#liquid o2

[scrampled-graviton]

upon further pondering & filtering through my limited physiology knowledge, I can understand or at least theorize as to why aside from his brain the Doctor's only remaining major organs r his lungs & liver. & game mechanics aside there IS some kind of logic behind spreading them out, which intertwines w why they were kept in the first place. somebody's probably already done this, but I'm throwing my hat in the ring too

putting this under a readmore bc I'm not sure how long this is gonna be & also cw for mentions of organ functions & themes of abuse/torture. tl;dr my theory is it's all to make the Doctor less rebellious

as someone who's done tissue culture you CAN make media (liquid solution) that provides nourishment & protection from pathogens. hypothetically w the proper gas exchange setup they could've just suspended Harley's brain in the central tank without anything else. the issue w this for Playtime Co/Leith Pierre/the Secondary Lab staff is that, w full access to his mental faculties, Harley would've been just as stubborn & combative, if not moreso due to being disembodied against his will. they needed a way to "keep him in check", if the problem of "get him to serve our purposes instead of his own" was to be solved.

electroshock-style discipline would risk irreparably damaging Harley's brain or just killing him outright, & so would artificial manipulation of how much oxygen or nutrients he received. they still had need of his organs' natural survival mechanisms if they were to punish him with lower risk of destroying him

his lungs were kept to perform gas exchange - supplying O2 to his brain while removing CO2 - while his liver was kept to filter out toxins. this way, by lowering the % of O2 his lungs received & dosing his liver with small amounts of toxins, they could organically slow his brain function or cause him pain with a much lower risk of causing major damage, & spacing the organs out within the Secondary Lab complex meant these processes could be done as rapid responses, & reversed just as easily so as to not compromise procedures he might be carrying out.

likely given his remarks during the game ("Meat rots and loses its function, it's as replaceable as anything else") he figured out how to artificially replicate his organs' functions post-HOJ & ensure they couldn't be used to take advantage of him again, but having them destroyed still hurt, & there's a nonzero chance his ancillary methods of gas exchange & toxin filtration didn't work as well as the real deal ("why does he seem so calm during the bossfight?" girl the hypoxia). am I making any sense at all

[longhardtransitionreturns]

Mpreg birth where bunny omega’s are the lowest class in society and have high fertility rates and so are forced to be surrogates and so their only purpose is to be bred and give birth.

***

The fucking had been brutal. He remembered how he had been bred by over 100 different Alpha’s in the course of 4 weeks. The intended parents had decided to stay for each and every time he was bred.

The breeding had been successful. And now 9 months later he’s in a similar position to when he was bred. Legs strapped wide in stirrups, naked except from the green hospital sheets covering his legs. The doctor geared up in surgical gear and scrubs ignoring him whimper as he gazes intensely between his legs, stretching his red burning hole wider. 2 nurses also geared up gripping his restrained legs on either side as three sets of eyes observe his hole as it stretches wider and wider.

The room is silent besides the beep of the heart monitor and his little whimpers.

“Please sir please let me push?” the question is asked meekly, as he squirm's trying to fight the burning sensation. The nurses both look to him and he gasps as one abandons holding his legs to pin his head to table before clamping an O2 mask to his face. Virtually stopping him from making any noise at all.

Or any protest.

He feels the doctor place his large gloved palm over his crowning hole before gently slapping his cock which had been taped back, causing him to flinch.

“Don’t Push.”

The command is simple, his voice cruel and cold as it tended to be. The only thing he could do is obey him- too weak and naturally obedient to resist.

“Nurse, get me the scissors and forceps.”

He gasped as he heard those words, eyes feeling with tears as he felt the nurse holding his mask push it tighter to him, to avoid him making unnecessary noise.

The doctor had always liked the omega’s to be nice and quiet. Either being fucked or giving birth it didn't matter.

He gasped lightly as he felt the cool sharp edge of the scissors run down his hot burning hole, teasing it over his taught skin stretching with the weight of his baby’s head as it sat heavy just outside his passage.

And thenthe doctor cut.

He let out a strangled scream, obscured by his mask as he felt warm red liquid run between his legs and into his ass crack, the uncomfortable sensation barely surpassing the cut of his skin the scissor shad made.

He was ignored as the doctor immediately forced the forceps into him causing him to cry out and shudder. The nurse holding onto his leg looking interestingly between his spread legs. And the nurse holding his head and his mask looking interestingly at the scene.

He felt himself sobbing at the sensation of it all. He really just was a breeding slave. That was the purpose he served.

He barely registered the distant cries of the infant as it passed through his hole, only whimpering as his hole contracted and burned, now cold and left open as the doctors and nurses attended to the baby, scrubbing it down and wheeling it off to give to the intended parents.

The rest was silent as the doctor stitched him up- his actions callous with no affection or praise, both the nurses cleaning him up.

In the end he was still strapped wide in stirrups, completely naked, the green sheets removed from his legs as the doctor discared his gloves and made his way to wash his hands at the sink.

“Wheel him up to the breeding room again.”

The nurses obeyed as they pushed his gurney into the hallway. His broken hole on display for all to see as he was wheeled to the breeding room- listening to the sounds echo off from that room from the slap of skin to moans, whimpers and screams.

He had resigned himself to his fate.

Hope you enjoyed!!

Holy crap did I enjoy! 🤤 That was so unbelievably hot. What a gift! Thank you for writing and sharing!

[moonspirit]

Ok, Moon, holiday idea,

Annie comes home from shopping one day to find Armin in his office working feverishly, papers containing strange and incoherent calculations and mathematics littering the floor and his desk, Armin muttering to himself,” I don't understand it”

“What is it Armin”

“How does he do it”

“How does who do what?”

“Santa clause!!!!” Armin finally exclaims

“What” Annie asked puzzled

“Ive run the mathematics and so far as I know our current technological capabilities aren't anywhere close to what this guy has” he exclaims feverishly, “imagine if we had the abilities to drop desperately needed supplies in hours what takes weeks to deliver” he continues.

Annie starting to realize what going on “wait you think Santa clause is a-”

“Selfish bastard for hoarding technology that could save countless thousands”Armin interrupts “yes yes I do”

“Oooooo” Annie lets out a sigh, this is gonna be an awkward talk.

Omg ahahahaha xD You mean to tell me Armin believes in Santa but in the most annoying way possible xD

Well, yes, CANON!

Knowing him, he'd probably dive deeper than necessary into every single myth and legend taking them for fact, and you know the person who's really having a field day with this?

It's Pieck.

Because see, on the one hand you have Connie who ALSO believes in Santa but is satisfied with the explanation that Santa's sleigh is powered by reindeer fart. Armin, however, needs the SCIENCE behind it. How? How does Reindeer fart power the sleigh? What about its storage and transportation? Can you compress it into liquid? How much does it cost per kilometer? Can it be used to power a train, for example?

To Connie, Pieck says: "It's the stink, Connie boy, it has great propulsion power, that's how Santa flies so high."

"Woah! For real! Santa's goddamn awesome!"

To Armin, she says: "Yeah there's a chemical reaction, I don't remember it now, but try 2H2 + O2."

"... Pieck, that's water."

(Ah. She forgot, from one gaslighter to another, this isn't gonna be easy.)

"Really? I must be getting old teehehe, but oohhh I remember now, if you compress it into liquid and then light it on fire, it kind of expands into an incredible force that sends the reindeer flying through the air at the speed of light."

"... Hmm... I wonder how the math works out for that? Okay, lets see... if x is the weight of fart in liquid form..."

"... and y is the temperature of gunpowder..."

"... I see it I see it! Though... these calculations need some work, so I'm gonna go refine them tonight until I'm 100% sure they're right!"

Pieck: *nervous laughter*

Later, Annie and Pieck have a talk 😔

"... Thanks for putting up with him, but Pieck, did you have to go that far?"

"What? He's occupied for now isn't he?"

"Yeah but now he's gonna pull an all-nighter with the rubbish math you fed him."

"... I did my best."

"Hm."

"... how long before he finds out?"

"That it's bull?"

"Yeah?"

"... not long."

"Oh god. Can't you just... tell him Santa's not real?"

"That would kill him. And I can't do that."

"Ffs Annie."

"Well, 'night."

"Goodnight."

*from the hidden alcove in the stairwell, Reiner clutches at his heart, eyes wide with terror*

What do you mean, Santa's 'not real'??!!!

