#journals on biomedical engineering

[biomedres]

Laboratory Evaluation of Ethanol Production from Jatropha Curcas as Compared to A Selected Sugarcane Variety (DB 7869)

Laboratory Evaluation of Ethanol Production from Jatropha Curcas as Compared to A Selected Sugarcane Variety (DB 7869) in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research 

https://biomedres.us/fulltexts/BJSTR.MS.ID.006062.php

This is driving research to use Ethanol as a transportation fuel in view of the fact that it is more efficient, cleaner and a cheaper source of energy. Engines have been converted for the use of ethanol in countries like Brazil, India, United States of America. Jatropha curcas or commonly called ‘physic nut’ is of the Euphorbiaceae family, a perennial crop, with a higher efficiency of biofuel production than Sugarcane, a crop that requires limited attention in its cultivation. Jatropha curcas is seen as having potentials for commercial production in Guyana, as such large-scale cultivation will commence in the near future so as to reduce fuel importation cost, create a cleaner atmosphere and aid in creating job opportunities. Sugarcane occupies some 50,000 ha of land along the coast of Guyana. The potential for commercial ethanol production from sugarcane has been extensively studied in recent years by Guyana Sugar Cooperation (Guysuco) and other agencies with the interest to increase the diversity of products from sugarcane. The procedure for this project involves primarily laboratory work in which Jatropha curcas leaves and seeds were collected as well as Sugarcane variety (DB 7869) juice, isolated with yeast, Saccharomyces cereviseae and fermented for a week. Ethanol produced from these materials was obtained from simple distillation. The results attain showed that Jatropha curcas produced a higher percentage of ethanol than Sugarcane variety (DB 7869). The quality (percentage of alcohol) and purity (alcohols/esters) of the ethanol was tested at Demerara Distillers Limited (DDL) and Guyana Pharmaceuticals Company (GPC), in which Sugarcane variety DB 7869 was found to be purer than Jatropha curcas. This experiment was done on a small scale and a lot of knowledge was acquired about the ability of producing biofuel from both of these plants however, further research needs to be carried out on a larger scale to enhance the results and to pick up what has been overlooked, all for the benefit of commercial production and a cleaner atmosphere.

For more articles in Journals on Biomedical Sciences click here bjstr

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[biomedgrid]

Biomed Grid | Will the Modern Technology ever Catch up with the ‘God’s Formula’ of Dietary Fiber?

Opinion

The history of dietary fiber began back in ancient Europe during Hippocratic era, where function of wheat bran was already known as a laxative. The development of powdering system in France during 18th century has led to a debate between white bread and brown bread. However, this debate was based solely on their nutritional values, and depended on the opinions of food manufacturing companies and certain dietitians, thus the significance of dietary fiber was not well explored.

In the USA, Kellogg et al. [1] had found a great interest in the function of wheat bran and advanced the scientific research on it. During the process, Williams et al. [2] have found that although cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin are degraded in digestive tracts, they increase the amount of stool and softens it. Also, McCarrison [3] concluded from the research that eating whole-wheat bread, beans and fruits are beneficial for human health. However, the debate on dietary fiber was still depended on the opinions of food manufacturing companies and certain dietitians.

In terms of the relationship between dietary fiber and chronic lifestyle disease, Walker [4] conducted a research on Bantu tribes in South Africa in 1940s, and suggested that low prevalence of heart disease and atherosclerosis among the tribe was due to their lowfat and high-fiber dietary habit. Cleave [5] claimed that high consumption of refined carbohydrate food, especially sugar and white flour led to obesity, diabetes, colon diseases etc., which are also known as the Saccharin disease. The interest of dietary fiber then finally caught attention of medical doctors and researchers.

In 1953, dietary fiber was originally defined by Hipsley [6], and it included the definition of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin as well.

In 1960s, Trowel [7] reported that the reasons why certain diseases are common in western Europe and not in Africa (constipa tion, diverticulosis, colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis etc.) are due to the amount of dietary fiber intake in their diet.

In 1971, Burkitt [8] introduced the dietary fiber hypothesis, where he stated a significant association between dietary fiber and colorectal cancer. As a result, more researches on dietary fiber and diseases associated with large bowel (cancer, diverticulosis, constipation etc.…) were conducted. Also, it led to more research not only on diseases related to large bowel, but also other diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity and ischemic heart disease as well. The newly discovered function of dietary fiber other than that on large bowel function, including inhibition of calorie intake and preventive effect of absorption, had a large impact on the researchers.

