#assibilated

[possessivesuffix]

Do you have any literature on sound changes involving ejective consonants? Specifically ejective consonants changing into something else?

I don't know of any general surveys, but several individual cases are of course found in literature in more detail. It would be worthwhile to have some compiled data on this though! For a start I'll collect some examples in this post.

The best-described case might be Semitic, where any handbook (or even just the Wikipedia article) will inform you about *kʼ > q, tsʼ > (t)s etc. being attested in Arabic / Aramaic / Hebrew. Offhand I don't know if there is a particular locus classicus on the issue of reconstructing ejectives for Proto-Semitic, though.

---

Cushitic, which I've been recently talking about, has open questions remaining especially in what exactly to reconstruct for various correspondences involving ejective affricates, but at least the development of the ejective stops seems to be well-established. Going first mainly per Sasse (1979), The Consonant Phonemes of Proto-East Cushitic, Afroasiatic Linguistics 7/1, three developments into something else appear across East Cushitic for *tʼ:

*tʼ > /ɗ/ (alveolar implosive): Oromo, Boni, Arboroid (Arbore, Daasenech, Elmolo), Dullay, Yaaku and, at least word-internally, Highland East Cushitic.

*tʼ >> /ᶑ/ (retroflex implosive): Konsoid (Konso, Dirasha a.k.a. Gidole, Bussa). (As per Tesfaye 2020, The Comparative Phonology of Konsoid, Macrolinguistics 8/2. Some other descriptions give these too as alveolar /ɗ/.)

*tʼ >>> /ɖ/ (retroflex voiced plosive): Saho–Afar, Somali, Rendille.

Presumably these all happen along a common path *tʼ > ⁽*⁾ɗ > ⁽*⁾ᶑ > ɖ. Note though that Sasse reconstructs *ɗ and not *tʼ — but comparison with the case of *kʼ, the cognates elsewhere in Cushitic, and /tʼ/ in Dahalo and word-initially in Highland East Cushitic I think all point to *tʼ in the last common ancestor of East Cushitic. (As per other literature, I don't think East Cushitic is necessarily a valid subgroup and so this last common ancestor may also be ancestral to some of the other branches of Cushitic.)

For *kʼ there is a wide variety of secondary reflexes:

Saho–Afar: *kʼ > /k/ ~ /ʔ/ ~ zero (unclear conditions).

Konso: *kʼ > /ʛ/ (no change in Bussa & Dirasha).

Daasenech: *kʼ > /ɠ/ word-initially, else > /ʔ/.

Elmolo: *kʼ > zero word-initially, else > /ɠ/.

Bayso: *kʼ > zero.

Somali: *kʼ > /q/, which varies as [q], [ɢ] etc.; merges in Southern Somali into /x/). Before front vowels, > /dʒ/.

Rendille: *kʼ > /x/.

Boni: *kʼ > /ʔ/.

though some of them again could be grouped along common pathways like *kʼ > *q > *χ > x, *kʼ > *ʔ > zero.

*čʼ > /ʄ/ happens at minimum in Konso (corresponds to /tʃʼ/ in Bussa & Dirasha). Proposed developments of a type *čʼ >> /ɗ/ in some other languages could go thru a merger with *tʼ first of all.

No East Cushitic *pʼ seems to be reconstructible, but narrower groups show *pʼ > /ɓ/ in Konsoid (corresponds to Oromo /pʼ/) and maybe *pʼ > /ʔ/ in Sidaamo (corresponds to Gedeo /pʼ/; mainly in loans from Oromo).

There is also an unpublished PhD from University of California at LA: Linda Arvanites (1991), The Glottalic Phonemes of Proto-Eastern Cushitic. I would be interested if someone else has access to this (edit: has been procured, thank you!)

Secondary developments of *tʼ and *kʼ in the rest of Cushitic, per Ehret (1987), Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction, Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 8 (he also reconstructs *pʼ *tsʼ *čʼ *tɬʼ, but I'm less trustful of their validity):

Beja: *tʼ > /s/, *kʼ > /k/.

Agaw: *tʼ > *ts (further > /ʃ/ in Bilin and Kemant), *kʼ > *q (further word-initially > /x/ in Xamtanga and Kemant, /ʁ/ in Awngi)

West Rift: *kʼ > *q (and *tʼ > *tsʼ).

(The tendency for assibilation of *tʼ is interesting; although plenty of Cushitic languages get rid of ejectives entirely, none seems to have a native sound change *tʼ > /t/.)

---

The historical phonology of the largest Afrasian branch, Chadic, is much more of a work in progress, but I would trust at least the following points as noted e.g. by Russell Schuh (2017), A Chadic Cornucopia:

*tʼ > *ɗ perhaps already in Proto-Chadic (supposedly all Chadic languages have /ɗ/);

*kʼ > /ɠ/ in Tera (Central Chadic);

/tsʼ/ in Hausa and some other languages corresponds to /ʄ/ or /ʔʲ/ in some other West Chadic languages, not entirely clear though which side is more original.

Tera /ɠ/ alas does not seem to be discussed in detail in the Leiden University PhD thesis by Richard Gravina (2014), The phonology of Proto-Central Chadic; he e.g. asserts /ɠəɬ/ 'bone' to be an irregular development from *ɗiɬ, while Schuch takes it as a cognate of e.g. Hausa /kʼàʃī/ 'bone'. (Are there two etyma here, or might the other involved Central Chadic languages have *ɠ > /ɗ/?)

If Olga Stolbova (2016), Chadic Etymological Dictionary is to be trusted (I've not done any vetting of its quality) then Hausa /tsʼ/ is indeed already from Proto-Chadic *tsʼ, and elsewhere in Chadic often yields /s/, sometimes /ts/ or /h/. Her Proto-Chadic *kʼ mostly merges with /k/ when not surviving. (She also has an alleged *tʼ with no ejective reflexes anywhere, and alleged *čʼ and *tɬʼ which mostly fall together with *tsʼ, but also show some slightly divergent reflexes like /ʃ/, /ɬ/ respectively.)

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Moving on, a few other examples I'm aware of OTTOMH include the cases of word-medial voicing in several Koman languages and in some branches of Northeast Caucasian (Chechen and Ingush in Nakh; *pʼ in most Lezgic languages). Also in NEC, the Lezgic group shows complicated decay of geminate ejectives, broadly:

> plain voiceless geminate in Lezgian, Tabassaran & Agul (same also in Tindi within the Andic group);

> voiceless singleton (aspirated) in Kryz & Budux;

Rutul & Tsaxur show some of both of the previous depending on the consonant, as well as word-initially *tsʼː > /d/ and *tɬʼː > /g/ — probably by feeding into the more general shift *voiceless geminate > *unaspirated > voiced (which happens in almost all of Lezgic).

in Udi, both short and geminate ejectives > plain voiceless geminates (plus a few POA quirks like *qʼʷ > /pː/, even though *qʷ > /q/).

