#modul 3.3

[nurulseptiyaniayupurwanti]

Jurnal Refleksi Dwi Mingguan Modul 3.3 Pengelolaan Program yang Berdampak Positif pada Murid

Assalamualaikum wr. wb. Berjumpa kem bali dengan saya Nurul Septiyani Ayu Purwanti Calon Guru Penggerak Angkatan 9 Kota Bandung. Pada kesempatan kali ini, saya akan menuliskan mengenai Jurnal Refleksi Dwi Mingguan pada modul 3.3 tentang Pengelolaan Program Yang Berdampak Positif Pada Murid. Jurnal ini merupakan refleksi diri setelah mengikuti dan mempelajari modul 3.3 dan merupakan kegiatan rutin yang dilakukan CGP setelah mempelajari setiap modulnya.

Dalam menulis jurnal refleksi ini, saya menggunakan model 4F(Fact, Feeling, Findings, dan Future, yang diprakarsai oleh Dr. Roger Greenaway. 4F dapat diterjemahkan menjadi 4P yakni : Peristiwa; Perasaan; Pembelajaran; dan Penerapan.

Peristiwa (Fact)

Modul 3.3 menjadi penutup Pendidikan Guru Penggerak. Dimulai dengan refleksi diri tentang program berdampak positif bagi murid dan kaitannya dengan student agency. Eksplorasi konsep membahas penyusunan program, menumbuhkan student agency dengan mempertimbangkan suara, pilihan, dan kepemilikan murid, serta lingkungan yang mendukung kepemimpinan murid. Diskusi eksplorasi konsep berbagi program/kegiatan sekolah yang berdampak pada murid.

Perasaan (Feeling)

Minggu yang membahagiakan sekaligus menyedihkan. Bahagia karena menyelesaikan modul terakhir PGP angkatan 8, meskipun ada tugas yang terlambat. Bersyukur atas kesehatan dan kesempatan belajar hingga modul 3.3. Termotivasi untuk mengimplementasikan ilmu di sekolah demi murid. Sedih karena minggu terakhir ruang kolaborasi dengan fasilitator. Beliau banyak membantu mengatasi kekurangan selama PGP, seperti jaringan, tugas terlupakan, dan jadwal video conference terlewatkan. Berterima kasih kepada fasilitator, Bapak Muhtarom, atas kebaikannya.

Pembelajaran (Finding)

Modul 3.3 memperdalam pemahaman tentang menyusun dan merancang kegiatan berdampak positif bagi murid untuk menumbuhkan student agency. Suara, pilihan, dan kepemilikan murid menjadi pertimbangan penting. Pemetaan potensi sekolah (mapping asset) membantu optimalisasi program dan meminimalisir hambatan. Program berdampak pada murid dapat menjadi alat untuk mewujudkan visi dan misi sekolah.

Penerapan (Future)

Berkolaborasi dengan rekan dan murid di sekolah untuk merancang program/kegiatan yang menumbuhkan kepemimpinan murid dengan mendengarkan suara dan pilihan mereka. Program tersebut diharapkan berdampak positif bagi murid dan menumbuhkan rasa memiliki pada diri murid.

Kesimpulan

Modul 3.3 memberikan pemahaman dan pembelajaran berharga tentang program berdampak positif bagi murid. Pengetahuan dan pengalaman ini akan diterapkan di sekolah untuk menumbuhkan kepemimpinan murid dan mewujudkan Profil Pelajar Pancasila.

Demikianlah refleksi jurnal dwimingguan saya,sampai berjumpa kembali.

Salam Guru Penggerak, Tergerak! Bergerak! dan Menggerakkan!

[covid-safer-hotties]

Also preserved in our archive

Hey! Look! A great breakdown of that thing I'm always talking about being a big yet entirely-overlooked deal by 90% of medical professionals in regards to this particular virus!

SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind COVID-19, is not done with us. Over the past four years, it has shown a remarkable ability to adapt, with each new variant outmaneuvering our immune systems in unique ways. The recently published study on the XEC variant (November 22, 2024) provides fresh insights into how this virus is evolving. (1) Combining this with the broader history of immune evasion, we see a troubling pattern: the virus continues to find ways to evade the immune system and in many cases, persist, potentially leaving lasting impacts on our health even for those who experience only mild or asymptomatic infections.

What the Study Found: XEC’s Immune Escape Arsenal The latest study revealed that the XEC variant—an offspring of two previous variants, KS.1.1 and KP.3.3—has developed mechanisms that make it harder for our immune systems to neutralize it. Here’s how it works:

1. Glycosylation Mutations in the N-terminal Domain (NTD):

The XEC variant introduces new glycosylation sites, such as the T22N mutation, which act like a cloak, hiding key parts of the virus from antibodies.

These sugar molecules shield the receptor-binding domain (RBD), a crucial target for vaccines and natural immunity, making it harder for antibodies to bind and neutralize the virus.

2. Allosteric Effects:

Mutations in the NTD don’t just shield the virus—they also alter the behavior of the RBD through a process called allostery. These changes can make the RBD less accessible or alter how it interacts with human cells, further reducing the effectiveness of antibodies.

3. Potential Impact on Membrane Fusion:

The study hints that these mutations may also enhance how efficiently the virus fuses with human cells, potentially increasing its infectivity.

Immune Evasion: A Constant Tug-of-War The ability of SARS-CoV-2 to adapt is not new. Looking back at the history of immune evasion, we see a pattern:

The Early Days: Mutations like D614G made the virus more infectious.

Alpha and Beta Variants: N501Y and E484K mutations increased binding to human cells and evasion of neutralizing antibodies.

Omicron Era: A flurry of spike protein mutations allowed the virus to reinfect people with previous immunity and bypass vaccine-induced protection.

XEC is the next chapter in this story, combining these strategies with new tricks like glycosylation and allosteric modulation to stay ahead of human defenses.

Why This Matters: Beyond Infections Understanding immune evasion isn’t just about tracking infections—it’s about long-term health impacts. Here’s why this evolution is particularly concerning:

1. The Shadow of Long COVID:

Millions of people suffer from Long COVID, characterized by fatigue, brain fog, heart palpitations, and muscle pain. The virus’s ability to persist and evade the immune system might explain why symptoms linger for months or years in some individuals.

Chronic immune activation or hidden reservoirs of the virus could drive these long-term effects.

2. Asymptomatic but Chronic Damage:

Even in people without noticeable symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to cause subtle, potentially long-term damage to:

Vascular systems: Leading to inflammation and microclot formation.

Neurological function: Disrupting brain activity and potentially accelerating neurodegenerative conditions. Early onset dementia

Musculoskeletal health: Causing unexplained weakness or pain.

