#gepid

[ukdamo]

Today's Flickr photo with the most hits: this artefact - Gepid gold - photographed in the Hungarian National Museum.

The artefact is to be the subject of an article in the Cambridge Archaeological Review. Author - Susanne Hakenbeck

[haljathefangirlcat]

Hungarian historical chronicles about Hungary's legendary origins puts their own spin on the legend of Attila, but the way they choose to incorporate Dietrich von Bern is fascinating and makes me think the authors were working with some authentic folklore/literature tradition instead of making things up on their own. Dietrich, known as Detre of Verona, starts as a Roman vassal, much like the historical Visigoth Theodoric, but after Attila defeats him in the Battle of Zeiselmauer, he swears loyalty to Attila and helps him in his campaigns against Rome. One chronicle at least consciously swaps the names of Theodoric and Ardaric the Gepid, historically one of Attila's vassals, and makes Ardaric the one who dies at the Catalaunian Plains fighting for Rome while Dietrich survives at Attila's side. Other chronicles still mention Theodoric as a separate character, but also replace Ardaric with Dietrich. Historically, Ardaric betrayed the Huns after Attila's death and defeated them in a great battle, which might have contributed to the legend of a war between Goths and Huns found in the Norse myth Hlöðskviða. The general outline of that myth is actually used in the Hungarian rendition of Dietrich. After Attila's death, his son by the Roman princess Justa Honoria (who did write Attila a marriage proposal in real history), Csaba, splits kingship of the Huns with his brother Aladar, Kriemhild's son. However, Dietrich, Aladar's foster father/tutor, reviles Csaba as a foreigner's son and spurs Aladar to make war on him. The huge, destructive battle makes the Danube run red with blood for fifteen days. Finally Csaba is defeated and driven seek shelter first in Byzantium, then in the land of the Magyars, the Huns' sister tribe. If you read the Norse myth, you'll find Aladar as Angantyr, king of the Goths; Csaba as Hlod, his half-Hun older brother making a claim to part of the kingdom as his inheritance; and Dietrich as Gizur, the old foster-father who sends the brothers fighting each other.

In addition to being a wild ride where you can see old legends reworked in the process of nation-building, these chronicles lend a bit of support for my Dietrich and Kriemhild/Gudrun as platonic best pals idea. Imagine them being so close that she trusts him to foster her kids.

You know, while reading this I had half a mind to talk a bit about the Goth/Hun war motif in the Saga of Hervor and Heidrek... but it seems we'd already had the same thought. ;)

I'm really not very familiar with Hungarian chronicles, tho it absolutely makes sense that they'd spend a lot of time of Attila and related legendary traditions, so maybe I should start looking into them. So, thanks for mentioning this!

And Dietrich fostering Kriemhild/Gudrun's children sound like such a sweet idea, too.

[intriguingpeoplebyangelafloyd]

ATTILA

ATTILA Attila the Hun

Ruler of the Huns

c.406-c.453

            Attila was described as having ‘tanned skin’ and a long skull; this was because of the Hun tradition of binding babies heads. Little is known of his childhood, Attila and his older brother Bleda succeeded to the throne in 435 after the death of their uncle Ruga who had a treaty with Rome. The brothers ruled together until Attila assassinated Bleda in 445, so he could rule alone.             Attila was the Roman’s worst nightmare and was feared throughout the Western and Eastern Europe. In 441, he led an invasion of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire; his success pursued him to invade the West. The Huns pillaged churches and monasteries, and killed monks and virgins. They killed soldiers, negotiated treaties and collected gold.

            They went to destroy Naissus (in Serbia) and Serdica (in Bulgaria), the attack on Naissus remained, when Roman ambassadors passed through to meet with Attila 8 years later, the stench of death was so bad that no one could enter the city. The river banks were covered with human bones.

            In 449, Attila turned his attention to the Roman Western Empire. He attempted to conquer Roman Gaul (modern France) and lost the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains which was his only defeat. He invaded Italy but was unable to take on Rome, at the time there was disease and famine and returned North (Northern Europe). He planned a new campaign but died before he accomplished it.

            In 453 CE, Attila married his second wife, Ildico, and after much celebration and drinking the wedded couple headed to his tent. The next morning he was found dead, drowned in his own blood from a nose bleed. Some believed it was Ildico who killed him; however, they found no injury laid upon him. Modern historians believe he may have died of alcohol poisoning or esophageal haemorrhage.

            The Huns mourned by cutting off their hair and slashing their bodies with knives, so that ‘the greatest of warriors should be mourned with the blood of men.’ His adviser, Ardaric of the Gepids, led a Germanic revolt against Hunnic rule, and the Hunnic Empire collapsed.

#attila #attilathehun

[winddotgif]

Divine Punishment III. The cowardly Gepid, lowest of all two legged creatures, was exploded into a dash of salt by the judgement of Divine Punishment III. The point of a finger found the coward and sent him back to the earth, back into the pits, back into the caves, as the meager salt.

An encounter from an Medieval rpg. Bad day to be a roadman ig lmao

[forgeofideas]

Geo-Cultural Groups

Europe: 

-Caucasian: mountains 

-Sarmatic Plains: Swamps, woodlands, plains, and small Vikings élite 

-Balkanatolia: heartland of Hellenic civilization 

-Italic: (North) City States & Germandom, (Mid) Papal states, (South) Byzantine and Norman Polities with Islamic influence 

-Iberian: 

-Nordic: 

-Variscidia: Aside from the Papal states, Variscidia was the heartland of catholic powers during the early middle ages. It’s cultural background was a syncretism between Latin and Germanic traditions. Variscidia was the region of Europe that served as a bulwark against northern pagan Europeans, Eastern-Oriental Christendom, and Islamic expansion. 

-British Isles: 

-Visigrad: Transitionary phase into western Europe, Catholicism, Slavs and Steppe peoples (mongols, avars, gepids and magyars) 

Asia:

East Asia: 

-Tibetan Plateau: 

- Northern River Basins: 

-Southern River basin 

- Goguryeo Mountain Enclosure: 

-Mongolian Steppe 

-East Asian Desert Complex 

-Japanese Archipelago: 

North Asia:

-Siberian Plateau (Eastern Mountain Complex, Central Mountain Complex)

-Siberian Plain 

-Kolyma 

-Yakutsk Basin 

-Central Asian Desert Complex (West Asian Mountain Complex Included) 

Southeast Asia: 

-Indochinese Peninsula

-Malay Archipelago 

Indosphere: 

-Deccan Polities: 

-Indo-Gangetic Polities: 

Oceania: 

-Polynesia 

-Micronesia 

-Melanesia 

Middle East:

-Levant: 

-Arabian Peninsula: 

-Mesopotamia: 

-Iranian Plateau: 

Africa:

