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empirearchives · 1 year ago

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Napoleon’s decree in 1810: First regulation limiting pollution in French history

Source: Décret impérial du 15/10/1810

This comes after the creation of the Public Hygiene and Health Council of the City of Paris on 6 July 1802, and each department getting its own Health Council.

In addition, the ordinance of the Prefect of Police on 12 February 1806 concerning preliminary investigations then authorization necessary for factories, workshops and laboratories producing polluting or dangerous products.

According to Éloi Laurent (Towards Social-Ecological Well-Being):

“The first laws regulating French industrial establishments and in particular the imperial decree of October 15, 1810 was the first legislation in the world regulating pollution (it was extended by the law of December 19, 1917).”

Below is an English translation of the 1810 decree.

————-

Imperial decree of 10/15/1810 relating to factories and workshops that emit an unhealthy or inconvenient odor.

NAPOLEON, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation;

On the report of our Minister of the Interior;

Considering the complaints brought by various individuals against factories and workshops whose operation gives rise to unhealthy or inconvenient exhalations;

The report made on these establishments by the chemistry section of the physical and mathematical sciences class of the Institute;

Our Council of State heard;

We HAVE DECREED and DECREE the following:

Article 1 of the decree of 15 October 1810

As of the publication of this decree, factories and workshops which emit an unhealthy or inconvenient odor may not be formed without permission from the administrative authority: these establishments will be divided into three classes.

The first will include those who must be located away from private homes.

The second will include factories and workshops whose distance from homes is not strictly necessary, but which should only be set up once it is certain that the operations carried out there will not inconvenience or cause damage to neighboring homeowners.

In the third class will be establishments which can remain near homes without inconvenience, but must remain subject to surveillance by the police.

Article 2 of the decree of 15 October 1810

The necessary permission for the formation of factories and workshops included in the first class will be granted, with the following formalities, by a decree issued by our Council of State.

Permission for the operation of establishments in the second class will be granted by the prefects, on the advice of the sub-prefects.

Permissions for the operation of establishments in the last class will be issued by sub-prefects, who will first obtain the opinion of the mayors.

Article 3 of the decree of 15 October 1810

Permission for first class plants and factories will only be granted subject to the following formalities:

The request for authorization will be presented to the prefect, and posted, by his order, in all communes within a five kilometer radius.

Within this period, any individual will be allowed to present grounds of opposition.

The mayors of the communes will have the same right.

Article 4 of the decree of 15 October 1810

If there is opposition, the Prefecture Council will weigh in, with the exception of a decision by the Council of State.

Article 5 of the decree of 15 October 1810

If there is no opposition, permission will be granted, if necessary, on the advice of the prefect and the report of our Minister of the Interior.

Article 6 of the decree of 15 October 1810

If it concerns a soude[*] factory, or if the factory is to be established within the customs area, our Director of Customs will be consulted.

Article 7 of the decree of 15 October 1810

Authorization to form factories and workshops in the second class will only be granted after the following formalities have been completed.

The entrepreneur will first send his request to the sub-prefect of his arrondissement, who will forward it to the mayor of the commune in which the establishment is to be formed; by instructing him to carry out a de commodo et incommodo[**] enquiry. Once this is completed, the sub-prefect will issue a decree which he will forward to the prefect. The prefect will make the decision, unless any interested parties appeal to our Council of State.

If there is opposition, it will be decided by the Prefecture Council, except for an appeal to the Council of State.

Article 8 of the decree of 15 October 1810

Factories or establishments in the third class can only be formed with the permission of the Prefect of Police, in Paris, and the mayor in other towns.

If complaints arise against the decision taken by the Prefect of Police or the mayors, on a request to form a factory or workshop included in the third class, they will be judged by the Prefecture Council.

Article 9 of the decree of 15 October 1810

The local authority will indicate the place where the factories or workshops included in the first class may be established, and will specify its distance from private dwellings. Any individual who carries out construction in the vicinity of these factories and workshops after their establishment has been authorized will no longer be allowed to request their removal.

Article 10 of the decree of 15 October 1810

Establishments that emit an unhealthy or inconvenient odor will be divided into three classes in accordance with the table appended to this imperial decree. It will serve as a rule whenever it comes to deciding on requests for the formation of these establishments.

Article 11 of the decree of 15 October 1810

The provisions of this decree will not have retroactive effect: consequently, all establishments currently in operation will continue to operate freely, with the exception of any damages to which contractors may be liable in the event of damage to the property of their neighbors; such damages will be settled by the courts.

Article 12 of the decree of 15 October 1810

However, in the event of serious inconvenience for public health, culture, or the general interest, first-class factories and workshops causing such inconvenience may be suppressed by virtue of a decree issued by our Council of State, after having heard the local police, taken the opinion of the prefects and received the defense of the manufacturers.

Article 13 of the decree of 15 October 1810

Establishments maintained under article 11 will cease to enjoy this benefit as soon as they are transferred to another location, or if there is a six-month interruption in their work. In either case, they will fall into the category of establishments to be formed, and they will not be able to resume activity until they have obtained a new permit, if necessary.

Article 14 of the decree of 15 October 1810

Our Ministers of the Interior and the General Police are each responsible for the execution of the present decree, which will be published in the Bulletin of Laws.

NAPOLEON

By the Emperor:

Minister Secretary of State,

H. B. DUKE OF BASSANO

——————

My notes:

Attached to this decree is an appendix with

“nomenclature of factories, establishments and workshops emitting an unhealthy or inconvenient odor, which may not be set up without permission from the Administrative Authority.”

Some of the substances listed can be translated and some cannot. I recommend going to the link at the top of this post to check it out if interested.

[*] Soude definition

[**] De commodo et incommodo definition

Public Hygiene and Health Council of the City of Paris is a translation of Conseil d'hygiène publique et de salubrité de la Ville de Paris

An additional source on this legislation: Fondation Napoléon

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oliviax727 · 2 years ago

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Physics Friday: Electricity and Magnetism - why are they together?

Introduction - WTF is this?

So this is the first post which is pretty different to what I've done before on Tumblr, Reddit, etc. But given the fact that I have a bunch of knowledge on the subjects of physics, astronomy, mathematics, and computer science, I might as well ramble about it somewhere ... and what's a better place then a blog format on Tumblr!

So my idea is basically to do a weekly thing where I wax lyrically about some random topic within the realm of STEM, and let the internet people see it ... or not. I'm more interested in just getting the neat and cool ideas out there. So if you're seeing this and you're interested - neat! If you're not ... well I'm still going to do what I normally do and shitpost.

The topics will also vary in education level from primary all the way to university level. I'll try and highlight that in each post!

Some pre-info

Education level: High School (Y11/12) Topic: Electromagnetism (Physics)

Ok it's Physics time

At some point in your long life, maybe in class, maybe perusing the internet, you might've come across the term 'Electromagnetism' and gotten confused. Not because it's a complex word and it's 3 am but more that it's strange to see such an emphasis on a combination of Electricity (circuits, lightning, etc.) and Magnetism (Bar Magnets, etc.) and well, why is that? Why don't we focus on something like gravity and electricity or some other physical phenomenon? This is a question I often came across in high school. I saw all of the equations that related electricity and magnetism with eachother: Ampere's law, Faraday's law, the motor effect, Electromagnetic waves. But what intrinsically ties these two phenomenon together? After all, we know magnetism comes from electrons, and electricity comes. But still - this doesn't seem to complete the gap.

This was a question that a lot of people were concerned with, until Maxwell, Lorentz, and Einstein came along and changed our understanding of electricity, magnetism, and motion.

To figure this out, we won't actually need special relativity, because we can just imagine scenarios in a low-speed limit. But we still require relativity of a more classical variety.

So how does it work?

