#Cretan Renaissance

[rolandapostatize]

tbh i hated sk/8 by the time it ended bc of how miserably downhill the writing went so i was apprehensive as hell about bucchigiri but it has managed to wipe my brain of all that lmao, and it was so easy too all they had to do was throw in a guy with absurdly long blue braids that ive treasured every glimpse of for the past 6 weeks like im a lovestruck youth in a renaissance cretan romance. BUT ALSO jokes aside the entire thing is far more fun to me than sk/8 was before it let me down, so much so that i genuinely don't care if i end up hating it by the time it's over. the emotions i have while watching the episodes are probably the most i've felt anything in the past few months, and i love everything about the conceit (simultaneous fighting anime & harem anime parody? excellent) and the sheer artistry that has been poured into executing such a ridiculous premise (did anybody else notice the way the animated senya's surprise toward the end of last week's episode as a full body reaction? the way his chest shifted together with his head turn? i loved that). also i need to inhale the toxic djinn yaoi through my nostrils

[nothing-like-the-sun-jgr]

El Greco (1541-1614) - 1587-97 Pieta (Niarchos Collection, Paris, France) by Milton Sonn Via Flickr: Oil on canvas; 120 x 145 cm. El Greco, born Doménikos Theotokópoulos (1541 – 7 April 1614), was a painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. "El Greco" (The Greek) was a nickname,[a][b] a reference to his national Greek origin, and the artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters, Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος (Doménikos Theotokópoulos), often adding the word Κρής (Krēs, "Cretan"). El Greco was born in Crete, which was at that time part of the Republic of Venice, and the center of Post-Byzantine art. He trained and became a master within that tradition before travelling at age 26 to Venice, as other Greek artists had done.[2] In 1570 he moved to Rome, where he opened a workshop and executed a series of works. During his stay in Italy, El Greco enriched his style with elements of Mannerism and of the Venetian Renaissance. In 1577, he moved to Toledo, Spain, where he lived and worked until his death. In Toledo, El Greco received several major commissions and produced his best-known paintings. El Greco's dramatic and expressionistic style was met with puzzlement by his contemporaries but found appreciation in the 20th century. El Greco is regarded as a precursor of both Expressionism and Cubism, while his personality and works were a source of inspiration for poets and writers such as Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis. El Greco has been characterized by modern scholars as an artist so individual that he belongs to no conventional school.[3] He is best known for tortuously elongated figures and often fantastic or phantasmagorical pigmentation, marrying Byzantine traditions with those of Western painting.[4] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Greco

[epostravel]

What Are The Best Places To Visit In Crete, Greece

Crete, the largest island in Greece, is a captivating destination renowned for its rich history, stunning landscapes, and vibrant culture. Whether you're drawn to its ancient ruins, pristine beaches, or bustling cities, Crete offers a diverse array of experiences that cater to every type of traveler. In this comprehensive guide, we delve into the top things to do in Crete, ensuring your visit to this enchanting island is unforgettable.

Explore the Ancient Ruins of Knossos

A visit to Crete is incomplete without exploring the Minoan Palace of Knossos. Located near Heraklion, this ancient archaeological site is considered one of the most significant in Greece. Dating back to around 1900 BC, Knossos was the center of Minoan civilization and boasts intricate frescoes, grand staircases, and elaborate storage jars. The palace complex is an exceptional example of early European urban planning and offers fascinating insights into ancient life.

Wander Through the Streets of Chania

The charming city of Chania is a must-visit for anyone traveling to Crete. With its well-preserved Venetian harbor, narrow cobblestone streets, and vibrant markets, Chania exudes a unique blend of Greek and Venetian influences. The city's Old Town is particularly picturesque, featuring colorful buildings, quaint cafes, and historic landmarks such as the Chania Lighthouse and Firkas Fortress. Don’t miss the opportunity to sample local Cretan cuisine in one of the many tavernas dotting the area.