Again I don't know if this has been described in better detail anywhere in literature, this is pulled just from the overviews in the North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary plus some review of the etymological data by myself.

Ejectives in Kartvelian are mostly stable in manner of articulation, but there's a minor sound correspondence between Karto-Zan *cʼ₁ (probably = /tʃʼ/) versus Svan /h/ that newer sources like Heinz Fähnrich (2007), Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch for some reason reconstruct as *tɬʼ or *tɬ. The Svan development would then probably go as *tɬ⁽ʼ⁾ > *ɬ > /h/, after original PKv *ɬ > /l/.

I do not know very much about the historical phonology of any American languages, including if there's anything interesting happening to ejectives there; if someone else around here does, please do tell!

[yeli-renrong]

This analysis seems a little strange - why not just say that the *s in *rs had phonetic retraction that blocked *s > *θ > f but didn’t apply to later *rs from *rVs *rtt? Especially since Umbrian has *s > f in other environments.

[specialagentartemis]

The more you learn about Federal Indian Policy in the 19th and especially the 20th centuries the more you just go holy shit Land Back for real what the fuck

[geminusrufus]

Notes: Genesis of Greek

Notes taken from The genesis of Greek by J. Clackson, found in pages 185-192 of A. -F. Christidis’ A History of Ancient Greek.

Listed Changes

Clackson briefly takes us through 8 ‘characteristic sound-changes’ (with one rogue change tucked into the beginning of the essay). They are, in order of mention,

Dental-Sibilant Assibilation

Devoicing of Aspirated Stops

S-Debuccalization

Intervocalic J-Elision

Word-Initial J-Resolution

Word-Final Nasal Shift

Word-Initial Laryngeal Resolution

Interconsonantal Laryngeal Resolution

Syllabic Nasal Vocalization

After describing each change, I will formalize it in phonological rule notation. At the end, I will provide the changes as lines of code in R with RegEx.

Note that I will be testing these changes with the following list (largely taken from Clackson’s essay):

1) Dental-Sibilant Assibilation

The PIE consonant *t, before *i or *ĭ, is assibilated to *s.

2) Devoicing of Aspirated Stops

PIE voiced aspirated stops (*dʰ, gʰ) become voiceless aspirated stops (tʰ, *kʰ). These correspond to later Attic /tʰ/ <θ> and /kʰ/ <χ>.

3) S-Debuccalization

PIE *s becomes *h word-initially or intervocalically.

4) Intervocalic J-Elision

PIE intervocalic *y is erased entirely. If you ever wondered where Greek vowel contractions came from, this is half of the equation.

Bear in mind that you may also see the semivowel *y was written as *j and (contextually) *ĭ or *i̯. I generally use *j to stay compliant with the International Phonetic Alphabet, but Clackson uses *y. *ĭ is helpful when dealing with Greek vowel/semivowel alternations.

5) Word-Initial J-Resolution

Word-initial *j can become either *h or *zd, with no apparent explanation for either outcome.

This is a source of great emotional distress for me.

6) Word-Final Nasal Shift

PIE word-final *m becomes *n. This is where Greek and Latin derive their neuter nominative singular endings -ον and -um, respectively.

7) Word-Initial Laryngeal Resolution

PIE had a series of consonants called Laryngeals. These are three (maybe four) consonants that are certainly evidenced in the Indo-European daughter languages but don’t have an apparent phonological value. That is, we can tell that there’s something there, but we don’t know what. These consonants are notated as *h₁, *h₂, and *h₃. Some folks, like J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, believe in a fourth laryngeal *h₄. In their view, the known evidence doesn’t usually allow us to distinguish *h₄ from *h₂. If we can’t tell the two apart, they are notated as *hₐ, since both returned an *a in CH. Bear in mind that Clackson (like most) argues for three laryngeals, not four.

PIE laryngeals (*h₁, *h₂, and h₃) became vowels at the start of a word (e, *a, and *o, respectively).

8) Interconsonantal Laryngeal Resolution

Interconsonantal laryngeals also resolve to vowels, with the same reflexes as word-initial laryngeals.

9) Syllabic Nasal Vocalization

PIE allowed for its nasal consonants, *m and *n, to act like a syllable’s rhyme. That is, when there is no vowel in a syllable, the nasals could fill that rôle. In this case, I’ve notated them with a dot underneath – *ṃ and *ṇ.

In CH, these nasal consonants both resolve to the vowel *a. Some linguists will argue that they first resolved to an ambiguous vowel written as *ə, which only later resolved to *a. Either way, the result is ultimately the same. Clackson argues for the direct *a, so that’s what I programmed for.

Thoughts

Clackson’s list is pretty explicitly only here to offer a quick overview of the evolution from PIE to CH. Consequently, it is missing out on some key features. Two that stand out are the resolutions of Vowel-Laryngeal clusters (which returned various vowels) and word-initial clusters with *s- and *-l-, *-r-, or *-w- (which returned a voiceless consonant).

The relative chronology of changes (the order in which these changes occurred) is also entirely jumbled. If the rules are applied in the order presented, they return, for example, ˟ˈdedeh₃hi, rather than the anticipated *ˈdido:si. Not only are the vowels entirely wrong, but the ending *-ti is returned as ˟-hi. This is due to the order of the first two changes, Assibilation and Debuccalization. In this order, *-ti is first assibilated to *-si, then debuccalized to ˟-hi.

Seeing this, we can infer that the changes necessarily must have happened in the opposite order (assuming no missing steps between the two that would have changed the result). We can start to build our own relative chronology now, with Debuccalization at the start and Assibilation after. The other changes are, for now, unordered.

Ordered Code

Unordered Code

[protoindoeuropean]

Random question: do you think a Hittite speaker would've been able to understand a Proto-Indo-European speaker, and vice versa?

The short answer is No, but it’s also an opportunity for me to explain why, so the answer will be a bit longer ;)

The first thing to understand is that the time span between when Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and when Hittite (as it is attested) was spoken is anything between 1500 and 3000 years. So you can imagine something like Cicero and Descartes trying to talk to each other (if Descartes didn’t know Latin; and if Medieval and Ecclesiastical Latin’s influence on French weren’t as strong) – assuming the smaller time margin, or alternatively Homer trying to converse with someone in Greece today – assuming the wider time margin. These are of course very crude approximations, especially considering how the written word changed the transmission of languages, but still …

But moving on, just looking at the sound changes, there are some quite distinctive developments on the way from PIE to Hittite:

In Early Proto-Anatolian (PA) the PIE *D (*b, *d, *g, *g̑, *gu̯) and *Dh (*bh, *dh, *gh, *g̑h, *gu̯h) series merged in PA *D (*b, *d, *g, *g̑, *gu̯)

e.g. PIE *i̯ugóm > Hitt. iukan vs. PIE *dhég̑hōm* > Hitt. tēkan (*the fact that in one case it’s “plain velar” *g and in the other “palatovelar” *g̑h can be ignored in the case of Hittite, as they too coincided, but later on)