-Sahelian Kingdoms: Muslim & Sahelian, mounted warfare 

-Guinean Kingdoms: Forested & Folk Religions 

-Nile Kingdoms: Egypt, Nubia, axum 

-Maghreb: 

-Kongo Kingdoms: 

-Lake Kingdoms: 

-Kalahari Plateau: 

-Swahili City States: 

North America:

Appalachian Woodlands: Iroquoise & Algonquian, wooded,  Haudenosaunee, long houses

Great Lakes: 

Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere: Chimakuan, woodlands, mound builders, south east,  

Great Plains: 

Great Basin: aztec tanoan,  "Desert Archaic" or more simply "The Desert Culture" refers to the culture of the Great Basin tribes. This culture is characterized by the need for mobility to take advantage of seasonally available food supplies. The use of pottery was rare due to its weight, but intricate baskets were woven for containing water, cooking food, winnowing grass seeds and storage—including the storage of pine nuts, a Paiute-Shoshone staple. Heavy items such as metates would be cached rather than carried from foraging area to foraging area. Agriculture was not practiced within the Great Basin itself, although it was practiced in adjacent areas (modern agriculture in the Great Basin requires either large mountain reservoirs or deep artesian wells). Likewise, the Great Basin tribes had no permanent settlements, although winter villages might be revisited winter after winter by the same group of families. In the summer, the largest group was usually the nuclear family due to the low density of food supplies.

Oasisamerica: Pueblo, cities, agrarian 

Plateau: 

Californian: The Pauma Complex is a prehistoric archaeological pattern among indigenous peoples of California, initially defined by Delbert L. True in northern San Diego County, California.The complex is dated generally to the middle Holocene period. This makes it locally the successor to the San Dieguito complex, predecessor to the late prehistoric San Luis Rey Complex, and contemporary with the La Jolla complex on the San Diego County coast.

Northwest Coast:

Arctic: 

Subarctic: 

Mesoamerica: 

South America: 

Andes: 

Amazon: 

Plains:

Australia: 

Blaze

0 notes

[tkh1283]

#卍TENGRÎkutUluğBaşBuğAttilahun

5th-century ruler of the Hunnic Empire

"#Atilla" and "Attila the #Hun" redirect here. For other uses, see Attila (disambiguation), Atilla (disambiguation), and Attila the Hun (disambiguation).

#Attila (/əˈtɪlə/, /ˈætələ/;fl. c. 406–453), frequently called Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in March 453. He was also the leader of a tribal empire consisting of Huns, Ostrogoths, Alans and Bulgars, among others, in Central and Eastern Europe.

Quick Facts King and chieftain of the Hunnic Empire, Reign ...

During his reign, he was one of the most feared enemies of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires. He crossed the Danubetwice and plundered the Balkans, but was unable to take Constantinople. His unsuccessful campaign in Persia was followed in 441 by an invasion of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, the success of which emboldened Attila to invade the West. He also attempted to conquer Roman Gaul (modern France), crossing the Rhine in 451 and marching as far as Aurelianum (Orléans) before being stopped in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains.

He subsequently invaded Italy, devastating the northern provinces, but was unable to take Rome. He planned for further campaigns against the Romans, but died in 453. After Attila's death, his close adviser, Ardaricof the Gepids, led a Germanic revolt against Hunnic rule, after which the Hunnic Empire quickly collapsed. Attila would live on as a character in Germanic heroic legend.

Appearance and character

BildMór Than's 19th century painting of The Feast of Attila, based on a fragment of Priscus

There is no surviving first-hand account of Attila's appearance, but there is a possible second-hand source provided by Jordanes, who cites a description given by Priscus.

He was a man born into the world to shake the nations, the scourge of all lands, who in some way terrified all mankind by the dreadful rumors noised abroad concerning him. He was haughty in his walk, rolling his eyes hither and thither, so that the power of his proud spirit appeared in the movement of his body. He was indeed a lover of war, yet restrained in action, mighty in counsel, gracious to suppliants and lenient to those who were once received into his protection. Short of stature, with a broad chest and a large head; his eyes were small, his beard thin and sprinkled with grey; and he had a flat nose and swarthy skin, showing evidence of his origin.:182–183

Some scholars have suggested that this description is typically East Asian, because it has all the combined features that fit the physical type of people from Eastern Asia, and Attila's ancestors may have come from there.:202 Other historians also believed that the same descriptions were also evident on some Scythian people.

Etymology

BildA painting of Attila riding a pale horse, by French Romantic artist Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863)

Many scholars have argued that the name Attila derives from East Germanic origin; Attila is formed from the Gothic or Gepidic noun atta, "father", by means of the diminutive suffix -ila, meaning "little father", compare Wulfilafrom wulfs "wolf" and -ila, i.e. "little wolf".:386:29:46The Gothic etymology was first proposed by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the early 19th century.:211 Maenchen-Helfen notes that this derivation of the name "offers neither phonetic nor semantic difficulties",:386 and Gerhard Doerfer notes that the name is simply correct Gothic.:29 Alexander Savelyev and Choongwon Jeong (2020) similarly state that Attila's name "must have been Gothic in origin." The name has sometimes been interpreted as a Germanization of a name of Hunnic origin.:29–32

Other scholars have argued for a Turkic origin of the name. Omeljan Pritsak considered Ἀττίλα (Attíla) a composite title-name which derived from Turkic *es (great, old), and *til (sea, ocean), and the suffix /a/.:444The stressed back syllabic tilassimilated the front member es, so it became *as.:444 It is a nominative, in form of attíl- (< *etsíl < *es tíl) with the meaning "the oceanic, universal ruler".:444 J. J. Mikkola connected it with Turkic āt (name, fame).:216 As another Turkic possibility, H. Althof (1902) considered it was related to Turkish atli (horseman, cavalier), or Turkish at (horse) and dil(tongue).:216 Maenchen-Helfen argues that Pritsak's derivation is "ingenious but for many reasons unacceptable",:387 while dismissing Mikkola's as "too farfetched to be taken seriously".:390 M. Snædal similarly notes that none of these proposals has achieved wide acceptance.:215–216Criticizing the proposals of finding Turkic or other etymologies for Attila, Doerfer notes that King George VI of the United Kingdom had a name of Greek origin, and Süleyman the Magnificent had a name of Arabic origin, yet that does not make them Greeks or Arabs: it is therefore plausible that Attila would have a name not of Hunnic origin.:31-32 Historian Hyun Jin Kim, however, has argued that the Turkic etymology is "more probable".:30

M. Snædal, in a paper that rejects the Germanic derivation but notes the problems with the existing proposed Turkic etymologies, argues that Attila's name could have originated from Turkic-Mongolian at, adyy/agta(gelding, warhorse) and Turkish atli (horseman, cavalier), meaning "possessor of geldings, provider of warhorses".:216–217

Historiography and source

BildFigure of Attila in a museum in Hungary

The historiography of Attila is faced with a major challenge, in that the only complete sources are written in Greek and Latin by the enemies of the Huns. Attila's contemporaries left many testimonials of his life, but only fragments of these remain.:25Priscus was a Byzantine diplomat and historian who wrote in Greek, and he was both a witness to and an actor in the story of Attila, as a member of the embassy of Theodosius II at the Hunnic court in 449. He was obviously biased by his political position, but his writing is a major source for information on the life of Attila, and he is the only person known to have recorded a physical description of him. He wrote a history of the late Roman Empire in eight books covering the period from 430 to 476.