Relax on Elafonissi Beach

Elafonissi Beach, located on the southwestern coast of Crete, is renowned for its stunning beauty. The beach features pink-hued sand and crystal-clear waters, making it one of the most picturesque spots on the island. The shallow waters make it ideal for families, while the surrounding dunes and lagoons create a tranquil atmosphere. Elafonissi is also a protected nature reserve, so visitors can enjoy its pristine environment and diverse flora and fauna.

Hike the Samaria Gorge

For nature enthusiasts, the Samaria Gorge is a must-visit. This spectacular 16-kilometer-long gorge is located in the White Mountains and is one of Europe’s longest and most impressive canyons. The hike through the gorge offers breathtaking views of rugged cliffs, lush vegetation, and the occasional wildlife encounter. The trail is challenging but rewarding, culminating in a beautiful coastal village where hikers can relax and rejuvenate.

Discover the Historic Sites of Rethymnon

Rethymnon, another gem of Crete, is known for its well-preserved Renaissance architecture and vibrant cultural scene. The city’s Old Town is a maze of narrow streets lined with charming buildings, bustling marketplaces, and cozy cafes. Key sites include the Rethymnon Fortress, an impressive Venetian citadel offering panoramic views of the city, and the Neratze Mosque, a historic structure reflecting the city’s diverse past.

Experience Cretan Cuisine

Cretan cuisine is a highlight of any visit to the island. Known for its emphasis on fresh, local ingredients, Cretan food is both delicious and healthy. Be sure to try traditional dishes such as moussaka, souvlaki, and dakos—a type of Cretan salad made with barley rusk, tomatoes, and feta cheese. Additionally, Cretan olive oil is renowned for its quality and flavor, making it a perfect souvenir to bring home.

Visit the Historical Town of Agios Nikolaos

Agios Nikolaos is a picturesque town located on the northeastern coast of Crete. Famous for its charming harbor, the town offers stunning views over the Mirabello Bay. Key attractions include Lake Voulismeni, a natural lagoon surrounded by cafes and shops, and the Archaeological Museum of Agios Nikolaos, which showcases artifacts from various historical periods. The town's relaxed atmosphere and beautiful setting make it a great place to unwind.

Explore the Lassithi Plateau

The Lassithi Plateau is a fertile plain located in the central part of Crete, surrounded by high mountains. This area is known for its traditional windmills and lush greenery. Visitors can explore the Cave of Zeus (Dikteon Cave), a significant archaeological site believed to be the birthplace of the Greek god Zeus. The plateau also offers opportunities for hiking, cycling, and enjoying local agricultural products.

Visit the Monastery of Arkadi

The Monastery of Arkadi is a historical and cultural landmark located near Rethymnon. This 16th-century monastery played a significant role during the Cretan revolt against the Ottoman Empire in 1866. It is known for its beautiful architecture, including a grand church and intricate frescoes. The monastery is also a symbol of Cretan resistance and resilience, making it a poignant visit for those interested in the island’s history.

Relax in the Village of Vamos

For a more authentic Cretan experience, visit the traditional village of Vamos. Located in the Apokoronas region, Vamos offers a glimpse into rural life on the island. The village features traditional stone houses, narrow streets, and a tranquil atmosphere. Visitors can explore local shops, enjoy homemade Cretan dishes at village tavernas, and participate in cultural events and festivals.

FAQs

1. When is the best time to visit Crete?

The best time to visit Crete is during the spring (April to June) and fall (September to October) when the weather is pleasant and the tourist crowds are smaller. Summer months can be very hot and crowded, especially in popular tourist areas.

2. Is Crete suitable for family vacations?

Yes, Crete is ideal for family vacations. The island offers a range of family-friendly activities, including beaches, historical sites, and natural parks. Many beaches have shallow waters, making them safe for children.

3. What are the must-try Cretan dishes?

Some must-try Cretan dishes include moussaka, souvlaki, dakos, and kalitsounia (Cretan cheese pastries). Additionally, don’t miss the opportunity to taste Cretan olive oil and local wines.

4. How can I get around Crete?

Crete has a well-developed public transportation system, including buses and taxis. For more flexibility, renting a car is recommended, as it allows you to explore the island at your own pace.

