Hello, What were the opinions of the people who personally knew Cesare ? Thank you !
Hello ;)
So, there were a lot of opinions made about Cesare by his contemporaries, but most of the opinions come from people who met him, not knew him intimately. The unfortunate thing here is that Cesare is mostly seen through the lenses of people outside his inner circle: ambassadors, orators, enemies who wrote daily dispatches, reports, letters to their employers and others. Some of this material has weight and it’s helpful, but still they all contain the unavoidable political element and focus towards Cesare as the political figure, not Cesare as a person. There are interesting glimpses of his personality and intimate life here and there, but never enough to make more than a sketch of it, and often much of it is distorted, with incorrect information and/or evaluations which were believed at the time to have been accurate.
Cesare through the lenses of people inside his inner circle: people who knew him intimately, people he trusted and loved and vice-versa, are frustratingly limited, there’s almost nothing, which creates a big unbalance about his figure and his life. I believe the opinions of his beloved tutor Giovanni Vera, his most known secretary and adviser Agapito Geraldini di Amelia, or Miguel da Corella, or of his mother, his sister, his wife, would be incredibly valuable in order to have more precise knowledge, and a more rounded assessment about his person, in all of its facets, since we don’t have that, what fills up this gap are the words of one of his first secretaries, the alleged words of his father, Rodrigo, and the words of intellectuals and poets who interacted with him at his father’s court in Rome, some later following him at his own court in the Romagna, beneath the exaggerated flattery common in these writings, these men make some interesting observations, and express a genuine opinion about Cesare, aside from just the political man, which helps to shed a light into his personality, his qualities, and other aspects of his life.
With this in mind, I gathered opinions that can be confirmed by Cesare’s own documented actions, and that I find are generally reliable: not entirely dominated by personal/political bias, and absent of the malice and gossip which became more common the more powerful Cesare and his family became. There are mix between the first group (ambassadors, orators, enemies, etc), the second group (people close to him, intellectuals and poets), and maybe there will be one or two which does not belong to either group, so I’ll leave them for last as a type of miscellaneous third group, in chronological order:
1488:
“What thanks can I give you, Cesare Borgia? May this auspicious day be celebrated as a festive day, in which this work comes to light only out of your love, and if our judgment is worth something, it will be most useful for general prosperity. In this book, we teach how to write a poem, exploring and manifesting all the secrets of metric art. Certainly a work that will please you very much. [...]Add to that your great and truly effective love for beautiful letters.You, Cesare, are truly worthy of much commendation, if at such a young age you act with the wisdom of an old man. Forward, then, O hope and ornament of the Borgia family, and accept with a good heart our Syllables, an offering of your devoted friend. So I believe that my name, joined to your eternal name and that of [your house], will have ornament and life."
- Extracts from a dedication written to Cesare by Paolo Pompilio,h in his Syllabica, a literature text-book of verse composition, published in the same year.
1492:
“Cesare Borgia profited so much that, with ardent ingenuity, he discussed the questions posed to him both in Canon law and in Civil law.”
- Paolo Giovio, concerning the Disputation for the laurea at the University of Pisa, where Cesare studied from 1491 to 1492.
1493:
"On the day before yesterday I found Cesare at home in Trastevere. He was on the point of setting out to go hunting, and entirely in secular habit. that is to say, dressed in silk and armed. Riding together, we talked a while, I am among his most intimate acquaintances. He is a man of great talent and of an excellent nature; his manners are those of the son of a great prince; above everything, he is joyous and light-hearted. He is very modest**, much superior to, and of a much finer appearance than his brother the Duke of Gandia, who also is not short of natural gifts."
- Disp. written by Gianandrea Boccaccio to his employer, the Duke of Ferrara, Ercole d'Este.
1497:
"Nature has engendered in you not the seed of virtù, but virtù itself, and in occupying herself to form you, [she] has adorned your body with an excellent form, dignity, and every beauty, and provided the soul with moderation**, decorum, gravity, benevolence, and above all royal liberality**, which nature seemed to have surpassed herself. And this liberality of yours, is shown with writers and artists."