TLDR: All the boys are stupid 🥲 Except Jean. Only Jean.

[non-cannon]

I came up with a theory for why things like bullets and lasers don't kill Chell immediately, and why she heals from them almost instantly, but things like energy bolts and mysterious liquids do. I don't know that I believe this theory, but it's fun and any fic writers who see this are more than welcome to steal it.

The theory is that Aperture created nano bots that could be injected into a person that would heal almost any damage, but it was very new/highly experimental and Chell was the first person tested or at least the first person to have been given nano bots that actually worked.

Now the limits of the bots are if you take too much damage, or keep taking damage faster than they can heal, then you die. Hence why a few second of bullets or laser don't kill, but sustained bullets or lasers do.

They also can't help with drowning (they can't remove the liquid from your lungs) hence why the liquid kills you.

Also they can't handle rapid high energy inputs, which is why the energy pellets kill you.

Additionally they can't create anything new. So they can't help with suffocation (thought they might help with neurotoxin assuming there's still enough O2 in the air) dehydration, or starvation.

But they can help with fall damage, which helps because surely the long fall boots alone can't explain Chell surviving the long pit down into the bottom of Old Aperture with no injuries at all.

But then Chell turned out to be too stubborn to test, and too hard to kill, so the scientists put her on ice, redacted most of her file (including the nano bots bit), and then GLaDOS took over and killed everyone (except Rattman), and she has no idea about the nano bots.

[black-arcana]

ARCH ENEMY Announces Fall 2025 European Tour With AMORPHIS, ELUVEITIE And GATECREEPER

Swedish/Canadian/American extreme metal titans ARCH ENEMY have announced the "European Blood Dynasty 2025 Tour". Support on the trek, which will kick off on October 10 in Stuttgart, Germany and conclude on December 15 in Düsseldorf, Germany, will come from AMORPHIS, ELUVEITIE and GATECREEPER.

Tickets go on sale on Wednesday, November 27 at 10 a.m. CET via www.archenemy.live.

ARCH ENEMY says: "We can't wait to see you again!"

"European Blood Dynasty 2025 Tour" dates:

Oct. 10 - Schleyerhalle, Stuttgart, DE Oct. 11 - Jahrhunderthalle, Frankfurt am Main, DE Oct. 12 - Zenith, Munich, DE Oct. 14 - Barba Negra, Budapest, HU Oct. 15 - Gasometer, Vienna, AT Oct. 17 - Columbiahalle, Berlin, DE Oct. 18 - Sportovni Hala Fortuna, Prague, CZ Oct. 19 - PreZero Arena Gliwice, Gliwice, PL Oct. 21 - The Hall, Zurich, CH Oct. 22 - Alcatraz, Milan, IT Oct. 23 - Radiant Bellevue, Lyon, FR Oct. 25 - Vistalegre, Madrid, ES Oct. 27 - Zenith, Paris, FR Oct. 28 - AFAS Live, Amsterdam, NL Oct. 30 - Civic Hall, Wolverhampton, UK Oct. 31 - O2 Apollo, Manchester, UK Dec. 01 - Eventim Apollo, London, UK Dec. 03 - Rockhal, Esch sur Alzette, LU Dec. 04 - Ancienne Belgique, Brussels, BE Dec. 05 - Haus Auensee, Leipzig, DE Dec. 07 - Partille Arena, Gothenburg, SE Dec. 08 - Annexet, Stockholm, SE Dec. 10 - Ice Hall, Helsinki, FI Dec. 12 - Sentrum Scene, Oslo, NO Dec. 13 - Poolen, Copenhagen, DK Dec. 14 - Swiss Life Hall, Hannover, DE Dec. 15 - Mitsubishi Electric Hall, Düsseldorf, DE

ARCH ENEMY's twelfth studio album, "Blood Dynasty", will arrive on March 28, 2025 via Century Media Records.

ARCH ENEMY's 2024 European co-headline tour, "Rising From The North", with IN FLAMES, wrapped up on November 5 in Helsinki, Finland.

ARCH ENEMY guitarist Michael Amott stated about "Blood Dynasty": "This new album pushes the boundaries of what we've done before — it's everything you've come to expect from this band, and then some! We can't wait for you to hear it and feel the energy we've poured into every track. Welcome to the 'Blood Dynasty'!"

Next to the limited deluxe editions that feature two exclusive bonus tracks, fans can direct their attention to the limited liquid blood vinyl that is exclusively available in the band stores and limited to 666 copies.

Issued in July 2024, the "Dream Stealer" single marked ARCH ENEMY's first new music since the release of the "Deceivers" album, which came out in August 2022.

"Dream Stealer" was mixed by Jens Bogren and mastered by Tony Lindgren at Fascination Street Studios. The accompanying music video was directed and produced by Patric Ullaeus.

Three months ago, Amott told Pulp Magazine about "Dream Stealer" and ARCH ENEMY's plans for new music: "We've been staying busy for sure and are really focused on writing and recording new stuff in between the touring we're doing. I'm kind of always coming up with new musical and lyrical ideas though — I just keep going as it's what I enjoy doing anyway. Making music is a natural process, and it's pretty much a daily thing, so it can be hard to pinpoint exactly when everything was conceived. I do, however, actually remember that the initial seed for 'Dream Stealer' was written during a songwriting session I did with Daniel [Erlandsson, drums] in Los Angeles, California, two years ago, and then it's been rearranged and updated a lot till it reached its final state that you're now hearing."

Asked if it was a conscious decision to go back to the "classic ARCH ENEMY" direction and approach with "Dream Stealer", Amott said: "I've seen some seriously great feedback from the fans, and that's always very encouraging, of course. Personally, I don't know if I’d necessarily say 'Dream Stealer' is a throwback to the sound of the past, but I get what they mean — the song has the energy and speed that is very exciting and infectious. Maybe there is a hint of vintage ARCH ENEMY in there, and why not? I'm looking forward to playing it live on stage — I think it is going to be intense as hell."

ARCH ENEMY played its first concert with new guitarist Joey Concepcion on April 24, 2024 at Musinsa Garage in Seoul, South Korea. The show was part of ARCH ENEMY's 2024 Asian tour.

Last December, ARCH ENEMY announced that it had "amicably" parted ways with longtime guitarist Jeff Loomis.

Jeff, who was the main songwriter in his previous group, NEVERMORE, joined ARCH ENEMY in late 2014, but was not involved in the writing for the latter act's last two albums, 2017's "Will To Power" and the aforementioned "Deceivers".

ARCH ENEMY is:

Alissa White-Gluz - Vocals Michael Amott - Guitar Joey Concepcion - Guitar Sharlee D'Angelo - Bass Daniel Erlandsson - Drums

Photo credit: Katja Kuhl

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Rubidium-containing material with exceptional conductivity and stability could pave way for next-gen fuel cells

Rubidium could be the next key player in oxide-ion conductors. Researchers at the Institute of Science Tokyo have discovered a rare rubidium (Rb)-containing oxide-ion conductor, Rb5BiMo4O16, with exceptionally high conductivity. Identified through computational screening and experiments, its superior performance stems from low activation energy and structural features like large free volume and tetrahedral motion. Its stability under various conditions offers a promising direction for solid oxide fuel cells and clean energy technologies. Oxide-ion conductors enable oxide ions (O2-) to be transported in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which can run on diverse fuels beyond hydrogen, including natural gas, and biogas, and even certain liquid hydrocarbons. This flexibility makes them particularly valuable during the transition to a hydrogen economy.

Read more.

[bettertwin1]

here are some facts about oxygen

Animals and plants require oxygen for respiration. Plant photosynthesis drives the oxygen cycle, maintaining it around 21% in air. While the gas is essential for life, too much of it can be toxic or lethal. Symptoms of oxygen poisoning include vision loss, coughing, muscle twitching, and seizures. At normal pressure, oxygen poisoning occurs when the gas exceeds 50%.

Oxygen gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It's usually purified by fractional distillation of liquefied air, but the element is found in many compounds, such as water, silica, and carbon dioxide.

Liquid and solid oxygen is pale blue. At lower temperatures and higher pressures, oxygen changes its appearance from blue monoclinic crystals to orange, red, black, and even a metallic appearance.

Oxygen is a nonmetal. It has low thermal and electrical conductivity, but high electronegativity and ionization energy. The solid form is brittle rather than malleable or ductile. The atoms readily gain electrons and form covalent chemical bonds.