The loss of laryngeals *h₁ and *h₃ after a vowel effectively lenghtened it

In Middle PA the short diphthongs are monophthongized

e.g. PIE *h₁ei̯ h₂ou̯ > Hitt. eḫu

In Late PA, all obstruents surrounded by unstressed morae were lenited, likely a shift from voiceless to voiced consonants (*VTV > *VDV, including all *V̄TV > *V̄DV, as all long vowels, which count as two morae, were stressed on the first mora, the second thus counting as unstressed), the distinction between PIE voiceless and voiced series was thus eliminated in that environment

e.g. distinction maintained: PIE *sók̑r̥ > Hitt. šakkar* vs. PIE *dhég̑hōm > Hitt. tēkan, but obscured: PIE *u̯ódr̥ >Hitt. u̯ātar vs. PIE *só-u̯etest- > Hitt. šāu̯itišt-, cf. the same root in PIE *u̯étei̯ > Hitt. uītti (*the PA opposition *-T-:*-D- is reflected in Hittite as opposition between single and geminated -T/D-:-TT/DD-)

Post PA – i.e. Common Anatolian – developments are the merger of old Late PIE *o and *a in Common Anat. *a (a development that is not reflected in Lycian) and

The merger of PIE “plain velar” *K (*k, *g, *gh) and “palatovelar” *K̑ (*k̑, *g̑, *g̑h) series, reflected as Anat. *K (a development that is not reflected in the Luwian branch)

Then there are some characteristic pre-Hittite developments, such as assibilation ti > zi (e.g. PIE *h₁ésti > Hitt. ēšzi), dissimilation -uu̯-/-u̯u- > -um-/-mu- (e.g. pre-Hitt. *arnuu̯eni > Hitt. arnumeni) and perhaps most characteristically the influence of stress on vowel quantity and quality (considering just stressed and unstressed short and long e, for example: PIE *é > Hitt. ē: PIE *dhég̑hōm > Hitt. tēkan, PIE *e > Hitt. i: PIE *h₁edu̯ól- > Hitt. idālu-; *ḗ > ē: *mḗh₂u̯r̥ > mēḫur, *ē > i: *h₃ēst(h₁)oi̯ó- > (ᴱ́)ḫištā- (if the etymologies of the latter two are correct)). The voiced:voiceless opposition was also realized differently in Hittite, as they did not use the cuneiform signs available to them to mark it – the opposition is rather single:geminated, though what exact difference in pronunciation that implies is not entirely clear.

I’d love to provide a textual comparison, but the closest thing we’ve got to a text in PIE is the Schleicher’s fable and I fear you know a much larger variety of Hittite texts that one could be compared to, so I’m going to leave that to you.

Outside of just sound changes, there is also the big question of when and how Anatolian branched off the main Indo-European. The main issue being that Anatolian is devoid of many features typical of other branches of IE, such as the subjunctive and optative moods, the perfect, the dual in both the (pro)nominal and verbal system, the tripartite system of grammatical gender etc. The two possible explanations being that either all these categories were developed in PIE and then lost only in Anatolian or they were developed only after Anatolian had already branched off of PIE.

The latter option is the one most often discussed, but then, the issue of what even is PIE becomes even more apparent – if Anatolian had already become a distinct branch when multiple features of PIE (its subjunctive and optative and perfect and dual etc.) had yet to develop, how can you deal with that? The solution proposed is the Indo-Hittite stage that is nowadays quite uncontroversial, but not often explicited, mostly because it is necessary (and possible) only in the context of Anatolian. When considering other branches, it is difficult to determine what would fall into the Proto-Indo-Hittite stage and what would fall into the post-Proto-Indo-Hittite, that is, the Proto-Indo-European stage – which is (probably) why we still always talk about Proto-Indo-European and not Proto-Indo-Hittite even when we are talking about the earliest stages of the proto-language. In any case, the proto-language itself is and can only be an abstraction of the real thing and determining the relative chronology of processes that operated within it is a challenge enough, dealing with the two clearly distinct stages, Indo-Hittite and Indo-European, is just practically impossible.

But returning to the question at hand and also to conclude, one important thing to note would also be the substrate influence and the influence of neighbouring languages, which also has to be taken into account and the influence of other languages on Hittite has definitely not been inconsequential.

[obciidian-archived]

💋 — to hwa. ( smooches from momma ian )

source    :    open    :    @zephyrvm​​

       there are moments when he deems himself trifling. unworthy of this woman's fathomless solicitude, accumulated within her torso and proffered in a wholesome, wholehearted, candid course. at times, seunghwa glances at himself in the mirror and ponders who is this adolescent he has become ?  brazen and impertinent, gallantry impoverished, drug ridden, operating on narcotics and pique… where is the exhilarated minuscule juvenile he once used to be, roaming around the streets with ebullient felicity and jubilation about the world -- no rancour, merely inquisitiveness and a grand volition to reconnoiter the world, to devour it whole with his infantile denticles. alas, his jaw isn't substantial or forcible sufficiently to do so, and he oscillates beneath until disintegrated / moldered in million of remnants on the arctic cemented floor.

      woe to !  she ( oh, cherub descended of the nirvanas ) picks him up. she sees the benignity in him, something which others cannot. otiose pubescent, perishable pubescent  ---  cannot be salvaged, surplus, superfluous... better off dead. even the narcotics assibilate so in his psyche when he remains awake multitudinous nights contemplating what has become of him and how can he recuperate these callow years back, if he ever subdue this saturnine low. albeit, she embraces him whole just as he is ; finds the aptitude within herself ( how so is beyond him ) to still offer him a warm bed, a fresh meal, and endless solicitude in loving embraces.

       he sinks into her ubeity, absorbing her essence like a mendicant. her osculation flushes his scarlet in his lugs for abashment, for euphoria subjugates him. and to return the favor he kisses her jowl not once nor twice -- like a puny neonate who relishes in his mother’s advent and never hankers to be liquidated from her. seunghwa proffers his love in conducts ( tight embraces, countless kisses on soft malar ) in ways other than verbosities that he finds zilch vigor within him to mutter, for his throat is throttled with indebtedness. each and every kiss coherently manifesting that he covet towards ianthina. to the end of the world.

[mattdeford]

Word of the day: Assibilate- to speak in a hissing manner; to alter (a mute letter) into a sibilant, as in changing the t in position into sh - - #teapot #kettle #whistle #lisp #lithp #word #words #wordoftheday #wordofthedaybymattbook #wordofthedaybymatt #art #ink #noodlersink #fountainpen #gouletpens #artist #artistsoninstagram #illustration #illustrationartists #illustratorsoninstagram #comic #comics #comicstrip #funnies https://www.instagram.com/p/B7TLxlkFMJM/?igshid=19jpm27j7lzwf

[typhonbaalhammon]

Excerpt:

The first argument, based on versification, shows that voiceless obstruent-only syllables of the type [tk] are treated in Tashlhiyt poetry as light syllables, in which the second consonant is a nucleus and not a coda.