Consider a wire with a current running through the wire. Electrons are moving through the wire, causing the flow of current.

Now, because of Ampere's law, we know the wire produces a circular magnetic field around it.

Given what we currently know, the act of having a current - an electricity thing, producing a magnetic field, is really odd. But what if we were to introduce some velocity into the equation?

Say we now place an electric charge next to the wire, and it's stationary. Ignoring gravity for a moment, nothing happens. Why? Well because of the lorentz force F = qE + qvB there's nothing to move it. But now let's move this charged object at some speed along the wire, and let's say it's moving at exactly the same speed as the electrons in the wire. Now we have force! The charge begins to move perpendicular to the field and the charge starts flying towards the wire.

But this is a kinda boring explanation from the perspective of someone standing still, looking at the wire and seeing this happen. What if we were to look at things from the perspective of the charged object?

Well, given the rules of relativity, in the charge's perspective, the electrons are actually stationary, so from here - there IS no magnetic field!

So what happens now? Well because we have a straight line of electrons, and these electrons are still, we now have radially pointing electric field emanating from the wire. Because of this electric field - the charge will begin to move towards the wire, coincidentally at the same rate as what we see the observer.

Now look at what we have here. From the perspective of the stationary wire, a magnetic field is produced. From the perspective of the charge, we have an electric field.

The fact of the matter is that the electric and magnetic fields are the same thing - just from different perspectives. A pure magnetic field is just an electric field viewed from a different velocity, and what you may see as an electric field is just a magnetic field but because we're moving relative to it, it now affects us.

How Special Relativity Comes into this

We can represent this effect using another equation:

E' = γ (E+vB)

Where γ is the lorentz factor. This is where the lorentz invariance - special relativity comes into this. This is a direct solution of Maxwell's Equations.

Let's simplify this by removing the γ in a low-velocity limit, and also multiply both sides by an electric charge term q:

qE' = qE + qvB

E' is the electric field in a frame moving at a particular velocity, whereas E and B are the electric and magnetic fields in a different frame of reference.

Notice how both expressions represent the force applied to a charge. This is a representation of the relativistic interpretation of electric and magnetic fields.

Image Credit: Wikipedia

This image from Wikipedia, it shows the effect I've been talking about but visually. In the top section we have a man standing stationary to an electric charge, which emanates an electric field. From the perspective of the moving woman, the charge produces both a magnetic and electric field.

On the bottom we see the opposite. A stationary man sees a moving charge as having both an electric and magnetic field. But when we move at the same velocity as the charge, the magnetic field disappears and it appears entirely as an electric field.

Conclusion

In conclusion, why electricity and magnetism can be unified is because they are quite literally the same field, but from a different perspective.

Technically speaking, magnetic fields don't exist, they're just electric fields moving at a particular speed. We could also say the exact same about electric fields.

This revelation is what allowed Einstein to simplify Maxwell's equation into just one - using the power of tensors. Because really, the two forces are one in the same!

I very much hope you enjoyed reading this post. I'm going to be doing this every Friday. It's a bit rusty - and you probably had a hard time reading it. Feedback (both positive and negative) is appreciated!

#physics #physics friday #science #stem #academics #astronomy

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jaspermorgan · 10 months ago

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Jasper William Morgan (born 12 June 1970) is a British-American hotelier, businessman, and former actor. He is best known for his portrayals of Liam in the 1997 film Dark Skies, of Sebastian Harewood in the 1995 television miniseries The Outcast, and of Daniel Austin in the critically acclaimed 2009 detective noir film A Conflict of Shadows, for which he earned an Academy Award. He also received a Tony for his role in The Lights of Love (2003).

▲ Early Life and Family

Morgan was born in Mayfair, London to parents Alexander Morgan, the UK's financial secretary to the treasury, and Jillian Morgan (née Spencer), who was the Dean of the University of Central London. He is an only child.

Morgan's paternal grandfather, Sir Ambrose Collins Morgan, was a decorated Royal Navy Admiral, and his great-grandfather, Professor Nathaniel Morgan, was an acclaimed neurosurgeon and neurosurgery researcher who taught at Oxford University. His maternal grandfather, Phillip Spencer, was an investment banker and his wife, Augusta Spencer (née Clairmont), was an oil painter and sculptor.

He spent the majority of his childhood in the care of his maternal grandparents and it was his grandfather, who Morgan cites as being a major influence in pursuing acting as a career as they often watched classics together. His favourite films growing up were The General (1926), Casablanca (1942), and One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), and To Kill a Mockingbird (1962). His parents wanted him to follow their footsteps into government or education or even to become a doctor, but Morgan was always adamant about wanting to be an actor. Eventually he was allowed to enrol in a local drama club where he built up his confidence and started to gain some experience in amateur dramatics.

His education was spent in private London schools, which Morgan doesn't credit as having any significant impact on him at all. He has said that there was always more of a focus on mathematics, science, and competitive sports rather than any of the arts and often felt very much an outsider from the rest of his classmates. However, he managed to encourage his secondary school headmaster to put on a rendition of Macbeth for pupils and parents, which was met with praise.

At the age of 18, Morgan attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. His parents helped to pay for the majority of his tuition, but only agreed to do so if Morgan got himself a part-time job to pay for the rest. He ended up at the at the Mornington Hotel near Regent's Park where he first worked the reception nightshift before transferring to waiting tables and later becoming the restaurant manager. He gave up the job once he signed on to The Outcast.

▲ Career

After appearing as an extra in several British television shows throughout 1993, Morgan portrayed Sam Woodbury in the short-lived London West End play One More Night, and then as the younger version of Eric Radcliffe Reid’s character Wilson in the short film Whirlwind, Morgan landed his breakthrough role in the 1995 miniseries The Outcast, playing the lead character Sebastian Harewood: a young upper class gentleman who is disowned by his wealthy father and is forced to make his own way in the world. The show’s director Kathryn Liu states that she ‘took a risk when casting Morgan, not knowing if an inexperienced actor would be able to handle a complicated filming schedule’, but later admitted that "he was perfect for the role and absolutely smashed it’ and ‘his inexperience as an actor even benefited him greatly in that his naivety transferred well into Sebastian’s own". Morgan and Liu later went on to work together on the 2013 action film Highwire.

Morgan was then quickly cast in the 1997 psychological thriller Dark Skies, which was filmed in his hometown of London. His role as the protagonist Liam, a recluse with a vendetta against the world who is also trying to maintain an equilibrium within the relationship he has with his overbearing girlfriend, gained him international recognition. Variety praised Morgan’s performance, writing: “it’s hard to tell that he has very little professional acting experience when watching him portray Liam. Morgan perfectly encapsulates his character’s life of hatred and from his very first moment on screen you’re simultaneously sympathetic and agitated, wanting him to improve his situation and yet also completely understanding why he is the way he is”. He was nominated for a BAFTA for this role and was the catalyst to his career.

When the filming of Dark Skies concluded, Morgan went to work in New York City after landing an off-Broadway role in Impolite Society (1998), which ran between 15 January and 12 March. Whilst his role was small, he was popular with audiences and it gave him the confidence to continue pursuing his career on the stage. Morgan told the American Theatre Magazine: "Theatre was always the most formidable area of acting for me. Doing a play at school was immensely different to doing one on a stage in front of almost 500 people in New York City. Whilst my first show in London played to more people than Impolite Society did, it felt far more daunting this time, strangely enough, and to be performing in front of an American audience was certainly surreal and incredibly special. I'd dreamed of that as a young boy and to have that dream come true is a huge ego boost". It was following this success that Morgan permanently moved to Manhattan.