- Extract from a dedication written by one of Cesare's secretaries, Carlo Valgulio, in the first transl. of Cleomedes: De contemplatione orbium excelsorum.
1499:
“By his modesty, his readiness, his prudence, and his other virtues he has known how to earn the affections of every one.”
- Letter written by Giuliano Della Rovere, to pope Alexander VI, concerning Cesare's arrival in France.**
"The Pope's son was very gallant..."
- Baldassare Castiglione, in a letter after seeing the entrance of Cesare and his suite alongside King Louis XII of France in Milan.
1500:
“To-day, about the twenty-second hour (four in the afternoon), after he had dined, he had signor Ramiro fetch me to him; and with great frankness and amiability his Majesty first made his excuses for not granting me an audience the preceding day, owing to his having so much to do in the castle and also on account of the pain caused by his ulcer. Following this, and after I had stated that the sole object of my misson was to wait upon his Majesty to congratulate and thank thim, and to offer your services, he answered me in carefully chosen words, covering each point and very fluently. The gist of it was, that knowing your Excellency’s ability and goodness, he had always loved you and had hoped to enjoy personal relations with you. He had looked forward to this when you were in Milan, but events and circumstances then prevented it. But now that he had come to this country, he --determined to have his wish-- had written the letter announcing his successes, of his own free will and as proof of his love, and feeling certain that you Majesty would be pleased by it. He says he will continue to keep you informed of his doings**, as he desires to establish a firm friendship with your Majesty, and he proffers everything he owns and in his power should you ever have need.[...]When I take both the actual facts and his words into consideration, I see why he wishes to establish some sort of friendly alliance with your Majesty. I believe in his professions, and I can see nothing but good in them.”
Postscript: “The Duke’s daily life is as follows: he goes to bed at eight, nine, or ten o’clock at night (three to five o’clock in the morning). Consequently, the eighteenth hour is his dawn, the nineteenth his sunrise, and the twentieth his time for rising. Immediately on getting up he sits down to the table, and while there and afterwards he attends to his business affairs. He is considered brave, strong, and generous, and it is said he lays great store by straightforward men.[...]He is great of spirit and he seeks eminence and glory.”
- Extracts from a Disp. of Pandolfo Collenuccio to his employer, the Duke of Ferrara, Ercole d’Este, from Pesaro.
1501:
"This lord is very magnificent and splendid, and so spirited in feats of arms that there is nothing so great but that it must seem small to him. In the pursuit of glory and to acquire a State he never rests, and he knows neither danger nor fatigue. He moves so swiftly that he arrives at a place before it is known that he has set out for it. He knows how to make himself beloved of his soldiers, and he has in his service the best men of Italy. These things render him victorious and formidable, and to these is yet to be added his perpetual good fortune."
- Disp. written by Niccolò Machiavelli to the Signory of Florence.
1502:
"He [Cesare] argues with such sound reason that to dispute with him would be a long affair, for his wit and eloquence never fail him (dello ingegno e della lingua si vale quanto vuole...)
-Disp. written by Francesco Soderini, from Urbino, to the Signory of Florence.
"The duke[Cesare] is good-natured, but he cannot tolerate offenses."
- Rodrigo Borgia, to the Ferrarese ambassador B. Constabili.
Miscellaneous:
A certain author named Camillo di Leonardo from Pesaro dedicates to Cesare, in the year of 1502, his famous work Speculum Lapidum, in which he 'commends the duke for his great love of letters, his courteous liberality towards the scholarly, the care he used when collecting the beautiful and numerous [works] of the library of Cesena, and even his sweetness and his gentleness.'
Gaspare Torella, one of Cesare's personal physician and advisers also dedicated to him his Dialogus de Dolore, in which he says he is "...pleased that [Cesare's] virtù surpassed those of the great ones of Rome, such as the justice of Brutus, the constancy of Decius, the continence of Scipio, the loyalty of Marco Regolo, and the magnanimity of Paolo Emilio.”