The dietary fiber hypothesis was supported for many years, however, Fuchs et al. [9] published the research in 1999 reporting the completely opposite results. Their cohort research included administering food-related surveys to 88,757 females (34-59 years old) in 1980, and then followed them up for the next 16 years. During the period, 787 cases of colorectal cancer were found. As an overall result, there was no significant association between the amount of dietary fiber intake and incidence of colorectal cancer. There were several researches conducted in the USA afterwards, which resulted in supporting Fuchs’ findings. There were a few researches that still supported the dietary fiber hypothesis; however, the impact of Fuchs’ research was tremendous, and medical research on dietary fiber became stagnant in 21st century.

Such trend was ceased by the increasing interests in intestinal bacteria research. Notable progression and development of method to analyze intestinal bacteria using DNA analysis have accelerated the research of intestinal bacteria, which was once known as the ‘black box’ of human body. Since most of the substrate for degradation and fermentation is dietary fiber, the interest of intestinal bacteria subsequently increased the interest for dietary fiber (prebiotics).

At the same time, many developed countries started facing ageing society, that involved increased number of elderly adults with dementia. Due to its association with dementia, mastication then gained attention as preventive factor for cognitive function decline [10]. Thus, dietary fiber that promotes mastication has been gaining attention.

Five major functions of dietary fiber that are currently known are as follows:

a. To increase stool volume and to maintain colon functions

b. To prevent obesity by reducing calorie intake

c. To prevent diabetes mellitus by delaying absorption of nutrients

d. To affect the health of whole body through intestinal bacteria

e. To prevent dementia by promoting mastication

As well as dementia, the world is now facing an increasing prevalence of overeating and subsequent obesity, diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. The same trend was emphasized when the dietary fiber hypothesis was introduced by Burkitt. 50 years on, the amount of attention gained due to the importance of dietary fiber is greater than ever. This is since we have reached the era of food satiation, where controlling the amount of dietary intake became an important medical and societal issues.

Development of refining technology in recent years have been allowing us to consume highly nutritious food, in other words, less dietary fiber-rich food, as dietary fiber is considered non-nutritive. This is causing obesity and then to increased prevalence of related diseases. Thus, it is important to consume non-nutritive (rich in dietary fiber) food. Such concept did not exist when people were suffering from famine and shortage of food in the past. Therefore, dietary fiber is a big hope in the food satiety era.

In addition, we need to pay attention to the way dietary fiber is consumed. We often focus only on the amount of dietary fiber intake; however, the type and the contents of dietary fiber is also extremely important. There are variety of dietary fiber in foods, from soluble and non-soluble, to different types such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, guar gam etc.…, and they all have different functions. If dietary fiber functions when they are balanced, each dietary fiber needs to be consumed in the appropriate/balanced amount. To be able to achieve that, variety of plant-based food need to be consumed. Some plant-based food contains the dietary fiber in the perfect balance, known to have ‘God’s formula’, although people have rapidly diverted from consuming such food in the past half century. As humans have been having eating habit that is rich in dietary fiber for centuries, we must aim to consume the same amount of dietary fiber as the past, with food rich in the right amount and balance of dietary fiber, or ‘God’s formula’, as that’s how our body have adapted and developed in the first place. Before dietary fiber gained attention, the world of dietetics was only about nutrients. Many scientists emerged in this field, producing Noble prize winners as well. When dietary fiber gained more attention, many researchers warned the excessive intake of nutrients, which created a different dimension in the world of dietetics - with nutrients being a ‘light’ and dietary fiber being a ‘shadow’ in the dietetics field.

Dietary fiber has become a big hope in dietetics field with its wide variety of functions including the effect on intestinal bacteria as well as prevention of constipation, Saccharin disease, colon diseases, obesity, diabetes mellitus and dementia. The existence of dietary fiber has changed from something that only certain dietitian cared about, to something that all the scientists as well as any ordinary people consider or think about in their everyday lives.

The future of dietary fiber should consist of an establishment of methodology that can maximize the amount of dietary fiber intake, despite its commonly unpleasant flavor and texture. Therefore, what need to be done to increase dietary fiber consumption are; for each individual to understand the importance of dietary fiber, and for food manufacturers and scientists to develop a plant-based food material as well as cooking method to significantly improve flavor and texture of fiber-rich food, and to invent a technology to produce them.