Cognitive performance: Contributing to memory issues and reduced mental clarity. Are you or someone you know having more trouble finding words to use or losing things more often?

3. Vaccines Alone Aren’t Enough:

While vaccines remain essential, their effectiveness is limited by the virus’s rapid evolution. Variants like XEC show how SARS-CoV-2 can sidestep even the most advanced immune defenses, highlighting the need for next-generation vaccines targeting broader parts of the virus. We have know this for a long time now so where are the broader targeting vaccines?

The Future of SARS-CoV-2 Evolution The virus has already demonstrated its ability to adapt to our immune responses in multiple ways, and there’s no reason to believe it will stop. Here are some possibilities for future adaptation:

Further Refinement of Glycosylation: Adding or modifying sugar molecules could make the virus even more difficult to detect.

Enhanced Membrane Fusion: Mutations that improve how the virus merges with human cells could increase its infectivity.

Host Adaptation: Over time, the virus could become better at hiding within human cells, evading both natural immunity and therapeutic interventions.

Increased Chronicity: The virus might evolve to persist at low levels in the body, leading to ongoing inflammation and long-term health consequences.

What We Can Do: Adapting to the Virus’s Adaptations The XEC variant and others like it remind us that SARS-CoV-2 is still a formidable opponent. Here’s what we can do:

1. Invest in Better Vaccines:

Universal or pan-coronavirus vaccines that target conserved regions of the virus are critical.

2. Improve Diagnostics:

Detecting chronic or asymptomatic infections early could help mitigate long-term health effects.

3. Focus on Treatment:

Antiviral drugs that target different parts of the virus, combined with treatments for inflammation and immune dysregulation, could help reduce the impact of Long COVID.

4. Stay Vigilant:

For individuals, maintaining basic preventive measures during high transmission periods can significantly reduce risks.

Conclusion: Learning from the Virus SARS-CoV-2 is teaching us a harsh lesson about evolution. Its ability to adapt and evade our defenses, from antibodies to T-cells, shows no sign of slowing down. Variants like XEC underscore the importance of continued research, innovation, and public health vigilance. By understanding the virus’s strategies and preparing for its next moves, we can better protect ourselves—not just from acute infections but from the long-term consequences.

Reference:

Enhanced immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2 variants KP.3.1.1 and XEC through N-terminal domain mutations (November 22, 2024)

www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099%2824%2900738-2/fulltext

[lonestarflight]

Apollo Missions: Apollo 5

A schematic highlighting the major milestones of the Apollo 5 mission to test LM-1.

Diagram of the Saturn IB used for the unmanned LM-1 test flight.

"A nearly perfect performance by the Saturn IB placed the S-IVB-204 stage and its LM-1 payload into an initial 163 by 222 kilometer orbit with an inclination of 31.6° following 10 minutes and 3.3 seconds of powered flight. After 35 seconds in orbit, the nose cone was successfully jettisoned with the four panels of the SLA deployed 9 minutes and 15 seconds later. LM-1 used its RCS to separate from S-IVB-204 at 23:38:58 GMT about halfway through its first revolution and into a 167 by 224 kilometer orbit. After separation, LM-1 changed its attitude to cold soak its propulsion system for the next two orbits.

Diagram showing the configuration of LM-1 inside of its Spacecraft Launch Adapter (SLA).

With its primary duties concluded, S-IVB-204 performed a number of engineering tests including the dumping of residual cryogenic propellants and helium pressurant through the stage’s J-2 engine. This procedure would help lighten the stage for easier control in orbit and prepare future S-IVB stages for use as a 'wet' orbital workshop as proposed for the Apollo Application Program which was planned to follow the initial Apollo lunar landing missions (a program which later evolved into Skylab). After the propellant dump was successfully completed at 01:19:33 GMT on January 23, the stage was in a 155 by 223 kilometer orbit. Although it was not tracked, the orbit of S-IVB-204 was expected to decay ten revolutions after the separation of LM-1 about 15½ hours after launch.

An artist conception of LM-1 separating from its spent S-IVB stage.

Following the three-hour cold soak of LM-1, a pair of burns were planned for the descent propulsion system (DPS) followed by two burns of the ascent propulsion system (ASE). The first 39-second burn of the DPS would start at a throttle setting of 10% then ramp up to full thrust for the last 12 seconds to simulate the initial deorbit burn which would start the descent towards the lunar surface. The second firing of the DPS would last for 739 seconds and use a series of throttle settings representative of an actual descent to the lunar surface. Immediately afterwards, the abort staging would be tested with an initial five-second burn of the APS. A subsequent firing of the APS would continue until the stage’s propellants were depleted after about 445 seconds completing the primary mission about 6½ hours after launch. Because the LM ascent stage was expected to be left in a comparatively long-lived 315 by 815 kilometer orbit after the completion of the last APS burn, extended mission activities were planned until the ascent stage depleted its consumables about seven hours later.

-Animation of LM-1 in orbit

At 02:47:49 GMT on January 23 (just shy of four hours after liftoff), LM-1 was commanded to start the first of two planned burns of the DPS but the engine unexpectedly shutdown after firing for only four seconds leaving the spacecraft in a 170 by 222 kilometer orbit instead of the planned 215 by 330 kilometer orbit. After examining the telemetry, ground controllers quickly located the source of the problem. The LM’s guidance computer had been programmed to abort the maneuver and shutdown the DPS if it did not provide the expected acceleration level after four seconds – a situation which would normally indicate a problem with the DPS. Because the pressure-fed propulsion system was purposely running at lower than nominal pressure for these tests, it would now take six seconds to reach full thrust. It was this oversight which resulted in the premature shutdown of the DPS.

Cutaway diagram of LM-1 used for the first unmanned test flight of the Lunar Module (LM)

As a result of the problem, a preplanned alternate mission was adopted by ground controllers which would meet the minimum mission requirements while keeping LM-1 in touch with tracking stations for key maneuvers.

An artist conception of the firing of the LM descent propulsion system (DPS) during the Apollo 5 mission.

With the guidance system deactivated, the DPS was ignited by ground command for a 33-second burn at 04:58:49 GMT during the fourth revolution. The second burn of the DPS for the alternate mission sequence was commanded at 04:59:54 GMT for an abbreviated 28-second burn.

This was followed by the abort staging test and a 60-second burn of the APS. All systems worked as intended during this alternate mission’s three burns. The 228 meter per second total change in velocity from these three propulsive maneuvers boosted LM-1 into a 172 by 961 kilometer orbit.

-Animation of LM-1 Ascent Stage in orbit.

