

The man sat next to him was physically recovered from his time as a prisoner, but had never found a solid enough footing to find himself amongst all the chaos life had thrown at them.

“You didn’t end up where you were aiming, I’m sorry for that.” Jeff sighed after a moment, reaching out to Scott’s shoulder, “Because of all of this, I think you lost yourself again Scott.”

“I--” For a moment it seemed like he was ready to argue, before his shoulders had fallen and he had nodded in admission, “I became who I needed to be.”

They had shared a look, one that spoke of burdens that had fallen back on tired shoulders that had barely gotten free before being weighed back down again.

“You deserved to live life for yourself Scott.” 

Scott ran a hand through his hair, “I know that now.”

“I know it wasn’t my fault,” Jeff continued, “but I’m sorry I wasn’t here to help you see that, Son, I’m sorry that life has been so cruel and unfair.”

Scott’s arm wrapped around his shoulders, “I’m glad you don’t blame yourself.” 

Jeff would never admit to him that it was a concept he still sometimes struggled with, but something he was working on regardless. His son didn’t need any more burdens. 

“So,” He started, looking across with raised eyebrows, “Alan’s headed to college in the Fall, how about you take another look at that Literature degree?”

Scott’s laugh was full bodied against Jeff, “Yeah, I suppose that doesn’t sound like a bad idea.”

Laughing with his son, Jeff nodded to himself. 

They were going to be just fine.

[erebusvincent]

Neat!

The search for life beyond Earth has led scientists to explore many suggestive mysteries, from plumes of methane on Mars to clouds of phosphine gas on Venus. But as far as we can tell, Earth’s inhabitants remain alone in the cosmos.

Now a team of researchers is offering what it contends is the strongest indication yet of extraterrestrial life, not in our solar system but on a massive planet, known as K2-18b, that orbits a star 120 light-years from Earth. A repeated analysis of the exoplanet’s atmosphere suggests an abundance of a molecule that on Earth has only one known source: living organisms such as marine algae.

“It is in no one’s interest to claim prematurely that we have detected life,” said Nikku Madhusudhan, an astronomer at the University of Cambridge and an author of the new study, at a news conference on Tuesday. Still, he said, the best explanation for his group’s observations is that K2-18b is covered with a warm ocean, brimming with life.

“This is a revolutionary moment,” Dr. Madhusudhan said. “It’s the first time humanity has seen potential biosignatures on a habitable planet.”

[stenka-razin]

HOLY FUCK

Now a team of researchers is offering what it contends is the strongest indication yet of extraterrestrial life, not in our solar system but on a massive planet, known as K2-18b, that orbits a star 120 light-years from Earth. A repeated analysis of the exoplanet’s atmosphere suggests an abundance of a molecule that on Earth has only one known source: living organisms such as marine algae. “It is in no one’s interest to claim prematurely that we have detected life,” said Nikku Madhusudhan, an astronomer at the University of Cambridge and an author of the new study, at a news conference on Tuesday. Still, he said, the best explanation for his group’s observations is that K2-18b is covered with a warm ocean, brimming with life.

[warningsine]

It's interesting that astronomer Fred Hoyle's novel, published in 1957, is exactly contemporaneous with John Wyndham's The Midwich Cuckoos. The idea of an alien intelligence blandly, without malice, threatening the existence of humanity itself is common to both; as is their British setting. In fact, both this and Wyndham's work are, among other things, meditations on Britain's place in the world (you could say the same of Ian Fleming's Bond books, also appearing around the same time).

The Black Cloud begins when a young Norwegian astronomer photographs a section of sky containing a large, circular dark patch which wasn't there before. From this point on, I found it very difficult to drag myself away from the book. As Richard Dawkins says in his perceptive afterword, it is "one of those stories that grabs you on page one and doesn't let you go until the wee small hours".

And it is also, for good measure, "one of the greatest works of science fiction ever written, up there with the best of Isaac Asimov and Arthur C Clarke". Much though Dawkins can comport himself in a manner that makes one want to do the opposite of what he proposes, I'm with him on this one. When a scientist endorses – or indeed writes – science fiction it is usually a good idea to take note, and if you are going to have science fiction then I would rather have it like this. There are no upset-Scrabble-board names, no silliness with space empires or allegories. This is what is known as "hard" sci-fi: a story about what would proceed if X happened, using impeccable science.

"X" in this case is an enormous black cloud heading towards the solar system at a speed which means the possible extinction of all life in the next year and a half. Now Hoyle may have been wrong about the steady state theory – the very term "big bang" as used to describe the beginning of the universe is his own dismissive phrase for what he regarded as a poor alternative theory – but he was no fool otherwise, and it was only his own argumentative and bloody-minded character, it is said, that prevented him from winning the Nobel prize. As it happens, Hoyle has a self-portrait in The Black Cloud: the maverick, "unstable" Chris Kingsley. Much is made of his contempt for politicians, and Hoyle even gets in a plug for the steady state theory.