Read More About this Article: https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume7/will-the-modern-technology-ever-catch-up.001133.php

For more about: Journals on Biomedical Science :Biomed Grid | Current Issue

[lifeofabme]

a week break

terrible professor, terrible grade

but, we won't let these short-term challenges alter our long-term goals

[crimsonpublishers-medical]

Pathological Gait Classification and Segmentation by Processing the Hip Joints Motion Data to Support Mobile Gait Rehabilitation- Crimson Publishers

Pathological Gait Classification and Segmentation by Processing the Hip Joints Motion Data to Support Mobile Gait Rehabilitation by Wasiq Khan in Research in Medical & Engineering Sciences

An accurate detection of the gait sub-phases is fundamental in clinical gait analysis to interpret kinetic and kinematic data. In general, detecting the gait events that mark the transition from one gait sub-phase to another as well as the sequence of sub-phases is essential to evaluate gait abnormalities. However, finding a reliable segmentation for pathological gait has been a challenging task. This manuscript entails a generic approach for the gait segmentation into sub-phases in the CORBYS1 system. A number of distinctive features are extracted from the Hip joints motion data which are able to partition and segment the gait cycles in an efficient way. The degree of deviation (i.e. anomaly) in each sub-phase is then calculated with respect to an optimal gait reference which is used for robot-assisted gait rehabilitation. The proposed gait segmentation method is applicable to gait with many types of pathology since training on the pathology specific templates is not required. Performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by statistical analysis of results which produced 100% gait segmentation accuracy for healthy subjects and over 99% for pathological subjects.

https://crimsonpublishers.com/rmes/fulltext/RMES.000662.php

For more open access journals in crimson publishers Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com

For more articles on Research in Medical & Engineering Sciences Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/rmes/

[don-lichterman]

Eight Columbia Engineering Professors Win NSF CAREER Awards

Eight Columbia Engineering Professors Win NSF CAREER Awards

Newswise — Eight professors from Columbia Engineering are among this year’s recipients of the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Early Career Development (CAREER) awards, one of the most prestigious recognitions for junior researchers. Their areas of expertise will contribute to gains in personalized cancer treatment, the analysis of cellular processes, distributed control in large-scale…

[jamisonwritestf2trash]

hiya :D

i love ur headcannons they always make me laugh reading them!

do u think u could do some on what subjects u think the mercs would teach if they were teachers?

What Subjects Would The TF2 Mercs Teach?

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Awe, thank you, Anon, that's so sweet 💖 I can definitely write this, it seems like a lot of fun! UH going to just assume that these guys are teaching at a college, so they get specialized fields to teach!

This is probably going to be very similar to "What Jobs Would The TF2 Mercs Have If They Weren't Mercenaries" post, so I'll probably keep this shorter so I don't end up repeating myself, uh I also added how the classes would like them as a teacher!

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Demo would teach chemistry, trying very hard not to dabble with anything too illegal in his classroom. He loves the way science almost works like magic when it comes to chemistry. Loves the bearly visible bridge between a perfect result and utter chaos. His students are both deeply terrified and greatly inspired by Demo. He's a genius when it comes to science, and it shows through the times he's deeply concentrated while teaching. May or may not have "accidentally" shown the class how to make explosives. Oops.

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Engie is a fan of biomedical engineering regardless of if it's his job or just something he'd be asked to teach to people who were curious about it. He has such a passion for the mix of two things he loves, helping people and making things. He will go on for hours, showing examples of how important biomedical engineering is, how impactful even one person in the field can be. His students would love the passion he speaks on the subject with and how willing he is to make sure everyone in his class understands the material.

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Heavy would teach Russian literature after being inspired by his teachers. The passion they showed in their teachings and how willing they were to prioritize helping students evoked feelings in him that he never known. He does everything for his students, making sure that everyone is supported. He tries his hardest to give his all to make these students feel the same passion he has for it. His students love him, and his class is one of the most popular, has made large impacts on every student that's came into his class.

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Medic teaches, shock of all shocks, medical classes! I know, I know, but what can I say? He lives for the medical field. Keeps his class ethical enough, stating multiple times that as doctors, their job is to heal and save lives. However, some of his students who share the same, uh, curious shine in their eyes are more than welcome to attend a class that dips into the unethical side of medical practices. He's a good teacher, and his students are fond of him for his unsettling aura and passion.

(Can you tell I know jack all about medicine and how it's taught lmao)

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Scout is a teacher in sports journalism, and his class both loves and loathes him as a teacher. He loves sports, so writing about them is super easy! He has a lot of fun teaching other people the best way to describe things and how to put their feelings on the page, but he's also horrendous at spelling and writing in general. His class understands his struggles but gets rather annoyed when Scout pulls up an article he wrote and can't understand any of it. He's trying his best, and he makes a half decent teacher.