After these first three firings of the propulsion systems, the primary control system was reactivated for the balance of the mission. Unfortunately the guidance computer, which had been in a passive mode during the abort staging, had not taken into account the change in spacecraft mass and used excessively long burns of the RCS to control attitude as if it had a fully loaded descent stage still attached. This resulted in higher than expected RCS usage and eventual propellant depletion after only about an hour. Fortunately the RCS could be configured to draw from the APS propellant supply to provide attitude control during the mission’s final burn. Because of the timing and other requirements of the burns in the alternate mission plan, this second burn of the APS would be in the retrograde direction which would send the spacecraft into Earth’s atmosphere ending the Apollo 5 mission.

Flight Director Gene Kranz (left) and Dr. Gilruth (right) shown in the Mission Control Center at the conclusion of the Apollo 5 mission

With the ground track of LM-1 beginning to drift beyond the mission’s tracking stations due to the one-orbit delay to implement the alternate mission, the remainder of the mission had to be completed by the next revolution. The second burn of the APS started at 06:32:20 GMT during the fifth revolution. As planned, the sequencer automatically closed the valves supplying the RCS with propellant about 161 seconds later. Without attitude control, the ascent stage began to tumble as the APS continued to fire for another 190 seconds before its propellants were finally depleted. The last telemetry was received from LM-1 at 06:40:18 GMT on January 23 ending the Apollo 5 mission 7 hours, 52 minutes and 10 seconds after launch. The LM-1 ascent stage reentered the Earth’s atmosphere and was destroyed over the Pacific Ocean some 640 kilometers off the coast of Central America. The inactive descent stage of LM-1 fell from orbit on February 12.

"Map showing the ground track of the Apollo 5 mission as flown and the location of tracking stations supporting the mission.

Although the Apollo 5 mission had encountered problems forcing a switch to an alternate mission plan, the overall performance of LM-1 was good enough to satisfy the mission’s main objectives. And with the requirement to certify the LM for crewed test flights satisfied, a potential second unmanned test flight with LM-2 was cancelled allowing one more mission to be cut from the Apollo program’s increasingly tight schedule. With LM-2 being unsuitable for manned flight without significant reworking to meet new requirements in the wake of the Apollo 1 fire, it was set aside as work continued on LM-3 for the first manned LM test flight on Apollo 9."

-information from DrewExMachina: link

[malleablemusic]

in the spirit of remaining genuine and honest in this article, i will be fully transparent and say i have heard the titular song of this album and am obsessed and in love with it, but i've never cared to listen to the rest because i no longer have a good relationship with the boy who introduced me to neutral milk hotel. because of our falling out i now have (perhaps misguided) negative notions of the people i picture to be fans of neutral milk hotel. i am now braving a listen through of this album due to my passion for using this blog to expand my mind/break down barriers of preconceived notions i have, but also because my boyfriend's best friend highly praised it, and he is a good man :) anyways, heres my review of in the aeroplane over the sea by neutral milk hotel:

king of carrot flowers pt. 1: 4.2/5 stars

the second it started with "when you were young" i knew i would be emotional

the imagination of childhood... and how it naturally disappears for us all as we grow up..but specifically this song insinuating it happening because of the domestic/family abuse the "king of carrot flowers" experienced...ouch

love how tender is sounds. how he sings is so raw and makes the awful story he's telling sound sweet

king of carrot flowers pt. 2: 3.9/5 stars

oh. where did jesus christ come from

"mouths open wide and spilling snow/ i will spit until i learn how to speak" and "i will shout until they know what i mean" perfectly encapsulates the feeling of not being able to communicate your anger

in the aeroplane over the sea: 5/5 stars

when i first heard this song, i sobbed and wasnt sure why. after hearing it a thousand times since, i know why the song feels so tragic. i heard it when i was 19 and in my freshman year of college. i think that was truly when i understood how important of a time my teens to early twenties were, and felt afraid that it was slipping away or i would blink and miss it.

"but for now we are young/ let us lay in the sun/ and count every beautiful thing we can see" i vowed to remain curious and appreciative of my youth. never discount the small joys in life !

"cant believe how strange it is to be anything at all" i wish i could scream this off a rooftop

two-headed boy: 4.4/5 stars

was immediately reminded of the two-headed calf poem, and my chest caved in

i am really in love with the way he shout sings, and especially how they do not seem to fix the clipping that happens when he does

i like the way he pronounces the "k" sounds so sharply

the fool: 4.2/5 stars

obsessed with the imperial sounding trumpets, feels like a king is marching in but instead im picturing a jester walking down towards the throne

feels like it belongs to the soundtrack of a movie

holland, 1945: 3.8/5 stars

i kind of wish i didnt google the song title first, because it made me more confused.

i do love how the song paints the picture of an profound story

communist daughter: 2/5 stars

did he. did he just say what i think he did. i had to pause and collect myself. "semen stains the mountaintop" HUHhhh?

no i wont lie i dont know what the song is about and tbh i dont care to?

oh comely: 3.2/5 stars

i would love to know what this man' sounds like when h's speaking voice sounds like. i wonder if he always rounds out his syllabus soo much (if so, love that) and also where his accent originates from

just as i was typing that i felt there wasnt enough modulation and i was bored, he did that high noooote (or his attempt at one) and i kind of love that it sounded so hard for him and his voice barely went up in register HAH. sounds like its really coming from the depths of his soul

ok. no actually what is this man's obsession with mentioning semen. "smelling of semen all under the garden" dude what actually is your problem that is a CRAZY line

ghost: 3.3/5 stars

i like the drums that come in at "and she was born in a bottle-rocket in 1929" and how its a delayed drum entrance

doesnt sound different enough from the rest of the songs it followed to be specially noted in any way tbh

[untitled]: 4.5/5 stars

i genuinely love pipes (apparently this song uses a uillean pipe) and think modern music needs to utilize its fantastic sound more, loving this so much

two-headed boy pt.2: 4/5

i really enjoy the two part songs, the narrative this album weaves is very well thought out

i love the motifs of the album and how he finds different ways to tie back to them (especially the flowers in her eyes)

i really enjoyed the album overall, and will definitely be taking the time soon to delve deeper into the album's lore. i;m glad i went in blind and without any preconcieved notions of the narrative, and look forward to learning more about the tale (or ideas/opinions of what it could be about!). im glad i gave the album a try, and would rate it overall 3.8/5 stars

[academicfever]

38/100 days of productivity!

Slow day… Rainy day… I’m perpetually hungry!