Between 1999 and 2004, Morgan played Dr Reginald 'Reggie' Keller, a paediatrician and the younger brother of Dr Carolyn Keller (Erin Hardy) in the long-running medical drama series Heartlines, filming the majority of his later episodes in blocks so he could star in other projects (namely the 2002 film Unity and the 2003 theatre production The Lights of Love). During an interview for The Hollywood Reporter in 2012, Morgan said: "this period of my career was easily the most challenging I had done up to that point. Simultaneously acting in 27 episodes of a TV show and a film whilst also preparing to take on a Broadway role wasn't the smartest decision I had ever made, but it was one that allowed me to push myself to my limits and see what I could do under such immense pressure. My hard work certainly paid off; the honour of receiving a Tony award at the end of it all came as a wonderful surprise. However, I wouldn't recommend that kind of schedule for any actor, no matter their age or prowess."

In 2006, Morgan took on his only voice role in animated adventure Nightwalker, alongside Ricky Santos and Florence Martin-May, in which he played a crow named Merrick. He stated that he “wished to have taken on more voice acting in [his] career, but it was, unfortunately, never meant to be”. Directors Julia McGregor and Imaan Bashar had bronze statues made of the animal characters to give to their respective voice actors once filming commenced and Morgan is known to keep his in the office of his hotel.

Morgan spent most of 2007 on hiatus. He spent time out from acting in London as well as in Scotland, Tuscany, Munich, and Hawaii. During his time in London, he returned to his alma mater to give talks and acting classes to drama students; he was almost persuaded into becoming an acting coach, but turned it down to the fact he didn't believe he "had enough viable experience" at the time. It was in August 2007 that Morgan began to partake in philanthropic work, which he said he wished he could have began sooner, and was introduced to the Brave Youth Theatre Charity by friend and fellow actor Cecilia Crane, of which he is still a patron.

In 2008, he took a small role in the miniseries Small Mercies, appearing in three of the five episodes, in which he played Louis Graves, the father of the main character Serena Graves (Lily Richardson-Gill). Filming took place in Seattle, Washington, between April and September, with the show airing on New Years Day 2009. A second series had been proposed, but was ultimately scrapped.

His next appearance was in A Conflict of Shadows (2009), noted internationally for being his greatest performance. Morgan portrayed Daniel Austin- a corrupt police detective working for the NYPD in 1917- who slowly loses his sanity over the course of the film. On his role, Morgan commented: "Playing Daniel was like playing several different people. Each scene he was in was slightly different in terms of his speech and body language and to maintain those distinctions consistently was tough, but he was an incredibly entertaining character to play. I wouldn't pass up the opportunity to play him again if a sequel ever came into fruition." Audiences and critics raved about the film as a whole and of Morgan's performance, Edward Quartermain wrote: "he can express so much by one simple glance and it can be such a powerful gesture, especially to reflect the torment and gradual change in Daniel's internal world as he actively shuts out reality. The range that Morgan presents, from subtle finger switches to full-blown fiery rage, proves he is a formidable actor and one that will continue to both impress and surprise audiences around the world". The film eventually earned more than $1 billion worldwide and went on to win five Academy Awards (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Supporting Actress, and Best Costume Design) as well as numerous other awards (see here) and several other nominations (see here).

Morgan appeared in his fourth and final stage production, Heart of Steel, in 2011, in which he played Charlie Steel: a down-on-his-luck English man in New York City whose cold heart slowly starts to melt when he inadvertently befriends a lost, yet perpetually optimistic 12 year old boy named Ben (Samuel DeWitt). He was highly praised, with critic Laura Pryce saying: “his performance is captivating and deeply moving, a real intriguing insight into how a troubled man's life is a constant battle and can be suddenly transformed into a different kind of battle with something now worth fighting for. His chemistry with DeWitt is also exceptionally joyful to watch- a real bond was formed between both characters and actors”.

In 2012, Morgan starred as the lead in the critically acclaimed miniseries Snowfall. He played Archer Ellison- the mayor of a small Alaskan town that, blanketed by the perpetual darkness of winter, is being haunted by a supernatural force that brought despair and destruction to the residents. Talking to Variety, he said: "Snowfall was one of my more interesting and fun projects, even with the harsh filming conditions when on location. From the moment I read the script I knew I had to be a part of the show. The only disappointing thing for me was that it was only six episodes!" Morgan was also a producer for the show, the opportunity coming from the fact that original producers couldn't afford the full desired funding and Morgan offered to pay the remainder out of his own pocket. "They had a crystal clear vision for what they wanted out of the story," Morgan added, "and without the extra funding the show would have had to have been filmed on a soundstage in hot Los Angeles instead of in Alaska itself. The aesthetic of the setting is paramount to Snowfall; it wouldn't have had anywhere near the kind of chilling impact on audiences if they could clearly see the snow and backdrops were fake and digitally added in. Nobody can fully immerse themselves in a story when the details aren't all there. I was passionate about the story and knew that audiences would be just as enthusiastic as the creators were, so being able to help in adding to the budget was the least I could do. It was a high honour to be starring in the show, let alone being able to produce it".

In 2013, Morgan starred in Highwire, alongside Nina Fischer, who he previously worked with in Unity. The film was almost never made, however. Writers Dashiell McCormack and Kyle Draper wanted Kathryn Liu to direct after the first director, Jeri Schulz, dropped out last minute for personal reasons, but she initially turned down the opportunity. Despite the producers pushing to begin filming, McCormack and Draper refused to go ahead without Liu. It was Morgan, who was in the final stages of negotiations to star in the film and is a close friend of Liu's, that persuaded her to direct. After almost 8 months of filming, Highwire was released on became a success, both commercially and with audiences, earning more than $130 million worldwide, making it the biggest success of Liu's career. After the success of the opening weekend, Fischer claimed that Morgan had the rejection letter that Liu sent to McCormack and Draper framed and gifted it back to her. Liu herself later confirmed this and stated that along with the letter Morgan included a handwritten note that read: 'Dear Kat, I'm glad you took a chance on yourself and the film, like you did with me in 1995. Be brave and never doubt yourself. Love, J'.

Morgan’s final film role was in the 2015 fantasy epic Tyrant, in which he played the eponymous tyrannical ruler Lord Reynard. Filming began in early 2014 and was split between Scotland, Ireland, and Canada. He has cited that the film was his ‘most taxing’ and that ‘the villains are always the most entertaining to portray and wished I had the chance to take on that role more’. Tyrant's director Simon Leyland has often been cited to be difficult to work with due to his perfectionist directing style and long shooting periods and in an interview Morgan told The Hollywood Reporter that: "Even though Simon was determined to make a perfect fantasy film- and, in my opinion, he came rather close- the filming schedule and conditions were harsh and his criticisms only made things worse. I had a few squabbles with him on set, nothing more than minor creative differences that were eventually resolved, but sometimes had to play mediator between him and some of the crew members and actors. I was surprised I wasn't fired and replaced". He then went on to add: "Despite everything, the concept of the film was fun to play along with and being an unhinged ruler of a kingdom, shouting orders and laughing maniacally, was quite cathartic. It's an experience I'll never forget and I'm glad my acting career could end on a high". Morgan's performance also earned him a Critics’ Choice Award.

▲ Personal Life

Morgan is a trained pianist and has been playing for 45 years. It was his mother's idea to enlist him for lessons and did so from the age of 7. Morgan’s skills can be seen in the films Unity, A Conflict of Shadows, and Highwire. He has also played the piano at many charity galas, mainly focusing on charities that helped children and young adults with their literacy and that encouraged them to join in with the youth theatre. He was known for playing classical pieces as well as popular songs from film and television. Despite no longer attending these events, having stopped in 2016, just after he retired, Morgan still donates to the same charities.