There are other considerable pleasures to the book. There is the frisson of apocalypse. There is the wonder at the "electronic computer" which carries out calculations "it would have taken an unaided human a year to perform". There is the business of Cambridge dons meeting in front of open fires in their college rooms, saving the world while sipping fine Burgundy or port. ("'Lot of nonsense we hear nowadays about these closed stoves,' said the Astronomer Royal, nodding towards the fire. '. . . The best form of heat is in the form of radiation from an open fire.'") There is even a comedy Russian, who makes pointed comments in fractured English. (There is, he asserts at one point, "bastard in Cloud".)

Of course, it's hard to make any great claims for this as literature. The characterisation is rudimentary and the prose sometimes clunky. But the beauty of such a story is that you can be a second-rate novelist and still produce a first-rate yarn. And the interesting thing about the book, apart from its ability to enthrall, is that it hasn't really dated, or has dated only in inconsequential or charming ways.

Just as the science is sound (there's even a footnote detailing the calculations used to determine the cloud's ETA, which contains the amusing comment "this is turning out easier than I thought"), so the philosophical issues raised are sound, and should be applied or borne in mind should a situation like this arise. Though reports that the UN had appointed Malaysian astrophysicist Mazlan Othman to converse with extra-terrestrial intelligences sadly turned out to be untrue, should responsibility for first contact ever be conferred upon some lucky person, this is the book they should read.

[certain-teed]

Roofing Shingles Brands in India: Choosing the Right One with CertainTeed

India’s roofing industry is evolving rapidly as homeowners, architects, and developers seek modern, durable, and aesthetic roofing solutions. Among the various options available, roofing shingles have gained immense popularity due to their versatility, longevity, and ease of installation. With an increasing number of global and local players entering the Indian market, choosing the right roofing shingles brand can make a significant difference in performance and appearance. In this article, we explore some of the leading roofing shingles brands in India and highlight why CertainTeed stands out as a top-tier choice.

The Rise of Roofing Shingles in India

Traditionally, India relied on materials like clay tiles, metal sheets, and concrete for roofing. However, these options often fell short in terms of design flexibility, weather resistance, and ease of maintenance. Roofing shingles have emerged as a game-changing alternative, offering benefits such as:

Enhanced durability against harsh climates

Aesthetic appeal with a range of colors and textures

Easy installation on pitched roofs

Resistance to algae, mold, and UV rays

With growing awareness and an increasing number of premium housing and commercial projects, the demand for quality roofing shingles has skyrocketed, giving rise to several prominent brands in the Indian market.

Top Roofing Shingles Brands in India

When it comes to roofing shingles brands in India, several companies have carved a niche for themselves. Let’s take a look at some of the key players:

CertainTeed

A subsidiary of Saint-Gobain, CertainTeed is a global leader in building materials, and its roofing shingles are renowned for quality, innovation, and style. CertainTeed offers an impressive range of architectural shingles, including:

Landmark Series: Known for dimensional beauty and long-lasting performance.

XT™ 25: Classic strip shingles offering traditional aesthetics with reliable protection.

High-performance options: Featuring impact resistance, solar reflectivity, and algae resistance.

With a legacy of over 100 years, CertainTeed’s products are backed by some of the best warranties in the industry. The brand’s shingles are engineered to withstand India’s diverse weather conditions—from the heavy monsoons in the south to the scorching summers in the north.

CertainTeed is not just about shingles—it’s about delivering a complete roofing solution with underlayment, ventilation systems, and ridge caps, ensuring a longer-lasting roof.

IKO

IKO is a Canadian brand that has found a place in the Indian market with its asphalt shingles. Their Cambridge series is particularly popular, offering laminated architectural shingles with a natural look. IKO shingles are designed to provide good protection against wind and rain, though availability and after-sales support may vary by region in India.

Owens Corning

Owens Corning is another global heavyweight offering shingles in India. Their Duration series shingles are well-regarded for SureNail® technology, which helps in easy and secure installation. While they offer a wide variety of styles and colors, Owens Corning products tend to be positioned at the premium end of the pricing spectrum.

GAF

GAF is a renowned American manufacturer of roofing shingles, offering products like Timberline® HDZ™. GAF’s presence in India is growing, and their shingles are appreciated for high wind resistance and curb appeal. However, the brand still has limited distribution compared to leaders like CertainTeed.

BP Canada

BP (Building Products of Canada) offers value-oriented options that appeal to budget-conscious consumers. Their shingles are known for their granule adhesion and weather resistance. BP products are more commonly seen in certain pockets of India and offer decent performance at a competitive price.

Why Choose CertainTeed Among Roofing Shingles Brands in India?

While there are several options available, CertainTeed consistently ranks among the top roofing shingles brands in India for the following reasons:

Superior Quality and Engineering

CertainTeed shingles are manufactured using advanced technology and high-quality raw materials. Whether it's wind, rain, or heat, these shingles are built to last. The brand's rigorous quality control ensures consistent performance across batches.