Only fragments of Priscus' work remain. It was cited extensively by 6th-century historians Procopius and Jordanes,:413especially in Jordanes' The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, which contains numerous references to Priscus's history, and it is also an important source of information about the Hunnic empire and its neighbors. He describes the legacy of Attila and the Hunnic people for a century after Attila's death. Marcellinus Comes, a chancellor of Justinianduring the same era, also describes the relations between the Huns and the Eastern Roman Empire.:30

Numerous ecclesiastical writings contain useful but scattered information, sometimes difficult to authenticate or distorted by years of hand-copying between the 6th and 17th centuries. The Hungarian writers of the 12th century wished to portray the Huns in a positive light as their glorious ancestors, and so repressed certain historical elements and added their own legends.:32

The literature and knowledge of the Huns themselves was transmitted orally, by means of epics and chanted poems that were handed down from generation to generation.:354Indirectly, fragments of this oral history have reached us via the literature of the Scandinavians and Germans, neighbors of the Huns who wrote between the 9th and 13th centuries. Attila is a major character in many Medieval epics, such as the Nibelungenlied, as well as various Eddas and sagas.:32:354

Archaeological investigation has uncovered some details about the lifestyle, art, and warfare of the Huns. There are a few traces of battles and sieges, but the tomb of Attila and the location of his capital have not yet been found.:33–37

Early life and background

Main article: Huns

BildHuns in battle with the Alans. An 1870s engraving after a drawing by Johann Nepomuk Geiger (1805–1880 ).

The Huns were a group of Eurasian nomads, appearing from east of the Volga, who migrated further into Western Europec. 370 and built up an enormous empire there. Their main military techniques were mounted archery and javelinthrowing. They were in the process of developing settlements before their arrival in Western Europe, yet the Huns were a society of pastoral warriors:259 whose primary form of nourishment was meat and milk, products of their herds.

The origin and language of the Huns has been the subject of debate for centuries. According to some theories, their leaders at least may have spoken a Turkic language, perhaps closest to the modern Chuvash language.:444 One scholar suggests a relationship to Yeniseian.According to the Encyclopedia of European Peoples, "the Huns, especially those who migrated to the west, may have been a combination of central Asian Turkic, Mongolic, and Ugricstocks".

Attila's father Mundzuk was the brother of kings Octar and Ruga, who reigned jointly over the Hunnic empire in the early fifth century. This form of diarchy was recurrent with the Huns, but historians are unsure whether it was institutionalized, merely customary, or an occasional occurrence.:80 His family was from a noble lineage, but it is uncertain whether they constituted a royal dynasty. Attila's birthdate is debated; journalist Éric Deschodt and writer Herman Schreiber have proposed a date of 395.However, historian Iaroslav Lebedynsky and archaeologist Katalin Escher prefer an estimate between the 390s and the first decade of the fifth century.:40Several historians have proposed 406 as the date.:92:202

Attila grew up in a rapidly changing world. His people were nomads who had only recently arrived in Europe. They crossed the Volga river during the 370s and annexed the territory of the Alans, then attacked the Gothic kingdom between the Carpathian mountains and the Danube. They were a very mobile people, whose mounted archers had acquired a reputation for invincibility, and the Germanic tribes seemed unable to withstand them.:133–151 Vast populations fleeing the Huns moved from Germania into the Roman Empire in the west and south, and along the banks of the Rhine and Danube. In 376, the Goths crossed the Danube, initially submitting to the Romans but soon rebelling against Emperor Valens, whom they killed in the Battle of Adrianople in 378.:100 Large numbers of Vandals, Alans, Suebi, and Burgundians crossed the Rhineand invaded Roman Gaul on December 31, 406 to escape the Huns.:233 The Roman Empire had been split in half since 395 and was ruled by two distinct governments, one based in Ravenna in the West, and the other in Constantinople in the East. The Roman Emperors, both East and West, were generally from the Theodosian family in Attila's lifetime (despite several power struggles).:13

The Huns dominated a vast territory with nebulous borders determined by the will of a constellation of ethnically varied peoples. Some were assimilated to Hunnic nationality, whereas many retained their own identities and rulers but acknowledged the suzerainty of the king of the Huns.:11 The Huns were also the indirect source of many of the Romans' problems, driving various Germanic tribes into Roman territory, yet relations between the two empires were cordial: the Romans used the Huns as mercenaries against the Germans and even in their civil wars. Thus, the usurper Joanneswas able to recruit thousands of Huns for his army against Valentinian III in 424. It was Aëtius, later Patrician of the West, who managed this operation. They exchanged ambassadors and hostages, the alliance lasting from 401 to 450 and permitting the Romans numerous military victories.:111 The Huns considered the Romans to be paying them tribute, whereas the Romans preferred to view this as payment for services rendered. The Huns had become a great power by the time that Attila came of age during the reign of his uncle Ruga, to the point that Nestorius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, deplored the situation with these words: "They have become both masters and slaves of the Romans".:128

Campaigns against the Eastern Roman Empire

BildThe Empire of the Huns and subject tribes at the time of Attila

The death of Rugila (also known as Rua or Ruga) in 434 left the sons of his brother Mundzuk, Attila and Bleda, in control of the united Hun tribes. At the time of the two brothers' accession, the Hun tribes were bargaining with Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II's envoys for the return of several renegades who had taken refuge within the Eastern Roman Empire, possibly Hunnic nobles who disagreed with the brothers' assumption of leadership.

The following year, Attila and Bleda met with the imperial legation at Margus (Požarevac), all seated on horseback in the Hunnic manner, and negotiated an advantageous treaty. The Romans agreed to return the fugitives, to double their previous tribute of 350 Roman pounds (c. 115 kg) of gold, to open their markets to Hunnish traders, and to pay a ransom of eight solidi for each Roman taken prisoner by the Huns. The Huns, satisfied with the treaty, decamped from the Roman Empire and returned to their home in the Great Hungarian Plain, perhaps to consolidate and strengthen their empire. Theodosius used this opportunity to strengthen the walls of Constantinople, building the city's first sea wall, and to build up his border defenses along the Danube.