Review _ book_overview of Fundamentals of E-Drive

Study EV-Chalmers - Module 1.3, 1.4

Work on Simulink - Charging algorithm

Complete Paris_tech - Module 3.3, 3.4

Practice ACDC - Image Segmentation

Complete 1 tutorial in Ansys

Journal and check in_mental health

Job application

Felt like having some cookies

But look at those 😂😭

[quartz-components]

SIM800L V2 5V Wireless GSM GPRS MODULE power supply for 5v, computer debug USB to TTL serial port. Power to the output current of 800mA, TTL serial interface is compatible with 3.3 V and 5 V micro-controller, can be directly after purchase and single-chip computer connection.

[drdnar]

A Color LCD (part 1)

Many years ago, I pulled an LCD out of a GPS unit from the days before cars and smartphones having navigation features. This LCD is a color LCD with a backlight. It’s a very different technology, and much more challenging to interface to. I can’t even find a proper datasheet for the module.

There are datasheets available for modules with similar part numbers. Based on the circuitry in the above picture, this looks like the closest pinout:

B&W LCD modules usually have a built-in charge pump to generate their needed voltages. Unfortunately, the datasheet also says this module needs those voltages supplied externally, and they’re a bit weird.

VDH: +8.3–+8.7 V @ 3.3 mA

VGH: +16.2–+17.0 V @ 0.23 mA

VGL: −8.35–−8.0 V @ 0.17 mA

VCC: +2.5–+3.3 V @ 0.22 mA (this is actually a normal voltage)

Fortunately, I don’t have to design and build a boost circuit myself; you can Just Buy voltage boost modules easily from many places. Getting a module to generate that negative voltage, however, is a lot harder. But it turns out that charge pump chips are A Thing you can Just Buy on Digikey. Sadly, charge pump chips tend to have fairly low output current capability, so while charge pumps could produce the high voltage for the backlight, it would require several and be kind of awkward.

So last week and this week, I finally sat down and learned enough about PIO on the Pi Pico to produce suitable timing signals for the module.

Great! I have a power circuit, I have logic signals, I have a suitable connector, now to see if I can display a picture. Well, one problem: I haven’t built something to hold the LCD. I don’t have a 3D printer, nor any CAD skills, so tonight’s project is to design in Adobe Illustrator a case for the module made of cardstock.

[autohunt]

Okaya Ferrato Disruptor Price, Features & Review - 129 Km Range, 95 Km/h Top Speed

If you’re looking for a powerful, stylish, and feature-packed electric bike that fits under ₹2 lakh, the Okaya Ferrato Disruptor is built just for you. This is not just another EV launch-it's a bold step forward by Okaya into the premium electric two-wheeler market. With a sporty design, practical range, and peppy performance, the Ferrato Disruptor is designed to disrupt the urban commuting segment. Launched in early 2024, this bike has quickly gained attention among riders looking for sustainability without sacrificing speed or style. With a certified range of 129 km and a top speed of 95 km/h, it bridges the gap between affordability and performance. This beginner-friendly guide will walk you through everything you need to know—from specs to pricing, features to booking process, and whether this electric beast is worth your investment.

What is the Okaya Ferrato Disruptor?

The Ferrato Disruptor is the first electric motorcycle under Okaya’s new sub-brand “Ferrato.” Okaya, known for its energy solutions and battery tech, now ventures into the performance electric bike segment. This electric two-wheeler is purpose-built for Indian roads with real-world practicality, making it a great pick for city and semi-urban commuters. Unlike traditional scooters, the Ferrato Disruptor comes with a sporty motorcycle frame, mid-mounted motor, and chain drive that offers better stability and thrill.

Launch Date and Market Entry

The Ferrato Disruptor made its debut in May 2024 and is now available for pre-booking across India. Okaya timed the launch to target the summer season, capitalizing on the growing EV demand and the government's push toward cleaner mobility. Dealership rollouts began shortly after the launch, and the deliveries for early bookings are expected to begin by mid-2024.

Price and On-Road Cost Breakdown

Let’s talk numbers. The ex-showroom price of the Ferrato Disruptor is ₹1.59 lakh. However, once you factor in RTO, insurance, and other charges, the on-road price reaches around ₹1.89 lakh (may vary by city). Component Approximate Cost Ex-Showroom Price ₹1,59,999 RTO Charges ₹9,599 Insurance ₹20,349 On-Road Price ₹1,89,947 At this price, the bike competes directly with other popular EV motorcycles like the Revolt RV400, Tork Kratos R, and Matter Aera.

Battery and Motor Power Explained

Under the hood, the bike is equipped with a 3.97 kWh Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) battery, which is known for its safety, longer lifecycle, and temperature resistance-perfect for Indian conditions. The motor is a 3.3 kW PMSM (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor) that peaks at 6.37 kW. Here’s what that means in real life: zippy acceleration, reliable city performance, and an overall thrilling ride. The power is transferred via a chain drive, giving the bike a more mechanical and responsive feel compared to hub motor EVs.

Performance, Range & Top Speed

The Ferrato Disruptor is not just about looks-it delivers on performance too. Top Speed: 95 km/h. Certified Range: 129 km (ARAI). Real-world Range: Around 100–110 km depending on your riding mode and style. Acceleration: Smooth and linear with solid pickup. There are three riding modes-Eco, City, and Sports-that adjust power delivery and help manage battery efficiency.

Smart Features and Technology

Okaya didn’t hold back when it comes to tech. This electric bike is equipped with advanced features that give it a premium feel. Fully digital instrument cluster. Bluetooth connectivity. GPS tracking & geo-fencing. “Find My Vehicle” feature. OTA (Over-The-Air) updates. Optional sound module that mimics engine noise for road awareness. These features not only improve safety but also enhance your day-to-day usability.

Design, Build Quality & Riding Comfort

The bike’s design is clearly inspired by sports motorcycles. Its aggressive stance, LED headlamp setup, and sharp lines make it look fast even when standing still. Build quality is impressive, with a sturdy frame, 17-inch alloy wheels, and grippy tubeless tyres. The telescopic front forks and monoshock rear suspension offer balanced comfort and handling-ideal for bumpy Indian roads. Color options include: Inferno Red. Thunder Blue. Midnight Shine (Black). The saddle height and overall ergonomics are designed to be rider-friendly, even for beginners.

Specifications at a Glance

Parameter Details Battery 3.97 kWh LFP Motor 3.3 kW (6.37 kW peak) PMSM. Torque 45 Nm (continuous), 228 Nm (peak). Range (ARAI Certified) 129 km Top Speed 95 km/h Charging Time Approx. 5 hours Drive Type Chain Drive Brakes Disc brakes with CBS Suspension Telescopic (Front), Monoshock (Rear). Tyres 17-inch tubeless.