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Sniper is a photography teacher, and honestly? His class isn't for everyone. In Snipers mind through every picture he takes he's expressing a deep feeling or trying to invoke an emotion in the viewer, which he succeeds in most of the time, but it's hard for other people to replicate that when you, don't. Talk. To. Them. Some people just pick up photography and understand exactly how to do what Sniper expects without guidance, others can't understand at all. Basically, not a teacher, teacher.

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Spy is teaching political science, hoping he can somehow subtly influence a few students into using the knowledge he provided to find a profession in espionage. He's definitely a teacher who would make you nervous, kind of a mean teacher, but he never let's a student fall behind. Subtly offering help or an extension to make sure his students succeed. Claiming he doesn't do it out of love for his students, just so he isn't known for having any failures in his class.

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Soldier is the worlds best american history teacher, hands down. You want to talk about passion? He loves American history and will go on the longest rants and makes all of them entertaining. His class is never dull or boring. He's another prime example of a teacher who will do anything for his students and make sure they understand everything going on. No man left behind and all that. His students love him :)

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Pyro is a teacher of fire science (I didn't even know that was a thing, but apparently it is, who knew?) Pyro, being obsessed with lighting fires, knows quite a bit about all types of fire is more than happy to share their knowledge about flames. While their students can barely understand them, they don't call Pyro out on it as their passion for the subject transcends words. Pyro's class is less of a class than a period of entertainment, but somehow everyone comes away from the class knowing everything they needed, and even somethings they didn't.

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Short and sweet little headcanons, how fun! Sorry if it's actually too short! Thank you again for the ask anon, super fun to write :)

I'm just now realizing that there's a chance that this won't make sense because I'm a little tired while writing this, so I hope it turned out well. Sorry if it didn't, Anon 😭

[dingo-ate-my-hot-lettuce-crazy]

given that he grew up a normal life…

also these jobs are general examples, i dont know entirely enough if they are accurate

[iridescentpull]

Part two of the facts for the characters of GeR \o/ enjoy :) (part one)

Felps is known as the cryptid of the Favela Five. He frequently is found on either of their houses/apartments eating their food during the night. The group has learned not to question how or why he does this

Richas was adopted into the Favela Five after Cellbit found him while doing research for one of the authors at the publishing house. He quickly got attached and asked the FavelaFive how they felt about adopting a kid. Everyone was on board, and Richas was adopted a couple months later.

Tina and Bagi met at their university's graduation party. During the party, Bagi tried to build up the courage to ask for Tina's number all night, just for Tina to slip her number in her hand just before she left. They're coming up on two years dating

Fit was born in a very toxic and non-communicative household. To this day, he still struggles to accept help and speak about his emotions, but he's getting better

Ramón dreams of being a biomedical engineer so he can make the best prosthetic arm in the world for his dad (dont tell Fit that, though– he WILL cry)

Spreen and Fit's relationship was fast, which is part of the reason it failed (other than Spreen being not the best parent). Their relationship only lasted 3 years, and the last two years Ramón was with them

All the eggs study in the same school, albeit some of them are in different grades

Pac wanted to be a chemist when he was younger (but he's very happy with being a cat café owner)

Jaiden works as a scientist and was recently promoted to another lab on the opposite side of the island. She visits the city every time she can, since Bobby is her everything. Roier misses her a lot, but he's also so proud of her

Ramón has maroon octopus plushie he calls meathead. It was a gift from Fit a few weeks after he was adopted

Pac is bisexual, but has a preference over men

Both Fit and Pac have poor eyesight, with Fit being far-sight while Pac being near-sight

Bagi has a degree in psychology but doesn't use it– she's very happy working at Fit’s gym so far

Pac is the only one in the Favela Five who never went to pursue higher education, and he doesn't plan to

Fit has insomnia. When he can't sleep, he likes to sit on the balcony of his apartment and either journal or read a book

Out of everyone in the story, Pac, Mike and Cellbit are the only characters who knew each other before moving to Quesadilla City

Missa always feels guilty for leaving his family for long periods of time, even if his family tells him over and over that its okay and that they understand

Roier works at Fit’s gym, but he also works part-time at his family's taqueria

Pac's love language is gift-giving. Even when he struggled with money, he always made sure to spare some money to gift Richas things

Pac was dropped off in the orphanage when he was six

Fit stress-bakes. If you arrive to his apartment and there are boxes and boxes of cupcakes and cookies, chances are he is VERY stressed

Pac knows he has a sister but has no clue where she is or how to even communicate with her (if she even is alive)

Tina and Bagi are foster parents. Once Empanada stayed at their house for a few weeks, the trio clicked so well together that Tina and Bagi decided to adopt Em

Fit is Sunny's godfather, Tubbo and Niki are Chay and Tallu's godparents, and Phil is Ramón's gofather