Conclusion

Crete, Greece, is a treasure trove of historical sites, natural wonders, and cultural experiences. From exploring ancient ruins and hiking breathtaking gorges to savoring delicious local cuisine and relaxing on stunning beaches, there is something for every traveler on this magnificent island. Embrace the diverse offerings of Crete and create lasting memories on your visit to this captivating destination.

Website | Facebook | Instagram |Tumblr | Medium

[eternal--returned]

What the Greeks (and Cretans and Egyptians) and the early Christians shared, and what the Renaissance European or modern westerner explicitly lacked, is a unified notion of reality, a commonly held sense of the order of the universe with established, largely inviolable truths.

Christopher Rothko ֍ "Rothko and the Resonance of History." Toward Clarity (2019)

[carolap53]

Faith Proved Genuine

TGIF Today God Is First Volume 2 by Os Hillman

08/23/2023

Even one of their own prophets has said, "Cretans are always liars, evil brutes, lazy gluttons."  This testimony is true. Therefore, rebuke them sharply, so that they will be sound in the faith and will pay no attention to Jewish myths or to the commands of those who reject the truth (Titus 1:12-15).

In December 1983, The Princeton Religion Research Center published a landmark survey conducted for The Wall Street Journal by the Gallup Organization. The researchers measured a wide range of moral and ethical behaviors, such as calling in sick when not sick, cheating on income tax, and pilfering company supplies for personal use. The results were disappointing, to say the least.

But what the researchers found most startling was that there was no significant difference between the churched and the unchurched in their ethics and values on the job. In other words, despite the fact that more and more people were attending churches, churches seemed to be having less and less of an impact on the moral fiber of their people, at least in the workplace.

To quote the researchers: “These findings will come as a shock to the religious leaders and underscore the need for religious leaders to channel the new religious interest in America not simply into religious involvement but in deep spiritual commitment.”[1]

“Either these are not the gospels, or we’re not Christians,” said Thomas Linacre, Henry VIII’s doctor and Renaissance thinker, after given the four gospels in Greek. Linacre recognized a great disparity between those who proclaimed Christ and how they lived their lives.

If our faith life is not validated through our behavior then one must question if we even have a genuine relationship with Christ. The apostle Paul didn’t like what he saw in the believers on the island of Crete. They proclaimed Christ with their mouth, but their behavior looked no different than those who did not claim Christ.

Pray that your faith is “proved genuine and may result in praise, glory and honor when Jesus Christ is revealed” (1 Peter 1:7-8).

[rh35211]

Domḗnikos Theotokópoulos (Greek: Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος, IPA: [ðoˈminikos θeotoˈkopulos]; 1 October 1541 – 7 April 1614),[2] most widely known as El Greco (Spanish pronunciation: [el ˈɣɾeko]; "The Greek"), was a Greek painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. El Greco was a nickname,[a] and the artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters, often adding the word Κρής (Krḗs), which means "Cretan".

[lionofchaeronea]

The Apostle St. Andrew, school of El Greco, ca. 1600

[koredzas]

Maestro dei Cassoni Campana - Theseus and Minotaur. 1510 - 1515

[gemsofgreece]

Greece was concured by Turks for 400 years but Crete for only 200 years. In that time period (bc back then it was the Renaissance Era) how different it was there compared to the mainland greece in terms of lifestyle, fashion, architecture).

Before getting to the question, let's clarify that nearly all islands suffered significantly shorter Turkish occupation than the mainland. The most notable example was the Heptanese islands, which were never conquered, but plenty other islands had occupations that lasted for very short periods, like, 6 - 100 years.

Anyway, regarding your question, Crete was occupied for 400 years by the Republic of Venice since the second crusade (1204 AD) until the mids of the 17th century when Turks defeated the Venetians and took over. At this era, Crete was known as Kingdom of Candia. Initially, Cretans resisted the Venetians and attempted numerous revolts. Eventually though, the island prospered and was influenced by the Italian Renaissance.

Western Crete, especially, has cities with Venetian architecture and there are several Venetian monuments such as Frangokastello.

The Venetian harbour of Chania, a Venetian fountain in Rethymno and Frangocastello.