The second argument, based on the behaviour of dental stops vis-à-vis the process of assibilation, provides direct evidence that two consonants not separated at the underlying level by one of the full vowel /a i u/ are adjacent at the surface.

[gerslavic]

Gronings dialect

Hello everyone! I actually wanted to post this yesterday, because the 28th of august it is a holiday in the city of Groningen (It’s called the siege of Groningen or Bommen Berend), but I had a very busy day yesterday… I wanted to make a post about the Gronings dialect (Grunnegs or Grönnegs in the dialect itself). It’s spoken in the northern provinces of the Netherlands. Mostly in Groningen, but also a bit in Drenthe and Friesland. I’m not good at explaining stuff, but I hope you like it :3 It’s my first time doing one of these, so...

Pronunciation

The sound of Gronings is also called the ‘Gronings accent’, and in other parts of the Netherlands it’s called a ‘farmer accent’ (we are more than just farmers, you know..😓). Not everything here is correct though. Gronings is an official language, but it varies in the whole province. If you see any mistakes or want to add something, message me :3

Vowels

The aa sound starts with oo and slowly turns into an aa. Can be written as oa. Daar > doar

The a sound is a shorter version of the aa, but doesn’t turn into an oo. Can be written as aa. Dag > daag

The ee sound slowly turns into an ij, making it a sound between the ee and the ij. Can be written as ai. Weten > wait’n

The oo sound sounds like an ou or eu. Horen > heuren

The o sound slowly turns into an a.

Consonants

The t and p are both strongly pronounced. The t is being aspirated and assibilated, meaning it gets a h and a s sound. It’s comparable with the British pronunciation of words like “bit” ([biths]). The p is just being aspirated.

The l is often followed by an o sound.

The sound combination –el at the end of a word, is pronounced as –ol. Appel > appol

The r isn’t always pronounced at the end of a word. Only if it’s followed by a vowel or at the end of a sentence. Gronings has a rolling r.

Gronings is a fast languages and sometimes merges words together. It’s the reason why many other Dutch people can’t understand someone speaking Gronings. Gronings also loves to abbreviate. You’ll hear a lot of ‘k and ‘t instead of ik and het. They ignore they e in the -en when it’s at the end of a word, like loop’n instead of lopen. And they often end their sentences with ja.

(Here is an example of how it sounds)

Vocab

Some random words: gro – ned – eng

Aal schier/goud? – alles goed? – everything alright?

Aankommende – aanstaande – upcoming

Blèren – janken – to whine

Boksem – broek – pants

Buuts(e) – broek-/jaszak – pocket

D’Olle Grieze – “de oude grijze” de Martinitoren – the Martinitower

Der; d’r – er – there

Diep/daip – kanaal; gracht – canal (it’s sometimes used in names like het Reitdiep or het Damsterdiep)

Dik – dronken – drunk

Doe, die, dien – jij, jou, jouw – you, you, your

Eem – even – for a while/moment

Eerbaaien – aardbeien – strawberries

Elk – iedereen – everyone

Genoat – garnalen – shrimps

Gister – gisteren – yesterday

Grunn; Grunnen; Grönn; Grönnen – Groningen

Hazzens – hoofd – head

Hou wot?; Hou bist? – hoe is het? – How are you?

Ja – zeg as in “wat gezellig zeg” (”’k was bij opoe gister” “Wat gezellig ja” – ”I’ve been to grandma yesterday” “How gezellig” (I honestly have no idea how to explain this, they just use ‘ja’ a lot))

Kinder – kinderen – children

Kletspoot – Een natte voet/schoen – a wet foot/shoe (when you have stepped in a puddle of water)

Loos – aan de hand: wat is d’r loos? – what’s going on?; What’s wrong?

Moe; moeke – moeder – mother

Mous – stamppot boerenkool – a dutch dish, some kind of kale

Mug – vlieg – fly

Neef(-ke/-je/-ie) – mug – mosquito

Nest – bed – bed

Omstebeurten – om de beurt – in turn

Omtrekken – omkleden – to change clothes

Opoe – oma – grandma

Mienjong – jongen – boy

Moi! – Hoi! – Hey!

Pitten – slapen – to sleep

Pokkel – buik – stomach

Puut – zakje – a small bag

Rechtuit – rechtdoor – straight ahead

Roppen – hard trekken – to pull very hard

Schade – schaduw – shadow

Schier – mooi – beautiful

Schiet! – shit!/verdorie! – shit!/damn it!

Schijtert – bangerik – coward

Sik; bok – geit – goat

Slaif – soeplepel – soup spoon

Sloan – slaan; slagen – to slap, to graduate

Smok – kus – kiss

Stoksjokken – nordic walking

Stoede/stoete  – brood  – bread

Strunen – struinen – forage around/about

Weerom gaan – teruggaan – to go back

Wicht; wichie – meid; meisje – girl

Wief – vrouw; wijf – woman; wife; bitch (it depends on the context, obviously)

Zat – genoeg; vol van het eten – enough; full (of eating)

Zowat – bijna – almost

Zuinig (aan) – nauwelijks – barely

Zuster – zus – sister

Numbers 1 to 10:

Ain, twij, drij, vaire, vief, zes, zeum, aacht, neeng, tien

Sentences and idioms

De pokkel knapt mie zowat – Ik heb lekker gegeten – It was delicious

Doe bist schier – Je bent mooi; ik vind je leuk – You’re pretty; I like you

D’r goat niks boven Grunn – Er gaat niks boven Groningen – Nothing tops Groningen

Eem en zwien slachtn – een broodje shoarma halen – to get a shoarma sandwich

Hoe dat dan? – Hoe komt dat? – How did it happen?

‘k hol von die – Ik hou van jou – I love you

‘k vind ’t wel best – Ik vind het prima – I think it’s great

Kist mie eem helpn? – Kan je me even helpen? – Can you help me?

Kon minder – Het was geweldig! – “it could be less” It was amazing!

‘t is binnen te houden – Het is heerlijk! – “I can keep it inside” (as in vomit) It’s delicious!

’t Ken fraizen ’t ken dooien moar dou mie moar dooie Fraizen – Het kan vriezen, het kan dooien, maar het liefst heb ik dooie Friezen – “it can freeze, it can thaw, but I prefer dead Frisians” A pun. The people from Groningen and Friesland don’t really like eachother…

Grammatical differences

Most of these are not correct in Dutch, but they are in Gronings!

Bij de toren langs – langs de toren – along the tower

Geweest hebben – geweest zijn – have been

Hebben komen gekund – hebben kunnen komen – could have come ("We hebben niet komen gekund" – “we could not have come”)

Ik heb haar het even zien gelaten – Ik heb het haar even laten zien – I have shown it to her

Ik hong/vong/gong – ik hing/ving/ging – I hung/catched/went

Ik kan hem – Ik ken hem – I know him (but kan also means can)

Ik ken het – Ik kan het –  I can do it (but ken also means to know)

Ik wou – Ik wilde – I wanted

Is hem het wel? – Is het hem wel? – Is it him?