Booking Process & Delivery Details

Booking the Disruptor is simple and digital-first. You can reserve the bike directly on the official Ferrato website with a booking amount of just ₹500. This offer is valid for the first 1,000 customers. Once booked, you’ll receive a confirmation and delivery estimate depending on your city. Deliveries are expected to begin from mid-2024 across major metros and tier-2 cities.

Who Should Buy the Okaya Ferrato Disruptor?

If you are a daily commuter who wants: A fun and fast ride. Zero tailpipe emissions. Smart features without breaking the bank. A modern design with performance punch. Then this bike is definitely worth your attention. It's ideal for young riders, college students, city professionals, and anyone looking for a stylish alternative to petrol bikes.

Conclusion

The Okaya Ferrato Disruptor is more than just a new electric motorcycle-it's a bold declaration that Indian EVs can be stylish, smart, and seriously capable. With solid specs, aggressive pricing, and a focus on urban usability, this bike is built to disrupt the market in the truest sense. If you're considering switching to an electric ride, this might just be the perfect place to start.

FAQs

What is the range of the Okaya Ferrato Disruptor? The certified range is 129 km per charge, with real-world conditions delivering around 100–110 km. What is the top speed of the Ferrato Disruptor? It has a top speed of 95 km/h, making it suitable for city and highway riding. How much does the Okaya Ferrato Disruptor cost? The ex-showroom price is ₹1.59 lakh, and the on-road price is approximately ₹1.89 lakh depending on location. How long does it take to charge? It takes about 5 hours for a full charge using a standard charger. Where can I book the bike? You can book it online on Ferrato's official website for ₹500. Is it available in all Indian cities? Initially, it’s being launched in major cities. Gradual expansion is expected in phases. Is it better than Revolt RV400? It offers more power and better top speed but has slightly lesser range. It’s a great alternative in the same price segment. Does it have smart features? Yes, it includes Bluetooth, GPS, digital cluster, OTA updates, and optional sound alerts. Read the full article

[savagelyboundlessonslaught]

PCB Materials: A Comprehensive Guide to Choosing the Right Substrate

Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are the backbone of modern electronics, and selecting the right PCB materials is crucial for performance, durability, and cost-effectiveness. The substrate used in PCB manufacturing determines electrical properties, thermal resistance, and mechanical strength. This guide explores the different types of PCB materials, their properties, and how to choose the best one for your application.

1. Introduction to PCB Materials

PCB materials serve as the foundation for electronic circuits, providing insulation, support, and connectivity. The choice of material impacts signal integrity, heat dissipation, and overall reliability. Common PCB substrate materials include:

FR-4

Polyimide

PTFE (Teflon)

Ceramic-based substrates

Metal-core PCBs

Each material has unique characteristics suited for different applications, from consumer electronics to aerospace systems.

2. Common Types of PCB Substrate Materials

2.1 FR-4: The Standard PCB Material

FR-4 is the most widely used PCB material, made from woven fiberglass cloth with an epoxy resin binder. It is flame-resistant (hence "FR") and offers good mechanical and electrical properties.

Key Properties:

Cost-effective

Moderate thermal resistance (~130°C)

Good electrical insulation

Suitable for most consumer electronics

Applications:

Motherboards

LED lighting

Automotive control systems

2.2 Polyimide: High-Temperature Resistance

Polyimide is a high-performance PCB material known for its flexibility and thermal stability.

Key Properties:

Withstands extreme temperatures (up to 260°C)

Excellent chemical resistance

Flexible, making it ideal for bendable circuits

Applications:

Aerospace and military electronics

Medical devices

Wearable technology

2.3 PTFE (Teflon): High-Frequency Applications

PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) is a premium PCB material used in high-frequency and RF applications due to its low dielectric loss.

Key Properties:

Ultra-low dielectric constant (~2.1)

Minimal signal loss at high frequencies

High thermal stability

Applications:

5G communication devices

Radar systems

Satellite technology

2.4 Ceramic-Based Substrates: Superior Thermal Conductivity

Ceramic PCB materials, such as aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) and aluminum nitride (AlN), are used in high-power applications.

Key Properties:

Excellent thermal conductivity

High mechanical strength

Resistant to harsh environments

Applications:

Power electronics

LED modules

Automotive power systems

2.5 Metal-Core PCBs: Enhanced Heat Dissipation

Metal-core PCBs (MCPCBs) use aluminum or copper as the base layer for superior heat dissipation.

Key Properties:

High thermal conductivity

Improved durability

Better heat management than FR-4

Applications:

High-power LED systems

Power converters

Industrial motor controls

3. Factors to Consider When Choosing PCB Materials

3.1 Electrical Performance

Dielectric Constant (Dk): Affects signal speed; lower Dk is better for high-frequency PCBs.

Dissipation Factor (Df): Indicates signal loss; critical for RF applications.

3.2 Thermal Properties

Glass Transition Temperature (Tg): Higher Tg materials (e.g., polyimide) withstand more heat.

Thermal Conductivity: Important for power electronics to prevent overheating.

3.3 Mechanical Strength & Flexibility

Rigid PCBs (FR-4, ceramic) vs. flexible PCBs (polyimide).

Consider vibration resistance in automotive and aerospace applications.

3.4 Cost & Manufacturing Feasibility

FR-4 is the most economical, while PTFE and ceramic substrates are more expensive.

Some materials require specialized manufacturing processes.

4. Emerging Trends in PCB Materials

4.1 High-Speed Digital PCBs

With the rise of 5G and IoT, low-loss PCB materials like PTFE and modified epoxy resins are in demand.

4.2 Eco-Friendly PCB Substrates

Bio-based resins and halogen-free laminates are gaining popularity due to environmental regulations.

4.3 Advanced Thermal Management Solutions

New composite materials with embedded cooling channels are being developed for high-power electronics.

5. Conclusion

Choosing the right PCB materials is essential for optimizing performance, reliability, and cost. Whether you need high-frequency signal integrity (PTFE), extreme thermal resistance (polyimide), or cost-effective solutions (FR-4), understanding material properties ensures the best PCB design for your application.

By evaluating electrical, thermal, and mechanical requirements, engineers can select the ideal PCB substrate material for their projects, ensuring long-term durability and efficiency.

Would you like recommendations for a specific application? Let us know in the comments!

[geotechharper]

A Geologist’s Nightmare: Slow Traditional Magnetometers? How JPMG’s 3‑Second Sampling Breaks the Deadlock

1. Introduction: The Speed Bottleneck That Haunts Geoscientists

In modern geological exploration, sampling speed often dictates project cost and feasibility. Traditional Proton Magnetometer and High‑Sensitivity Magnetometer units typically require 10–30 seconds per reading, severely hampering survey line efficiency. When faced with thick overburdens, subtle mineralization targets, and urban electromagnetic noise, geoscientists struggle to obtain reliable data in time, driving costs sky-high and creating safety risks.