Morgan is also talented in close-up magic, a skill that was introduced to him by RADA classmate Marcus Creaghan, and he would later perform these tricks for interviewers at award shows and at charity galas he attended. Morgan is also a self-professed impressionist, having learned by repeatedly watching specific film scenes and mimicking tone and inflections from a young age. He is known to do uncanny impressions of actors such as Al Pacino, Jeremy Irons, James Stewart, Liam Neeson, and Christopher Walken, amongst many others, having shown them off on the first season of The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon and The Graham Norton Show.

From January to July 1997, Morgan was in a relationship with actress Natalia Sinclair. Their relationship was initially private for the first two months as they began to film Dark Skies together, but soon became public after they were seen together outside of filming in Hyde Park. Although Morgan has always refused to talk about the subject, several reports were made that their time together was ‘heated, passionate at first’ but then ‘rapidly developed into something toxic’. He has also refused to comment on Sinclair's untimely death, too, only stating in an Instagram post in April 2024: “…I still respect her greatly, as a person and as an actor, and that she deserved better, both from her short life and from myself”.

After selling his home in London, he moved to an apartment in Manhattan, New York City, which he bought from an undisclosed NBL player in 1998 and stayed there until his retirement. It is a well known fact that Morgan loves parties and over the years, his apartment has been the setting of many personal social events and charity events, even hosting an array of celebrities, including Lillian Grace Bower, David Solis, and Ethel Ajibola.

In 2004, Morgan officially became an American citizen whilst also retaining his British nationality. He has stated that ‘even though I have lived in the United States longer than I have lived in London, I will always consider myself British first and foremost’.

He has never married, but dated English actress Hattie Radford-Lowell between 2001 and 2004, American actress and singer Twyla Blake between 2006 and 2010, and briefly dated American author Summer Aston during 2013. He also dated English actress Arabella Woods whilst they were both studying at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. He remains friends with Blake and is also close friends with A Conflict of Shadows director Colton Hensley, whose youngest son Morgan is godfather to.

Just weeks after the release of Morgan's final film, Tyrant, he hosted the 87th Academy Awards where he announced his retirement from acting. The announcement was met with a mixture of high praise of a prosperous career and disappointment from both fans and critics, many noting that they had been looking forward to seeing more of Morgan in theatre productions and speculating that he would even progress onto directing. In July 2015, he moved to Aurora Bay, California, where Of Fire and Stars was partly filmed and where he bought the Seascape Hotel from a local resident. He spent almost 2 years renovating and restoring it, with the funds coming from his own pocket, before reopening it as a luxury hotel that draws in guests from all over the world. Morgan still performs acting and music often on the stage of the hotel’s lounge & bar and takes a very active role in the day-to-day running of the Seascape.

▲ Filmography

► Film

• Whirlwind (1994) as young Wilson (short film)

• Dark Skies (1997) as Liam

• Of Fire and Stars (1998) as Ashford Roy

• Unity (2002) as Dr Quentin Horrocks

• Nightwalker (2006) as Merrick (voice role)

• A Conflict of Shadows (2009) as Daniel Austin

• Highwire (2013) as Ethan Maythorn

• Tyrant (2015) as Lord Reynard

► Television

• The Outcast (1995) as Sebastian Harewood (8 episodes)

• Heartlines (1999-2004) as Dr Reginald 'Reggie' Keller (27 episodes)

• Small Mercies (2008) as Louis Graves (3 episodes)

• The Graham Norton Show (2009) as Himself/Guest

• 82nd Academy Awards (2010) as Himself/Host

• Snowfall (2012) as Archer Ellison (6 episodes) ; also producer

• The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon (2014) as Himself/Guest

• 87th Academy Awards (2015) as Himself/Host

► Theatre

• One More Night (1994) as Sam Woodbury (Ambassadors Theatre)

• Impolite Society (1998) as Nik (Astor Place Theatre)

• The Lights of Love (2003) as Elliott Bird (Broadway Theatre)

• Heart of Steel (2011) as Charlie Steel (Gershwin Theatre)

▲ List of Awards and Nominations received by Jasper Morgan

• British Academy Television Award for Best Actor: Sebastian Harewood in The Outcast (1995) – won

• British Academy Television Award for Best Actor: Liam in Dark Skies (1997) – nominated

• Critics’ Choice Award for Best Supporting Actor: Dr Quentin Horrocks in Unity (2002) – nominated

• Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Play: Elliott Bird in The Lights of Love (2003) – won

• Academy Award for Best Actor: Daniel Austin in A Conflict of Shadows (2009) – won

• Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role in a Motion Picture: Daniel Austin in A Conflict of Shadows (2009) – won

• Critics’ Choice Award for Best Supporting Actor: Archer Ellison in Snowfall (2012) – nominated

• Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Play: Charlie Steel in Heart of Steel (2011) – nominated

• Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role in a Motion Picture: Ethan Maythorn in Highwire (2013) – nominated

• Critics’ Choice Award for Best Actor: Lord Reynard in Tyrant (2015) – won

#( disclaimer: all names of films and people except the actors mentioned in the part about jasper’s impression skills are totally made up! )#❝ 𝙟. 𝙢𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙖𝙣 ❞ ╱ other #❝ 𝙟. 𝙢𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙖𝙣 ❞ ╱ bio #aurorabay.intro

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cringecompanionapologist · 9 months ago

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I Found More Doctor Who RPG Sourcebooks and I Can Almost Explain

I posted about this RPG before, with me just guessing at what the various stats are for. I haven't really done tabletop RPGs before, so I still don't understand a lot of it, but I can sorta understand some of what these character sheets mean.

The thing is, the main sourcebook for the game is from 2015, so it started off with the character sheet for The Doctor specifically meaning 12, and having a sheet for Clara, but no other companions. I think there were earlier releases of the game during 10 and 11's eras, but I focused on the most recent here.

There's a special edition sort of sourcebook that isn't specific to any Doctor and I used that one to define things.

Then, there are the regeneration specific sourcebooks for Doctors 1-11. I got most of my character sheets from those.

As for every Doctor after 12, I think another edition of the game with 13 was eventually released, but it isn't on the website I found all of these on. 14 and 15 are new enough that I don't think they have this sort of material yet.

So, here's me just rambling about whatever things I found interesting here.

Stats and Skills

Most of the interesting numbers on the character sheets are the 6 stats and 12 skill categories involved.

6 stats is a typical rpg format, since that's what DnD has. The classic DnD stats are Strength, Dexterity, Constitution, Intelligence, Wisdom, and Charisma. The Doctor Who stats can vaguely map onto these, though they're not exactly the same.

Awareness is based on a character's focus and observation skills. I'd say it's closest counterpart is Wisdom, but not really.

Coordination is reflexes. It's basically Dexterity.

Ingenuity is a combination of education level and problem solving skills. Some characters will have high Ingenuity scores based purely on one or the other. It's closest to Intelligence.

Presence is how good a character is at attracting attention to themselves and getting people to listen to them. It's a variation on Charisma.

Resolve is a character's force of will and self-discipline. There isn't really a version of Constitution in this game, so I see Resolve as the psychological version of Constitution.

Strength is...it's just the DnD Strength stat. They didn't change this one.

A human character can score a 1-6 on each stat, with 3 being average human. Other species can score above 6 in certain stats. Cybermen can be stronger than any human, for example.

As for skills, characters can have skill points in 12 categories: Athletics, Convince, Craft, Fighting, Knowledge, Marksman, Medicine, Science, Subterfuge, Survival, Technology, and Transport.

Athletics are physical skills other than fighting. That includes running, jumping, climbing, swimming, or more specific things like riding a horse or playing a sport.

Convince is...well, it's convincing people to do stuff or tell you stuff. This can mean lying, bossing people around, seduction, or just being so charming that people will do whatever you want.

Craft is making things. It's building, carpentry, metalworking, as well as some artistic skills like singing or playing an instrument.