Je gaat me daar niet in – Ik wil niet dat je daarin gaat – I don’t want you to go there inside

Konings – Koningen – Kings (Gronings has rather plurals with –s than with –en)

Nog maar – ook alweer– again ("wat was je naam nog maar?" – “what was your name again?”)

Waar kom je weg? – waar kom je vandaan? – where are you from?

Welk land zijn we in? – In welk land zijn we? – In which country are we? 

Media

It’s used frequently on the local radio station and on tv, on RTV Noord. There’s also a youtube channel where they post stuff and joke about Groningen and Gronings. Famous Gronings artists are Wia Buze, Lianne Abeln, Alex Vissering, Erwin de Vries, Pé Daalemmer & Rooie Rinus, Burdy, Hail Gewoon, Wat Aans and Ede Staal (it’s mostly country). And we have an anthem!

That’s everything for now.  Moi!

[lofihipbot]

lofi hip hop beats to assibilate to

[sphynxtee]

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[yeli-renrong]

Satemization used to be used for subgrouping, but the discovery of Tocharian caused people to re-evaluate that: satem languages are generally spoken to the east of centum languages, but the easternmost IE language family was centum! And it’s now known that satemization operated differently in Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian, which looks more like diffusion than inheritance - although secondary depalatalization in Balto-Slavic is technically possible.

Except Tocharian has enough shared features with western IE that it probably represented a secondary migration, so the geographic position of Tocharian doesn’t invalidate a satem clade, just as English being spoken in India doesn’t invalidate Germanic.

There are also some languages that preserve different reflexes of all three PIE velar plosive POAs. Luwian is one, and it’s commonly cited to show that the contrast between the palatovelars and the plain velars can’t be analyzed away as secondary in the satem languages (because a parallel development would then be necessary in Anatolian), but this has also been claimed for Albanian and Armenian.

So, out of the two changes that make up ‘satemization’, one of them (assibilation of the palatovelars) applied slightly differently in different satem IE subgroups, and the other (merger of the labiovelars into the plain velars) didn’t apply at all in some. (Although they all delabialized the labiovelars later as a secondary change.)

But didn’t centumization (i.e. the merger of the palatovelars into the plain velars) apply pretty much the same everywhere? Couldn’t that be used for subgrouping? You’d still need to posit a parallel development in some Anatolian languages, but you’d need that anyway. This would put Italic, Celtic, Germanic, Greek, and Tocharian in one branch of IE, and Albanian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian outside that branch.

This seems obvious enough as a possibility to consider that I assume there’s some reason it doesn’t work.

[teesturtle]

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[ululem]

Indo-Uralic, so many ideas, so little time.

I have been dabbling into the comparison of the Indo-European and Uralic language families for some time. But now I am at the point where I feel that I have scratched the surface, and there is so much below it. It has been said that Indo-Uralic is a project that could take a dedicated linguist more than 30 years to work on. I'm starting to see that this is right. There are so many ideas to work out, but as an amateur I can't work full-time on this. So here are of some ideas that I’m working on now or plan to work on in the future.

Linking the ablaut in eastern Khanty to the PIE ablaut.  Eastern Khanty has an ablaut system with the following paradigm:

alta ‘to extend’ ~ ultăm ‘I extended’ (perfect) ~ ïltï ‘extend!’ (imperative)

kat ‘house’ ~ kutăm ‘my house’ (possessed noun)

This is just one of the 7 possible ablaut patterns in eastern Khanty, which are: a- u- ï;  ä- i- i; ɔ- u- u; ɔ̈- ü- ü; o- ă- o; ö- ě- ö and e- ě- e

I know there is very little reason in Uralic to reconstruct any ablaut based on this at the proto-Uralic level. And several attempts have been made to explain this phenomenon as an umlaut in Ob-Ugric by some unattested suffixes.

However, within an Indo-Uralic framework, it makes a lot of sense to link this to PIE ablaut and to reconstruct ablaut at the Indo-Uralic level. I have come up with the following scheme: 

A-grade corresponds to PIE E-grade

I-grade (imperative) corresponds to PIE zero-grade

U-grade (perfect, possessed noun) corresponds to PIE O-grade

A zero-grade imperative has been attested in Ancient Greek:

ḗimi ‘I go’  ~ ithí ‘go!’ (2nd person singular)

phḗmi ‘I speak ~ phathí ‘speak!’ (2nd person singular)

Also, Ancient Greek does show an interesting parallel for the possessed nouns:

patḗr ‘father’ ~ eu-pátōr ‘having a good father’ ~ a-pátōr ‘not having a father, orphan’

phrḗn ‘mind’ ~ sṓ-phrōn ‘having a sound mind, sane’

The difficult part here is Proto-Uralic. If this is done right, it should be possible to find the correspondences between PIE ablaut grades and the PU vowels. So this is a key idea for me. 

For example, the Eastern Khanty, a-ï-u pattern probably goes back to PU a-ï-o. The simplest idea here might be a vertical vowel system (a ~ PIE e; ë ~ PIE o; ï ~ PIE zero grade) with front/back; labialized with 'w'/unlabialized; short/long variants in PU. But if you know anything about the vowel correspondences in PU, you would know what a huge task it is to sort everything out.

An ofshoot of that little project is the idea that disharmonic stems like Finnish likoaa 'he washes' should be reconstructed as lïuka (~PIE *lewh₃) in Proto-Uralic.

The correspondence between PU plural -t and PIE plural -s. Also PU 2nd person -t and PIE 2nd person -s. I think this will require its own correspondence set if it is ever going to work as a correspondence. I don't think that Kortlandt's idea of Finnic-like *ti -> *si assibilation holds. My idea that this goes back to an Indo-Uralic **z (or maybe **ð, but that is already taken in Uralic). This PIU **z would correspond to *t, *s and *r in both PIE and PU but under different circumstances.

Potential cognates with this set include:

PIU **zïwxa 'pig' ~ PU *tika 'pig' ~ PIE suH 'pig'

PIU **näz 'nose' ~ PU *näri 'nose', nistä 'pant, blow'  ~ PIE neh₂s 'nose’

PIU **maz- 'wet' ~ PU *mośkï(1) 'to wash', PUg *mar-/*mär- 'to dive' ~ PIE *mesg(1) 'to dip', *mori 'sea'.

PIU **z 2nd person ~ PU -t 2nd person marker, PSam -r-,-l- 2nd person marker ~ PIE -s- 2nd person marker, PIE th2- 2nd person marker

PIU **z plural ~ PU -t plural marker ~ PIE -s plural marker, ? PIE -r 3nd person plural marker

(1) These may also be linked to a PIE root *meh₂ 'wet'.