Art flourished in Crete where the Cretan School of Painting was founded. The most influential Greek artist of the time was the Cretan Domenikos Theotokopoulos, who became known in Europe as "El Greco", meaning "The Greek".

Christ Cleansing the Temple - El Greco, 1569, now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, USA

Unsurprisingly, the greatest Greek literature and poetry of the era and modern pre-Independence times in general is also Cretan, with Erotokritos by Vitsentzos Kornaros (1600) and Erophile by Georgios Hortatsis (1637), being two of the most notable works.

The original cover of Erophile (1637).

In Erotokritos, for example, we can see the influence of Western European culture on Crete. Kornaros creates a universe with diverse elements; the story supposedly takes place in Ancient Athens, yet there are elements that are Byzantine Greek or folk and other customs and ways inspired by western Europe, such as jousting.

An illustration of "jousting" in an "Erotokritos" manuscript from 1710, completed in the Heptanese islands, the other region of Greece with major west European influence. The manuscipt is now in the British Museum.

Many of the few (whatever that means) Greek philosophers of the era were from Crete.

As for fashion, according to the following source Cretans were reluctant to follow the new fashion trends Venetians brought with them and as a result their attires were archaic, still following Ancient and Byzantine trends. I believe that because the traditional clothing of Crete doesn't look more western or too distant from the various local fashions of other Greek regions. So at the time Cretans would wear the Greek tunica or short cloaks for the winter and boots. They also carried old-fashioned bows and arrows, as well as knifes, and it was a great shame for a man to have no beard. Some of these elements have been preserved to the traditional Cretan attires, such as the war knifes, the boots and the definite preference for a bearded face or at least a mustache.

Here is another illustration of fashion in the Kingdom of Candia though:

Women from Heraklion, Crete - Claude Aubriet, 1665-1742.

There must have been some western influence in the fashion of the era, apparently though most of these elements were not preserved by the local population after the departure of the Venetians.

[artthatgivesmefeelings]

El Greco [Greek, 1541 - 1614] Miniature Portrait of a Lady. c.1575-1625 - Domḗnikos Theotokópoulos, most widely known as El Greco, was a Greek painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. "El Greco" was a nickname, and the artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters, Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος, often adding the word Κρής, which means Cretan.

[redarsenal]

The Story of Icarus

A summary of the story of Icarus!

Greek Mythology

TW: Imprisonment, mentions of drowning and mentions of death.

Request for: @tarotbee

.

~The Legend of Icarus~

The legend of Icarus is a very famous story but only a very small amount of the story is wildly known.

Daedalus (Icarus’ father) was a very talented Athenian craftsman who build the infamous Labyrinth for King Minos of Crete near the kings palace at Knossos to imprison the Minotaur, a half-man, half-bull monster that was born of his wife and the Cretan bull.

Daedalus was imprisoned by Minos in the Labyrinth after giving Ariadne (Minos’ daughter) a clew (a ball of string) so that she could help Theseus, an enemy of Minos, to survive the Labyrinth and defeat the Minotaur.

To escape the Labyrinth, Daedalus managed to create two sets of wings for himself and his son, that were made of feathers glued together with wax. Daedalus tried his wings first and taught Icarus how to fly before warning his son to not fly too high, which would cause the wax to melt, nor too low, which would cause the feathers to get wet with sea water.

Too excited to fly, Icarus flew too close to the sun, resulting in the wings to melt, leaving Icarus to flap his wingless arms. This caused Icarus to fall into the sea, resulting in his death by drowning.

Daedalus wept for his son and called the nearest land Icaria, an island southwest of Samos, in memory of him. Today, the location of his burial on the island bears his name, the sea near Icaria in which he drowned is called the Icarian Sea and the island’s airport is named Icarus Airport.

.

~Medieval and Renaissance~

Icarus’ story has been interpreted by major writers including Chaucer, Marlowe, Shakespeare, Milton, and Joyce.

In the Orion Fountain at Messina, Icarus is one of many figures associated with water; but he is also shown on the Bankruptcy Court of the Amsterdam Town Hall – where he symbolizes high-flying ambition.