Aesthetic Versatility

CertainTeed offers a wide range of colors, patterns, and styles, allowing homeowners and architects to create custom looks that complement Indian architectural designs—from traditional villas to modern homes.

Comprehensive Warranty

CertainTeed provides industry-leading warranties, offering peace of mind to homeowners. With proper installation, many of their shingles come with lifetime limited warranties, which is a testament to their confidence in the product.

Sustainable Manufacturing

Being a part of Saint-Gobain, CertainTeed emphasizes sustainability. Their manufacturing processes reduce waste and energy use, making their roofing products environmentally responsible.

Trusted Brand in the Indian Market

With a strong presence in India and a robust supply chain, CertainTeed ensures product availability, expert consultation, and reliable after-sales service. This makes them a trusted partner for contractors and developers alike.

Conclusion

The market for roofing shingles brands in India continues to expand, offering a wealth of options for homeowners and builders. While brands like Owens Corning, IKO, and GAF bring global innovation to the table, CertainTeed stands out with its unmatched combination of performance, aesthetics, warranty, and reliability.

If you’re planning a roofing project in India—whether for a new home, renovation, or commercial development—choosing a trusted brand like CertainTeed ensures your investment is protected for decades to come.

[thedailydecrypt]

Bitcoin's Energy Paradox: Villain or Vanguard of the Global Grid?

For years, Bitcoin mining has been the poster child for energy excess — a ravenous beast chewing through terawatt-hours of power, emitting carbon, and spawning academic doomsday papers faster than it produces blocks. But what if the real story isn’t that simple? What if the next chapter in Bitcoin’s energy saga is not destruction, but disruption — of the best kind?

Recent studies suggest that Bitcoin mining might not only be less environmentally catastrophic than once feared — it could become a catalyst for global energy innovation.

Let’s unpack this.

Yes, Bitcoin Uses a Ton of Energy — That’s the Point

The security of Bitcoin relies on proof-of-work: a decentralized system where miners expend energy to validate transactions and maintain the network’s integrity. This energy-intensive process is precisely what makes it nearly impossible to tamper with Bitcoin’s history. But critics, armed with stats about Bitcoin consuming more electricity than Argentina, have long argued the cost isn’t worth it.

And to be clear — they had a point. In 2022, coal made up over 36% of Bitcoin’s energy mix. Mining operations often drew power from dirty grids. And yes, those gleaming server farms dumped heat into the atmosphere and churned out e-waste by the ton.

But here’s what’s changed.

The Quiet Revolution in Bitcoin Mining

A new report by Cambridge University finds that 52.4% of Bitcoin’s energy now comes from sustainable sources — well above the 50% threshold Elon Musk set in 2021 as a precondition for Tesla to re-enable Bitcoin payments. Wind, hydro, and even nuclear now account for the majority of the network’s power. Coal use? Down from 36.6% to just 8.9% in two years.

That’s not all. Natural gas — often in the form of flared gas that would otherwise be wasted and vented as methane — has become the dominant fossil source. That’s a significant shift, because using flare gas for mining not only generates productive value but also reduces methane emissions, which are over 80 times more potent than CO₂ over a 20-year period.

The report also finds that 86.9% of decommissioned mining hardware is now resold, repurposed, or recycled. E-waste remains a challenge, but it’s increasingly being addressed through market pressure and regulation.

Bitcoin Miners: The Grid’s Secret Weapon?

One of the most surprising findings is Bitcoin’s emerging role as a flexible load — a kind of shock absorber for power grids. In 2023, miners curtailed 888 GWh of electricity usage during peak demand, helping grid operators prevent blackouts and balance loads. Some mining firms are even co-locating with renewable producers to mop up excess solar or wind power that would otherwise go unused.

Think about that. In an energy world plagued by intermittency, Bitcoin mining is starting to act as a programmable demand sink — one that can scale up or down in real time to match energy supply. That’s not a bug. It’s a feature.

And it’s not just theoretical.

In New York, a spa heats its pool with waste heat from a nearby Bitcoin mining rig. In Texas, miners cut power use during winter storms to help stabilize the ERCOT grid. In rural Canada, off-grid hydro plants are coming back online — not to serve homes, but to mine bitcoin.

Bitcoin isn’t just consuming energy. It’s monetizing stranded energy, incentivizing new infrastructure, and subsidizing the green transition.

The Critics Are Still Loud — But Are They Right?

Not everyone is buying this redemption arc.

A recent Harvard-led study blasted Bitcoin for increasing air pollution across U.S. mining sites, claiming millions were exposed to harmful particulate matter. But energy experts like Daniel Batten have called the study “deeply flawed,” accusing it of cherry-picking outdated data and ignoring the shift toward cleaner energy and smarter load management. The Digital Assets Research Institute issued a formal rebuttal, citing similar issues.