PIU consonant gradation (low prio) There are lots of roots in PIE where there are variants with different stop grades but similar meaning, e.g. *keh₂l ‘to call’, *gʰel ‘to shout, to yell’, *gels ‘to call, voice’ or *bʰer ‘to carry, to bear’, *per ‘to travel, to fare’. Could these be caused by a consonant gradation mechanism on the PIU level?

1st person absolutive -w versus oblique -m The idea is that the me-we split in PIE is not singular/plural but absolutive/oblique.  The original 1st person nominative singular pronoun would have been 'u' in early PIE, as attested by Hitt. u-uk (<- *u-eǵ), and various 1st person singular -w forms in ancient PIE languages. This would parallel the bi-/min- split from the 'Altaic' languages. Strangely, this split can even be found in Kartvelian (m- verbal prefix versus v-). In Uralic there is very little evidence of this.  Only some Samoyedic languages have verbal forms in 1st person -w.

[hourlywritingprompts]

Writing prompt of the hour: assibilated

[acerousacoria]

(( Note to self of words to use in new trolltags (from here); incomplete and very long because there’s a lot of words and Ctrl+F didn’t really help so I’m going through them all one by one

Mirrak: 

A - abditive (hidden/secret), abnegate (to renounce/repudiate), absinthial (bitter), acerous/akeratophorous (without horns), achroous (colorless), acoria (great hunger), aesopian (comprehensible only by members of a movement), aeviternal/aeviternity (endless/eternal existence), affrayer (attacker), affreux (scary), ageusia (inability to taste), agersia (unaging), agonistic (aggressive), allotriophagy (craving strange foods), anabiosis (return to life), anchorite, antiblastic (providing immunity), apterygial (finless), arrhizal (lacking roots), arrosive (gnawing), autarkic (independent)

B - bagarre (brawl), barratry (inciting violence), billingsgate (coarse language), brach/brachet (female hound / brat), brachycerous (w/ clipped horns), brachyology/breviloquence (abbreviated speech)

C - cachaemic (has poisoned blood), calver (to eat live fish), calvous (bald), canophilia (love of dogs), capistrate (hooded), carnassial / creatophagous / creophagous (flesh-eating), catarolysis (cursing to let off steam), cataplexy (feigning death), chlamydate/cucullate (hooded), cittosis (desire for strange foods). contumacious (stubborn/anti-authority), cryptadia (hidden things), cynegetic (hunting-related)

D - dacnomania (obsession with killing), dapifer (one who brings meat to the table), decalvant/depilatory (removing hair), dentigerous (bearing teeth), depascent (eating), diprionidian (serrated), diutiurnal (long-lasting), dolioform (barrel shaped), donnybrook (brawl)

E - ecdemomania (compulsive wandering), eclipsis (omission of words in speech), edacious (voracious), embonpoint (plump), epilate (to remove hair), esculent (edible), esurient (hungry)

F - 

G - gauntlet, gestatorial (pertaining to carrying), gnathal (pertaining to the jaws), gomphosis (excessive tooth growth), grobianism (boorishness)

T - tachygraphy (shorthand), talionic (retributive), temporicide (killing time), thyestean (cannibalistic), titanism (defiance of social norms), toxicophagous (eating poison), trachyphonia (roughness of voice), tramontane (uncivilized), tranation (swimming across)

Kynara: 

A - abirritate (to habituate), aboideau (tide gate), abyssopelagic (ocean depths), acersecomic (someone who’s never had a haircut), agathism (belief that things proceed towards an ultimate good), alamode/ardass (silk), alembicated (over-refined), amaranth (unfading flower), apotropaic (designed to turn away evil), aulic (courtly),

B - bahadur (self-important official), baisemain (kiss on hand), baldachin (silk and gold fabric), barege/barracan/bombycine (silk), bienséance (proper thing), brilliantine (hair oil)

C - camaca/cendal/charmeuse (silk), caritative (generous), cervicorn (antler-like), cladose (branching), coralliferous (bearing coral)

D - dapatical (costly, sumptuous), dation (act of donating), deipnosophy (learned conversation), demesne (feudal manor), deontic (relating to duty), devoir (duty), didact, dispendious (expensive)

E - eirenarch (keeper of the peace), ennomic (lawful), éolienne (silk)

F - 

G - gazar/georgette/grenadine (silk), gracility (slenderness)

T - tabaret (silk), tabinet (silk), taffeta, talar (ankle-length robe), thalassiarchy (sovereignty of the seas), thalassophilous (loves the sea), thesmothete (law-giver), togated, tournure (poise), tulle

Desill: 

A - abrosia (fasting), achaenocarp (type of fruit), adelaster (plant with unknown flowers), adscript (bound to the earth), adynamia (helplessness), agrology (study agricultural soil), agrostology (study of grasses), alkanet (red plant-based dye), ambsace (bad luck), amyous (lacking muscle), anguiform/anguine (snake-y), apositia (dislike of food), asitia (lack of appetite), assibilate (speak w/ a hiss)

B - bistre (brown pigment), brunneous (brown), burnet/burrel (brown cloth)

C - carpogenous (fruit eating), castory/castaneous (brown), colubriform / colubrine / crotaline (snakelike)

D - doloriferous (bearing grief/pain), dormition (sleeping/death)

E - egestuous (desperately poor), elapid (cobra-like), emarcid (wilted), epitonic (overstrained)

F - 

G - gymnophobia (fear of nudity)

T - tabefaction (wasting away), tabescent (wasting/shriveling), tabific (consumptive), tatterdemalion, taupe (brownish-grey), tenne (orange-brown), thalassophobia (fear of the sea), torpid (lethargic)

Maikol: 

A - acanaceous (prickly), actinism (radiation causing chemical change), aeneous (bronze color), agrypnia (insomnia), almagest (astronomy textbook), arreptitious (hurried), astrionics (spaceflight electronics), 

C - celidography (marks on a planet/sun), chevelure (comet tail), citigrade (fast), cosmosophy, cosmotellurian (like heaven and earth)

D - diddicoy (tinkerer, scrap-dealer)

G - gerascophobia (fear of growing old)

T - tanquam (person fit for education)

Oci: 

A - absquatulate (to flee), acatamathesia (inability to understand), accollé (collared), agacerie (allurement), ahimsa (non-violence), ambulophobia, aneabil (unmarried), anuptaphobia (fear of being single), apodysophilia (feverish desire to undress)

B - basial/basiation (kissing), blarney/blandiloquence/blandish, byssine/byssoid (soft)

C - cabriole (exuberant dance), cadge (to beg), caesious (teal), callipygous (has a nice butt), callisteia (awards for beauty), carcanet (collar), chirapsia (massage), cisvestism (wearing weird clothes), claque (sycophants)

D - deosculate (to kiss), discalced (barefoot), douceur (gentlessness / a bribe), dulciloquent (speaking sweetly)

E - effleurage (stroking), eleemosynary (dependent on charity), emollient (softening), epigamic (attractive), epithymetic (pertaining to desire)

F - 

G - galeanthropy (belief that you’re a cat), gawdelpus (helpless person), gremial (intimate; on lap)