Oxygen gas normally is the divalent molecule O2. Ozone, O3, is another form of pure oxygen. Atomic oxygen, which is also called "singlet oxygen" does occur in nature, although the ion readily bonds to other elements. Singlet oxygen may be found in the upper atmosphere. A single atom of oxygen usually has an oxidation number of -2.

Oxygen supports combustion. However, it is not truly flammable! It is considered an oxidizer. Bubbles of pure oxygen don't burn.

Oxygen is paramagnetic, which means it is weakly attracted to a magnet but doesn't retain permanent magnetism.

Approximately 2/3 of the mass of the human body is oxygen. This makes it the most abundant element, by mass, in the body. Much of that oxygen is part of water, H2O. Although there are more hydrogen atoms in the body than oxygen atoms, they account for significantly less mass. Oxygen is also the most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 47% by mass) and the third most common element in the Universe. As stars burn hydrogen and helium, oxygen becomes more abundant.

Excited oxygen is responsible for the bright red, green, and yellow-green colors of the aurora. It's the molecule of primary importance, as far as generating bright and colorful auroras.

Oxygen was the atomic weight standard for the other elements until 1961 when it was replaced by carbon 12. Oxygen made a good choice for the standard before much was known about isotopes because although there are 3 natural isotopes of oxygen, most of it is oxygen-16. This is why the atomic weight of oxygen (15.9994) is so close to 16. About 99.76% of oxygen is oxygen-16.

Anon im going to killmyself please dont send me abything this long ever again i have never been more stressed scrolljng before this js too manh words im not reading all that please dont make mme read all that

[ibchemist]

Models of the Particulate Nature of Matter

Hello everyone! Here are my notes on the first topic of CHEM HL for the IBDP! Hope they help <3

Lecture Notes

ATOMS, COMPOUNDS, MIXTURES

Atoms are the smallest particle of an element.

Elements are the primary constituents of matter, which cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances.

Compounds consists of atoms of different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio.

Mixtures contain more than one element or compound in no fixed ratio, which are not chemically bonded and so can be separated into physical methods.

CLASSIFYING MATTER

Elements exist with other elements, as chemical compounds which consist of different elements chemically bonded in a fixed ratio.

sodium chloride, is a white crystalline solid that is added to improve food, whereas sodium is a dangerously reactive metal that reacts violently with water, and chlorine is a toxic water.

Air is an example of homogeneous mixture as it has uniform composition and properties throughout. Additionally, a solution of salt in water and a metal alloy such as bronze, which is a mixture of copper and tin, are also homogeneous.

To form a homogeneous mixture, the inter-particle attraction within the different components mus be similar in nature to those between the components in the mixture.

Heterogeneous mixture, has a non-uniform composition and its properties are not the same throughout.

Does a mixture have the same classification at all scales?

SEPARATION OF MATTER

Filtration is used to separate a solid from a liquid or a gas. Solid is collected on the membrane and the filtrate containing the solute passes through.

Solvation is the process of attraction and association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute.

An example would be sand and salt as they have different solubilities

Residue is the mixture left in the filtrate after the procedure.

Distillation is used to separate a solvent from a solute.

The solvent has a lower boiling point than the solute, therefore it i collected as a gas and passes over the condensation sube, which is surrounded by cold water. This gas is condensed into the pure solvent, into a beaker at the end.

Paper chromatography is used to analyzed the composition of different solutions which are placed in the baseline. The aper is suspended to ensure that it is saturated as

The different components have different affinities for the water (or other solvent) in the paper.

This method can be used to investigate the different pigments in food colouring.

STATES OF MATTER Solid Liquid Gas Particles closely packed Particles more spaced Particles fully spread out Inter-particle forces strong, particles vibrate in position. Inter-particle forces weaker, particles can slide over each other. Inter-particle forces negligible, particles move freely. Fixed-shape No fixed shape No fixed shape Fixed volume Fixed volume No fixed volume

Temperature of the system is directly related to the average kinetic energy of the particles.

State of matter is determined by the strength of inter-particle forces that exist between the particles relative to this average kinetic energy: thus, if the inter-particle forces are sufficiently strong to keep the particles in position at a given temperature and pressure, the substance will be a solid. If not, it will be a liquid or a gas.

Example: which of the following has the highest average kinetic energy?

He at 100ºC

H2 at 200ºC

O2 at the 300ºC

H2O at 400ºC

Answer: 4, as the substance at the highest temperature has the highest average kinetic energy.

Fluids is another name for liquids and gases as they take the shape of their container. Diffussion, the process by which particles of a substance spread out more evenly occurs as a result of their random movement, occurring predominantly in these two fluid states.

KINETIC ENERGY (Ek)

Refers to the energy associated with movement or motion.

Ek:1/2mv^2

As the average kinetic energy of all particles at the same temperature is the same, there is an inverse relationship between mass and velocity. Therefore, particle with smaller mass will diffuse more quickly than those with greater mass at the same temperature.

solid (s)

liquid (l)

gas (g)

aqueous (aq)

Solutions are generally mixture of two or more components. The less abundant component is the solute, and he more abundant is the solvent. The solute can be solid, liquid or gas but the solvent is generally a liquid.

As the kinetic energy of particles increase, they will overcome the inter-particle forces and change states.

A solid changes to a liquid at a defined melting point, and a liquid changes to a gas at it’s boiling point

melting point ≠ freezing point

boiling point ≠ condensation point

Sublimation is the direct inter-conversion of a solid to a gas without going through the liquid state.

Deposition is the reverse of sublimation and occurs when a gas changes directly to a solid.

Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapour pressure is equal to the external pressure. As a liquid is heated, more particles enter the vapour state and the vapoure pressure increases, when the external pressure is lower, the vapour pressure needed to boil is reduced and so, boiling occurs at a low temperature.

When the external pressure is lower, the vapour pressure needed to boil is reduced and so boiling occurs at a lower temperature.

KINETIC ENERGY AND TEMPERATURE.

a-b, the solid is heated, the vibrational energy of its particles increases and so the temperature increases.

b-c This is the melting point, the vibrations are sufficiently energetic for the particles to move away from their fixated positions and form a liquid. Energy added, during this stage is used to break the inter-particle forces, not to raise the kinetic energy, so the temperature remains constant.

c-d As the liquid is heated, the particles gain kinetic energy and so the temperature increases.

d-e The boiling point, there is now sufficient energy to break all of the inter-particle forces and form a gas. It needs more energy than melting, as all the inter-particle forces must be broken.

e-f the gas is heated under pressure, the kinetic energy of particles continues to rise and so does temperature.

MELTING AND BOILING ARE ENDOTHERMIC PROCESSES.

KELVIN

The movement or kinetic energy of the particles of a substance depends on the temperature. If the temperature of a substance is decreased, the average kinetic energy of the particles also decreases.

-273ºC = 0ºK

0ºK= 273ºC

[dynmghts]

I am putting my whole brain through chemistry hell with what little I remember from high school chemistry to understand how nitroglycerin works (thanks to one whole thread that's just meant to be silly and goofy, and also ignoring that the substance he makes is described as "nitroglycerin-like"). And man, when I tell you... Katsuki simply has to be built different to deal with his Quirk.

For one, it's a good thing that the nitroglycerin only produces from his hands. For two, remember that nitroglycerin is only slightly soluble with water - which also checks out with how Horikoshi draws the sweat beads sometimes, because they're not exactly combining with the nitroglycerin he makes.

But that likely means the nitroglycerin Katsuki makes is... Quite literally pure.

(This got long, so the rest is under the read more!)

Basic fundamentals to understand about nitroglycerin: it is both flammable and combustible. Wikipedia (bc this shit is the only thing making it make sense) says that "flammable applies to combustible materials that ignite easily and thus are more dangerous and more highly regulated". This is because of nitroglycerin's extremely reactive nature, prone to explosion via shock, friction, heat, and flame.

It is a class A explosive under OSHA, which is defined as: "possessing, detonating, or otherwise maximum hazard; such as dynamite, nitroglycerin, picric acid, lead azide, fulminate of mercury, black powder, blasting caps, and detonating primers".