Tubbo works part-time at Fit’s gym while he studies for a mechinal engineering degree

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Mineral coatings could enable shelf-stable mRNA therapies

A protective mineral coating identified by University of Wisconsin–Madison biomedical engineering researchers could allow powerful messenger RNA therapeutics like COVID-19 vaccines to be stored at room temperature, making them more accessible to lower-resourced communities across the world. In a paper published in the journal Acta Biomaterialia, Professor William Murphy and collaborators in his lab detail how using an optimized mineral coating composition can maintain mRNA activity for up to six months at room temperature. With that kind of preservation, mRNA therapeutics—vaccines against infectious diseases, but also emerging treatments for cancer and tissue regeneration—could be stored on the shelf at local clinics. The rapid development of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines was a game-changer in the pandemic. The vaccines employ mRNA to direct cells to produce a protein from the surface of the virus, triggering an immune response that preps our bodies for the real thing.

Read more.

[bpod-bpod]

Contractions and Wrinkles

Understanding the factors influencing myoblasts (cells from which skeletal muscle develops). In lab-grown cells, a soft substrate led to more myoblasts with a wrinkled nucleus with a reduced level of a proliferation marker, and lower contractility – a relationship with potential for therapeutic manipulation

Read the published research article here

Image from work by Jo Nguyen and colleagues

Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Image originally published with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Published in Journal of Cell Science, March 2024

You can also follow BPoD on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook

[ava-core]

so i made my mc for @campwillowpeak … i saw her in a vision after watching newjeans’ ditto trust me on this one 😎

meet Deena de la Rosa, 23, double engineering major, and the camp’s resident pretty girl! never beating the favorite counselor allegations since the first thing you notice about her is how easygoing she is! (also, i can’t draw for shit, but i love simming my mcs)

a few tidbits about her under the cut!

- She’s 23, about to finish her double degree in civil and biomedical engineering with a minor in multimedia journalism—in Cornell, no less

- Deena is bubbly. Almost always the life of the party, and what she lacks in perception she makes up for in optimism.

- Deena is bubbly. Almost always the life of the party, and what she lacks in perception she makes up for in optimism.

- A major inspiration for Deena is Newjeans (physically, mostly Haerin and Minji) particularly in terms of vibe; if her story in Camp Willowpeak was a movie, it’d have the feel and look of their Ditto MV. Eerie, but youthful somewhat. Don’t forget the yearning

- She really revolves around that song :’)

- She’s bad at picking up social cues, but is much smarter than your average cookie.

- Deena is known in university as the ‘beauty queen of engineering’, and has a line of suitors both approved and promoted by her family and in university. She doesn’t entertain anyone, though, because she believes in “letting it happen naturally”.

- She’s fully Filipino, but is a big beautiful hotpot of Korean, American, and Filipino, thanks to her parents dragging her along for long business trips when she was younger.

- She loves playing the piano, and doing covers of her favorite songs.

- She likes to camp often, and is a natural extrovert, so the idea of camp counseling to get more ‘on the ground experience’ to convince her parents to continue engineering and management sounded like a good idea.

- Deena smells like notes of baby powder and jasmine, even when she sweats; her go-to perfume is Kenzo Flower.

- Her favorite genre of music is pop/r&b, and has a fondness for 70s music, K-pop, and bubblegum 90s pop. Her playlist here.

- She prides herself on surprising people, especially her classmates; she sometimes sticks out like a sore thumb with how well-kept, even with an effortlessly natural face of makeup and cohesive style in the hardest engineering courses ever. She takes it personally when people say beauty OR brains. People have both? Hello?

- Has only had two boyfriends, both of which cheated on her; ever since then, she’s completely dedicated to her courses and practicing different kinds of hobbies as a pasttime—you will never catch her not doing anything

- Her favorite food is kimchi fried rice, and dinuguan (a dish made from pig’s blood—it’s a Filipino classic, and Deena’s comfort food)

- Has an elder sister named Honey Alexa. To this day Deena gives her grief for having a name like an adult film star’s, but Honey’s anything but. She’s much stricter and straight-laced than Deena but loves her very much.

- you want to know her intimately? check her Letterboxd, conveniently named covertly as @dreaaamgirI. she even has a ranked list, and her top 3’a as follows: Gilda (1946), Eyes Wide Shut (1999), and Belladonna of Sadness (1973).

- She would never say it out loud, but she’d do anything to be doted on and appreciated even if she switched off her bubbly persona at the end of the day—which she does often. She’s just a girl with simple dreams who wants a lot of love.