The Huns remained out of Roman sight for the next few years while they invaded the Sassanid Empire. They were defeated in Armenia by the Sassanids, abandoned their invasion, and turned their attentions back to Europe. In 440, they reappeared in force on the borders of the Roman Empire, attacking the merchants at the market on the north bank of the Danube that had been established by the treaty of 435.

Crossing the Danube, they laid waste to the cities of Illyricumand forts on the river, including (according to Priscus) Viminacium, a city of Moesia. Their advance began at Margus, where they demanded that the Romans turn over a bishop who had retained property that Attila regarded as his. While the Romans discussed the bishop's fate, he slipped away secretly to the Huns and betrayed the city to them.

While the Huns attacked city-states along the Danube, the Vandals (led by Geiseric) captured the Western Roman province of Africa and its capital of Carthage. Carthage was the richest province of the Western Empire and a main source of food for Rome. The Sassanid ShahYazdegerd II invaded Armenia in 441.[citation needed]

The Romans stripped the Balkan area of forces, sending them to Sicily in order to mount an expedition against the Vandals in Africa. This left Attila and Bleda a clear path through Illyricum into the Balkans, which they invaded in 441. The Hunnish army sacked Margus and Viminacium, and then took Singidunum (Belgrade) and Sirmium. During 442, Theodosius recalled his troops from Sicily and ordered a large issue of new coins to finance operations against the Huns. He believed that he could defeat the Huns and refused the Hunnish kings' demands.

Attila responded with a campaign in 443. For the first time (as far as the Romans knew) his forces were equipped with battering rams and rolling siege towers, with which they successfully assaulted the military centers of Ratiara and Naissus (Niš) and massacred the inhabitants. Priscus said "When we arrived at Naissus we found the city deserted, as though it had been sacked; only a few sick persons lay in the churches. We halted at a short distance from the river, in an open space, for all the ground adjacent to the bank was full of the bones of men slain in war."

Advancing along the Nišava River, the Huns next took Serdica (Sofia), Philippopolis (Plovdiv), and Arcadiopolis (Lüleburgaz). They encountered and destroyed a Roman army outside Constantinople but were stopped by the double walls of the Eastern capital. They defeated a second army near Callipolis (Gelibolu).

Theodosius, unable to make effective armed resistance, admitted defeat, sending the Magister militum per OrientemAnatolius to negotiate peace terms. The terms were harsher than the previous treaty: the Emperor agreed to hand over 6,000 Roman pounds (c. 2000 kg) of gold as punishment for having disobeyed the terms of the treaty during the invasion; the yearly tribute was tripled, rising to 2,100 Roman pounds (c. 700 kg) in gold; and the ransom for each Roman prisoner rose to 12 solidi.

Their demands were met for a time, and the Hun kings withdrew into the interior of their empire. Bleda died following the Huns' withdrawal from Byzantium (probably around 445). Attila then took the throne for himself, becoming the sole ruler of the Huns.

Solitary kingship

In 447, Attila again rode south into the Eastern Roman Empirethrough Moesia. The Roman army, under Gothic magister militum Arnegisclus, met him in the Battle of the Utus and was defeated, though not without inflicting heavy losses. The Huns were left unopposed and rampaged through the Balkans as far as Thermopylae.

Constantinople itself was saved by the Isaurian troops of magister militum per Orientem Zeno and protected by the intervention of prefect Constantinus, who organized the reconstruction of the walls that had been previously damaged by earthquakes and, in some places, to construct a new line of fortification in front of the old. Callinicus, in his Life of Saint Hypatius, wrote:

The barbarian nation of the Huns, which was in Thrace, became so great that more than a hundred cities were captured and Constantinople almost came into danger and most men fled from it. ... And there were so many murders and blood-lettings that the dead could not be numbered. Ay, for they took captive the churches and monasteries and slew the monks and maidens in great numbers.

In the west

BildThe general path of the Hun forces in the invasion of Gaul

In 450, Attila proclaimed his intent to attack the Visigothkingdom of Toulouse by making an alliance with Emperor Valentinian III. He had previously been on good terms with the Western Roman Empire and its influential general Flavius Aëtius. Aëtius had spent a brief exileamong the Huns in 433, and the troops that Attila provided against the Goths and Bagaudaehad helped earn him the largely honorary title of magister militumin the west. The gifts and diplomatic efforts of Geiseric, who opposed and feared the Visigoths, may also have influenced Attila's plans.

However, Valentinian's sister was Honoria, who had sent the Hunnish king a plea for help—and her engagement ring—in order to escape her forced betrothal to a Roman senator in the spring of 450. Honoria may not have intended a proposal of marriage, but Attila chose to interpret her message as such. He accepted, asking for half of the western Empire as dowry.

When Valentinian discovered the plan, only the influence of his mother Galla Placidia convinced him to exile Honoria, rather than killing her. He also wrote to Attila, strenuously denying the legitimacy of the supposed marriage proposal. Attila sent an emissary to Ravenna to proclaim that Honoria was innocent, that the proposal had been legitimate, and that he would come to claim what was rightfully his.

Attila interfered in a succession struggle after the death of a Frankish ruler. Attila supported the elder son, while Aëtius supported the younger. (The location and identity of these kings is not known and subject to conjecture.) Attila gathered his vassals—Gepids, Ostrogoths, Rugians, Scirians, Heruls, Thuringians, Alans, Burgundians, among others–and began his march west. In 451, he arrived in Belgica with an army exaggerated by Jordanes to half a million strong.

On April 7, he captured Metz. Other cities attacked can be determined by the hagiographicvitae written to commemorate their bishops: Nicasius was slaughtered before the altar of his church in Rheims; Servatus is alleged to have saved Tongerenwith his prayers, as Saint Genevieve is said to have saved Paris. Lupus, bishop of Troyes, is also credited with saving his city by meeting Attila in person.

Aëtius moved to oppose Attila, gathering troops from among the Franks, the Burgundians, and the Celts. A mission by Avitus and Attila's continued westward advance convinced the Visigoth king Theodoric I (Theodorid) to ally with the Romans. The combined armies reached Orléans ahead of Attila, thus checking and turning back the Hunnish advance. Aëtius gave chase and caught the Huns at a place usually assumed to be near Catalaunum (modern Châlons-en-Champagne). Attila decided to fight the Romans on plains where he could use his cavalry.

The two armies clashed in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, the outcome of which is commonly considered to be a strategic victory for the Visigothic-Roman alliance. Theodoric was killed in the fighting, and Aëtius failed to press his advantage, according to Edward Gibbon and Edward Creasy, because he feared the consequences of an overwhelming Visigothic triumph as much as he did a defeat. From Aëtius' point of view, the best outcome was what occurred: Theodoric died, Attila was in retreat and disarray, and the Romans had the benefit of appearing victorious.

Invasion of Italy and death

BildRaphael's The Meeting between Leo the Great and Attila depicts Leo, escorted by Saint Peter and Saint Paul, meeting with the Hun emperor outside Rome.