Its HMIS diamond scaffold is as follows (based on this):

Health: 2 (can cause temporary incapacitation or residual injury)

Flammability: 3 (can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions)

Instability: 4 (readily capable of detonation or explosive decomposition or explosive reaction at normal temperatures and pressures)

Special: N/A

Solid nitroglycerin (at 13°C or lower) will destabilise and explode if melted too quickly. A bottle of pure liquid nitroglycerin (14°C-50°C) will explode if it's dropped on the ground. It will begin to decompose at 50-60°C and explode at a temperature of 218°C. Its decomposition has an exothermic reaction, thus it can literally ignite itself. Nitroglycerin does not need oxygen to explode, because it has enough oxygen molecules in its chemical formula.

Its chemical formula in question is C3H5N3O9. The products after exploding are 3 CO2 + 2.5 H2O + 1.5 N2 + 0.5O...

A clean equation looks something like:

4 C3H5N3O9 -> 12 CO2 + 10 H20 + 6 N2 + O2.

Heat liberated from a nitroglycerin explosion exceeds temperatures of 5,000°C. the detonation wave from this reaction reaches a velocity of 7,280-7,700 metres per second, and creates the development of 20,000 atmospheres of pressure. Its explosive energy density sits at about 6.23 kJ/g, which is one of the higher power outputs in terms of explosive molecules.

So what does this mean for Bakugou Katsuki?

Well, simply put, he does not need a substantial amount of nitroglycerin on his palms to create detonations. The tiny sparks he creates are arguably miniscule doses of nitroglycerin that he's spontaneously igniting.

The method of ignition is thankfully obvious: he can heat his palms. He can shock the nitroglycerin on his palms with this rapid heat, thus spurring the molecules into the desired reaction.

It also explains how Katsuki needs to store sweat so he may create larger explosions later on - it's likely that he doesn't typically produce enough nitroglycerin from his palms to immediately justify any large-scale detonations that he desires. So, to achieve this, he has to work harder and sweat more to garner enough of the substance for the result he's after.

In the realm of BNHA, it's pretty clear that Katsuki's explosions don't exhibit the exothermal properties of nitroglycerin, or we would be seeing some very devastating burns left behind. While I think that he is ultimately capable of heat-related damage, his explosions overall are more force-based. I think his ultimate moves (Howitzer in particular) utilise the full force of nitroglycerin's reaction... Maybe, sometimes, reduced to varying degrees depending on the person he's fighting (plus the use of support items, skill, etc.).

For instance, compare his standard Howitzer Impact used against Todoroki in the sports festival to the Cluster-boosted Howitzer against Shigaraki in the final war:

While it was an ultimate move used on Todoroki, he was less experienced at the time, likely hindering its effectiveness. (I want to say he dialled it back so it wouldn't, you know, cause irreparable damage... But it's possible that inexperience trumped its overall power, because he wanted to win with everything he had.)

Then, against Shigaraki, it was so much force that it quite literally moved floating U.A. across the sky. He combined his support gear, his experience, and the amount of nitroglycerin stored to achieve this level of force.

As a further note, because of nitroglycerin's extreme reactivity and explosive properties, it cannot really produce a flame of its own. Because Katsuki's explosions seem to be more force-based on top of that, he is not necessarily capable of setting things alight... (Seen in the training camp arc, where he tried and failed to start a fire, instead just exploding the wood.)

As for Katsuki's natural resistances to his own Quirk (of which I have described before, but I want to reiterate):

Larger explosion sound levels can be anywhere between 120 decibels and 210 decibels... And a human's "safe hearing" level is about 85 decibels. In my headcanon, Katsuki has a natural adaptation which means he can withstand higher decibels than others, but that does not make him immune - so while he can tolerate large-scale explosion sounds in an open area, especially with him at the centre point, he would suffer if it were the same explosion in an enclosed area.

The aforementioned heating on his palms are only a part of Katsuki's adaptation to his Quirk; the skin is also significantly thicker on his palms and fingers, making his tolerance for touching hot things at a higher level. Like... Much, much higher. It accommodates for when nitroglycerin requires 218°C to explode in a controlled environment. It's why he can handle hot things out of the oven, and why he doesn't know what burns on his hands feel like.

The musculature on his arms and shoulders also have a natural level of strength to withstand the force of his quirk, but this isn't impervious either. He's had to train hard and build on that natural strength to best withstand the higher outputs of force.

Exposure to pure nitroglycerin for any individual is ill-advised, but with manga logic and creative liberties, I don't think anyone who wants to hold Katsuki's hand should have to worry. (I'm 99% sure that he washes his hands thoroughly after working out, anyway.) As for Katsuki himself, I think he does exhibit some symptoms of a nitroglycerin overdose when he's pushed himself way past his limit... But these episodes are incredibly rare, and often very short-lived.

The final notes:

Constant detonation of nitroglycerin means Katsuki has a bit of a smoky smell. Past that, there is also a faint caramel smell.

Also do not taste the nitroglycerin (for whatever reason there is to lick his hand or something? Which Katsuki will literally kill you for doing that, because what the fuck). It does not taste as nice as it smells.

[dinosaurcharcuterie]

A hospital is insisting the 79-yo responds best to this CPAP device. It's exceedingly affordable, so I'm not gonna argue.

They just tried to get around the "some older insurance doesn't cover cpap" by giving it a different name, making it sound like this patient needs oxygen only at night. And without liquid O2 or a concentrator. So I'm looking it up.

It has a tagline. "Flexible. Safe. Reliable." Odd that needs stating on technology we've had for over 2 decades, but heigh-ho.

...It's operated via an online app with Bluetooth, connected to the cloud with an in-built modem going directly to a nonspecified tele-health service, can be linked to your federal e-patient file and plugged into any LAN network.

I'm still counting all the ways this backfires if/when they drop the ball on security for one second, but, uh... Why is this so cheap? No, seriously, why is this 25% cheaper than a machine that isn't constantly online?

[populationpensive]

Hyperbaric Medicine (HBO)

I'm sorry, what is that?

I have a side hustle as a hyperbaric medicine provider and I am here to give you the down and dirty!

Sometimes referred to as HBO (hyperbaric oxygen), hyperbaric or dive medicine is a specialty that utilizes oxygen at high pressure to treat a variety of conditions, primarily things involving wounds. We place a patient in a chamber, deliver 100% oxygen to them, pressurize the chamber, and keep them in there for about 120 minutes. Since oxygen is the number one thing you need to heal a wound, we use a lot of it to try and speed up the process.

The Basics

Wait - what? HOW? Try not to have PTSD from your days in chemistry, but remember these?

The treatment physiology of hyperbarics relies on gas laws. Recall that it takes a lot of pressure to dissolve a gas into a liquid.

We use pressure to force oxygen into the blood stream at high rates to facilitate wound healing. For reference, most of your oxygen content is bound to hemoglobin (~98%). You do have dissolved oxygen in your blood, represented by your PaO2/PvO2 in a blood gas. However, this makes up a fraction of O2 content (~2%: if you want a clinical soap box, you should hear me talk about blood gases to students lol). A normal ABG would have a PaO2 of 65-100. An ABG acquired during hyperbaric treatment would be well over 2,000.

As an aside, recall that ambient air is 21% oxygen. Also, as a reminder, we exist at 1.0 ATA of pressure (one atmosphere).

How is it done?

Delivering oxygen this way requires delivery of a lot of pressure. We utilize dive chambers for this purpose. There are two types of chambers:

Monoplace: literally looks like a class coffin. Holds one patient and delivers oxygen at pressure through the entire chamber. These are very popular at wound centers.

Multiplace: literally looks like a submarine. Holds 2+ patients and delivers oxygen at pressure to individual patients hooked up to hoods or masks. These are found at tertiary care/academic medical centers.

Literally, the multiplace hoods make you look like a silly space person.

The reason oxygen is delivered this way in a multiplace chamber is to reduce the risk of fire. Oxygen at pressure can go boom. Having an entire chamber full of O2 is a big risk. So, we deliver the gas individually to each patient.

How did it start?

Dinking around with gases at pressure has been a thing for 400 years. However, it didn't become a more focused endeavor until the first dive suits started to be a thing in the 1870s. The specialty itself is relatively new, developed in the 1930s due to advent of decompression illness with divers. Things really progressed in the 1950s.

One pivotal study was "Life without Blood" in 1959. Dr. Boerema proved that he could keep a pig alive with HBO alone. The ethics of this experiment are questionable but he exsanguinated a pig under hyperbaric conditions (3.0 ATA, 100% FiO2). Plasma was left behind. By doing this, he proved that, at pressure, an organism does not need hemoglobin to live. Kind of a radical thing to prove! Don't worry, the pigs did get their blood back and recovered without issue.