The 16th-century painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, was the inspiration for two of the 20th century's most notable English-language poems, "Musée des Beaux Arts" by W. H. Auden and "Landscape with the Fall of Icarus" by William Carlos Williams.

Other English Poems referencing Icarus are "To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Triumph" by Anne Sexton; "Icarus Again" by Alan Devenish; "Mrs Icarus" by Carol Ann Duffy; "Failing and Flying" by Jack Gilbert; "It Should Have Been Winter" by Nancy Chen Long; "Icarus Burning" and "Icarus Redux" by Hiromi Yoshida; and "Up like Icarus" by syllabic poet Mark Antony Owen.

The Norwegian Axel Jensen used Icarus as a metaphor for troubled modern young men, in the 1957 novel Icarus: A Young Man in Sahara.

.

~Modern~

There has been many studies on Icarus’ myth and there has been many interpretations.

In psychology, there have been studies of the Icarus complex (first used by Henry A. Murray to describe a particular type of overambitious character). Icarus complex symptoms in mania can be seen as being fond of heights, fascinated by both fire and water, narcissistic and observed with fantastical or far-fetched imaginary cognition.

Seth Godin's ‘The Icarus Deception’ points to the historical change in how Western culture both propagated and interpreted the Icarus myth arguing that "we tend to forget that Icarus was also warned not to fly too low, because seawater would ruin the lift in his wings. Flying too low is even more dangerous than flying too high, because it feels deceptively safe."

This myth is mostly known due to its coined term: “don't fly too close to the sun".

.

Jacob Peter Gowy's The Flight of Icarus (1635–1637).

[wearemercs]

So, I have a question about ancient Greek mercenaries, when did they stop operating? I've read sources that talk about them being used as late as the Mithradatic wars but nothing after that even though Ptolemaic Eygpt survives for a little while after that and a few smaller Hellenistic states like the Kingdom of the Bospherus in Cimmeria and the Indo-Bactrian kingdom survive long after that, so where are my glorious hellenistic mercs? Had tactics just moved past them? Had the states surrounding them decided they no longer needed mercenaries?

Unfortunately most of what I know of pre-modern mecenaries relates to the Renaissance. I know a fair bit about early Greek mercenaries in the way of pre-Alexandarian armies but my knowledge of Greek mercenaries ends just before the rise of the Macedonians. Post-Alexander and beyond, we know for a fact that Caesar went out of his way to get a fair amount of Balearic slingers and Cretan archers. I’m sorry I can’t give a more concrete answer to this question. Perhaps someone else who stumbles on this post can shed some light on what happened.

[angelkarafilli]

El Greco,(Domenikos Theotokopoulos) Lady with a Flower in Her Hair, c. 1595

[epostravel]

Experience the Unseen: Rethymno, Crete's Best-Kept Secrets

Nestled on the northern coast of Crete, Rethymno is a picturesque     town that seamlessly blends history, culture, and natural beauty. While many travelers flock to popular destinations like Chania and Heraklion, Rethymno offers unique charm and hidden gems waiting to be discovered. This article will take you through Rethymno's best-kept secrets, from its quaint corners to its stunning natural landscapes.

The Venetian Harbor

One of Rethymno's most iconic features is its Venetian Harbor. While it might not be a secret to all, this charming waterfront area offers more than just scenic views. Early morning strolls along the harbor allow visitors to witness local fishermen at work and experience the serene atmosphere before the crowds arrive. The harbor is lined with traditional tavernas where you can enjoy fresh seafood with a view of the moored boats and the ancient lighthouse.

Archaeological Museum of Rethymno

Often overshadowed by its more famous counterparts, the Archaeological Museum of Rethymno is a hidden treasure that showcases the region's rich history. Housed in a 19th-century building, once a Venetian monastery, the museum features an impressive collection of artifacts from the Minoan, Roman, and Byzantine periods. Exhibits include ancient pottery, sculptures, and jewelry, providing a comprehensive overview of Crete's past.