Attila returned in 452 to renew his marriage claim with Honoria, invading and ravaging Italy along the way. Communities became established in what would later become Venice as a result of these attacks when the residents fled to small islands in the Venetian Lagoon. His army sacked numerous cities and razed Aquileia so completely that it was afterwards hard to recognize its original site.:159Aëtius lacked the strength to offer battle, but managed to harass and slow Attila's advance with only a shadow force. Attila finally halted at the River Po. By this point, disease and starvation may have taken hold in Attila's camp, thus hindering his war efforts and potentially contributing to the cessation of invasion.[citation needed]

Emperor Valentinian III sent three envoys, the high civilian officers Gennadius Avienus and Trigetius, as well as the Bishop of Rome Leo I, who met Attila at Mincio in the vicinity of Mantua and obtained from him the promise that he would withdraw from Italy and negotiate peace with the Emperor. Prosper of Aquitainegives a short description of the historic meeting, but gives all the credit to Leo for the successful negotiation. Priscus reports that superstitious fear of the fate of Alaric gave him pause—as Alaric died shortly after sacking Rome in 410.

Italy had suffered from a terrible famine in 451 and her crops were faring little better in 452. Attila's devastating invasion of the plains of northern Italy this year did not improve the harvest.:161 To advance on Rome would have required supplies which were not available in Italy, and taking the city would not have improved Attila's supply situation. Therefore, it was more profitable for Attila to conclude peace and retreat to his homeland.:160–161

Furthermore, an East Roman force had crossed the Danube under the command of another officer also named Aetius—who had participated in the Council of Chalcedon the previous year—and proceeded to defeat the Huns who had been left behind by Attila to safeguard their home territories. Attila, hence, faced heavy human and natural pressures to retire "from Italy without ever setting foot south of the Po".:163 As Hydatiuswrites in his Chronica Minora:

The Huns, who had been plundering Italy and who had also stormed a number of cities, were victims of divine punishment, being visited with heaven-sent disasters: famine and some kind of disease. In addition, they were slaughtered by auxiliaries sent by the Emperor Marcianand led by Aetius, and at the same time, they were crushed in their [home] settlements ... Thus crushed, they made peace with the Romans and all returned to their homes.

Death

BildThe Huns, led by Attila, invade Italy (Attila, the Scourge of God, by Ulpiano Checa, 1887)

Marcian was the successor of Theodosius, and he had ceased paying tribute to the Huns in late 450 while Attila was occupied in the west. Multiple invasions by the Huns and others had left the Balkans with little to plunder.[citation needed]

After Attila left Italy and returned to his palace across the Danube, he planned to strike at Constantinople again and reclaim the tribute which Marcian had stopped. However, he died in the early months of 453.

The conventional account from Priscus says that Attila was at a feast celebrating his latest marriage, this time to the beautiful young Ildico (the name suggests Gothic or Ostrogothorigins).:164 In the midst of the revels, however, he suffered severe bleeding and died. He may have had a nosebleed and choked to death in a stupor. Or he may have succumbed to internal bleeding, possibly due to ruptured esophageal varices. Esophageal varices are dilated veins that form in the lower part of the esophagus, often caused by years of excessive alcohol consumption; they are fragile and can easily rupture, leading to death by hemorrhage.

Another account of his death was first recorded 80 years after the events by Roman chronicler Marcellinus Comes. It reports that "Attila, King of the Huns and ravager of the provinces of Europe, was pierced by the hand and blade of his wife". One modern analyst suggests that he was assassinated, but most reject these accounts as no more than hearsay, preferring instead the account given by Attila's contemporary Priscus, recounted in the 6th century by Jordanes:

On the following day, when a great part of the morning was spent, the royal attendants suspected some ill and, after a great uproar, broke in the doors. There they found the death of Attila accomplished by an effusion of blood, without any wound, and the girl with downcast face weeping beneath her veil. Then, as is the custom of that race, they plucked out the hair of their heads and made their faces hideous with deep wounds, that the renowned warrior might be mourned, not by effeminate wailings and tears, but by the blood of men. Moreover a wondrous thing took place in connection with Attila's death. For in a dream some god stood at the side of Marcian, Emperor of the East, while he was disquieted about his fierce foe, and showed him the bow of Attila broken in that same night, as if to intimate that the race of Huns owed much to that weapon. This account the historian Priscus says he accepts upon truthful evidence. For so terrible was Attila thought to be to great empires that the gods announced his death to rulers as a special boon.

His body was placed in the midst of a plain and lay in state in a silken tent as a sight for men's admiration. The best horsemen of the entire tribe of the Huns rode around in circles, after the manner of circus games, in the place to which he had been brought and told of his deeds in a funeral dirge in the following manner: "The chief of the Huns, King Attila, born of his sire Mundiuch, lord of bravest tribes, sole possessor of the Scythian and German realms—powers unknown before—captured cities and terrified both empires of the Roman world and, appeased by their prayers, took annual tribute to save the rest from plunder. And when he had accomplished all this by the favor of fortune, he fell, not by wound of the foe, nor by treachery of friends, but in the midst of his nation at peace, happy in his joy and without sense of pain. Who can rate this as death, when none believes it calls for vengeance?"

When they had mourned him with such lamentations, a strava, as they call it, was celebrated over his tomb with great reveling. They gave way in turn to the extremes of feeling and displayed funereal grief alternating with joy. Then in the secrecy of night they buried his body in the earth. They bound his coffins, the first with gold, the second with silver and the third with the strength of iron, showing by such means that these three things suited the mightiest of kings; iron because he subdued the nations, gold and silver because he received the honors of both empires. They also added the arms of foemen won in the fight, trappings of rare worth, sparkling with various gems, and ornaments of all sorts whereby princely state is maintained. And that so great riches might be kept from human curiosity, they slew those appointed to the work—a dreadful pay for their labor; and thus sudden death was the lot of those who buried him as well as of him who was buried.:254–259

Attila's sons Ellac, Dengizich and Ernak, "in their rash eagerness to rule they all alike destroyed his empire".:259 They "were clamoring that the nations should be divided among them equally and that warlike kings with their peoples should be apportioned to them by lot like a family estate".:259 Against the treatment as "slaves of the basest condition" a Germanic alliance led by the Gepid ruler Ardaric (who was noted for great loyalty to Attila:199) revolted and fought with the Huns in Pannonia in the Battle of Nedao 454 AD.:260–262 Attila's eldest son Ellac was killed in that battle.:262 Attila's sons "regarding the Goths as deserters from their rule, came against them as though they were seeking fugitive slaves", attacked Ostrogothic co-ruler Valamir(who also fought alongside Ardaric and Attila at the Catalaunian Plains:199), but were repelled, and some group of Huns moved to Scythia (probably those of Ernak).:268–269 His brother Dengizich attempted a renewed invasion across the Danube in 468 AD, but was defeated at the Battle of Bassianae by the Ostrogoths.:272–273 Dengizich was killed by Roman-Gothic general Anagast the following year, after which the Hunnic dominion ended.:168

Attila's many children and relatives are known by name and some even by deeds, but soon valid genealogical sources all but dried up, and there seems to be no verifiable way to trace Attila's descendants. This has not stopped many genealogists from attempting to reconstruct a valid line of descent for various medieval rulers. One of the most credible claims has been that of the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans for mythological Avitoholand Irnik from the Dulo clan of the Bulgars.:103:59, 142

Later folklore and iconography

Further information: Attila in popular culture

BildIllustration of the meeting between Attila and Pope Leo from the Chronicon Pictum, c. 1360

Jordanes embellished the report of Priscus, reporting that Attila had possessed the "Holy War Sword of the Scythians", which was given to him by Mars and made him a "prince of the entire world".