Fighting is exactly what it sounds like, though it specifically means physical fighting, either via punching and kicking, or with a weapon like a sword or a club.

Knowledge is specifically knowledge of things that don't fall into the Medicine, Science, and Technology categories. So it's things like history or speaking different languages.

Marksman is combat based in shooting or throwing. It can be with a gun, a bow, a futuristic laser weapon, or a knife if it's being thrown.

Medicine is medical knowledge. How to treat wounds and illnesses, knowing antidotes to poisons, or knowing how to help people with trauma.

Science is knowledge of the SM of STEM. So it's stuff you'd learn in science class like chemistry, biology, and physics, as well as mathematics.

Subterfuge is basically your "rogue class" skill set. Sneaking around, picking locks, sleight of hand, that sort of thing.

Survival is knowing how to not die in various environments. This can be wilderness survival like building a fire from sticks you find in the woods, but it can also refer to specific terrain. You could need to survive while stranded in the ocean or space, or the tundra, and there aren't many sticks to make fire out of in those places.

Technology is the TE of STEM, so it's skill with computers and various gadgets, as well as engineering.

Transport is knowing how to drive or fly things. It can be driving a car, flying a plane, sailing on a boat, piloting a spacecraft, or controlling the TARDIS.

Tech Levels:

There's also those Tech Levels I was wondering about. These are loose categories of how advanced the technology of a character's native time and place are. I say loose because several centuries can be at the same level.

Level 1 is Stone Age. There are things that could be considered technology.

Level 2 is reached with metal. Most ancient and medieval civilizations go here.

Level 3 is around the Renaissance, defined by things like gunpowder and really big boats.

Level 4 is Industrial Revolution, where things are being mass produced in factories instead of by hand.

Level 5 is Space Travel, but very limited space travel. People can put things in space like rockets and satellites, but they can't go very far, not outside the solar system. Nothing can travel faster than the speed of light.

Level 6 is Star Trek, basically. There are ships that can travel faster than light and/or transmat systems that allow for some form of fast travel. There are colonies outside the solar system, but they're sort of isolated. Space is still being explored here.

Level 7 is Great and Bountiful Space Empires. Colonies in different systems or even galaxies are more easily connected. The only major limit is no time travel.

Level 8 is where time travel comes in.

Level 9 is like really good time travel. From what I've seen, this is literally just Level Dalek.

Level 10 is Time Lords and Time Lords only.

Level 11 is The Tech Level of Rassilon for very powerful Time Lords and TARDIS by themselves.

Level 12 is Eternals and other God People who can't be comprehended by mere mortals.

So, how about some notes on things? To avoid having to constantly flip between books, I typed out everything I wanted to know onto a spreadsheet.

Most the Doctor's stats stay the same between incarnations or increase slightly over time. Ingenuity starts at 7, but new series Doctors are at 9, because of all the life experience. Basically, Ingenuity 7 is impossible for a human, but actually a bit low for a Time Lord. The Doctor is ridiculously clever by human standards, but something of a failure by Time Lord standards, so this makes sense.

Strength probably varies the most because of how physically different the Doctors are. The First Doctor is at a 1, being a tired old man, while the Third is at a 4, above average.

Skills vary a bit more than stats. Some, like Knowledge, Science, and Technology just slowly rise over time like stats, but others jump around a bit.

In Athletics, The Fifth Doctor is slightly higher than most classic Doctors, because he plays cricket. He's literally an athlete.

Going from the Second Doctor to the Third, Convince plummets from 5 to 2. Basically, imagine both Doctors having to get past a guard. The Second Doctor would convince the guard to let him past somehow with the Third would probably just knock the guard out.

On the other hand, Two's Fighting skill is at 0. He literally cannot fight. While Three's is at 3, a common number for male companions who are often there to do the fighting. It is also the exact same score as the Brigadier.

Also the First Doctor and Ian have the same Fighting score. If you don't know why, watch The Romans. One can kick ass.

Marksman usually stays pretty low, since the Doctor doesn't like guns, but the Fourth Doctor's is at a 4. The Doctor's attitude towards guns is actually a bit more complicated than "doesn't like them". Some Doctors just don't like them. But, Four's attitude towards guns is more pragmatic. He doesn't carry weapons because people are less likely to attack an unarmed person who doesn't present as a threat. He'll pick up a gun if there's a gunfight going on, but he's never going to risk starting one.

Subterfuge is the same as Convince when it comes to the Second and Third Doctors. If they come across a locked door, and the sonic screwdriver can't open it, which one's more likely to pick the lock and which one's more likely to karate kick the door down?

As an added bonus to talk about, there's a much longer list of Traits, added strengths and weaknesses outside of Stats and Skills. One of these is Attractive, which can make someone better at Convince rolls just by being pretty. Eight is the only Doctor with this trait.

Companions with the Attractive Trait: Ian, Barbara, Katarina, Sara, Ben, Polly, Jamie, Victoria, Zoe, Liz, Jo, Sarah Jane, Leela, Romana I, Romana II, Nyssa, Tegan, Peri, Ace, Grace, Rose, Jack, Martha, Amy, River, and Clara.

And now that we're on the subject of companions:

So, nearly every companion is Tech Level 5, because that applies to the entire time the show has been airing and most companions are from the time their introductory episodes aired. But, we've got some companions from other times and places to go over.

Companions That Aren't Present Day: Susan, Vicki, Steven, Katarina, Sara, Jamie, Victoria, Zoe, Leela, K9, Romana, Adric, Nyssa, Turlough, Kamelion, Jack, River.

Out of those Zoe is still considered to be from Level 5. Though Zoe's from a futuristic space station, The Wheel is apparently not outside the solar system. Humans of Zoe's time probably still can't travel faster than light and the T-Mat systems from The Seeds of Death are probably still a few decades off. Also, it's still the 21st century, which is also now, despite not being now.

For historical companions, Level 4 seems to be preferred so they aren't too far behind the audience. Jamie and Victoria are both classified as such. Level 4 is apparently supposed to cover the 18th and 19th centuries, but that doesn't exactly align with the Industrial Revolution, which began around 1760 at the earliest. So, Victoria's 1866 being at Level 4 is obvious, but I personally don't believe 1746 should count and I'd have put Jamie at Level 3.

Meanwhile, Katarina's at Level 2, fitting the early Bronze Age. But, Katarina didn't last very long as a companion because the writers were nervous about having a companion who wouldn't recognize basically anything she'd see in a sci-fi show.

But, in the 1970s, the writers said "fuck it" and we got Leela, who, though not from Earth's past, is from a Level 1 civilization. The made it work by having Leela be very clever. She's a fast learner so she'll figure out what everything is before it becomes a problem.

As for the more futuristic companions, we've got Vicki at Level 6, which does seem to match what we see in The Rescue. Steven, strangely, is at Level 7, the same as Sara Kingdom. Steven is frustrating because we don't actually know when he's from, with sources varying wildly, landing mainly on "somewhere between the 23rd and 28th centuries", though I've seen people guess as far ahead as the 36th. If Steven is from the 36th century, that would fit with Level 7, not being too far from Sara's 41st. Vicki's Level 6 is the 25th century though, so if he's from before her, he should be Level 6. Usually all of the 2XXX years are Levels 5 or 6, so perhaps the sourcebook is going for the 36th century interpretation. Though his character bio says 23rd century...

Look, nobody knows what the fuck is going on with Steven. I would've gone with Level 6, just to be safe.

Speaking of Level 7 though, Humanity is up there by the 41st century, but some alien civilizations get there earlier. Nyssa, Turlough, and Kamelion are placed at this level. EU material references both Traken and Trion having either empires or a variety of colonies with influence over a long distance. The Trions apparently have agents hidden on every civilized planet, which would take Level 7 "space travel easy" technology to work.