2. Limitations of Conventional Magnetometers

Low Sampling Rate: Most legacy devices operate below 1 Hz, insufficient for real‑time profile mapping.

Poor Interference Rejection: Standard OCXO Magnetometer modules lack robust temperature drift compensation, leading to data distortion in varying climates.

Bulky Form Factor: Heavy Geomagnetic Survey Equipment demands extensive logistics support, limiting field agility.

Delayed Data Workflow: Wired data transfer hampers integration with Portable Magnetic Gradiometer and Underground Pipeline Detector systems, delaying analysis.

3. JPMG Series Proton Magnetometer: Cracking the 3‑Second Challenge

3.1 Core Sampling Technology

The JPMG Series combines an OCXO temperature‑controlled oscillator with an intelligent digital filtering algorithm, slashing single‑point sampling time to just 3 seconds while maintaining ±0.1 nT accuracy and enabling up to 0.33 Hz output.

3.2 Enhanced Sensitivity

Equipped with a High‑Sensitivity Magnetometer module, JPMG can resolve minute magnetic anomalies below 0.05 nT, delivering unmatched performance in subtle Magnetic Anomaly Detection.

3.3 Smart Data Integration

Seamless GPS/GIS, KML/CSV export, and real‑time telemetry make it trivial to synchronize with Portable Magnetic Gradiometer arrays or Underground Pipeline Detector networks, streamlining Mineral Exploration Tools and Archaeological Survey Equipment workflows.

4. Key Application Scenarios & Case Studies

Urban Pipeline Avoidance: Integrated with Underground Pipeline Detector systems, JPMG’s 3‑second cadence maps buried utilities in real time, safeguarding construction.

Hidden Mineral Target Delineation: In 30–50 m overburden settings, JPMG discriminates ore body boundaries that confounded traditional survey gear.

Archaeological Prospecting: As a part of Archaeological Survey Equipment, JPMG’s grid‑scan approach reliably hones in on subsurface ruins and foundation lines.

5. Competitive Comparison

Feature / MetricJPMG Series Proton MagnetometerCompeting Proton MagnetometerPortable Magnetic GradiometerAccuracy±0.1 nT±0.2 nT±0.5 nTSampling Time3 seconds10–15 seconds5 secondsInterference RejectionOCXO + digital filteringStandard oscillatorAnalog filteringData InterfacesGPS/GIS/KML/CSVCSV onlyProprietary formatPortabilityCompact handheldSplit‑bodyHandheld

6. Why Choose JPMG?

Efficiency: Reduces field survey time by over 30% with rapid 3‑second sampling.

Precision: ±0.1 nT accuracy and ultra‑high sensitivity catch even the faintest anomalies.

Portability: All‑in‑one handheld design thrives in rugged terrain where bulky gear falters.

Intelligence: Real‑time data upload complements any suite of Geological Prospecting Instruments, from Mineral Exploration Tools to Archaeological Survey Equipment.

7. Conclusion & Future Outlook

By fusing 3‑second sampling with high sensitivity and smart integration, the JPMG Series Proton Magnetometer redefines efficiency and accuracy across mineral exploration, urban survey, and archaeological applications. Looking ahead, as AI‑driven interpretation, UAV‑borne Magnetic Survey Equipment, and multi‑sensor fusion continue to evolve, JPMG is poised to anchor the next generation of portable Gradiometry and Geomagnetic Survey Equipment—ushering geological exploration into a new era of “real‑time data, intelligent insights.”

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[persavita]

Antioxidants in Age-related Macular Degeneration: Role in Prevention and Management

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss in the aging population, with oxidative stress playing a key role in its pathogenesis. Antioxidants obtained through diet or supplements have been investigated for their potential to prevent the onset of AMD and slow disease progression. This review examines the role of antioxidants in AMD, including key nutrients such as vitamins C and E, carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, and beta-carotene), zinc, selenium, and polyphenols such as resveratrol. A growing body of research supports the role of nutritional interventions and supplements in maintaining retinal health and reducing AMD risk. New antioxidant therapies also offer promising avenues for future treatment strategies.

1. Introduction

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive disease affecting the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp vision. It is a multifactorial disease influenced by genetics, environmental factors, and oxidative stress. Because the retina is highly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to its high metabolic activity and light exposure, the role of antioxidants in AMD prevention and treatment has received considerable attention.

Nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining retinal health. A diet rich in antioxidants and essential nutrients has been associated with a lower risk of developing AMD. Several clinical trials, including large-scale studies, have demonstrated the benefits of dietary antioxidants in slowing the progression of AMD. New antioxidant-based treatments are also being explored as potential therapeutic options for AMD management.

2. Mechanisms of oxidative stress in AMD

Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's own antioxidant defenses. The retina is particularly vulnerable due to its high oxygen consumption, exposure to visible light, and lipid-rich environment. Oxidative damage contributes to the formation of drusen, inflammation, and photoreceptor apoptosis, all hallmarks of AMD progression.

Antioxidants counteract oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals, reducing inflammation, and protecting retinal cells. Their role in AMD includes maintaining the structural integrity of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and modulating oxidative stress-induced signaling pathways.

3. Important antioxidants in AMD prevention and treatment

Several antioxidants have been studied for their potential benefit in AMD:

3.1. Carotenoids: Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Beta-Carotene

Lutein and zeaxanthin are macular pigments that filter harmful blue light and act as antioxidants to protect retinal cells. They accumulate in the macula and reduce oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals. Studies have shown that higher dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin is associated with a reduced risk of AMD progression.

Beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, has also been studied for its potential role in AMD. However, beta-carotene supplementation in smokers has been associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, leading to a preference for lutein and zeaxanthin in AMD formulations.

3.2. Vitamin C and Vitamin E

Vitamin C is a powerful water-soluble antioxidant that scavenges free radicals and protects retinal cells from oxidative damage. It also plays a role in the regeneration of vitamin E, another crucial antioxidant in the retina.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects photoreceptor membranes from oxidative stress. It works synergistically with vitamin C to reduce lipid peroxidation and prevent AMD-related damage.

3.3. Zinc and selenium

Zinc is essential for retinal function, playing a role in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and immune regulation. It helps stabilize cell membranes and protect against oxidative damage in the retina.

Selenium is another trace element with antioxidant properties. It is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme that reduces oxidative stress and protects the retina from degeneration.