By the end of the 12th century the royal court of Hungaryproclaimed their descent from Attila. Lampert of Hersfeld's contemporary chronicles report that shortly before the year 1071, the Sword of Attila had been presented to Otto of Nordheim by the exiled queen of Hungary, Anastasia of Kiev. This sword, a cavalry sabre now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, appears to be the work of Hungarian goldsmiths of the ninth or tenth century.

An anonymous chronicler of the medieval period represented the meeting of Pope Leo and Atilla as attended also by Saint Peter and Saint Paul, "a miraculous tale calculated to meet the taste of the time" This apotheosis was later portrayed artistically by the Renaissance artist Raphael and sculptor Algardi, whom eighteenth-century historian Edward Gibbon praised for establishing "one of the noblest legends of ecclesiastical tradition".

According to a version of this narrative related in the Chronicon Pictum, a mediaeval Hungarian chronicle, the Pope promised Attila that if he left Rome in peace, one of his successors would receive a holy crown (which has been understood as referring to the Holy Crown of Hungary).

Some histories and chronicles describe him as a great and noble king, and he plays major roles in three Norse sagas: Atlakviða,Volsunga saga, and Atlamál. The Polish Chroniclerepresents Attila's name as Aquila.

Frutolf of Michelsberg and Otto of Freising pointed out that some songs as "vulgar fables" made Theoderic the Great, Attila and Ermanaric contemporaries, when any reader of Jordanes knew that this was not the case. This refers to the so-called historical poems about Dietrich von Bern(Theoderic), in which Etzel (Attila) is Dietrich's refuge in exile from his wicked uncle Ermenrich (Ermanaric). Etzel is most prominent in the poems Dietrichs Flucht and the Rabenschlacht. Etzel also appears as Kriemhild's second noble husband in the Nibelungenlied, in which Kriemhild causes the destruction of both the Hunnish kingdom and that of her Burgundian relatives.

In 1812, Ludwig van Beethovenconceived the idea of writing an opera about Attila and approached August von Kotzebue to write the libretto. It was, however, never written.In 1846, Giuseppe Verdi wrote the opera, loosely based on episodes in Attila's invasion of Italy.

In World War I, Allied propaganda referred to Germans as the "Huns", based on a 1900 speech by Emperor Wilhelm II praising Attila the Hun's military prowess, according to Jawaharlal Nehru's Glimpses of World History.Der Spiegel commented on 6 November 1948, that the Sword of Attila was hanging menacingly over Austria.

American writer Cecelia Hollandwrote The Death of Attila (1973), a historical novel in which Attila appears as a powerful background figure whose life and death deeply affect the protagonists, a young Hunnic warrior and a Germanic one.

The name has many variants in several languages: Atli and Atle in Old Norse; Etzel in Middle High German (Nibelungenlied); Ætla in Old English; Attila, Atilla, and Etele in Hungarian (Attila is the most popular); Attila, Atilla, Atilay, or Atila in Turkish; and Adil and Edil in Kazakh or Adil ("same/similar") or Edil ("to use") in Mongolian.

In modern Hungary and in Turkey, "Attila" and its Turkish variation "Atilla" are commonly used as a male first name. In Hungary, several public places are named after Attila; for instance, in Budapest there are 10 Attila Streets, one of which is an important street behind the Buda Castle. When the Turkish Armed Forces invaded Cyprus in 1974, the operations were named after Attila ("The Attila Plan").

The 1954 Universal Internationalfilm Sign of the Pagan starred Jack Palance as Attila.

Depictions of Attila

Bild

Attila the Hun

Bild

Attila the Hun in an illustration in the Poetic Edda

Bild

A nineteenth-century depiction of Attila. Certosa di Pavia - Medallion at the base of the facade. The Latin inscription tells that this is Attila, the scourge of God.

Bild

Image of Attila

Bild

The Meeting of Leo I

and Attila

by Alessandro Algardi

(1646–1653 )

#FulinASTKHCLulinPiyi.🐺🌲🐉

[medievalart]

Emperor Caesar Flavius Maurice Tiberius, "faithful in Christ, mild, majestic, bountiful, peaceable; victor over the Alemanni, Goths, the Antae, Vandals, Heruls, Gepids, in Africa: pious, fortunate, renowned victorious and triumphant, ever august"

Solidus of Maurice Tiberius, 583, Cleveland Museum of Art: Medieval Art

Size: Diameter: 2.2 cm (7/8 in.) Medium: gold

https://clevelandart.org/art/2004.150

[leodeliyannis]

#ColetaDigital rolando nesse sábado e domingo, das 9:00 às 19:30, no Bourbon Shopping, em Passo Fundo! 🤖 Traga seus eletrônicos antigos que eles terão o destino adequado, e de quebra, você ainda ajuda a @ong.amor! 💙🖥️ Iniciativa: @blabpf #GEPID @universidadeupf 🌳 (at Bourbon) https://www.instagram.com/p/BxnfxTzFZnO/?igshid=944sdp8xmvg

[absolvtely-barbaric]

This is really random but... what do you picture your main muses voice to sound like? 😍😍😍

Hi! I don’t have any voiceclaims for my characters, but I hope that this helps put a good mental image in your mind! My shorthand is V for their usual Volume, T for overall Tone, I for Inflection (changes in speed, pitch, pronunciation, etc. that they often do), and L for their Laughter!

I included Huns even though he’s not my character, because he features often enough on this blog that I think it’d be useful to have an idea for him too… (But, @strawberriejelly​ has an actual voiceclaim for him! Here, the guy in the bright pink and yellow. I just… yeah… >plays that on repeat… blush…) Thanks for the ask!