Let’s be blunt: there are bad actors in Bitcoin mining, just as there are in every industry. But the dominant trend is moving in one direction — smarter, cleaner, and more integrated with modern energy systems. And unlike most industries, Bitcoin miners have a direct profit incentive to seek the cheapest — and increasingly, greenest — energy available.

Tesla, It’s Time to Pay Up

Back in 2021, Elon Musk said Tesla would resume accepting Bitcoin once miners hit 50% clean energy usage with a positive trendline.

We’re there.

Cambridge pegs sustainable use at 52.4%, with an upward trajectory. The network is more efficient than ever. The worst carbon offenders — like coal-fired mining — are rapidly disappearing. And miners are helping stabilize grids and monetize excess renewables in real time.

So what’s the holdup?

Tesla still holds over 11,500 BTC — now worth over $1.1 billion. If it wants to align its climate rhetoric with its crypto holdings, it’s time to flip the switch and bring Bitcoin payments back.

Not just because it’s good for Tesla. Because it would send a powerful signal that Bitcoin can be part of the solution — not the problem.

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If you’d like to support our work, consider buying us a coffee on Ko-Fi. Every donation keeps this research-driven, bold commentary going. Thanks for reading.https://ko-fi.com/thedailydecrypt

© 2025 InSequel Digital. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form without prior written permission. The content is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal, tax, investment, financial, or other professional advice.

[slyfeednews]

The best evidence for life outside our solar system just got stronger K2-18b could be the "tipping point"

For years, the exoplanet K2-18b has been a top contender with promising signs of life. New research led by the University of Cambridge has found evidence of chemicals within K2-18b's atmosphere that on Earth are produced by marine life, like algae and phytoplankton. Read More...

[consultsolar]

Investing in Solar Energy for Your Cambridge Home

Cambridge Solar energy is a renewable resource that can be used to produce electricity. It can also be used to heat and cool buildings. Solar panels can be installed on the roofs of homes and businesses.

The City is partnering with Boston-based EnergySage to leverage their online marketplace to offer transparent competition among pre-selected installers for the City’s residents. The program is called Sunny Cambridge.

Solar Panels

Solar panels are a great option for homeowners looking to save money on their energy bills and contribute to a cleaner, more sustainable world. It’s possible to recoup your installation costs in as few as 20 years with a 5 kW system, according to EnergySage.

MIT researchers have created an interactive tool to show Cambridge property owners how much electricity their roofs can generate via photovoltaic (PV) systems. The software can predict electricity yield to within 4-10 percent of actual measured results, and it takes into account variables such as roof size, type, and shading.

The following chart is a year-by-year breakdown of how energy is used, exported and imported with a solar PV system. The data was taken from a local install in a village north of Cambridge. The green line shows the amount of energy produced by the panels each day, with a peak around midday and then reducing as appliances are switched off at night.

Solar Panel Installation

Investing in a solar power system can save you money on electricity while supporting a sustainable future. Whether you're in an apartment, single-family home, or multifamily dwelling, there are many ways to go solar that suit your unique needs and goals.

During the day, sunlight hits your solar panels, which convert the energy into a direct current (DC) that powers your house. Any excess energy is sent to the grid, where it gets credited on your utility bill.

A 6 kW solar system costs about $17,220 in Cambridge before federal incentives. However, a 30% solar investment tax credit cuts that cost by thousands of dollars. Other state and local rebates can also lower your installation costs.

Solar Panel Costs

There are several factors that impact solar panel costs, including system size, roof type, and quality. Additionally, the cost of a battery can add up to your overall installation cost. But a battery allows you to store energy and use it at night, which can greatly decrease your electricity costs.

Typically, it takes 8 to 13 solar panels to cover a 2-3 bedroom home’s electricity needs in Cambridge. Once your system is installed, you can expect to save up to PS1,020 annually and benefit from the tax incentives available in Massachusetts.

The state offers various renewable energy incentives, including the 30% solar investment tax credit. This incentive reduces your cost per watt and is currently available through 2034. Also, the net metering policy offers credits to offset unused electricity from your solar system. These credits can be redeemed once your system has reached the break-even point.

Solar Panel Incentives

Taking advantage of local rebates and incentives will help you lower the cost of your solar panel system. Additionally, comparing multiple quotes will ensure that you are receiving the best price for your new system. Many companies also offer $0-down loans which can bring down the upfront costs even further.

Homeowners in Cambridge can recoup their investment in a 5 kW solar energy system within 6 to 7 years and save thousands on electricity bills. A solar installation can significantly increase the value of a home, and homeowners can take advantage of the property tax exemption to offset the initial cost.

Residents can start going solar by registering for Sunny Cambridge, an online platform that allows residents to receive comprehensive, unbiased information to make smarter decisions about their renewable energy options. The program, which is managed by Boston-based EnergySage, has already helped many Cambridge residents go solar. The platform leverages an online marketplace that provides transparency and competitive competition among highly qualified solar installers.