3.4. Polyphenols: Resveratrol and Flavonoids

Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in red grapes and berries, has been studied for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in AMD. It inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and reduces abnormal blood vessel formation in wet AMD.

Flavonoids, including quercetin and anthocyanins, exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may help protect against retinal degeneration. Food sources such as blueberries, green tea, and citrus fruits provide these beneficial compounds.

3.5. Omega-3 fatty acids

Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), play an important role in retinal health. They are essential components of photoreceptor cell membranes and possess anti-inflammatory properties. Higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids has been associated with a reduced risk of AMD progression.

4. Clinical evidence supporting antioxidants in AMD

Several large-scale clinical trials have investigated the role of antioxidants in AMD management:

AREDS and AREDS2 studies: The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) showed that supplementation with vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, zinc, and copper reduced the risk of AMD progression in people with intermediate AMD. AREDS2 replaced beta-carotene with lutein and zeaxanthin and showed further benefits without the increased lung cancer risk in smokers.

Observational studies: Numerous studies have shown that individuals with higher dietary intake of antioxidants, particularly carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids, have a lower prevalence of AMD.

Intervention studies: Supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin has been found to improve visual function in AMD patients, while resveratrol has shown promise in reducing markers of oxidative stress.

5. New antioxidant-based therapies

Beyond dietary interventions, researchers are exploring novel antioxidant therapies for AMD treatment. Some new strategies include:

Nanoparticle-based antioxidant drug delivery: Encapsulation of antioxidants in nanoparticles improves bioavailability and targeted delivery to the retina.

Gene therapy to improve antioxidant enzymes: Advances in gene therapy are exploring ways to improve the expression of antioxidant enzymes in retinal cells.

Combination therapies: The integration of antioxidants with anti-VEGF treatments may provide synergistic benefits in the management of wet AMD.

6. Conclusion

Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of AMD, making antioxidants a crucial component of both preventive and therapeutic strategies. A diet rich in lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamins C and E, zinc, selenium, resveratrol, and omega-3 fatty acids may help maintain retinal health and reduce the risk of AMD. Clinical trials such as AREDS and AREDS2 have provided strong evidence for the use of antioxidant supplementation to slow disease progression.

With ongoing research into novel antioxidant therapies, the potential for more effective AMD management is continually expanding. Future studies should focus on optimizing antioxidant formulations, exploring gent

References

1.Parmar UPS, Surico PL, Mori T, et al. Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Lights and Shadows. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025;14(2):152 .

2.Gourgouliatos T, et al. Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Progression of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration. In Vivo. 2023;37(5):1809-1815 .

3.Merle BMJ, et al. Mediterranean Diet and Incidence of Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The EYE-RISK Consortium. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(3):381-390 .

4.Kim J, et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and risk of AMD in women. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2011;129(6):758-766 .

5.Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C, E, beta-carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No. 8. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(10):1417-1436 .

6.Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group. Lutein + Zeaxanthin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: AREDS2 Report No. 3. JAMA. 2013;309(19):2005-2015 .

7.Awh CC, et al. CFH and ARMS2 genetic polymorphisms predict response to antioxidants and zinc in AMD: Independent statistical verification. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(11):2317-2323 .

8.Falsini B, et al. Influence of Saffron Supplementation on Retinal Function in Early AMD: A Randomized Trial. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(12):6118-6124 .

9.Piccardi M, et al. Saffron Supplementation Improves Retina Function and Reduces Macular Degeneration Progression: A 6-Month Follow-up. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2012;2012:429124 .

10.Tuccori M, et al. Safety and efficacy of saffron supplementation in AMD (Systematic Review). J Clin Med. 2022;11(1):130 .

11.Jarrett SG, Boulton ME. Mitochondrial Targeted Antioxidants for AMD. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;854:437-442 .

12.Nashine S, et al. Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) . Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(2):905 .

13.Krishnadev N, Meleth AD, Chew EY. Nutritional Supplements for Age-related Macular Degeneration. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2010;21(3):184-189 .

14.Seddon JM, et al. Dietary Carotenoids, Vitamins A, C, and E, and Advanced AMD. JAMA. 1994;272(18):1413-1420 .

15.Rautiainen S, et al. Vitamin C Supplementation and Age-Related Cataract/AMD in Women: A Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(2):487-493

Antioxidants in age-related macular degeneration

AMD and antioxidant supplements

Nutrition for macular degeneration

Natural remedies for AMD

How to prevent macular degeneration with antioxidants

Best vitamins for macular health

Oxidative stress and AMD

Can antioxidants slow the progression of AMD

Eye vitamins for AMD

AMD dietary guidelines

Lutein and zeaxanthin for AMD

Vitamins C and E for macular degeneration

Zinc and selenium for eye health

Resveratrol and AMD

Omega-3 fatty acids and macular health

Carotenoids and AMD prevention

Polyphenols for retinal health

Glutathione and eye health

Saffron and macular degeneration

Beta-carotene and AMD risk

AMD treatment with antioxidants

AREDS2 formula for AMD

New antioxidant therapies for AMD

Nanoparticle antioxidant delivery for AMD

Gene therapy for AMD antioxidants

How to treat AMD naturally

Nutritional interventions for AMD

Foods to eat if you have macular degeneration

Supplements that help with macular degeneration

Side effects of antioxidant supplements for AMD

Early signs of macular degeneration and nutrition

Preventing vision loss due to AMD with nutrition

How to protect your eyes from AMD

Which foods help prevent macular degeneration

Can diet improve AMD symptoms

What are the best antioxidants for AMD

How much lutein and zeaxanthin should I take for AMD

Are there any side effects when taking antioxidants for AMD

Can I get enough antioxidants from my diet for AMD

Which foods are rich in lutein and zeaxanthin

[digitchain]

450nm Professional Continuous 20W Laser Cutting / Engraving Module Blue Light With TTL / PWM Modulation for CNC DIY Kit

450nm Professional Continuous 20W Laser Cutting / Engraving Module Blue Light With TTL / PWM Modulation for CNC DIY kit     20W Laser Moudle Feature:(Unique technology):[Easy to Use]12V input, 3.3-12V PWM/TTL control,Can be used for laser cutting machine and laser engraving machine, CNC, DIY laser, Arduino.[Original Laser Diodes]Sharp 5.6mm Original laser diodes, High-quality, Ensure service…

[lilyjovialfaceeagle]

The LED Large Screen World: A "Three Kingdoms" of Packaging Technologies – DIP, SMD, and COB

The LED Large Screen World: A "Three Kingdoms" of Packaging Technologies – DIP, SMD, and COB The modern LED large screen industry resembles a "Three Kingdoms" era, filled with intense competition. Three packaging technologies—DIP, SMD, and COB—stand as dominant players. COB (Chip On Board) packaging, having matured in LED display applications, particularly shines in outdoor small-pitch displays with its unique technical advantages. As the battle rages, which technology will ultimately emerge victorious?