[rafalwesolowski]

Odry cromlêh, Poland, 2018

[redbayly]

A very young Romania and Moldova from Hetalia with their mother, Dacia, and their sister Transylvania. APH Romania and Moldova belong to Hidekaz Himaruya. Dacia (Dacia Traiana) is one of the bastard children of Roman Empire. Her mother, the Getae tribe, was conquered and little Dacia was born. Some in Rome's household suspected Dacia wasn't actually his, as she did not have the signature hair-curl that Rome's descendants inherit, but she did have gold-amber eyes that were very much like her father's and that was all the proof Rome needed. She was a willful and wild child growing up, and loved the woods and hunting. She was so talented at archery at such a young age that Rome gave her the human name "Diana." Rome also used to call his daughter his "little wolf pup" as Dacia had a special bond with wolves. When the empire began to show cracks in its stability, Dacia and her mother were largely left to their own devices in their homeland, as Rome was too preoccupied to really notice them leaving. He did try to find them again, but was ultimately forced to abandon them to the wilderness. Dacia, no longer under her father's protection, had to face invasions from Goth, Hun, Gepid, Avar, and Bulgar. During this period, Dacia gave birth to three children; her eldest son Wallachia (later Romania), her daughter Transylvania, and her youngest son Moldavia (later Moldova). It is unclear who the father of Dacia's children was, but it was most likely Goth. The family got to spend quite a few happy years, together, despite the constant invasions and their eventual subjugation under the Bulgarian Empire. Dacia taught her children the folk magic she learned from her mother and would tell them dark stories of the monsters that lurked in the woods. They mostly lived in mountain villages for safety from raids, but were sometimes forced to flee when locals suspected they weren't human. Dacia also told her children that they were of noble blood, being direct descendants of Rome, himself, and that they should not allow themselves to be humbled by other nations. Dacia had, for a time, hoped that they would eventually be able to become subjects of her half-brother, Byzantine Empire, but he, like Rome before him, had no choice but to forfeit his claims to sovereignty over Dacian lands. Young Romania deeply resented being subject to anyone and was constantly talking back to Bulgaria and trying to assert his independence. Transylvania tried to mediate some of the problems, but Romania only got angry when he saw how close she was getting with Hungary, whom Romania hated from the first moment they met. Romania and Hungary would continue to fight for centuries over Transylvania. Hungary once had to ask Prussia (who was still Teutonic Knights, at the time) to look after Transylvania, but then had to kick his butt when he tried to make Transylvania one of his subjects. Little Moldova managed to fend for himself for a while, living as a principality and successfully fighting against Poland, Hungary, and even Ottoman Empire. From childhood, though, he was very small in stature and almost feral in nature. He was constantly getting into scrapes and ripping his clothes when he was very little, leading his mother to have to patch them up all the time. After Dacia died, Moldova only had Romania and Transylvania to look to for guidance, and all three eventually were reunited after they were conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The family would be separated again, though, when Moldova was taken over by Russia while Romania and Transylvania were taken away by Hungary. Romania became very resentful of the Great Powers of Europe, especially in the 1800s. He worked tirelessly to try and reunite his family and gain independence. Despite numerous setbacks and failures, he still persevered. Though Romania, Transylvania, and Moldova were pulled apart, time and time again, they still found their way back to each other. Even when Moldova became his own country and Transylvania insisted on keeping to some of the customs she learned from Hungary, the bond between the three siblings remains strong even into the present.

[venicepearl]

Rosamund (fl. 572) was a Lombard queen. She was the daughter of Cunimund, king of the Gepids, and wife of Alboin, king of the Lombards.

[queenfredegund]

MEROVINGIAN REGINAE | Wisigardis Regina († c. 535)

Wife of Theodebert I Rex, to whom she possibly bore one daughter, Berthoara Regina. She was the daughter of Waccho, King of the Lombards, and Austrigusa of the Gepids, and had an older sister, Waldrada Regina. Her dates of birth and death are unknown. As Theodebert’s wife, she could have lived in Mettis (Metz), capital city of his regnum, or Colonia (Cologne).

“[…] deinde duxit Austrigusam, filiam regis Gepidorum, de qua habuit filias duas : nimen uni Wisegarda, quam tradidit in matrimonium Theudiperto regi Francorum, quam ipse odio habens, uni ex suis, quae sociata est Cusupald, alio regi Francorum.

[Waccho] then married Austrigusa, daughter of the king of the Gepids, who gave him two daughters called one Wisegarda - given in marriage to the king of the Franks Theudepert -, the other Waldrada - married to Cusupald, another king of the Franks […].”

Hist. Lang., I, 21. De morte Tatonis et regno Wachonis, et quomodo Wacho suavos superavit, et de uxoribus eius et filiabus, et de regno Waltari filii eius

According to Gregorius of Tours, she was betrothed to Theodebert by his father Theodorich I Rex, but the wedding ceremony was constantly postponed during seven years, possibly because of Theodebert’s favourite wife, Deoteria Regina. An other proposition could be that Wisigardis was not at the age to get married when she was initially betrothed.

“Cumque iam septimus annus esset, quod Wisigardem disponsatam haberet et eam propter Deuteriam accipere nollet, cuniuncti Franci contra eum valde scandalizabantur, quare sponsam suam relinqueret. Tunc commotus, relicta Deuteria, de qua parvolum filium habebat Theodobaldum nomen, Wisigardem duxit uxorem.

Seven years had passed since Theudebert had become engaged to Wisigard, but he would not marry her because of Deuteria. The Franks all agreed that it was a scandalous situation that he should have abandoned his fiancée. Theudebert gave in, deserted Deuteria by whom he had a young son called Theudebald, and married Wisigard.”

DLH, III, 27. Quod Theudoberthus Visigardem accepit

After Deoteria’s disgrace, she eventually joined her fiancé and married him for a short time, as she died no longer afterwards, c. 535. She however took a part in the court’s struggles by taking side in a conflict opposing two high-ranking officers, Asteriolus, who had her favour, and Secundinus, which demonstrates her authority as a regina. 

“Asteriolus tunc et Secundinus magni cum rege habebantur; erat autem uterque sapiens et retoricis inbutus litteris. [...] Qua de causa factum est, ut inter illum atque Asteriolum lis saeva consurgeret, quae usque ad hoc proficit, ut, oblitis verborum obiectionibus, propriis se manibus verberarent. Cumque haec per regem pacificata fuissent et Secundinus adhuc de sua caede tumeret, nata est inter eos rursum intentio; et rex suscipiens Secundini causam, Asteriolum in eius potestatem dedidit. Qui valde humiliatus est et ab honore depositus; sed per Wisigardem reginam iterum est restitutus. Mortua autem illa, consurgens iterum Secundinus, eum interfecit.