Adric is a bit weird. He's put at Level 6, as the tech level of Alzarius, but his math superpowers allow him to understand Level 10 technology. He's basically a Time Lord via adoption.

Then we have K9 and Jack, both from the 51st century, where humans can time travel, and whoever built K9 can time travel. Actually, K9 Mark I is Level 8. K9 Mark II is Level 10, due to being constructed by the Doctor, a Time Lord. He had to be upgraded to match the tech of the TARDIS basically.

Lastly, though River technically should've been born in the 21st century, she was actually raised around Level 8 technology in the future.

I should probably say a few things about the Stats and Skills of Companions, shouldn't I.

A fun thing to do is to take the Ingenuity stat and compare it to the Knowledge skill. For Jamie and Jo that's a 3 and a 1. For Leela, that's a 4 and a 0. This means that, as much as the show seems to think they're stupid, Jamie and Jo are actually pretty normal in terms of intelligence. They're just limited in their knowledge. Leela is even given above average Ingenuity. She's very clever, but she doesn't know about anything at first. She ends up living on Gallifrey.

There's also companions with contrasting knowledge. Adric has Knowledge at 2, but Science and Technology at 3. Adric doesn't know much about things other than mathematics and things mathematics can be applied to, like computer programming. Zoe also has higher scores in Science and Technology than in Knowledge.

If you wanna know who scores high in what thing, where all the interesting big numbers are:

Highest Awareness Stat: Zoe, Brigadier, Benton, Sarah Jane, Romana II, Mel, Jack, Amy, Rory, River (All at 4)

Highest Coordination Stat: Leela, Mel (5)

Highest Ingenuity Stat: Romana (9)

Highest Non-Time Lord Ingenuity Stat: Nyssa (6)

Of course Nyssa gets to be special.

Highest Presence Stat: Polly, Romana, Turlough, Jack (5)

Yes, Turlough and Jack basically have the same Charisma stat. I love it.

Highest Resolve Stat: Barbara, Sara, Harry, Romana, Mel, Ace, River (5)

In general, companions are usually above average in Resolve, with a few exceptions. Susan, Turlough, and Kamelion are all 2s.

Highest Strength Stat: Steven, Sara, Ben, Jamie, Brigadier, Benton, Leela, Kamelion, Jack, Mickey

I would like to note that 3 is considered human average, but the women seem to average at 2. Draw your own conclusions.

Highest Athletic Skills: Mel (5)

That fitness obsession went a long way, apparently. Runner-ups, scoring 4, is Ben, since the navy is like that.

Highest Convince Skills: Jack (5)

Highest Craft Skills: Vicki, Ben, Brigadier, Leela, Romana II, Nyssa, Ace, Grace (3)

Highest Fighting Skills: Sara, Jamie, Leela, Jack (4)

Highest Knowledge Skills: K9 (6)

Robot computer memory banks should be considered cheating, so let's have some runner-ups: Liz, Romana, Peri, River, Clara (4)

If you're curious about why Peri's up here, since she's usually not associated with knowledge, it's all in Botany. She knows a lot about botany.

Highest Marksman Skills: Steven, Sara, Benton, Jack (4)

Highest Medical Skills: Grace (5)

The other doctors of Doctor Who (scoring 4): Liz, Harry, Martha, Rory

Look, the one time we see Grace doctoring she kills her patient. If she's a 5 at least one of these other 4 should be. I vote Martha.

Highest Science Skills: Zoe, Liz, K9, Romana (5)

Highest Subterfuge Skills: Sara, Polly, Jo, Kamelion, Rose, River, Clara (4)

Highest Survival Skills: Ben, Peri (4)

I think Peri earned a 4 just on remaining sane while traveling with 6.

Highest Technology Skills: K9 (6), Romana, River (5)

And among the (4 scoring) mortals: Susan, Vicki, Zoe, Turlough, Kamelion, Mel, Martha

Highest Transport Skills: Sara, Jack (4)

As a final list, there's a trait called Vortex that means "able to fly the TARDIS". Naturally, all the Doctors have it, but here are:

Companions Who Can Fly the TARDIS: K9, Romana, Adric, Turlough, Jack, River

So K9, Romana, Jack, and River all come from civilizations with time machines. Adric is established as having an abnormal understanding of Time Lord tech. Turlough...he can just fly the TARDIS. There's a novel that takes place after Planet of Fire, following Turlough, and he invents a time machine. Turlough is just Good With Time Machines.

There are other companions that controlled the TARDIS at various points, but whenever it happened, it was played like a big deal. These companions had at least one moment when they controlled the TARDIS and the Doctor didn't even seem surprised.

So, I believe that's all for now. This probably wasn't very coherent. My computer is mostly broken and once I get a new one in a few days I'll post coherent things with it.

#doctor who rpg #i've talked about too many characters to tag them all

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religion-is-a-mental-illness · 27 days ago

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By: Ross Pomeroy

Published: Jan 4, 2023

Boys are under-performing girls across all ages, education levels, and in most countries — and the divide is worsening.

A recently published study of 39,000 Italian tenth graders found that for male and female students who have identical subject-specific competence, teachers give higher grades to girls.

A simple solution to grading-related bias is for students to write their names at the very end of any test or assignment, so the grader only knows their identity after scoring the wo

Across all ages and nearly all areas of education, boys are under-performing girls.

“Girls are about a year ahead of boys in terms of reading ability in OECD nations, in contrast to a wafer-thin and shrinking advantage for boys in maths. Boys are 50 percent more likely than girls to fail at all three key school subjects: maths, reading, and science,” Richard Reeves, a senior fellow in Economic Studies and the Director of the Future of the Middle Class Initiative, wrote in his recent book Why the Modern Male is Struggling,

According to a 2018 Brookings Institution report, about 88% of American girls graduated high school on time, compared with 82% of boys. In 2020, six out of ten college students were women. Once on campus, they graduate at higher rates, receiving more associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees in the process. As evidenced by declining college enrollment in the U.S., a drop for which men account for 71%, the gender disparity is continuing to worsen.

The reasons for this expanding educational divide have been vociferously debated and discussed. A startling shortage of male K-12 teachers (just 24%), the hands-off, tedious structure of school, and poor parenting are a few of the explanations offered. Another, less frequently discussed, is starting to emerge from the scientific literature: Boys appear to be graded more harshly than girls.

Boys vs. girls

When researchers across the world — from Israel and Sweden to France and Czechia — explored teachers’ grading behaviors, either by having educators grade hypothetical students’ identical works while only changing the students’ gender, or comparing grades achieved by “similarly competent” male and female students, they found that girls consistently receive higher grades than boys.

Further cementing this pattern is a recently published study conducted on nearly 39,000 10th grade students in Italy.

Authors Ilaria Lievore and Moris Triventi, both in the department of sociology and social research at the University of Trento, found that for students with the same level of “subject-specific competence,” as measured by standardized test scores, girls are graded more generously than boys. In Italy, students are graded on a one to ten scale, with six being a passing score. In mathematics, girls are graded about 0.4 points higher than similarly competent boys. In language, the gender grading premium is 0.3 points in favor of girls.

Since the researchers also procured data on students’ teachers and classroom characteristics, they explored whether the teacher’s gender or the classroom size had any effect on the difference in grading. Alas, they didn’t see any sign that male teachers were kinder graders to boys. Moreover, fewer students in a classroom did not mitigate the effect.

The researchers were thus left to speculate about the cause of the grading imbalance.

Teacher bias?

“One related theoretical stream interprets gender grading mismatch as also being a function of students’ observed behaviours,” they wrote. “School and classroom environments might indeed be adapted to traditionally female behaviours. Female students might thus adopt such actual behaviours during class, including precision, order, modesty, and quietness, which go beyond the individuals’ academic performance, but which teachers may highly reward in terms of grades.”