[school-dekho]

5 Things You Didn’t Know About the Best Schools in Chennai

Choosing the right school for your child is one of the most important decisions a parent can make. Chennai, known for its excellent educational system, is home to some of the finest schools in India. While many people know about their strong academic programs, there are some surprising facts that make these schools even more special. In this article, we will explore five things you probably didn’t know about the best schools in Chennai.

1. Many Schools Follow a Multi-Curriculum Approach

One of the unique aspects of Chennai’s top schools is that they offer multiple curriculums under one roof. While CBSE and ICSE schools are common, many institutions also provide international options such as the IB (International Baccalaureate) and IGCSE (Cambridge) curriculum. This flexibility allows students to choose a learning path that best suits their strengths and career goals.

For instance, some schools offer a combination of CBSE and IGCSE up to middle school, allowing students to switch to an international syllabus if they wish to pursue education abroad. This adaptability ensures that students get the best of both worlds—strong foundational knowledge with an international perspective.

2. Advanced Technology is Changing the Way Students Learn

The top schools in Chennai are leading the way in integrating technology into education. Many schools have gone beyond the traditional blackboard-and-chalk method and have embraced smart classrooms, AI-powered learning, and virtual labs.

With digital tools like interactive whiteboards, augmented reality (AR), and artificial intelligence (AI)-based learning programs, students get a more engaging and personalized educational experience. Some schools even use AI-driven assessments to track student progress and customize lessons based on their individual learning needs. This modern approach makes education more effective and prepares students for the digital future.

3. Holistic Development is a Major Focus

While academic excellence is important, Chennai’s best schools place equal emphasis on overall student development. Extracurricular activities such as sports, music, drama, and robotics are integrated into the school curriculum to ensure students get a well-rounded education.

Several schools have dedicated sports academies that provide professional coaching in cricket, tennis, swimming, and other sports. There are also schools that offer unique programs in performing arts, dance, and theater, allowing students to explore their creative potential.

Additionally, leadership training programs and entrepreneurship clubs are gaining popularity, helping students develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills from a young age. These initiatives ensure that students are prepared not just for exams, but also for real-world challenges.

4. Sustainability is a Key Priority

Many schools in Chennai are now actively incorporating sustainability into their education system. From eco-friendly campuses to green initiatives, these schools are teaching students the importance of protecting the environment.

For example, some schools have solar-powered classrooms, rainwater harvesting systems, and organic gardens where students learn about sustainable farming. Others organize tree-planting drives and waste management programs to instill a sense of environmental responsibility in students.

By making sustainability a part of everyday learning, these schools are helping shape responsible citizens who are aware of their impact on the planet.

5. Mental Health and Emotional Well-being are Taken Seriously

In recent years, Chennai’s leading schools have started prioritizing the mental health and emotional well-being of students. The growing academic pressure and the challenges of modern life can be overwhelming for children, and schools are now addressing this with dedicated counseling programs.

Many institutions have full-time psychologists and counselors who offer guidance and emotional support to students. Workshops on stress management, mindfulness, and meditation are regularly conducted to help students develop a healthy mindset.

Schools also promote open discussions about mental health, ensuring that students feel comfortable seeking help when needed. This focus on emotional well-being is making a significant difference in reducing stress and improving students’ overall happiness and performance.

Conclusion

The best schools in Chennai go beyond academics to provide a nurturing and future-ready environment for students. From adopting advanced technology to focusing on sustainability and mental health, these schools are setting new benchmarks in education.

If you are a parent looking for a school that offers more than just textbook learning, Chennai’s top institutions have a lot to offer. With their holistic approach, innovative teaching methods, and student-centric programs, they ensure that every child gets the opportunity to excel in both academics and life.

So, the next time you think about Chennai’s education system, remember that it’s not just about good grades—it’s about shaping future leaders, innovators, and responsible global citizens.

[spacenutspod]