The Old Town’s Secret Alleys

Rethymno’s Old Town is a labyrinth of narrow streets and alleys that offer a glimpse into the past. While the main squares and famous streets can be bustling, the authentic charm lies in exploring the lesser-known paths. Wander through these hidden alleys to discover charming cafes, artisan shops, and historical buildings. Venetian, Turkish, and Greek architecture mix creates a unique atmosphere perfect for leisurely exploration.

Preveli Beach

Preveli Beach, located about 35 kilometers south of Rethymno, is a natural paradise that remains relatively undiscovered by mass tourism. The beach is famous for its unique setting at the mouth of the Kourtaliotis River, which creates a lush palm forest that contrasts beautifully with the golden sand and turquoise sea. A walk through the palm forest to the beach offers a tranquil escape from the more crowded spots on the island.

Rethymno’s Hidden Villages

Visiting the surrounding villages is a must for those looking to experience authentic Cretan life. Places like Argyroupoli and Anogeia offer a glimpse into traditional Cretan culture. Argyroupoli is known for its beautiful springs and ancient Roman ruins, while Anogeia is renowned for its rich history and traditional weaving. These villages provide a slower pace of life and a chance to engage with locals in a way that more touristy areas cannot.

The Fortezza Castle

Perched on a hill overlooking Rethymno, the Fortezza Castle is an impressive fortress often overlooked by visitors who prefer the town’s more visible attractions. The castle dates back to the 16th century and offers stunning panoramic views of the town and the sea. Exploring its walls and bastions provides insight into the region's history and strategic significance. It’s an excellent spot for history enthusiasts and those seeking a quiet retreat with a view.

The Monastery of Arkadi

Located about 23 kilometers from Rethymno, the Monastery of Arkadi is a site of historical and spiritual significance. This 16th-century monastery is known for its role in the Cretan resistance against Ottoman rule. The architecture is a mix of Renaissance and Byzantine styles, and the site includes a small museum displaying artifacts from the monastery’s history. The serene setting and historical depth make it a meaningful visit.

The Hidden Gorges

Crete is renowned for its gorges, but Rethymno’s hidden gems include several lesser-known options. The Kourtaliotiko Gorge, for instance, is a dramatic and scenic location often bypassed by tourists. Its winding paths and rugged terrain make it a rewarding hike for those seeking solitude and natural beauty. Additionally, the Selinou Gorge provides a beautiful trail through diverse flora and stunning rock formations.

Conclusion

Rethymno is more than just a beautiful coastal town; it’s a destination rich with hidden treasures that offer a deeper understanding of Crete’s cultural and natural heritage. From the tranquil Preveli Beach and the charming Old Town alleys to the historic Fortezza Castle and the serene Monastery of Arkadi, Rethymno’s best-kept secrets invite travelers to explore beyond the surface. Embracing these lesser-known spots enriches your travel experience and connects you with Crete's authentic spirit.

FAQs

1. What is the best time to visit Rethymno?

The best time to visit Rethymno is from late spring to early autumn (May to October). The weather is warm and pleasant, ideal for exploring the town and its surrounding areas. Summer is peak tourist season, so visiting in late spring or early autumn can offer a more relaxed experience.

2. How do I get to Preveli Beach from Rethymno?

To reach Preveli Beach from Rethymno, you can drive south for about 35 kilometers. The journey takes approximately 45 minutes. Alternatively, local buses operate routes to the area, though schedules can vary. It’s advisable to check for bus timings in advance.

3. Are there guided tours available for the hidden villages around Rethymno?

Several local tour operators offer guided tours to the hidden villages around Rethymno. These tours often include transportation and a guide who provides insight into the history and culture of the areas visited. Booking in advance is recommended, especially during peak travel seasons.

4. Is the Fortezza Castle accessible for visitors with mobility issues?

Fortezza Castle has some areas accessible to visitors with mobility issues, but the terrain can be uneven and steep in parts. It’s advisable to contact the site in advance to inquire about accessibility options and any available assistance.