What is treated with HBOT? (hyperbaric oxygen therapy)

Anything related to wound healing can be treated with HBOT. We also treat carbon monoxide poisoning, air gas embolism, and decompression sickness with HBOT. I'll start with those since they are (imo), the most clinically interesting. ;-D

Carbon monoxide poisoning: The physiology of using HBOT to treat CO poisoning is based on the binding affinity of CO to hemoglobin. CO has 200 x the binding affinity for hemoglobin than O2 or CO2 does. Because the binding sites are taken up by CO, hemoglobin cannot pick up O2. It also can't offload whatever O2 is already bound. The goal with HBOT is to bombard the blood with massive amounts of O2 to force CO off.

For reference, it would take about 6 hours for CO to offload on its own from hemoglobin on room air. It would take half as long at 100% FiO2 delivered at standard air pressure (1.0 ATA). CO is rapidly forced off within 30 minutes with HBOT. With very severe CO poisoning, particularly in cases of LOC, this is vital for limitation of hypoxia and neurological sequelae of exposure. Treatment is 1-3 "dives" depending on clinical context. The patient is treated at 2.8 ATA (60 feet of sea water) for about 120 minutes.

Air gas embolism: This occurs when gas is accidentally introduced into circulation. It can either be venous or arterial. The venous system has much more flexibility in tolerance for air bubbles. 15 cc or less of gas introduction is probably not going to result in symptoms. Higher volumes go to the lungs and can result in local lung infarction.

The real danger with this is air introduced into arterial circulation. Depending on where it is introduced, it can go directly to the heart causing an MI, or to the brain causing a stroke. Any volume of air introduced into arterial circulation is bad news bears. Treatment is usually 1 "dive" but could be more based on the context. The patient is treated at 2.8 ATA for 30 minutes and then the ascent is extremely slow. The whole dive takes about 5 hours. Why so long? If we ascend too quickly, the air bubble will reform.

Decompression sickness: This occurs primary with scuba divers who ascended too quickly. Scuba divers generally breath mixed gas, most commonly air (21% O2, ~79% N2) or nitrox (35% O2, ~65% N2). As someone is diving, the nitrogen they breath is also dissolved into their blood since they are at a pressure greater than 1.0 ATA. If a diver ascends too quickly, the nitrogen dissolved in the blood will rapidly reform air bubbles in the blood. We just mentioned how that is problematic.

Since air bubbles can go everywhere in circulation, the symptoms are variable ranging from headache, vertigo, nausea, joint pain, chest pain, stroke symptoms, loss of bowel/bladder function, etc. The treatment for this is to recompress the patient and very slowly ascend in the HBO chamber. Treatment is usually 1 dive but could be more based on the context. The patient is treated at 2.8 ATA for 30 minutes and then the ascent is extremely slow. The whole dive takes about 5 hours. Why so long? Again, if we ascend too quickly, the air bubble will reform.

Wound related conditions: there are roughly 15 approved diagnoses for HBO by Medicare in the USA. This is important to mention because if a condition is not covered, paying out of pocket is extremely cost-prohibitive. Insurance is billed $6,000 per treatment! Some of the most common conditions treated are osteoradionecrosis, soft-tissue radionecrosis, irradiation cystitis with hematuria, and refractory chronic osteomyelitis. Wounds created from radiation exposure have the best evidence to support the use of HBOT. These are considered outpatient conditions so patients come to be treated Monday-Friday. We dive to 2.4 ATA for 120 minutes. At minimum, patients are prescribed 20 dives but most treatment protocols for radiation induced injuries is at least 40 dives.

As you can see, this is a HUGE commitment for the patient. One dive is not enough for these wound related conditions. As a hyperbaric provider, I can say that we have patients with such significant symptom relief from HBO. For example, irradiation cystitis with hematuria is extremely debilitating. Patients are fatigued from chronic blood loss, deal with painful bladder spams and pelvic pain, pain with urination, and increased frequency. The blood can clot and obstruct their urethra or foley catheter. Symptoms like this limit quality of life. HBOT makes a huge difference for them.

Benefits

Anyone who has barriers to wound healing can benefit from HBO. Barriers include vascular disease, CKD, COPD, DM, heart failure, and immunocompromised status. The goal is symptom resolution/improvement or healing of the wound. Some patients get approved for far more treatments than we typically do. Usually the maximum insurance will cover is 60. However, in some situations, the clinical benefit of continued treatments is recognized by insurance and treatment is extended.

As a provider, I get to know these patients pretty well. They show up every day that I am staffing in HBO and it is rewarding to see them improve. Compared to my critical care role, this is a nice change of pace.

Adverse Reactions and Risks

There are risks and side effects to HBO. The most common are barotrauma, pneumothorax, seizure, temporary worsening of cataracts/vision, and abdominal distention.

Barotrauma of the ears and sinuses is by the most common issue we face in HBOT. If patients are not able to clear their ears as they descend ("pop" their ears), they can rupture their ear drums. Patients that cannot descend without extreme pain may need myringotomy tubes (ear tubes) to assist with equalizing pressure.

Seizure is a risk of HBOT and that primarily comes from oxygen reducing the seizure threshold. We mitigate this with "air breaks". These are 5 minutes intervals of the treatment where the patient is receiving air rather than 100% O2. Example, we treat at 100% for 30 minutes, have a 5 minute air break, repeat x 2. Obviously the people at highest risk are those with epilepsy or taking seizure threshold reducing medications.

HBOT can worsen cataracts and vision temporarily. The mechanism of this is poorly understood but we know it is reversible. Distance vision is affected the most.

Contraindications

The only absolute contraindication to HBOT is an untreated pneumothorax. There are many relative contraindications that require a risk benefit analysis. An example of this is pregnancy. HBOT has not been thoroughly studied in pregnancy and is not recommended EXCEPT in cases of CO poisoning where we know that the CO concentration is higher in fetal circulation than maternal. Always treat a pregnant person with CO poisoning.

Other potential contraindications include use of certain chemotherapy agents, COPD with blebs/bullae, severe heart failure, epilepsy, sinus/HEENT disease, claustrophobia, certain implanted devices, or active infection.

With certain chemo agents, they can lower the seizure threshold putting patients at higher risk of seizure in the chamber. People with COPD and blebs are at risk of those blebs popping under pressure and causing acute respiratory distress. People with heart failure can experience flash pulmonary edema after an HBO treatment. If people are claustrophobic, obviously spending time in a monoplace chamber can trigger panic attacks. At my center, we sometimes have people referred to our multiplace chamber for exactly that reason.

Most implanted medical devices are HBOT compliant. Generally, pacers and other devices are tested at 4.0 ATA of pressure. We double check with the manufacturer that the device is compliant. If it isn't, we cannot safely treat and have to deny the consult.

Obviously, if someone is sick, we don't want them in the chamber. Particularly colds, severe allergies, fever, or anything that is affecting HEENT. People with acute sinus infection are unable to clear sufficiently to dive. Even if they can clear, they feel miserable. No need to go through that.

Safety Issues

I mentioned that high O2 environments are at risk for explosion. Safety is the number one concern with any chamber. The goal is to reduce risk of fire by removing fabrics that create static (anything synthetic), removing electronic devices that are not HBOT approved, and going through multiple levels of safety checks for patients and for chamber preparation.

At our chamber, only 100% cotton is allowed in the chamber. All patients have special scrubs that they wear during treatment. No electronic devices can be brought in the chamber which includes phones, tablets, laptops, e-readers, watches, pagers, etc. We do have HBOT approved IV pumps and radio headsets that we use. These have been tested at 4.0 ATA. The radio headsets are for the attendant (staff member) who is in the chamber and this is also for safety purposes. Since we have a mulitplace chamber, a staff member is always in the chamber with the patient(s).

One thing I do want to address is that some people are concerned about putting a patient with active cancer into the chamber. There is concern that the high O2 environment will "feed" the cancer. There is simply not data to support this. Active cancer is not a contraindication to HBOT.