The word “volatile” is commonly used in the space exploration community, but it has a different meaning than when used otherwise. In space exploration, volatiles are defined as the six most common elements in living organisms, plus water. Earth had enough volatiles for life to start here, but it might not have been that way. Researchers from the University of Cambridge and Imperial College London now think they have a reason why Earth received as many volatiles as it did – and thereby allowed it to develop life in the first place. One characteristic of volatiles that makes them both difficult to deal with but easy to transport is that they vaporize at relatively low temperatures. Granted, a relatively low temperature could be 950°C for zinc, the volatile the researchers chose to look at.  They chose zinc because it has a unique composition when captured in meteorites, allowing researchers to identify its source based on that composition. Previously, some of the same researchers had found that the zinc found on Earth had come from different parts of our solar system. About half had originated out past Jupiter, while half came from closer to home. Dr. Marc Hirschmann discusses the importance of volatiles in planetesimalsCredit – Carnegie Earth & Planets Laboratory Most originating sources were objects called “planetesimals” – essentially proto-planets that had not yet had time to form. Planetesimals were common in the early solar system but became less so as they began to form into what we think of today as the major planets. However, many of the ones that existed early in the solar system were subjected to something that younger ones weren’t – harsh radiation. Radiation was everywhere in the early solar system, and many planetesimals that formed during this period were subjected to it. Notably, the heat from these radiation sources caused the planetesimals’ volatiles to vaporize and be lost to space. So, the researchers at Cambridge and ICL thought they might be able to differentiate the age of the source of some of those volatiles – particularly zinc. It turns out that they could. They measured the zinc concentration in many meteorites whose originating planetesimal was known. They then modeled where the Earth received its zinc from. Since zinc is one of the vital volatiles thought to be essential to the development of life, this model could help understand how life might (or might not) develop on other worlds. Fraser discusses our best estimate as to how Earth got the materials needed to make life. They found that the vast majority (about 90%) of the Earth’s zinc was contributed by planetesimals that weren’t subjected to the high radiation levels of the early solar system. In essence, they were the ones whose volatiles weren’t vaporized, allowing them to contribute more of these valuable, life-giving materials despite only contributing 30% of the Earth’s overall mass. Additional work is needed to study whether similar heating effects affected the amount of other volatiles delivered to the early Earth. And even more work is required to model how that volatile delivery model might work for other planets, such as Mars, or even exoplanets further afield. But for now, this is another piece of the puzzle that answers an important question about the early solar system. And, maybe more importantly, it shows how many things have to go right for life to develop in the first place. Learn More:University of Cambridge – How did the building blocks of life arrive on Earth?Martins et al. – Primitive asteroids as a major source of terrestrial volatilesUT – The Building Blocks of Earth Could Have Come From Farther out in the Solar SystemUT – Citizen Scientists Find Fifteen “Active Asteroids” Lead Image:An iron meteorite from the core of a melted planetesimal (left) and a chondrite meteorite, derived from a ‘primitive’, unmelted planetesimal (right). Credit: Rayssa Martins/Ross Findlay The post Life on Earth Needed “Unmelted Asteroids” appeared first on Universe Today.

[asisinternational]

How International Schools in Chennai Foster Environmental Awareness

Environmental awareness is an essential component of a well-rounded education in today's world, especially given the global challenges of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. Best International schools in Chennai, with their diverse student populations and progressive curriculums, are uniquely positioned to lead the way in fostering environmental consciousness among young learners. This article explores how international schools in Chennai promote environmental awareness through their curriculums, activities, policies, and community involvement.

1. Integrating Environmental Education into the Curriculum

One of the most effective ways international schools in Chennai promote environmental awareness is by integrating environmental education into their core curriculums. Schools such as the American International School Chennai (AISC), the British International School Chennai (BISC), and others offering International Baccalaureate (IB) and Cambridge International curricula, emphasize sustainability and environmental stewardship as part of their educational framework. Here are some key approaches:

Interdisciplinary Learning: Environmental education is woven into subjects such as science, geography, social studies, and even literature, helping students see the interconnectedness of environmental issues with human activities, economics, and culture.

Project-Based Learning: Students engage in hands-on projects like creating school gardens, recycling programs, and energy conservation campaigns. This practical approach not only raises awareness but also encourages active participation.

Global Perspectives: Schools use case studies and projects that address global environmental issues, helping students understand the impact of their actions on a global scale. This is aligned with the IB's emphasis on "global citizenship."

2. Encouraging Sustainable Practices on Campus

International schools in Chennai often serve as models of sustainability through their own operations and policies. By incorporating eco-friendly practices on campus, these schools provide a real-life example of environmental responsibility.

Green Campus Initiatives: Schools implement energy-efficient lighting, rainwater harvesting systems, waste segregation, and composting facilities to reduce their ecological footprint. The American International School Chennai, for instance, has committed to sustainable development by integrating green building designs and reducing single-use plastics.

Recycling Programs: Many schools encourage students and staff to participate in recycling initiatives. These programs often extend beyond the school, involving local communities in waste segregation and recycling drives.

Water and Energy Conservation: Students are taught the importance of conserving water and energy through practical lessons, such as monitoring usage and suggesting ways to reduce waste. Some schools have installed solar panels and encourage students to study their impact.

3. Extracurricular Activities Focused on Environmental Awareness

Beyond the classroom, international schools in Chennai provide numerous extracurricular opportunities for students to engage with environmental issues. These activities are designed to inspire leadership, advocacy, and community engagement.

Eco-Clubs and Green Teams: Many schools have student-led clubs focused on environmental conservation. These clubs often organize events such as tree planting, beach clean-ups, awareness campaigns, and workshops on sustainability.

Collaborative Projects and Competitions: Schools encourage participation in local and global competitions focused on environmental innovation and sustainability, such as the "Green Olympiad" and the "Kids for Tigers" program. These events foster a spirit of healthy competition while promoting creative solutions to environmental problems.