The French commanders used to say of Cesare: “At war he was a good companion and a brave man."
The Spanish historian Zurita, atypically pays a compliment to Cesare when assessing the situation in Italy and of pope Julius' panic when hearing about Cesare's escape from the Spanish prison in 1506, he writes: "The duke was such that his very presence was enough to set all Italy agog; and he was greatly beloved, not only by men of war, but also by many people of Tuscany and of the States of the Church."
Lastly, during the winter of 1500-1501, a scholar and poet named Francesco Uberti, native of Cesena, adressed to Cesare a volume of epigrams, all which show the Romagnese opinion about him. According to Uberti, Cesare's Romagnese subjects learned his temper was 'mitissima' (gentle), 'placidissima' (calm) and his 'crueltà' (cruelty) was the severity necessary to repress political disorders. There is also other epigrams where Tiberti praises Cesare's clemency, "pious and kind Cesare..."
** The terms modesty and moderation, according to Gregorovius, can be also taken to 'understand as part and manifestation of a liberal education,...’ and the term liberality means generous, which Cesare was particularly reputed as being, to such a degree his genorosity was called at the time after his own name as “liberalità cesarea”.
** I decided to add Della Rovere’s words about Cesare, because as writer and historian Anthony Everitt said in one of his books: “Praise from one’s worst enemy is the most annoying, but also the most credible, of compliments.” and because even if Della Rovere’s words are insincere, likely, these words can nevertheless be confirmed by the opinions of others about Cesare, esp. in the historical records about his soujour at France.
**Cesare had sent long letters to Ercole d'Este while he was at the conquest of Imola and Forlì, telling him the details of the military campaign.
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Fiesta Nacional MTV Unplugged, de Los Auténticos Decadentes.
Studio 2, de Escalandrum.
Discutible, de Babasónicos.
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La Pregunta, de Babasónicos.
Verdades Afiladas, de Andrés Calamaro.
Fumar de día, de Marilina Bertoldi.
Vámonos de viaje, de Bandalos Chinos.
Sin querer queriendo, de Lali.
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Brian Taylor por “Prender un fuego”, Marilina Bertoldi
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Instrucciones para madurar, de Roque Narvaja
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Canto Soy, de Eli Fernández
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Coplas del violinero, de Néstor Garnica
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Naranja Persa 2, de Ciro y Los Persas
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Sombras en el Cielo, de Raúl Porchetto
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70 años de Tango, de Roberto Siri
Roto, de Enrique Campos
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Mario Luis, de Mario Luis
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Celebrando a una Leyenda (En Vivo), de Leo Dan
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Caminante del Amor, de Leo Sujatovich & Mateo Sujatovich
El Potro, Lo Mejor del Amor (Banda de Sonido Original de la Película) Rodrigo Romero
Camino Sinuos, de Fito Páez
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Carlos Villalba, Mariana Isla, Nahuel Carfi por el álbum “Canción Sobre Canción” Liliana Herrero.
Coti Sorokin por el álbum “Coti Sorokin y los brillantes en el Teatro Colón”, de Coti Sorokin
Esteban Sehinkman por el álbum “Línea de Tiempo”, de Ensamble Real Book Argentina.
Lito Vitale por el álbum “Ave Fénix 2”, de Lito Vitale y Varios Artistas
Virginia Innocenti y Sergio Zabala por el álbum “En la luna”, de Virginia Innocenti
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Grandes Éxitos, de Ernestito Montiel y su cuarteto Santa Ana
En dos hileras, de Julio Ramírez
Ñande Poetas: Homenaje a Luis Landriscina Juan Pablo Barebrán / Tajy
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Lentes, Juan Cruz de Urquiza
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Trino, de Aca Seca Trío.
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Ese Amigo del Alma – 30 años, de Lito Vitale Quinteto y Orquesta Sinfónica de la Universidad Nacional de San Juan.