T - tentiginous (lust-provoking), thalposis (feeling of warmth), torquated (collared), trangam (showy, worthless thing), twee

Tsorro: 

A - accourt (to entertain), accubation (reclining), ackamarackus (nonsense), aestheticism, ailurophilia (love of cats), alcatote (silly elf), amphibology (dual meaning), amphigory (nonsense), apistia (faithlessness), apolaustic (seeking pleasure)

B - bacchanal (reveler), bambosh (deceptive nonsense), bedswerver (unfaithful spouse)

C - cagamosis (unhappy marriage), cardiognost (one who understands the heart), cautelous (cunning), chicanery, chouse (to cheat), clinophilia (love of beds), cocker (to pamper), covinous (fraudulent), cozen (to coax/deceive), cubation/cumbent (reclining), cyrenaic (philosophy of pleasure-seeking)

D - decumbent (lying down), desipient (playing the fool), diablerie (magic, mischief), dittology (double meaning), dizen (to dress gaudily)

G - gleek (a trick), glozing (flattery)

T - tergiversation (lying), tosh, tregetour (trickster), trumpery (trickery), twaddle

Deveri: 

A - accessit (second place / honorable mention), agapeistic (loving selflessly), almandine (violet gem), altiloquence (pompous speech), amoret (love sonnet), appui (to support militarily)

B - bavian (unskilled poet)

C - caesura (breathing space in poetry), camaïeu (boring writing), cancellarial, cheville (unnecessary word in poetry), cimier (token of courtly love)

D - digladiate (to sword-fight)

E - encomiast (praiser), epinikion (ode to a winner), epithalamion (wedding song)

T - tabellary (auditor), threnody (dirge)

Cavmar (I guess Cavmar probably wouldn’t change his tag since he’s dead, but ...): 

A - aceldama (scene of violence), acinaciform (scrimitar-shaped), acratia (impotence), acyrology (incorrect pronunciation), agrize (to horrify/disfigure), algetic (creating pain), allision (intentional collision of ships)

B - bilge, blague (pretentious nonsense), bodach (churl/goblin), braguette (codpiece), bumptious (conceited)

C - cacoepy/cacology (bad pronunciation), caitiff (cowardly), capreolate (tentacle-like), carrack (galleon), chrematistic (about pursuit of wealth), cnidarian, conferva (algae)

D - dapocaginous (heartless), dispiteous/dolose (malicious), dolorific (causing sorrow), dontopedalogy (foot in mouth)

E - egoism

F - 

G - gilderoy (proud person), gulpin (simpleton), gulosity (greed)

T - tanacles (instruments of torture), terrisonant (sounding bad), tumid (bombastic)

That goldblood I kind of want to someday introduce who doesn’t have a name or design (I decided to name her after one of these words so now she’s) Aislin: 

A - abacinate (to blind), ablepsia/anopsia (blindness), akinesia (inability to move), algedonics (science of pleasure/pain), analgia (inability to feel pain), antalgic (relieving pain), antephialtic (preventing nightmares), antimnemonic (eliminating memories), aponia (painlessness)

B - bufotenine (hallucinogen)

C - calipace (turtle shell), cecutiency (tendency to blindness), chelonian (turtle-like), chrysopoetics (transmutation into gold), cimelia/cimeliarch (stored treasures), coenaesthesis (sensation)

D - dégagé (untroubled, at rest), demiurge (creative spirit), dreamery (place of dreams)

E - ecmnesia (loss of memory of a specific period), eidetic (vivid mental image), eidolon (apparition), eirenism (peaceful state of mind), emys (freshwater turtle), engram (lasting effect on memory), esemplasy (unifying power of imagination), eupathy (contentment)

T - testudinal (tortoise-like)

Tellin: 

A - absolutory (forgiving), aby (to atone), acutiator (sharpens weapons), agathodaimon (good conscience), agnize (to confess)

C - cathexis (investment of emotional energy), chrysology (study of precious metals), cybernate (computer control)

D - doctiloquent (speaking learnedly)

E - elocation (removed from someone’s control), encephaloid (brain-like), ephectic (reserving judgment), exeat (leave of absence), expiate (to make amends), expiscate (to discover by examination), exstrophy (turning an organ inside out)

F -

G - gallionic (uncaring), gradgrind (one who manages with statistics)

T - tatonnement (experimentation), technocracy, tentamen/tentation (experiment)

Niksir: 

A - alieniloquy (off-topic speech), armipotent

B - bavardage (prattle), brabble (to quarrel)

C - criant (garish)

D - dicacity (banter)

E - eft (a newt), effutiation (humbug), élan

F - 

G - gamin/gaminesque (precocious imp, boyish), gelastic/gelogenic (provoking laughter)

Jocass: 

A - accentor (song bird), accoy (to pacify), adjutor (assistant), auceps/austringer (bird tender), avicular (bird-like)

B - boanerges (orator), bulbul (songbird)

C - caduceator (messenger), caliology (study of bird’s nests), columbaceous/columbine (dove-like), conure, culver (dove), cymotrichous (wavy-haired)

E - eirenicon (peaceful message), elchee (ambassador)

G - gregatim (in flocks)

T - tectrix (small feather)

Good-end empress: 

A - accismus (false refusal), acierate (to turn into steel), acracy (anarchy), acolouthic (after-sensation), adhocracy (unstructured government), adventitious (accidental), afterclap (unexpected effect), agist (charge with public burden), amaranthine (undying), anatreptic (overcoming), anemocracy (government by whim), anomic/anomie (lacking social norms), antibasilican (anti-monarchic), antonomasia (use of epithet instead of name), aristarchy (government by the best), astringe (binding obligation)

B - barbarocracy (gov’t by barbarians), bestiocracy (rule of beasts)

C - catholicon (cure-all), cementatory (binding), chirocracy (gov’t by force), ciplinarian (anarchist), cleronomy (inheritance), cosmarchy (devil’s rule over the world), curule (high authority)

D - debel/debellate (to conquer in battle), deicide

E - eclat (to make notorious), eleutherian (freedom-giving), émeute (uprising), enantiodromia (replacement by opposite), epinician (celebrating triumph)

F -

G - giganticide, gramercy (expression of gratitude/surprise)

T - tyrannicide

General: 