The simple fact is that, despite their best intentions, teachers can be swayed by the same unconscious biases as the rest of us. As one anonymous teacher pointed out on Reddit, “Teacher’s mood plays into grades. How the student acts in class affects grading. How the students’ parents act plays into grades.”

Thus, a simple solution to grading-related bias is for students to write their names at the very end of any test or assignment, so the grader only knows their identity after scoring the work.

Teacher bias has been studied quite extensively.

Abstract

Schools and teachers are often said to be a source of stereotypes that harm girls. This paper tests for the existence of gender stereotyping and discrimination by public high-school teachers in Israel. It uses a natural experiment based on blind and non-blind scores that students receive on matriculation exams in their senior year. Using data on test results in several subjects in the humanities and sciences, I found, contrary to expectations, that male students face discrimination in each subject. These biases widen the female–male achievement difference because girls outperform boys in all subjects, except English, and at all levels of the curriculum. The bias is evident in all segments of the ability and performance distribution and is robust to various individual controls. Several explanations based on differential behavior between boys and girls are not supported empirically. However, the size of the difference is very sensitive to teachers' characteristics, suggesting that the bias against male students is the result of teachers', and not students', behavior.

Abstract

In this paper, we study the presence of systematic differences between teacher non-blind assessments and external blindly graded standardized tests as a measure of grading misalignment. Using a large administrative database covering two student cohorts (N = 31, 183 pupils) from publicly-funded schools in the Basque Country (Spain), we explore the grading gaps found between these two type of assessments for several student characteristics using fixed effects modeling. We find that, after controlling for standardized achievement, systematic teachers’ under-assessment exists for student groups that, on average, lag behind in school: boys, children from an immigrant background, and low SES students. The observed data patterns withstand several robustness checks, including the use of instrumental variables approach (IV) and other alternative regression specifications.

Abstract

The ‘boy crisis’ prompts the question of whether people interpret inequalities differently depending on whether males or females are lagging behind. We study this question in a novel large-scale distributive experiment involving more than 5,000 Americans. Our data provide strong evidence of a gender bias against low-performing males, particularly among female participants. A large set of additional treatments establishes that the gender bias reflects statistical fairness discrimination. The study provides novel evidence on the nature of discrimination and on how males falling behind are perceived by society.

Abstract

Teachers’ evaluations of students do not consider only academic competence, but are imbued with social considerations related to individual teacher and student characteristics, their interactions, and the surrounding context. The aim of this paper is understanding the extent to which teachers grade girls more generously than boys, and which characteristics of teachers and classrooms are likely to reduce this gender grading gap. We use Italian data from INVALSI-SNV, providing information on 10th-grade students linked with their teachers. The analysis relies on grade equation models in multilevel regression analysis, with students as first level, teachers/classrooms as second level, and schools as third level. Results show that, when comparing students who have identical subject-specific competence, teachers are more likely to give higher grades to girls. Furthermore, they demonstrate for the first time that this grading premium favouring girls is systemic, as teacher and classroom characteristics play a negligible role in reducing it.

ABSTRACT

We study if the Italian school system suffers from gender bias when judging students. To this aim, we use a differences-in-differences approach that compares the teachers' assessments and the standardized test scores that the students receive during the school year. We have census data for all Italian fifth and sixth graders in two different subjects, math and language, that include a rich set of additional controls. Our evidence reveals that, since primary school, boys are graded less favourably than girls in both math and language. This result is also confirmed for middle school students (sixth graders), and it holds even when (a) we separate the analysis between the most and least developed Italian regions, (b) we control for possible gender-specific attitude towards cheating and teachers' manipulation and (c) we introduce class and school fixed effects in the models. Comparing the results obtained across different levels of schooling and subjects, we cannot clearly identify the role of specific mechanisms in determining the gender bias. Overall the analysis suggests further study on the role of teachers' characteristics.

Abstract

I use a combination of blind and non-blind test scores to show that middle school teachers favor girls in their evaluations. This favoritism, estimated as individual teacher effects, has long-term consequences: as measured by their national evaluations three years later, male students make less progress than their female counterparts. On the other hand, girls who benefit from gender bias in math are more likely to select a science track in high school. Without teachers’ bias in favor of girls, the gender gap in choosing a science track would be 12.5% larger in favor of boys.

2.1 Grading bias and teacher assessments

The OECD found that girls are more likely to receive better marks from their teachers (in class tests), even when compared to boys who perform equally well in PISA (anonymous, surprise test), and they report similar attitudes and behaviors (amount of time spent reading and on homework, school enjoyment, etc.) [15]. Students’ expectations of their future and ambitions were shown to be linked to their grades. It is concluded that because of the grading bias, boys are more likely to not go to college and to end their education earlier than girls who perform equally well at PISA and display similar behaviors.

The OECD is not alone in their observation of the grading bias. Researcher Camille Terrier found that this favouritism towards girls has long-term negative consequences for boys’ progress. In particular, she notes that “without teachers’ bias in favour of girls, the gender gap in choosing a science track would be 12.5% larger in favour of boys” [16]. She also finds that, contradicting the OECD report’s speculation1, “girls’ better behaviour in class is not behind this nudge forwards”.

Another study analysed the grades of almost 30,000 pupilsfrom 300 Israeli schools, across multiple cohorts of high school seniors, and found a grading bias against males across nine subjects by comparing blind grades from external state exams with non-blind teacher grades [17]. These findings were consistent even in schools where boys outperformed girls on average. As this study is a natural experiment, the findings have a high degree of generalisability.

A very recent study from Italy reports that, among students with identical subject-specific competence, teachers tend to give higher marks to girls [18]. The study further reveals that this bonus in favour of girls is systemic, as teacher and classroom characteristics have minimal impact on reducing it. Thus, a holistic approach may be needed in order to solve the problem which may not be caused by any one particular failing. Notably, the authors conclude: “[…] the magnitude of the bias against male students in not negligible, and may have negative consequences. This is especially true regarding Mathematics, where a teacher penalty may translate into a failing grade, since the average teacher grade for boys falls right on the passing mark.” [emphasis added]

#Ross Pomeroy #boys in school #education #grading bias #teacher bias #gender gap #gender bias #school #religion is a mental illness

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faridabadhometutor · 2 months ago

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beefy-arms000 · 2 years ago

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Instead of getting knowledge or basic education from parents, what if vikings had to go to school ( elementary, middle, and high school ) or even college if they wanted.

ok, I know the whole franchise is based off dragons and the production was probably like they ain’t got no damn time for school because it would get in the way of exploring new islands and dragons, or they might not have time to battle cause one of them has a paper due the next day.

I’d like to see the choice of courses that Berk would have for the young lads and lasses. Imagine the gangs school schedule.

There would most definitely be a Blacksmith and Mining class, Defense and Targeting/PE class, Home Ec/Viking Etiquette, Stitching and Knitting/Art, Music and Instruments, or Dance and Creative Movement.

And of course some core classes like Science/Chemistry, Mathematics, English/Old Norse, History/Norse Mythology, or Scandinavian Studies or something.

Each island has 2-3 schools, some with elementary and middle schools being constructed together.

Berk Schools: K-12

Mount Berk Elementary ( MBE )

Mount Berk Middle School ( MBMS )

Mount Berk Shore ( High School )

Berkview Elementary

Berkmann Middle School

Berk Island Academy High School

The district is called “BISD” ( Berk Island School District ) meaning they follow the same rules and regulations for whatever the school board decides.

Now, I feel like Colleges/Universities would be located off of Berk but also close considering the Island is mainly for college students or “berkians”

Colleges And University’s

University of Berk (obviously)

NordicStudies of Berk University (idk lol)

I spent way too much time thinking about this.

do yall have any more ideas or better names?