Asteriolus and Secundinus enjoyed great credit with King Theudebert. They were both of them educated men, welltrained in the humanities. [...] Things came to such a pitch that they grew tired of insulting each other and resorted to fisticuffs. The King did his best to pacify them, but, while Secundinus was still black and blue from his first beating, another row started between the two of them. King Theudebert supported Secundinus and put Asteriolus in a subordinate position under him. Asteriolus was disgraced and deposed from his high position; but thanks to Queen Wisigard he was restored to grace. When the Queen died, Secundinus renewed his attacks and killed Asteriolus.”

DLH, III, 33. De Asteriolo et Secundino

After the discovering by O. Doppelfeld of ancient graves in the Cologne Cathedral in 1959, she was unanimously assimilated to the lady buried in the cathedral. She then could have died around 535, as estimated by the grave’s furniture.

Some furniture of the “Lady of Cologne” grave (fibulae and a neck collar)

[skyeventide]

there’s this Longobard prince called Ildchis who has come up a few times in the book and damn this guy is unlucky

first his grandfather is usurped by a nephew, Waldchis. his father flees, but Waldchis has said father assassinated, and Ildchis himself finds refuge among a different people, the Gepids, after living a few years at Waldchis court. Waldchis rules for about 30 years and also marries a princess of the people Ildchis took refuge with, which means bye bye trying to get their help to retake his throne.

then Waldchis finally dies. and his relatives are usurped by the regent of his underage son! this is a dude called Audoin. he probably killed the heir himself tbh. he almost goes to war with the Gepids and Ildchis is already there super ready! but then he doesn’t get anything from this because Audoin signs a peace treaty instead. Ildchis abandons the Gepids and goes into exile among the Slavs.

but then they do go to war, Audoin vs the Gepids. and Ildchis goes back to them, cause wow finally we’re fighting. except the Gepids lose. and Emperor Justinian oversees a new peace treaty. and then Ildchis dies??

dude hasn’t caught a break, I feel a bit sorry for him

[marius96]

O perioada mai putin cunoscuta din istoria noastra

 In introducere as dori sa ma prezint. Ma numesc Badescu Marius si sunt student in cadrul UVT la facultatea de Litere Istorie si Teologie specializarea istorie si in cadrul facultatii de Sociologie si Psihologie. In acest articol voi pune problema influentei Gepizilor in teritoriul Romaniei,pe scurt.

  Gepizii ( latina: Gepidae,Gipedae) sunt un popor de neam est germanic inruditi cu Gotii care au avut un regat puternic pe teritoriul Romaniei,Serbiei si Unagriei in secolul al 3-lea dupa Hristos.

   Inceputurile acestui trib este descris in lucrarea lui Jordanes. Toate informațiile despre originile Gepizilor  provin din „legende gotice răuvoitoare și convolute”, consemnate în Getica lui Jordanes după 550. Potrivit narațiunii lui Jordanes, insula nordică „Scandza”, care este asociată cu Suedia de către savanții moderni, a fost patria originală ale strămoșilor goților și ale gepizilor.Acest Jordanes a fost un birocrat in Imperiul Roman de Rasarit in secolul al 6 lea dupa Hristos,de origine Gotica care a devenit istoric mai tarziu in viata sa. Printre lucrarie sale importante putem mentiona: "Romana" despre istoria Romei dar ce-a mai cunsocuta lucrare a sa este "Getica"  care a fost scrisa in Constantinopol si impreuna cu lucrarea lui Isidor din Sevilia " Historia Gothorum" sunt cele mai importante lucrari istorice care prezinta inceputurile istoriei Gotilor.

   Gepizii au avut un regat foarte puternic in aceasta parte a Europei dupa caderea Imperiului Roman de Apus si au intat in conflict cu hunii,lombarzii si avarii.

  Pe teritoriul Romaniei s-au gasit foarte multe obiecte si ramasite ale regatului Gepid. Cateva exemple sunt : Moresti in Mures,Noslac in Alba, Brateiu in Sibiu, Seica Mica in Sibiu, Timisoara, zona Freidorf,iar cel mai bogat mormant de tip germanic gasit in Romania este in Turda,aici s-a gasit tezaurul Franziska. Acesta a fost descoperit in 1996 si continea mai multe artefacte folosite de nobili precum inele de aur,o brosa din aur,o curea din argint placata cu aur, un lant pentru gat facut din chihlimbar, piaptane din os si chiar fragmente de imbracaminte ceea ce este foarte rar deoarece aceste materiale organice se pierd foarte usor cu trecerea timpului.

     In concluzie putem observa prin aceste descoperiri o dovada a existentei unui regat puternic intr-o perioada foarte necunoscuta si deseori uitata a perioadei marilor migratii pe teritoriul Europei chiar in timpul trecerii de la Antichitatea tarzie la Evul Mediu. Iar acest lucru este extraordinar mai ales pentru Romania,perioada in care nu sunt atatea date inregistrate despre teritoriul Carpato-Danubiano-Pontic.

[daily-best-jokes]

The first person to talk at the table has to clean the dishes.

A guy buys a vintage motorcycle he saw for sale in an ad in the paper. When he goes to pick the bike up, the dude who sells him the bike says, "

"Now remember....that's all original leather. You can't let it get too wet. If it starts raining and you don't have anywhere to shelter it, make sure you keep a tub of vaseline with you. Rub it all over the seat so the water will just bead off."

The guy takes his new bike and goes to pick up his girlfriend. The girlfriend invites the guy over to her parents house for dinner. This will be the first time he's ever eaten with her family.

"I should let you know the rule of the table" she said. "There is no talking allowed. The first person to talk at the table has to clean the dishes."

The guy doesn't think this is that big of a deal until he arrives at the family's house and looks in the kitchen. There must be at least three months worth of dishes inside. They are stacked up to the ceiling, stinking and rotting of mold and old bits of food everywhere. The guy almost throws up at the smell and sight of such a disgusting state of affairs.

Dinner begins, and no one is saying a word. The tension is starting to get to the boyfriend, so he concocts a plan to make someone else speak first.

The guy drops his fork, goes over to his girlfriend at the table, throws her up on top and just starts fucking her in front of everyone. The father and mother are obviously embarrassed. But even with their jaws on the floor, no one says a word.

The guy stops and thinks to himself "This is going to be harder than I thought...." then he gets another idea.....

Without hesitation, he runs over to the mother throws her up on the table and fucks the shit out of her, right in front of the father.

The dad is staring daggers through the boyfriend and turning bright red in anger. But still says nothing. The girlfriend is becoming teary eyed and covering her mouth with her hands, but doesn't make a peep.

The boyfriend stops fucking the mother and sits back down at his seat, completely flustered. He takes a gander out the window, and notices a sudden heavy rain has settled in. He then realizes that his vintage motorbike is parked on the street, uncovered.

The boyfriend pops out of his seat and grabs his tub of vaseline. The dad jumps out of his chair and yells out, "ALRIGHT, I'LL DO THE GODDAMNED DISHES!"

submitted by /u/GEPIDE [link] [comments]