[biomedres]

Immunomodulatory Effect of Lactoferrin on Mucosal Immunity of Uterus in Pregnant Rat

Immunomodulatory Effect of Lactoferrin on Mucosal Immunity of Uterus in Pregnant Rat in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

https://biomedres.us/fulltexts/BJSTR.MS.ID.006061.php

Immunity stabilization in early pregnancy is one of the most reasons for the establishment of gestation. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein which proved to has a positive effect on immunity including broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, regulation of cell growth and differentiation, and intonation of inflammatory as well as humoral and cellular immune responses. So, this study aimed to examine some immune parameters, cells and cytokines during early Pregnancy. Twenty-four mature female and six male rats for mating were subjected to this investigation. They were grouped into two groups, the control and lactoferrin group treated daily with Lactoferrin with a dose of 50µgm/kg body weight orally starting from one week before and persisted for one week after mating. Blood samples were collected from each female rat at 5hrs, 1day,3days, and 7 days after mating for hematological and biochemical assay Extracted RNA was subjected to real-time PCR to determine mRNA levels for immune- related genes interleukin1A(IL1A) and interleukin 10(IL10). Histopathological examination was done on the uterus. Results showed a significant increase in white blood cell count, mainly neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil, mainly at 5hrs and 7-days of the lactoferrin group. Similarly, C- reactive protein and progesterone in the lactoferrin group at 3 and 7 days were significantly increased. Also, significant increases in the levels of interleukin 1 A at all experimental periods were noticed, while interleukin 10 was increased at 1day and 3 days after mating in the Lactoferrin treated group. TNF increased significantly at 5hrs, 1days, and 7 days. In contrast, estrogen decreased significantly at 5hrs and 1 day while Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) decreased at 5hrs and 3 days and 7 days of Lactoferrin treated group. Moreover, histopathological examination revealed high leukocytic infiltration, especially neutrophil and eosinophil, at 5hrs hours after mating in the Lactoferrin treated group. This research demonstrated that using Lactoferrin during Pregnancy has a good impact on some immune cytokines and parameters that may improve immune status during early pregnancy.

For more articles in Journals on Biomedical Sciences click here bjstr

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[biomedgrid]

Biomed Grid | Hind-limb Ischemia, Stroke, Vascular Dementia and Erectile Dysfunction: Four Preclinical Models in Rodents for Testing Vasoactive Drugs

Background

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a form of peripheral vascular diseases (PVD), in which there is partial or total blockage of blood supply to a limb, usually the leg, leading to impaired blood flow and ischemia in the tissue. When PAD advances, such as in diabetic patients, it may reach the stage of critical limb ischemia (CLI) with skin ulcerations, gangrene and unavoidable amputations. Erectile dysfunction occurs when a deficit of the blood supply ensues in the penile tissue. Stroke and Vascular Dementia are also a result of damaged vascularization and ischemia in the brain. Vasoactive drugs that enhance angiogenesis are highly required in these cases, as much as in cancer treatment reduction of blood vessels is an essential goal. The preclinical models described below, which we have used frequently, are meant to present researchers with the options from which they might choose the most appropriate test for their objectives.

Hind-limb Ischemia

An animal model for testing potential treatments that might enhance angiogenesis is an important step in drug development. The Hind-Limb Ischemia (HLI) model, serves as one of the best options for following the angiogenesis process. The Balb/c mouse seems to be the better animal of choice, since C57Bl mice, in which the HLI surgery does not lead to amputations, does not mimic the pathogenesis of the illness in humans, and is accompanied by spontaneous recovery within around three weeks. This quick recovery makes it difficult to isolate the effect of the tested drug.

Methods

Resection of the femoral artery is the main surgical procedure, as described by in [1] . Under anesthesia, the femoral artery is ligated proximally, just after the distal part of the iliac artery, and distally after its bifurcation to the profound femoral artery. It is then transected and excised between the two ligatures. Animals are treated with Baytril 0.2mg/mL in their drinking water for one week after surgery to prevent post-surgery infections. High protein diet might also be given to enhance recovery.

Results Examples

The two main parameters that exhibit best the angiogenesis process are measurements of the blood flow and histology analysis. Blood flow is monitored using LASER Doppler (PeriScan PIM II System) as shown in (Figure 1), representing the ratio of blood flow between the HLI-injured versus non-injured legs. Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test, reveals the significance of the treatment compared to the slight spontaneous recovery, following the vehicle administration (**p<0.01; ***p<0.001).

Figure 1: Blood flow monitoring throughout an HLI study in Balb/c mice (averages ± SEM).

Figure 2: Histology analysis of capillary density (averages ± SEM). Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test, reveals the significance of the treatment compared to the vehicle administration (***p<0.001).