And there you have it! The down and dirty of HBOT! Hopefully you learned something cool. If you think you have a patient who would benefit, find your local HBOT provider. We are always happy to talk with you about the process. If you care about a soapbox of how insurance companies suck, see below. :-D

Soapbox: I will say, I have definitely been frustrated with insurance companies. They are the gatekeepers of this treatment. You can have several providers supporting the use of treatment and an insurance company can still say "no". Very frustrating.

A prime example of this are patients who have avascular necrosis that is steroid or chemotherapy induced. These are often younger patients (late teens, early 20s) who have/had leukemia of some kind. They end up having necrosis at a joint, usually the femoral head, that will likely result in complete joint replacement at a young age. No orthopedic surgeon wants to replace joints on a young person. It comes will all kind of problems and always needs revision later in life.

Insurance companies will say "we only cover radiation induced necrosis" because that is what the literature supports. Yes, they are correct that the vast majority of studies support HBOT for radiation induced injury. However, the pathophysiology of the tissue destruction, while a little different, ends up with the SAME problem. There are studies that support HBOT use in these situation but not nearly as many as radiation induced injury. The result is that patients suffer, get a joint replacement they could have avoided (or postponed until they are fully developed), and generally are shafted.

*end soapbox*

[script-a-world]

Submitted via Google Form:

I want to build a world where the air is very toxic and all the population lives underground in shelters and if they're on the surface, they require lots of gear. I'm running into the issue of how toxic, how long this has been going on, how people even adapt (both technogically and physically). Especially the adaption part. Because this cannot be people who naturally evolved in such an environment when they lacked tech to survive it, and well, even with tech, there are still going to be random biological adaptions after quite a long time. I've been toying with the idea of between 3-5 thousand years but... Also if it HAD been that long, what might prevent them from eliminating the toxic air or something if it had so long.

Tex: Earth’s current air is already heavily toxic from manufacturing processes and other sources, to debilitating effects on one’s health (Wikipedia). Human DNA, at minimum, has already been altered by this (Google Scholar), and politics is a changing variable historically. One of the main issues in building a world with heavy pollution is that pollution doesn’t stay in one place, or one biome. Air pollution becomes water pollution, becomes soil pollution, and can become folded into geological strata over time, leaching pollutants to be literally unearthed in the future. Simply living underground is not necessarily going to stop this, particularly over the time span of thousands of years - materials break down, and need repair, which requires a manufacturing industry to create materials for such repairs. Survival, in this instance, becomes a sliding scale of definition  - the parameters for healthy will look different, and genetic-induced illnesses will culminate from environmentally-induced illnesses, so even if the environment is completely cleaned, the remnants of its effects will last for many generations.

Utuabzu: Tex is right, pollution has a rather nasty habit of traveling. But if you want the surface uninhabitable, you do have quite a few options. Nuclear winter, massive nasty pollution, supervolcanic eruption, planet kicked out of its orbit and surviving only on internal heat as a rogue planet, another planet already hostile to human life. Others I'm not really able to think of right now. But 3-5 thousand years is definitely not enough time for humans to meaningfully evolve any serious adaptations, especially not with the level of technology that would be required to survive at all. The best you'd manage is maybe people getting a bit paler and a bit smaller from living in light-poor and cramped conditions, and some dietary adaptations. Even that's debatable given that a culture technologically advanced enough to build these shelters is also going to be advanced enough to supplement vitamin d and ensure proper nutrition.

Rogue Planet is, to me, probably the most interesting option and the one that will be totally unfixable. The others would resolve themselves over time - the high atmospheric debris from a nuclear war or supervolcano would fall back to Earth (or whatever planet this is) within a few years, and both radioactive materials and most toxins do break down over time. You can't just wait out the cold of interstellar space. The planet's surface would cool continuously, and after a few decades would become so cold that the atmosphere precipitates out and forms a layer of liquid nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Then, it gets even colder and this freezes into a shell of N2-O2-CO2 ice. But, internal heat, from the planet's molten core and supplemented by tidal heating from any large satellites, could allow for subterranean habitats to be viable for millions of years. But you could never go to the surface without a full spacesuit.

[black-arcana]

Watch: ARCH ENEMY Performs New Song 'Liars & Thieves' Live For First Time

Swedish/Canadian/American extreme metal titans ARCH ENEMY played a brand new song, "Liars & Thieves" live for the first time at the opening show of their European tour on October 3 at the O2 Academy in Glasgow, United Kingdom. Fan-filmed video of the performance is available below.

"Liars & Thieves" is taken from ARCH ENEMY's twelfth studio album, "Blood Dynasty", which will arrive on March 28, 2025 via Century Media Records.

The first single from "Blood Dynasty", a song called "Dream Stealer", arrived on July 31.

ARCH ENEMY founder and guitarist Michael Amott commented: "This new album pushes the boundaries of what we've done before — it's everything you've come to expect from this band, and then some! We can't wait for you to hear it and feel the energy we've poured into every track. Welcome to the 'Blood Dynasty'!"

"Blood Dynasty" track listing:

01. Dream Stealer 02. Illuminate the Path 03. March Of the Miscreants 04. A Million Suns 05. Don't Look Down 06. Presage 07. Blood Dynasty 08. Paper Tiger 09. Vivre Libre 10. The Pendulum 11. Liars & Thieves

Next to the limited deluxe editions that feature two exclusive bonus tracks, fans can direct their attention to the limited liquid blood vinyl that is exclusively available in the band stores and limited to 666 copies.

"Dream Stealer" marked ARCH ENEMY's first new music since the release of the "Deceivers" album, which came out in August 2022.

"Dream Stealer" was mixed by Jens Bogren and mastered by Tony Lindgren at Fascination Street Studios. The video was directed and produced by Patric Ullaeus.

Two months ago, Amott told Pulp Magazine about "Dream Stealer" and ARCH ENEMY's plans for new music: "We've been staying busy for sure and are really focused on writing and recording new stuff in between the touring we're doing. I'm kind of always coming up with new musical and lyrical ideas though — I just keep going as it's what I enjoy doing anyway. Making music is a natural process, and it's pretty much a daily thing, so it can be hard to pinpoint exactly when everything was conceived. I do, however, actually remember that the initial seed for 'Dream Stealer' was written during a songwriting session I did with Daniel [Erlandsson, drums] in Los Angeles, California, two years ago, and then it's been rearranged and updated a lot till it reached its final state that you're now hearing."

Asked if it was a conscious decision to go back to the "classic ARCH ENEMY" direction and approach with "Dream Stealer", Amott said: "I've seen some seriously great feedback from the fans, and that's always very encouraging, of course. Personally, I don't know if I’d necessarily say 'Dream Stealer' is a throwback to the sound of the past, but I get what they mean — the song has the energy and speed that is very exciting and infectious. Maybe there is a hint of vintage ARCH ENEMY in there, and why not? I'm looking forward to playing it live on stage — I think it is going to be intense as hell."

ARCH ENEMY is currently taking part in the "Rising From The North" co-headline tour with Swedish melodic death metal pioneers IN FLAMES, as well as special guests SOILWORK, before they head over to Mexico for another extensive headline run.

ARCH ENEMY played its first concert with new guitarist Joey Concepcion on April 24 at Musinsa Garage in Seoul, South Korea. The show was part of ARCH ENEMY's 2024 Asian tour.

Last December, ARCH ENEMY announced that it had "amicably" parted ways with longtime guitarist Jeff Loomis.

Jeff, who was the main songwriter in his previous group, NEVERMORE, joined ARCH ENEMY in late 2014, but was not involved in the writing for the latter act's last two albums, 2017's "Will To Power" and the aforementioned "Deceivers".

ARCH ENEMY is:

Alissa White-Gluz - Vocals Michael Amott - Guitar Joey Concepcion - Guitar Sharlee D'Angelo - Bass Daniel Erlandsson - Drums

[error-523scintilla]

Changes in pressure affects how the mixture of gases in your blood interact (changes in partial pressures). Depending on the atmospheric pressure, a gas can change how much force and space it takes! And will do until finding electrochemical equilibrium!

“Dalton’s law of partial pressures states that in a mixture of gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases [20]. Therefore, air (20.9% O2, 79.1% N2) at 1 ata total pressure is made up of oxygen at a partial pressure (p) of 0.209 ata and nitrogen at 0.791 ata. At depth, when the ambient pressures increase so do the partial pressures of the constituent gases (e.g. at 20 msw, the partial pressure of nitrogen in air is 3 × 0.791 = 2.373 ata). Originally devised in 1803 by William Henry, Henry’s law states that at a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid [20].