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20 AÑOS, de La banda al rojo vivo
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Viru Kumbieron, Viru Kumbieron
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¡Echale Soda!, Orquesta Plazoleta All Stars
G.Y.L.D.A, Intérpretes Varios
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Tangos de la posverdad, Juan Pablo Navarro Sexteto
Cruces Urbanos, Quinteto Negro La Boca
Atípico, Bernardo Monk Orquesta
Mejor Álbum Pop Alternativo:
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Enchastre, Louta
Animal, Ainda Dúo
Conociendo Rusia, Conociendo Rusia
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Historias de pescadores y ladrones de La Pampa Argentina, Gabo Ferro y Sergio Chotsourián
Matrioska, Mariana Bianchini
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Vanthra, Vanthra
Unisex, Zerokill
Mejor Canción / Álbum de Música Urbana / Trap
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Tres Mil Millones de Años Luz, Emanero
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Dímelo, Paulo Londra
Cuando Te Besé, Becky G & Paulo Londra
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Si Te Sentís Sola, DUKI
Me Doy Cuenta, Valen Etchegoyen
Chica Paranormal, Paulo Londra
Oro Negro, Dakillah
Mejor Canción de Dueto / Colaboración:
AMOR, Los Auténticos Decadentes / Mon Laferte
Amor Ausente, Eruca Sativa Con Abel Pintos
No Es No, Axel & Soledad
Un Poquito, Diego Torres & Carlos Vives
Cuando Te Besé, Becky G & Paulo Londra
Mejor Colaboración De Música Urbana / Trap:
Tres Mil Millones de Años Luz, Emanero
Cuando Te Besé, Becky G & Paulo Londra
Antireversa, Sol Pereyra y Mula
Sin Culpa, DUKI feat. Drefquila
De Gira, Naomi Preizler & Under MC
Mejor Colección de Catálogo:
Satélite, Gustavo Cerati
Fuiste Mía un Verano (Edición 50 Aniversario), Leonardo Favio
Ave Fénix 2, Lito Vitale y Varios Artistas
El Gusanito en Persona, Jorge De La Vega
80 años – Jazztaríaenbaterita, Néstor Astarita
Mejor Diseño de Portada:
Molokid por el álbum “Brava”, Lali
Alejandro Ros por el álbum “Satélite”, Gustavo Cerati
Gastón Garriga Lacaze por el álbum “Un té de tilo por favor”, Natalie Perez
Franco Ferrari por el álbum “Best Seller”, Juan Ingaramo
Anabella Cartolano por el álbum “Fuego Artificial” Las Ligas Menores
Mejor Nuevo Artista:
Enchastre, Louta
Escenas de la nada mirar, Noelia Sinkunas
Conociendo Rusia, Conociendo Rusia
Clásico, Hipnótica
Bach, Bandalos Chinos
Instinto, Destino San Javier
Adán y Eva, Paulo Londra
Nos Vamos a Morir de Hacer Estrategias de Amor, Los Rusos Hijos de Puta
SMS, Salvapantallas
Teoría Espacial, Barbi Recanati
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Juan Cabral por el video clip “La Pregunta”, Babasónicos
Milagros Morcella por el video clip “La Espesura”, Paula Maffía
Daniel Ortega y Gabriel Nicoli por el video clip “Paren de Matarnos”, Miss Bolivia
Diego Latorre por el video clip “Chica Feliz”, Ser
Agustín Nuñez y Luciana D’Attoma por el video clip “Amor Ausente”, Eruca Sativa con Abel Pintos
Mejor Video Clip Largo:
Fernando Emiliozzi por el video clip “Fiesta Nacional MTV Unplugged”, Los Auténticos Decadentes
Diego Alvarez por el video clip “La familia festeja fuerte”, Abel Pintos
Norberto Hegoburu por el video clip “El Vuelo del Dragón Pt.1”, Palo Pandolfo
Coti Sorokin y Agustina Taset por el video clip “Coti Sorokin y los brillantes en el Teatro Colón”, de Coti Sorokin
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