(Figure 2) represents the histology analysis of the injured (right) legs on Study Day 35, using CD-34 and Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA) staining, labelled by Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Dextran (FITCdextran).

Stroke-Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (t-MCAO)

Methods

The surgical procedure for creating the transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (t-MCAO) model in rats is performed as described by [2]. The right Common Carotid Artery (CCA) is exposed through a midline neck incision and carefully dissected free from surrounding nerves and fascia - from its bifurcation to the base of the skull. The occipital artery branches of the External Carotid Artery (ECA) are then isolated and dissected further distally, along with the terminal lingual and maxillary artery branches, just before their bifurcation. The ICA (Internal Carotid Artery) is isolated and carefully separated from the adjacent vagus nerve, and the pterygopalatine artery is ligated close to its origin with a 5-0 nylon suture. Next, a 4-0 silk suture is tied loosely around the mobilized ECA stump, and 4 cm length of 4-0 monofilament nylon suture is inserted through the proximal ECA into the ICA and thence into the circle of Willis, effectively occluding the MCA (the tip of the suture is blunted using a flame, and the suture is coated with polylysine, prior to insertion). The surgical wound is closed, and the animals are returned to their cages to recover from anesthesia. Two hours after occlusion, rats are re-anesthetized, and the monofilament is withdrawn to allow reperfusion. The surgical wound is closed, the rats are returned to their cages.

Results examples

The main parameters that are being followed in this model are the Neurological Score (NS) and the behavioral tests - Body Swing, Forelimb Placing Test and the Stepping Test. After termination, the brain is harvested, embedded in paraffin, sectioned (8 slides per brain) and stained with H&E. Infarct size is then calculated using a morphometric imaging system. The NS is a composite of motor, sensory, reflex and balance tests. It is graded on a scale of 0 to 18 (normal score - 0; maximal deficit score - 18) (Figure 3) & (Figure 4).

Figure 3: Neurological Score monitoring throughout the Days (D) of a t-MCAO study (averages ± SEM), comparison between treated and nontreated groups (***p<0.001, according to ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test).

Figure 4: Forelimb Placement Test throughout the Days (D) of a t-MCAO study. Scores are given as averages ± SEM. On Day 0 (before surgery) all animals are tested to behave normally. Statistically significant differences are shown between the Vehicle and the drug treated groups on Day 7 (**p<0.01, according to ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test) and on Days 14-28 (***p<0.001).

Vascular Dementia-Bilateral Common Carotid Arteries Occlusion (BCCAO)

Methods

Chronic cerebral hypo-perfusion induced via permanent bilateral occlusion of Both Common Carotid Arteries (BCCAO) in rats, results in a significant white matter lesions, hippocampal neuronal damage, as well as learning and memory impairments. The technique decreases blood flow in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus by 70-80% for several months, leading to cognitive deficiencies. Various behavioral test can be employed to evaluated the cognitive impairment and its rehabilitation - the Morris Water Maze (MWM), Object Recognition test, Social Recognition test, Open Field and Passive avoidance test.

Results Examples (Figure 5) & (Figure 6)

Figure 5: MWM results presenting the latency to reach the hidden platform in Secs (averages ± SEM) on Study Day 84, during three trials of learning. Statistical analysis is performed comparing rats treated with vehicle, a Tested Item and sham operated rats (**p<0.01 according to ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test).

Figure 6: Neurons Count in CA-1 area of the hippocampus (averages ± SEM), 112 days after vascular dementia induction and treatment (*p<0.05 according to ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test).

Erectile Dysfunction

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) preclinical models in rats can be achieved in Diabetic rats, induced by Streptozotocin (STZ) administration, via Western Diet or the use of db/db transgenic mice, or in SHR rats (Hypertension induction).

In the STZ induced model, the following steps are involved:

a. STZ administration to achieve increased blood glucose (>250 mg/dL).

b. Apomorphine test (at 100 μg/kg; 1 mL/kg; SC) - the erectile response of rats, according to Heaton’s method [3] , is tested as an inclusion/exclusion criterion.

c. Erections are scored for rats exhibiting an abrupt upright posture with pelvic thrusting and an engorged penis, according to three parameters:

d. End point I - Continuous simultaneous recordings of Intra-Cavernosal Pressure (ICP) and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), performed and recorded using a BIOPAC system, with the final parameter being ICP/MAP ratio.

e. End point II - Histo-morphometric evaluation of the ratio between smooth muscle to collagen within the corpus cavernosum (Masson Trichrome and/or Immunohistochemistry staining).

f. End point III - Histo-morphometric evaluation of iNOS reaction within the corpus cavernosum.