Outdoor Education and Nature Walks: Field trips to local forests, wildlife sanctuaries, and organic farms help students connect with nature and understand the importance of conservation. These experiences are critical in nurturing a sense of stewardship for the environment.

4. Engaging with the Local Community

International schools in Chennai recognize the importance of community involvement in fostering a culture of environmental awareness. They actively engage with local communities, NGOs, and environmental organizations to broaden the impact of their initiatives.

Community-Based Environmental Projects: Schools often collaborate with local organizations to undertake community-based projects, such as creating urban gardens, setting up composting units, or organizing environmental education workshops for local residents.

Partnerships with NGOs: Collaborations with non-profit organizations such as Exnora International, Environmentalist Foundation of India (EFI), and others allow students to work on real-world environmental issues, offering them valuable insights into environmental activism and policy-making.

Parent and Teacher Involvement: Schools encourage parents and teachers to participate in environmental activities, such as clean-up drives and awareness campaigns, creating a more inclusive approach to environmental education.

5. Leveraging Technology for Environmental Education

In an era where technology plays a crucial role in education, international schools in Chennai are leveraging digital tools to enhance environmental learning.

Digital Classrooms and Eco-Literacy Tools: Schools are incorporating digital resources, such as documentaries, interactive websites, and eco-literacy apps, to engage students in learning about environmental issues in an innovative and interactive manner.

Virtual Environmental Conferences: Schools organize and participate in virtual conferences and webinars on environmental issues, providing students with opportunities to learn from global experts and connect with peers worldwide.

Data-Driven Learning: Some schools use real-time data from school-based weather stations, air quality monitors, and solar panel output to help students learn about environmental science, sustainability, and technology's role in environmental monitoring.

6. Challenges in Promoting Environmental Awareness

Despite these efforts, international schools in Chennai face certain challenges in promoting environmental awareness:

Resource Constraints: Not all schools have access to sufficient resources to implement extensive environmental programs, and funding can be a challenge.

Balancing Academic Demands: With a strong focus on academic achievement, schools sometimes struggle to allocate adequate time and attention to environmental education.

Changing Mindsets: While younger generations are becoming more environmentally conscious, instilling these values deeply in students from diverse cultural backgrounds requires consistent effort and innovative approaches.

7. The Impact of Environmental Education on Students

The emphasis on environmental awareness in Chennai's international schools has far-reaching impacts:

Developing Responsible Global Citizens: Students learn to think critically about global and local environmental issues, preparing them to become informed and responsible global citizens.

Cultivating Leadership and Advocacy Skills: Participation in environmental initiatives fosters leadership skills and encourages students to advocate for sustainable practices in their communities.

Promoting Long-Term Behavioral Change: By incorporating sustainability into daily school life, students are more likely to adopt eco-friendly habits that persist into adulthood.

Conclusion

International schools in Chennai are playing a significant role in fostering environmental awareness among students. Through integrated curriculums, sustainable practices, extracurricular activities, community involvement, and the use of technology, these schools are nurturing a generation of environmentally conscious leaders. As these efforts continue to evolve and expand, the hope is that students from Chennai’s international schools will carry these values forward, contributing to a more sustainable future for all.

[wayti-blog]

"A survey of more than a million social media posts suggests that people feel more positive about nature's ability to solve climate change than human technology, according to new research published in the journal Global Environmental Change.

Researchers analyzing 1.5 million posts on X (formerly Twitter) using the latest artificial intelligence-driven language models found expressions of "disgust" and "fear" related to the term "geoengineering," which is often associated with radical technology such as spraying aerosols into the atmosphere or solar space sails.

But posts about nature-based efforts to protect carbon-storing ecosystems like rainforests, kelp forests under the sea and peat bogs offered more positive expressions such as "joy," according to researchers from the University of Cambridge, the Mercator Research Institute, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and Boston University."

"Governments and global organizations need to consider how the voting public will engage with proposed solutions of climate action."

article

[solarcambridge-blog]

[scotianostra]

November 5th 1879 saw death of the mathematician and physicist James Clerk Maxwell.

It's funny how this guy is still hardly known by ordinary Scots, but is one of the most influential scientists of all time. Albert Einstein acknowledged that the origins of the special theory of relativity lay in Clerk Maxwell's theories, saying “The work of James Clerk Maxwell changed the world forever”.

Born in Edinburgh in 1831 he was brought up in Glenlair House near the village of Corsock' Dumfries and Galloway and attended Edinburgh Academy school in the city later studying at the Universities of Edinburgh and Cambridge. He was an intensely curious child, writing his first scientific paper at the age of 14. At 25 he became Professor of Physics at Aberdeen University's Marischal College.

In Aberdeen, Clerk Maxwell began to study the composition of Saturn's rings. For many years, scientists had been trying to understand why they did not simply break up, crash into or move away from the planet.