The consequence of these physical properties to the diver is that, when breathing gas under pressure, the constituents will dissolve in the body fluids (plasma, cytoplasm and lipids) proportional to the depth underwater since the alveolar/blood interface facilitates gaseous diffusion.” [Source]

“The effects of nitrogen narcosis are highly variable among divers with all divers being significantly impaired while breathing air at 60 to 70 meters, whereas some divers are affected at 30 meters. The effects are not progressive with time while depth is maintained, but symptoms progress and new symptoms develop as a diver descends deeper to greater pressures. The narcotic symptoms observed are quickly reversible upon ascent.

The symptoms seen in nitrogen narcosis begin first with effects of the higher function such as judgment, reasoning, short-term memory, and concentration. The diver may also experience a euphoric or stimulating feeling initially similar to mild alcohol intoxication. Further increases in the partial pressure of nitrogen in the blood from descending deeper lend to impairments in manual dexterity and further mental decline including idea fixation, hallucinations, and finally stupor and coma. Death can result from unconsciousness associated with severe narcosis or from severely impaired judgment leading to an accident of some form during the dive. Other factors have been linked to increased risk of nitrogen narcosis during dives while breathing compressed air and they include alcohol, fatigue, anxiety, and hypothermia. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is thought to have an additive, rather than synergistic effect to nitrogen narcosis.” [Source]

“Gaseous anaesthetics when solubilised in the lipid-rich membranes of neurons cause physical swelling on the membranes (up to 5%) leading to dysregulation of cell surface proteins and affect ion channel function which can be reversed, in part, by compression [56,65].”

“Increased Pn2 leads to nitrogen narcosis, which causes impaired cognition and predisposes to accidents. Nitrogen is poorly soluble in water and blood, but is much more soluble in lipids and hence cell membranes, and importantly, neurological tissues. The uptake half-life of nitrogen is shortest in well-perfused tissues. Therefore the brain, which is well perfused and lipid-rich, takes up large amounts of nitrogen very rapidly as a diver breathing a gas with a fixed percentage of nitrogen, such as air, descends and the pressure increases.” [Source]

“Anaesthetic agents such as hyperbaric nitrogen may bind competitively to cellular proteins, directly to ion channels or other hydrophobic sites within the cell [67,68]. Anaesthetic protein interactions occur that utilise hydrophobic pockets on protein surfaces through which the narcotic agent could interact. […] Protein kinase C (PKC), guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, GABAA and ligand-gated ion channels on sensory and motor neurons have all been cited as target proteins for narcotic agents including nitrogen”.

Basically the current consensus is that Nitrogen just gets inside the cells and swells them under higher pressure, simply put! But the rate at what happens vary from person to person, and some minority of people have a susceptibility for it to happen much much sooner than most!

If someone gets a scientific paper explaining if there’s a genetic susceptibility it would be really cool <3

I know people on tumblr looove stories of underwater cave diving, but I haven't seen anyone talk about nitrogen narcosis aka "raptures of the deep"

basically when you want to get your advanced scuba certification (allowing you to go more than 60 feet deep) you have to undergo a very specific test: your instructor takes you down past the 60+ foot threshold, and she brings a little underwater white board with her.

she writes a very basic math problem on that board. 6 + 15. she shows it to you, and you have to solve it.

if you can solve it, you're good. that is the hardest part of the test.

because here's what happens: there is a subset of people, and we have no real idea why this happens only to them, who lose their minds at depth. they're not dying, they're not running out of oxygen, they just completely lose their sense of identity when deep in the sea.

a woman on a dive my instructor led once vanished during the course of the excursion. they were diving near this dropoff point, beyond which the depth exceeded 60 feet and he'd told them not to go down that way. the instructor made his way over to look for her and found a guy sitting at the edge of the dropoff (an underwater cliff situation) just staring down into the dark. the guy is okay, but he's at the threshold, spacing out, and mentally difficult to reach. they try to communicate, and finally the guy just points down into the dark, knowing he can't go down there, but he saw the woman go.

instructor is deep water certified and he goes down. he shines his light into the dark, down onto the seafloor which is at 90 feet below the surface. he sees the woman, her arms locked to her sides, moving like a fish, swimming furiously in circles in the pitch black.

she is hard to catch but he stops her and checks her remaining oxygen: she is almost out, on account of swimming a marathon for absolutely no reason. he is able to drag her back up, get her to a stable depth to decompress, and bring her to the surface safely.

when their masks are off and he finally asks her what happened, and why was she swimming like that, she says she fully, 100% believed she was a mermaid, had always been a mermaid, and something was hunting her in the dark 👍

[youreavicioustrollop]

S5 E8: Defend in Place

I'm so thrown whenever there's news footage that's Not taylor kelly news footage. it's just the end credits music under it! awww, michael's bf is looking into going to haiti to help with relief efforts! HE BLAMES HIS BOYFRIEND FOR INTRODUCING HIM TO PEOPLE WHO NEVER HESITATE TO HELP!!! that's such a good line.

Michael telling the grant-nash family about david going to haiti! and he wants to propose!!!! awww! also May's outfit is sooooo cute. Harry's gonna have three dads! athena "you're lucky that i'm happy for you"

aww, michael preparing to propose! this is a cute little montage! "can't i propose with a nice watch?" that's So Funny. love it as an option for men proposing to other men. an explosion!!!! oh no!!!!

this banter between the patient and his wife is So Cute. also wow can't believe he kept his ring on that long - they generally tell you to take off jewelry Much Earlier. he must've planned that!

harmless kid knocking into a janitor cart! what kind of flammable liquid is that? oh, the kid is a new big brother!!! oh no, the flammable liquid is by a bunch of o2 tanks!!!! :(

brain surgery, yikes! even with a great music cue.

help starting with the nursery!!! awww, linda at dispatch keeping people calm!

david still operating bc he's almost done and they're at the opposite side of the hospital!!!

BUCK AND EDDIE BEING THE TOP OF THE BABY HAND-OFF LINE!!!! i WILL cry about it.

oh noooooo that labor and delivery nurse is dead. :((((( that ... makes me feel some things. at least the baby is alive and the small child is, too.

buck and eddie heading to the child and baby! hen and chim evacuating people in the rubble! oh here's the no-more cancer patient who's got a thing for his nurse. just because you have "beaten" (aka the treatment has worked) stage four cancer does not make you invincible. SIR i am annoyed with you. i've beaten stage four cancer, i am very much NOT invincible and feel it every day

there's a fire wall the fire has breached and now it's in oncology!!! dangerouuuuus! but david is staying and he's telling non-essential people to evacuate bc he's gonna stay with the patient!!!! (which, imagine if you were his wife and DID go to the movies like he said (bc surgeries like that can take HOURS) and then after the fact you hear about the fire when he was undergoing surgery! or you wake up post-surgery and hear there was an explosion/fire you missed entirely!!! talk about putting trust in your doctor(s))

oh!!!!! he told them all to evacuate and they said NO if You stay, We stay. awwwwww. and smart! oxygen to the room shut off, they're hand-bagging the patient!

also as someone who has spent a lot of time in hospitals (not for bad reasons), it's good to know the fire doors do look like they work. (this shows that the building was designed and built this way! yay good architecture!) also buck and eddie going in together!!!!! brothers through fire and all of that. :(((( did the room really go up in flame? oh no :(((

"With all do respect doctor, we leave when you leave" gonna cry over these healthcare workers.

oh, invincible stage four guy is definitely dead.

:( buck and eddie :(((( oh!!! linda answered his call back!!!! buck has the baby and eddie has the 8-year old!!!! love eddie realizing he was reading the reflection!!! aaaaaahhhhhhh

linda bringing the group effort into the staff room!!!! "you figured that out?" "a firefighter did when i radioed him" :)

athena in her coat!!! she looks sooooooo snazzy. athena and michael fashionable rushing through the tents! bobby's gonna go in after david

love hen being reassuring to ravi!!!

"I have faith in bobby, and so should you"

"i promised his wife" "i promised your husband" Bobbyyyyyyy!!!! the lafd going into action around him!!!!

bobby having them all defend in place so david can finish his surgery!

oh, his wife is outside! athena offers to pray with her! and now everybody's praying and we have a music cue. Oh No, this is a crying scene. it's so network tv. oof. this shit always gets to me.