Methods

The main parameters for determining erectile function are ICP/ MAP ratio (see below) along with the histological analysis.

Results Examples (Figure 7)(Figure 8)

Figure 7: Erectile function assessment via ICP/MAP ratios (averages ± SEM; **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 according to ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test).

Figure 8: Histology evaluation of eNOS activity.

Conclusion

Along some in-vitro tests for angiogenesis, the above four in-vivo preclinical tests - Hind-Limb Ischemia, transient Middle Cerebral Arterial Occlusion, Vascular Dementia and Erectile Dysfunction - are probably the most effective and reliable in-life tests for evaluation of vasoactive drugs and stem cells. The choice between them should be decided primarily considering the purpose planned for the Test Item in humans and whether it is intended to be prophylactic or therapeutic treatment.

Read More About this Article: https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume7/hind-limb-ischemia-stroke-vascular-dementia-and-erectile-dysfunction.001113.php

For more about: Journals on Biomedical Science :Biomed Grid | Current Issue

[crimsonpublishers-medical]

Engineering Essentials for Medical Robotics- Crimson Publishers

Engineering Essentials for Medical Robotics by Sadique Shaikh in Research in Medical & Engineering Sciences

Medical Robotics became very advanced medical field which make lengthy and complicated operations and surgeries easy task with provide comfort and quick relief to human body. Now days Medical Robotics not only limited for operations and surgeries but also became very useful in organs transplants and Cyborg implementation in/with human body to enable disabled body parts or to give super power to ordinary body. This communication discuss some key terms in medical robotics like bionic, Cyborg etc. and also discussed two models named “Bionic Engineering Model and Medical Robotics Engineering Essentials Model”.

For more open access journals in crimson publishers Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com

For more articles on Research in Medical & Engineering Sciences Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/rmes/

[yumatear]

le sserafim as university students.

chaewon ﹒business major late to most classes and falls asleep during lectures easily because of hanging out with friends from the previous night or staying up late to finish homework due the next day. striving to be: girl boss.

sakura ﹒arts and design major studying to become a music video director. unlike most students, sakura is enthusiastic about studying and taking notes, as scrapbooking and journaling are some of her favorite hobbies.

kazuha ﹒arts and design major kazuha continues her ballerina career under fine arts.

yunjin ﹒humss major yunjin is enthusiastic in picking her career. she has managed to switch courses two times now: from arts and design, to stem, and finally humss. she just sees all the possibilities! perhaps she'll become a teacher or maybe a barista? no, a lawyer! she'll somehow have to decide.

eunchae ﹒upcoming stem eunchae desides her major! there's so many professions to choose from..! since she likes science and theory, she might become a biomedical engineer.

(based on my opinion/imagination!)

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

A clinical decision support system for Earth-independent medical operations

Deep space exploration requires a paradigm shift in astronaut medical support toward Earth-independent medical operations. Currently, astronauts rely on real-time communication with ground-based medical providers. However, as the distance from Earth increases, so do communication delays and disruptions. Deep space exploration crews will need to autonomously detect, diagnose, treat, and prevent medical conditions.

One potential solution is to augment the long duration exploration crew's knowledge, skills, and abilities with a digital clinical decision support system, or CDSS. The Exploration Medical Capability (ExMC) element of NASA's Human Research Program is investigating the feasibility and value of advanced capabilities to promote and enhance EIMO.

The ExMC research team has produced a CDSS concept in which medical data would be continuously gathered, through both passive and active monitoring, and delivers real-time guidance. This helps improve patient outcomes and reduce the workload of health maintenance. The work is published in the journal npj Microgravity.

The assistive technology of ExMC's envisioned CDSS stands to significantly enhance a crew's medical capability. Private applications for this approach are currently being considered by commercial space flight programs, a timely example of how ARC Space Biosciences research benefits the entire space sector.

IMAGE....Current paradigm for astronaut health care in space. a At the NASA International Space Station (ISS) mission control center (MCC) in Houston, TX, the Flight Surgeon (FS) has a dedicated console position labeled SURGEON. Sitting to his left is the biomedical engineer (BME) flight controller. There is often a second medical doctor on console during safety critical operations. Source. JSC2012-E054285 (25 May 2012), Photo credit: NASA. b The FS is supported by numerous personnel assigned to provide backup depending on the medical issue. These support personnel include physicians (with an array of subspecialty expertise), nurses, and engineers (responsible for addressing life support capabilities). The FS communicates directly to a crew medical officer (CMO) onboard the ISS. Credit: npj Microgravity (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00284-1