A - abessive (absence/lack), aboulia (indecision), absterge (to clean/purify), acatalepsy (unknowableness), accidie (sloth), acciaccatura (short note before long one), acedia (sloth, listlessness) acescence (souring), acharné (furious/desperate), aculeate (prickly), adespota (anonymous works), adevism (denial of gods), adiaphoron (belief something’s indifferent about), adnomination (punning), adonise (to adorn), adumbrate (to foreshadow), adust (scorched), aeolistic (long-winded), afferent (bearing), agelast (never laughs), agnosy (ignorance), agowilt (fear), aigrette (plume/jewel spray), aischrolatry (worship of filth), aleatoric (depending on chance), alethiology (study of truth), alible (nourishing), aliicide (murder), allemande (courtly dance), almoner (alms-giver/social worker), alterity (being different), altitonant (thundering loudly), amadelphous (outgoing), amerce (to deprive/to punish), amicicide (murder of a friend), anaerectic (destructive), anencephalic (brainless), anfractuous (winding/intricate), anglice (in plain English), animadvert (to criticize), anisothenic (being of unequal strength), annomination (pun), anoesis (not-understood sensation), antiloquy (contradiction), antiperistasis (resistance), antithalian (anti-fun), antipudic (concealing private body parts), appetence (craving), arefy (to wither), aristarch (severe critic), armigerous (entitled to bear arms), armisonant (loud with battle noises), asperse (disparage), aspidate (shield-shaped), assurgent (rising), ataraxia (tranquility), athanasy (deathlessness), athymia (melancholy), atimy (disgrace)

B - badinage (banter), badious (chestnut-colored), barathrum (an abyss / someone insatiable), barnard (decoy), baryphonic (having difficulty speaking), bathysmal (in ocean depths), battue (indiscriminate slaughter), beldam,  bellecism (inclination to violence), belliferous (bringing war), bellipotent (militarily powerful), bellwether (leader), benefic (benign), benthic/benthos, berceuse (lullaby), bethel (seamen’s chapel), bewray (to divulge), bindle (blanket roll), bismer (shame), bletherskate (speaker of nonsense), boeotian (stupid), borborology (filthy talk), borné (narrow-minded), bourasque (tempest), boutade (sudden outburst), breedbate (someone seeking argument), breme (fierce), brimborion (nonsense/trash), brobdingnagian (big), bugaboo/bushwa (nonsense), bulimy (great hunger), bullyrag (to badger)

C - cacaesthesia (morbid sensation), cachexic (physically/mentally unhealthy), cacodoxy (wrong opinion), cacoethes (bad habit), cacogen (antisocial person), cacotopia (state of maximum bad), cafard (depression), calefacient (warming), callant (boy), calumniate (to slander), camarilla (king’s associates), camisade (night attack), camorra (traitors), camsteary (unruly), canaille (riffraff), captious (peevish), captation (seeking recognition), carnaptious (bad-tempered), carriwitchet (pun), casuistry (flawed moral reasoning), catachthonian (underground), cauponate (questionable trade), causerie (gossip), celation (concealment), celsitude (loftiness), cerberic (vigilant), charientism (euphemism), chevisance (gain), chrestomathic (useful knowledge), clinamen (prejudice), colluctation (strife), colytic (restraining), comity (civility), commination (threatening), concetto (witticism), concinnity (elegance/harmony), conspurcation (defilement), corybantic (excited/frenzied), cothurnal (tragic), crepehanger (pessimist), crescive (growing), croceate (saffron), cullion (rascal), cunctation (delay), curvet (frisk), cynosure (object of interest)

D - daedal (displaying inventive skill), damoiseau (male version of “damsel”), darraign (to vindicate), debarrass (to disentangle), declassé (below one’s class), decollate (to behead, to disorganize), decuman (large), decurtate (to shorten or abbreviate), dedition (surrender), deflexure (deviation), dégringolade (downfall), dehort (to dissuade), delenda (things to be destroyed), deliration (madness), delirifacient (causing madness), delphically (enigmatically), demersal (living underwater), deodate (gift from god), depaysé (out of one’s element), desiderium (longing), diacope (deep wound/incision), diamanté (glittering), diallelus (circular argument), diogenic (cynical), dirigent (guiding), disembogue (to throw into the sea), disimmure (to liberate), disorbed (deprived of authority), dissentient (dissenter), dithyrambic (passionate, frenzied), dodoism (stupid remark), dominicide (killing one’s master), doomster, donnism (self-importance), doxastic (of opinion), draffish (worthless), ducdame (meaningless refrain), duncical (stupid), dysaesthesia (loss of sensation), dysania (struggling to wake up), dysbulia (loss of wllpower)

E - ebullition (agitation, boiling over), ecbatic (indicates results without intention), egency (need), emberlucock/embrangle (to confuse), emicate (to sparkle), encraty (self-control), endarchy (centralized government), enervate, enosis (union), entelechy (perfect realization of ultimate goal), epicureanism, epideictic (done for show), epigon (successor), epinosic (unhealthy). equiparate (to treat as an equal), eremite (hermit), erethism (irritability), ergasia (workaholism), eristic (pertaining to argument), esclandre (unpleasantness), espiègle (mischievous), essoin (giving an excuse to not appear in court), eucrasy (fitness/physical well-being), eunoia (mental health), eunomia (being well-governed), euphuism (affected writing style), eupraxia (correct/orthodox action), eutrapely (wit/urbanity), exaugurate (to desanctify), excarnate (to remove flesh), exheredate (to disinherit), expatiate (to wander, to write about in detail)

F -

G - galbanum/galimatias (nonsense), galère (group of undesirables, unpleasant situation), gasconade (to boast), gaucherie (awkward remark), gaudiloquent (speaking joyfully), gaumless (stupid), gement (lamenting), genarch (head of family), genetrix (mother/female ancestor), geratology (study of decadence nad decay), gerent (ruler, manager), grandeval (ancient), grinagog (one who constantly grins), gripulous (greedy), grith (sanctuary), grithbreach (breach of the peace), groundling (commoner), growlery (retreat for when angry), guignol (something intended to horrify), gunarchy/gynaecocracy/gynarchy/gynocracy (government by women)

T - tacenda (secrets), tacent (silent), taction (touch), tahr (wild goat), takin (goatlike animal), tallage (feudal tax), tapinosis (degrading speech), taradiddle (nonsense), tarassis (manly hysteria), tardiloquent (speaking slowly), tardigrade (slow-paced), tarpan (small wild horse), tarriance (procrastination), taws (whip), taciturn, teen (grief), tegminal (protecting), telegnosis (clairvoyance), teleonomy (governance by purpose), telos (purpose), temenos (sacred place), temerarious (daring), temperative (calming), temporaneous (short-lived), tenebrose (gloomy), tendentious (meant to advance a cause), tenue (bearing, manner), teramorphous/teratoid (monstruous), teratism (monster), terraqueous (amphibious), thanatoid (deadly), thelematic (of free will, voluntary), thelemic (allowing people to do as they please), theomastix (god-send punishment), thereoid (bestial), thersitical (violent in speech), theriodic (malignant), thiasus (worshippers), thole (to endure), thrasonic (boastful), threnetic/threnodic (mournful), tigerism (swagger), timbrous (sonorous), tiro (novice), tonish (fashionable), toplofty (haughty), topophobia (stage fright), tortious (doing wrong), torvity (grimness), traditive (traditional), traduce (to slander), tralineate (to deviate), transpontine (melodramatic), tristiloquy/tristisonous (mournfu), troglodytic (cave-dwelling), trucidation (slaughter), tufthunter (toady)