#httyd #rtte #hiccup haddock #astrid hofferson #snotlout jorgenson #fishlegs ingerman #ruffnut thorston #tuffnut thorston #hiccstrid #httyd 3 #httyd 2 #httyd gang #httyd fandom #viking #defenders of berk #riders of berk

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juliusthedressmaker · 1 year ago

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Hey! Have you ever been to school when you were my age?

Hello there (⁠◔⁠‿⁠◔⁠)

I was born in 1874. Regularly attending a real school was a luxury and privilege that was only available for the upper class. I was born into a working class family, and a working class family in the Victorian era is nothing like the luxury lives of the working class in the 2020s, you know?

Coming from a working class family in the 1800s meant I began working in the coal mines at least 6 hours a day, at least 4 days a week with my father, shortly after turning 4 years old. Of course as I got older, my hours of labor increased. At 10 years old, left school due to my hours working in the coal mines being increased to 12 hours a day, 6 a week. This was a common thing for the time, you know?

So no, I did not attend any school in the way you would know it to be. The closest I came to schooling was attending a one took, all ages school house which was rather dilapidated and lacked any learning materials and supplies. I was able to attend once a week for a 3 hour day, maybe twice a week if I was lucky (though that was very rare).

Most school was done at home in that era, however my parents never bothered so instead, Killian was my teacher. He never attended a day of school yet taught himself from a very young age not just the core subjects but advanced mathematics, science, languages.. Much more. He's a genius, you know?

I discontinued working in the mines at 13 years old, and once again began attending school for a few hours once or twice a week, upon Killian getting me a job as a bartender at the pub he worked at. It was eight hours a day and seven days a week, from 4pm-12am. It paid better, much better.

The schedule and hours were much more doable and tolerable, not to mention the environment was far superior. I still have and always will have the chronic severe cough I developed at 4 years old from the coal mines, however once I began it working at the bar, the cough no longer continued to worsen and even improved just a bit over a few years. Plus, I got to be with Killian at work there, so truly got to spend every moment together. I was as close to happy as Im able to when I began working at the pub, given it meant no longer being stuck in dark caverns, alone with my father in a space so small that the cave walls forcefully were pushing me into him............

Uhh, anyway, school. I stopped going all together from 10-12 years old. At 13 I began attending again though I only did so until I was 15, which was when I permanently disconnected attending. This was common for the time. Instead I focused on working and learning trades.

Most of my educational time was spent teaching myself how to make truly perfect, one of a kind and purely gorgeous dresses. When I was 16, I showed the collection I had made so far to a few women and girls who attended the same church as my family and I. They all were infatuated with the dresses and wanted to purchase one. After I realized I could turn my passion into a job I made an income from, well.... You can figure out where it went from there.

It deeply pisses me the hell off to overhear kids and teens complaining about attending school and claiming it is too difficult... You all live in luxury, and get a full education for free at that. For anyone who read this: before you bitch and moan over school, just remember that if you were born in the 1800s or early 1900s, you won't be at school because you'll be working in coal mines and sweeping chimneys every single day for half of the hours in the day. Will you prefer that? No.

Hush and go finish your studies and complete your papers. Zip it about the bullies, either ignore or punch but so help me Satan if anyone dare say 'b-but bullies and school s-stressful' to me, I WILL BULLY THE LIVING HELL OUT OF YOU AND INDUCE THE MOST STRESSFUL EXPERIENCE OF YOUR FUCKING LIFE >:U

All that said, I did not ever hold much interest in schooling, you know? However Killian would dream of being able to attend just a single day of school though he never was given the chance. In fact his childhood dream was to become an academic. He wanted to become a professor who teaches Latin(which he fluently speaks) and/or Ancient Roman History. I'm sure he would be fascinated and excited to hear about how school is now, and the intensity of it.

Have a happy afternoon!

:)<3

#//rp blog #//this is a rp blog of a fictional character; nothing is real and meant for entertainment purposes only #julius the dressmaker #creepypasta roleplay #julius doherty #killian lynch #creepypasta

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sarkariresultdude · 8 months ago

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Tamil Nadu Board Exam Results: A Comprehensive Overview

The Tamil Nadu Board Result of Secondary Education (TNBSE) plays a critical function in shaping the instructional landscape of the kingdom. The board is accountable for carrying out examinations for classes 10 and 12, which are pivotal in determining students' academic paths. The effects of these examinations are surprisingly anticipated every yr, impacting students' futures and educational choices.

Examination Structure

The Tamil Nadu board checks generally encompass principal levels: the Secondary School Leaving Certificate (SSLC) for class 10 and the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) for class 12. The SSLC assessments usually take area in March, while the HSC exams observe quickly after. These tests cover various topics, such as Tamil, English, Mathematics, Science, and Social Science, among others.

Importance of Results

The outcomes of these board assessments are enormous for several reasons:

Academic Progression: For magnificence 10 students, the SSLC outcomes determine their eligibility for higher secondary education. Depending on their rankings, students can select among diverse streams including Science, Commerce, or Arts in class 11.

Higher Education Opportunities: Class 12 students, however, need their HSC consequences for university admissions. Performance in those tests is critical for securing seats in universities and expert publications.

Career Decisions: The results additionally impact career alternatives. High rankings can open doorways to prestigious establishments and aggressive courses, while lower scores may also require college students to recall opportunity paths or remedial measures.

Psychological Impact: The strain surrounding board examination outcomes can considerably affect students' intellectual health. The anticipation of consequences can cause anxiety, stress, and, in some cases, sadness, highlighting the need for adequate counseling and aid systems.

Result Announcement Process

The Tamil Nadu board commonly publicizes the examination results in May or June, some weeks after the crowning glory of the exams. The results are made available online on the legit TNBSE website, along with different structures, making sure easy get admission to college kids and dads and moms.

In recent years, the board has also delivered SMS offerings, allowing college students to access their results directly on their mobile phones. This initiative aims to ensure that students in far-flung regions have identical access to their results, thereby promoting inclusivity.

Performance Trends

Every 12 months, the Tamil Nadu board sees various performance trends based totally on several elements:

Overall Pass Percentage: The ordinary bypass percentage is a critical metric. In recent years, the SSLC results have frequently visible pass percentages in the variety of ninety-95%, while the HSC results can vary more widely, depending at the subjects and the general trouble of the exam.

Subject-Wise Performance: Typically, students perform well in languages and social sciences, even as topics like Mathematics and Science can also see a decrease in common ratings. This fashion regularly sparks discussions about the need for a curriculum evaluation and stepped-forward coaching strategies in these subjects.

District-smart Performance: The results also are analyzed at the district level, with some districts always outperforming others. These statistics is precious for policymakers and educators to become aware of regions desiring interest and assistance.

Post-Result Scenario

After the results are announced, the subsequent steps for students include:

Counseling and Admission Processes: Students ought to make crucial selections concerning their in addition schooling. Many faculties and colleges arrange counseling periods to help students recognize their options based totally on their ratings.

Re-assessment and Re-checking: Students who are disappointed with their effects have the option to use for re-assessment or re-checking of their solution sheets. This system is vital for individuals who agree that their overall performance is no longer correctly pondered within the initial grading.

Supplementary Exams: For college students who did not bypass, the board gives supplementary tests, normally performed a few months after the primary results are declared. This gives students a second chance to clear their subjects.

Challenges Faced

The board consequences method isn't without its challenges. Issues such as administrative delays, discrepancies in grading, and the high stakes associated with the exams can result in significant pressure for college kids and educators alike. Furthermore, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has raised issues approximately the preparedness of college students, as many had to adapt to online learning, which varies in effectiveness.

#Tamil Nadu Board Result

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