WILD seeing them actually use those fire hoses that are built in. like i'd hope they would generally, but wow. okay, all these firefighters are coming out, and david! but what about the other doctors and the patient? how are they getting him down????

awwww, this is a cute engagement! but i do wonder if bobby told michael he told david that?

okay, here's the patient from surgery! and here's a good reason she took his ring, because he definitely otherwise lost his little personal belongings bag they put together when you go into surgery.

"it's not exactly fun party talk" okay, so this may be my problem. i am a party pooper talking about treatment?? sad. (I am glad to know this tidbit of ravi backstory even if it is sad)

her number one rule is no crying at work, which is SO FUNNY compared to maddie who cries All The Time at work. but i do love the comparison of them both in the elevator with similar (fabulous) hair and similar outfits (colors at least) and yet they are still distinctly two very different beautiful black women. other media, do better! it's this easy!

michael is going to go with david to haiti to help with the rebuild/relief efforts! oh, i like this explanation of his reasonings. brain tumor, pandemic, losing his job, seeing people all around him be the give-back to their community kind!!! awww! "we made a good team, baby" AWWW

okay, this montage is mostly happy family moments, but it's also best-of michael moments, which feels less emotionally resonant. i feel like this is emotionally satisfying as an arc for him, but I DO think i will miss their blended family shenanigan plots. it's so refreshing to see a well-working blended family!

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The Role of MAP (Modified Atmosphere) Tray Packing Machines in Food Preservation

Food preservation is an essential aspect of modern-day food industries, allowing food products to remain fresh for longer periods while maintaining their flavor, texture, and nutritional value. Among the various techniques employed in food preservation, Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) has gained significant attention in recent years. MAP involves altering the atmosphere surrounding a product, usually by reducing oxygen levels and increasing carbon dioxide or nitrogen levels, to slow down the deterioration process and extend shelf life.

In this context, MAP Tray Packing Machines have become a key player in the food packaging industry. These machines are designed to pack food items in trays while controlling the composition of gases inside the packaging. liquid packaging machines This blog explores the vital role MAP Tray Packing Machines play in food preservation and how they contribute to enhancing the quality and shelf life of food products.

What is MAP (Modified Atmosphere Packaging)?

Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) is a technique that involves modifying the atmospheric conditions within a sealed package. By adjusting the levels of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen (N2), MAP helps to create an optimal environment that slows down microbial growth and enzymatic activity, both of which contribute to food spoilage.

Typically, in MAP, the oxygen level is reduced to prevent the growth of aerobic bacteria and mold, while carbon dioxide is increased to inhibit the growth of spoilage organisms. Nitrogen, an inert gas, is often used to displace oxygen in the package, preventing oxidation of the food product, which could lead to discoloration and loss of flavor. The result is a product that stays fresher for a longer period, with improved safety and quality.

What Are MAP Tray Packing Machines?

MAP Tray Packing Machines are specialized equipment designed to package food products in trays while modifying the atmospheric composition within the packaging. These machines operate through a multi-step process, which includes placing food items in trays, removing oxygen, and filling the packaging with a specific blend of gases tailored to the needs of the product being packaged.

The trays used in MAP packing are typically made of materials like plastic or other food-safe materials, and they come in various shapes and sizes depending on the type of food being packed. The machines work by sealing the trays with a film, either by vacuum sealing or using heat sealing, to ensure that the modified atmosphere inside the package remains intact.

How Do MAP Tray Packing Machines Work?

The process of MAP tray packing involves several key stages:

Tray Loading: Food products, such as fresh meat, seafood, fruits, vegetables, or ready-to-eat meals, are loaded into the trays. The trays are usually arranged on a conveyor system that feeds the products to the machine.

Gas Flushing: After the food is loaded into the tray, the machine extracts the air from the packaging and replaces it with a mixture of gases. The exact composition of gases depends on the type of food being packaged. For example, fresh meat may require a higher level of carbon dioxide, while fresh fruits may benefit from a higher nitrogen content.

Sealing: Once the tray has been filled with the appropriate gas mixture, it is sealed with a protective film to ensure the atmosphere inside the package remains stable. This sealing process can be done either by vacuum sealing, pouch packaging machines where air is removed, or by using heat sealing, where the film is melted and adhered to the edges of the tray.

Quality Control: After the packaging process, the sealed trays are often inspected for leaks, quality assurance, and proper gas composition. Some machines are equipped with sensors that monitor the gas levels inside the packages, ensuring consistency and accuracy.

Storage and Distribution: Once the trays are sealed, the products are ready for storage and distribution. The modified atmosphere helps maintain the quality of the food during transportation and storage, extending shelf life and reducing spoilage.

The Advantages of MAP Tray Packing Machines in Food Preservation

Extended Shelf Life: One of the most significant benefits of MAP is its ability to extend the shelf life of perishable food items. By controlling the atmosphere inside the packaging, MAP slows down the oxidation process and inhibits microbial growth. This is particularly important for fresh produce, meat, seafood, and other sensitive food items that would otherwise spoil quickly.

Improved Food Safety: MAP Tray Packing Machines help reduce the growth of harmful bacteria and mold, which can lead to foodborne illnesses. By eliminating oxygen and creating a controlled environment, MAP packaging ensures that food remains safe for consumption for a longer period.

Preservation of Freshness: The use of MAP helps retain the freshness, flavor, and texture of food products. For example, fruits and vegetables packed using MAP retain their color, firmness, and taste, while meats stay tender and juicy. The controlled atmosphere prevents dehydration, discoloration, and loss of nutrients.

Reduction of Food Waste: By extending the shelf life of perishable foods, MAP Tray Packing Machines contribute to reducing food waste. Retailers and consumers can store and consume food products over a longer period without the risk of spoilage, ultimately leading to less food being discarded.

Environmentally Friendly: MAP packaging helps reduce the need for preservatives and artificial additives. By modifying the atmosphere inside the package, the food can remain fresh without relying on chemicals. Additionally, the packaging materials used in MAP can be made from recyclable materials, contributing to more sustainable food packaging practices.

Customization for Different Foods: MAP Tray Packing Machines offer flexibility and customization. Different foods require different gas compositions to maintain their quality, and these machines can be adjusted to suit the specific needs of various food products. For example, fresh salads may require a higher nitrogen concentration, while fresh meat may need increased carbon dioxide levels.

Convenience and Efficiency: MAP Tray Packing Machines automate much of the food packaging process, reducing labor costs and increasing production efficiency. These machines are designed to handle high volumes of food products while ensuring uniformity in packaging. With the ability to pack food quickly and effectively, MAP machines help manufacturers meet consumer demand and stay competitive in the market.

Applications of MAP Tray Packing Machines in the Food Industry

MAP Tray Packing Machines are used across various segments of the food industry, including:

Meat and Poultry: MAP packaging is widely used in the packaging of fresh meat and poultry products. The controlled atmosphere helps maintain the color, texture, and freshness of meat while preventing bacterial growth and spoilage.

Seafood: Seafood is highly perishable, and MAP helps preserve the freshness of fish, shrimp, and other seafood products by reducing the oxygen levels inside the packaging, thus preventing oxidation and bacterial contamination.

Fresh Produce: Fruits and vegetables can be easily damaged and spoil quickly. MAP packaging helps preserve their freshness by slowing down the respiration rate, reducing moisture loss, and preventing wilting and discoloration.

Ready-to-Eat Meals: MAP is commonly used for packaging ready-to-eat meals and convenience foods. The packaging helps maintain the flavor and texture of the meal while extending its shelf life, making it more convenient for consumers.

Dairy Products: MAP is also used for packaging dairy products such as cheese and yogurt. It helps prevent spoilage and ensures that the product remains fresh and safe to consume for a longer period.

Conclusion

MAP Tray Packing Machines have revolutionized the food packaging industry by offering an effective solution to preserve food quality, extend shelf life, and enhance food safety. These machines play a vital role in reducing food waste, improving convenience for consumers, and promoting sustainable packaging practices. By carefully controlling the atmospheric conditions inside the packaging, MAP technology ensures that food products remain fresh, nutritious, and safe to consume for an extended period.

As the demand for fresh and minimally processed foods continues to rise, the importance of MAP in food preservation will only increase. MAP Tray Packing Machines have proven to be an invaluable tool for food manufacturers, retailers, and consumers alike, ensuring that high-quality food is available for longer periods, with less waste and greater environmental sustainability.