Website | Facebook | Instagram | Medium | Quora

[xion-graphicdesign]

Art movements (chronological)

Medieval art - Early Christian - Migration Period - Anglo-Saxon - Visigothic - Pre-Romanesque - Insular - Viking - Byzantine - Merovingian - Carolingian - Ottonian - Romanesque - Norman-Sicilian - Gothic

Renaissance 1300 - 1602 - Italian Renaissance - Renaissance Classicism - Early Netherlandish - Early Cretian School

Neoclassicism - Mannerism/Late Renaissane - Baroque - Rococo - Neoclassicism - Later Cretan School - Heptanese School

Romanticism 1780 - 1850 - Nazarene Movement - The Ancients - Purismo - Duffeldorf School - Hudson River School - Luminism - Modern Greek art

Romanticism to Modern Art - Norwish School - Biedermeier - Photography - Realism - Barbizon School - Peredvizhniki - Hague School - American Barbizon School - Spanish Eclecticism - Macchiaioli - Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

Modern Art 1860 - 1945 - Impressionism - Cos Cob Art Colony - Luminism Impressionism - Arts and Crafts Movement - Tonalism - Symbolism - Post-impressionism - Neo-impressionism - Art Nouveau - Russian Avant Garde - Fauvism - Expressionism - Cubism - Art Deco - Dadaism - Bauhaus - Surrealism

Contemporary Art - Neo-Dadaism - Pop Art - Psychedelic Art - Posmodernism - Deconstructivism - Metarealism - Neo-expressionism -

[dutch-and-flemish-painters]

Gillis Coignet - The rape of Europe -

In Greek mythology, Europa (Ancient Greek: Εὐρώπη, Eurṓpē, Attic Greek) was the mother of King Minos of Crete, a Phoenician princess of Argive origin, after whom the continent Europe is named. The story of her abduction by Zeus in the form of a bull was a Cretan story; as classicist Károly Kerényi points out, "most of the love-stories concerning Zeus originated from more ancient tales describing his marriages with goddesses. This can especially be said of the story of Europa."

Europa's earliest literary reference is in the Iliad, which is commonly dated to the 8th century BC. Another early reference to her is in a fragment of the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, discovered at Oxyrhynchus. The earliest vase-painting securely identifiable as Europa dates from mid-7th century BC.

The Dictionary of Classical Mythology explains that Zeus was enamoured of Europa and decided to seduce or rape her, the two being near-equivalent in Greek myth. He transformed himself into a tame white bull and mixed in with her father's herds. While Europa and her helpers were gathering flowers, she saw the bull, caressed his flanks, and eventually got onto his back. Zeus took that opportunity and ran to the sea and swam, with her on his back, to the island of Crete. He then revealed his true identity, and Europa became the first queen of Crete. Zeus gave her a necklace made by Hephaestus and three additional gifts: Talos, Laelaps and a javelin that never missed. Zeus later re-created the shape of the white bull in the stars, which is now known as the constellation Taurus. Some readers interpret as manifestations of this same bull the Cretan beast that was encountered by Heracles, the Marathonian Bull slain by Theseus (and that fathered the Minotaur). Roman mythology adopted the tale of the Raptus, also known as "The Abduction of Europa" and "The Seduction of Europa", substituting the god Jupiter for Zeus.

The myth of Europa and Zeus may have its origin in a sacred union between the Phoenician deities `Aštar and `Aštart (Astarte), in bovine form. Having given birth to three sons by Zeus, Europa married a king Asterios, this being also the name of the Minotaur and an epithet of Zeus, likely derived from the name `Aštar.

According to Herodotus' rationalizing approach, Europa was kidnapped by Greeks (probably Cretans) who were seeking to avenge the kidnapping of Io, a princess from Argos. His variant story may have been an attempt to rationalize the earlier myth; or the present myth may be a garbled version of facts—the abduction of a Phoenician aristocrat—later enunciated without gloss by Herodotus.

Gillis Coignet, Congnet or Quiniet (c. 1542 – 1599) was a Flemish Renaissance painter, who was strongly influenced by the Italian style. He painted historical and mythological subjects of an easel size, but was more successful in landscapes, in candlelight subjects, and moonlight. He was a Lutheran, which probably influenced his moves from Antwerp to Amsterdam and then Hamburg. He spent most of the 1560s in Italy.