Clerk Maxwell spent two years researching the subject and wrote his detailed essay 'On the Stability of Saturn's Rings' in 1859. He concluded the rings comprised a myriad of small solid particles. The Voyager space probes of the 1980s confirmed many of the conclusions drawn by Clerk Maxwell over a century before. To put this into perspective many homes were still without electricity, and here was this Scotsman studying a planet 746 million miles away and getting things spot on! And yes I had to google how far away Saturn is. In 1873, he developed the famous four Maxwell's equations which played a key role in Albert Einstein's work on the special theory of relativity. Einstein stated 

"The special theory of relativity owes its origins to Maxwell Equations of the electromagnetic field."

Make no mistake, Clerk Maxwell’s discovery of the nature of electromagnetic waves formed the basis for much of the modern technological society we take for granted. Radio, television, satellite communications and the mobile phone have their origins in his work.

The eminent physicist Richard Feynman said "From a long view of the history of mankind - seen from, say, ten thousand years from now - there can be little doubt that the most significant event of the 19th century will be judged as Maxwell's discovery of the laws of electrodynamics."

As an acknowledgement of Clerk Maxwell's contribution to the furthering of scientific knowledge, the largest astronomical telescope in the world was named in his honour in 1987.

The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) is 15 metres in diameter. It is situated at Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii, at an altitude of 4092 metres. The JCMT is used to study our solar system, distant galaxies and interstellar dust and gas.

It wasn't all work for Clerk Maxwell though, we was a great lover of Burns and penned his own poetry the best known is Rigid Body Sings, closely based on "Comin' Through the Rye" by Burns, he used to sing poems while strumming away on a guitar. Another of his pastimes involved photography, and along with Thomas Sutton, inventor of the single-lens reflex camera, presented the world's first demonstration of colour photography.

Pics are of Maxwell, one, a young Maxwell at Trinity College Cambridge, one with his wife and Irish terrier, Toby,, the final pic is a statue of the great man on George Street, Edinburgh, in which you can see again his beloved dog.

[pixoplanet]

It's December 25th. To quote the greatest science communicator of our time, Mr. Neil de Grasse Tyson, "On this day long ago, a child was born who, by age 30, would transform the world. Happy Birthday, Isaac Newton," who was born on this day in 1642 in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, Lincolnshire, England. And so today, we celebrate the birthday of one of the most important human beings who ever graced our planet. Isaac Newton was an extraordinary ⚛️physicist and 🧮 mathematician who is credited with laying the foundation of 📐 classical mechanics and jump-starting the ⚗️scientific revolution. He believed that all of nature is governed by universal laws that can be expressed mathematically. Newton’s list of accomplishments are long and profound, and his influence will be felt forever.

Isaac's father died two months before he was born; his mother remarried when he was three. His stepfather died when Isaac was 12, and Isaac was pulled out of school to help run the family estate. Isaac seemed to show little promise in school, anyway, as his reports described him as idle and inattentive. However, Isaac soon showed that he had no talent or interest in managing an estate, either.

An uncle persuaded Isaac's mother to let him go back to 🏫 school. This time he must've shown some promise because the school's headmaster later convinced Isaac's mother to send him to University. Isaac entered Trinity College of Cambridge in 1661 at the age of 19 and began studying philosophy, science, and mathematics in earnest. Between the time Trinity College closed in 1665 due to a 😷 bubonic plague pandemic and 1667 when he returned to Cambridge, Isaac returned home, and, free to study whatever he wanted to, gobbled up all of the mathematics texts he could lay his hands on. During this time, Isaac developed calculus, the law of gravitation, and different theories on optics.

Newton is credited with the discovery of the prism (which is how a 🌈 rainbow works). At the time, scholars hotly debated the subject of whether or not color was an intrinsic property of light. Newton settled the debate when he discovered that a light ray entering a prism is split into different colors (or, wavelengths). This work led Newton's construction of the world's first practical reflecting telescopes.

Newton is probably best known, however, for his work with gravity which led him to discover the famous three laws of motion.

Law of Inertia – An object at rest remains at rest or an object in motion remains in motion until an outside force acts upon it.

Law of Acceleration – An applied force on an object is equal to the rate of change in its momentum (F=ma or Force equals mass times acceleration).

Law of Action – For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Also related to Newton's work with gravity is his work with heliocentrism. He determined that a smaller object doesn't actually orbit around a larger object, but rather the two bodies orbit around their common center of gravity. With this realization and ever-more precise measurements of the ☀️sun and planets, the heliocentric model of the 🌌 solar system has continued to become more and more accurate over the years.

Isaac Newton has unquestionably secured his place in history. He's widely regarded as one of the most important people who's ever lived. Many of his ideas still hold true and his equations are still in use today. When sending a ☄️probe to the outskirts of the solar system, NASA scientists don't rely on Einstein's relativity to work out the math – they use Newtonian physics equations.

Isaac Newton Quotes:

"We build too many walls and not enough bridges."

"I can calculate the motion of heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people."

"If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants."

"I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me."

☮️ R.I.P., Isaac… Jamiese of Pixoplanet