What is COB Packaging? COB, short for "Chip On Board," is a novel packaging technology distinct from DIP and SMD. In the field of LED display technology, COB packaging involves: • Fixing LED bare die chips onto PCB pad positions using conductive or insulating adhesive. • Conducting wire bonding via ultrasonic welding to establish electrical connections. • Encapsulating the chips with epoxy resin to protect the LED light-emitting components.

Differences Between COB, DIP, and SMD Packaging • DIP (Dual In-line Pin Package): The earliest packaging method, where pre-fabricated LED lamp beads (with leads) are inserted into PCB holes and wave-soldered to create semi-outdoor or waterproof modules. • SMD (Surface Mounted Devices): Uses surface-mount technology, integrating RGB LED chips into a single package (e.g., "three-in-one" SMD beads) with leads soldered onto the PCB via reflow welding. The key distinction between COB and DIP/SMD lies in the elimination of the 支架 (lead frame): • DIP/SMD rely on lead frames with 4-6 pins, requiring reflow soldering of these pins onto the PCB. • COB omits the lead frame, skipping the reflow soldering step for the lamp bead surface, thus simplifying the process.

Advantages of COB Packaging 3.1 High Reliability A critical metric for reliability is the dead pixel rate: • National standard for LED displays: 0.03% (3 per 10,000 pixels). • COB achieves: <0.005% for full-color screens; <0.0008% for single/dual-color screens.

Reasons for high reliability: • Fewer control points in production: o SMD requires controlling 9 process points (5 for chip bonding, 4 for lead soldering). o COB only controls 5 points (chip bonding), reducing failure risks. For a P10 screen (1m²), COB eliminates 40,000 solder joints; for P1.0, it eliminates 4 million—a massive reduction in potential defects like cold soldering or bridging. • No reflow welding heat damage: o SMD’s 240°C reflow process risks breaking bonds or cracking chips due to thermal stress, issues that may emerge after deployment. COB avoids this step entirely. • Superior heat dissipation: o COB directly attaches chips to the PCB, offering a larger heat dissipation area and better thermal conductivity than lead frame-based designs. • Gold-immersed PCB: o COB uses gold-immersed PCBs, enhancing oxidation resistance in humid, salty outdoor environments compared to traditional tin-sprayed PCBs. • Seamless protection: o COB’s hemispherical epoxy encapsulation covers all components, leaving no exposed leads. SMD, with angular lead frames, struggles to protect millions of solder joints during outdoor waterproofing, leading to potential oxidation issues. 3.2 Cost Savings • Material costs: Eliminates lead frames and taping. • Process costs: Skips lead frame cutting, sorting, taping, and reflow welding. • Transport costs: Lighter modules (e.g., COB P3 modules are ~5-10kg/m² lighter than SMD) reduce logistics costs. • Simplified workflow: Integrates mid-downstream processes (from chip to display) within one factory, cutting packaging, logistics, and quality control costs. 3.3 Ease of Small-Pitch Implementation • Unrestricted by lead frame size, COB can design lamp beads as small as 1.2mm in diameter with 0.5mm spacing, enabling theoretical pitches down to P1.7. Future 倒装芯片 (flip-chip) tech may push below P1.0. 3.4 Lightweight, Wide Viewing Angle, and Flexibility • Lightweight: COB modules are 50% lighter than SMD counterparts. • 180° viewing angle: Hemispherical encapsulation eliminates light obstruction, versus SMD’s 125°-160° angle. • Bendable: No lead soldering allows flexible designs, unlike rigid SMD modules. 3.5 Durability and Maintenance • Impact/abrasion resistance: High-TG epoxy offers: o Compressive strength: 8.4kg/mm² o Shear strength: 4.2kg/mm² o A single P4 lamp bead can withstand 51.66kg pressure and 25.83kg lateral shear. • Easy cleaning: Smooth, mask-free surfaces allow direct water 冲洗 (washing) for outdoor use.

Conclusion COB packaging revolutionizes the industry by streamlining production, enabling smaller pitches, enhancing reliability, and reducing costs—advantages that grow more pronounced as pixel density increases. For outdoor small-pitch applications, once scaled, COB will dominate in both technology and price. SMD faces challenges in reliability, miniaturization, and cost, compounded by variability in downstream manufacturers’ capabilities (PCB quality, soldering precision, waterproofing, etc.) and market pressures for low prices. In contrast, COB, unburdened by lead frames, is poised for a bright future. As the industry evolves: "Six-legged (SMD) can’t outrun four-legged (DIP), and four-legged can’t outrun legless (COB)."

The LED Large Screen World: A "Three Kingdoms" of Packaging Technologies – DIP, SMD, and COB The modern LED large screen industry resembles a "Three Kingdoms" era, filled with intense competition. Three packaging technologies—DIP, SMD, and COB—stand as dominant players. COB (Chip On Board) packaging, having matured in LED display applications, particularly shines in outdoor small-pitch displays with its unique technical advantages. As the battle rages, which technology will ultimately emerge victorious?

What is COB Packaging? COB, short for "Chip On Board," is a novel packaging technology distinct from DIP and SMD. In the field of LED display technology, COB packaging involves: • Fixing LED bare die chips onto PCB pad positions using conductive or insulating adhesive. • Conducting wire bonding via ultrasonic welding to establish electrical connections. • Encapsulating the chips with epoxy resin to protect the LED light-emitting components.

Differences Between COB, DIP, and SMD Packaging • DIP (Dual In-line Pin Package): The earliest packaging method, where pre-fabricated LED lamp beads (with leads) are inserted into PCB holes and wave-soldered to create semi-outdoor or waterproof modules. • SMD (Surface Mounted Devices): Uses surface-mount technology, integrating RGB LED chips into a single package (e.g., "three-in-one" SMD beads) with leads soldered onto the PCB via reflow welding. The key distinction between COB and DIP/SMD lies in the elimination of the 支架 (lead frame): • DIP/SMD rely on lead frames with 4-6 pins, requiring reflow soldering of these pins onto the PCB. • COB omits the lead frame, skipping the reflow soldering step for the lamp bead surface, thus simplifying the process.

Advantages of COB Packaging 3.1 High Reliability A critical metric for reliability is the dead pixel rate: • National standard for LED displays: 0.03% (3 per 10,000 pixels). • COB achieves: <0.005% for full-color screens; <0.0008% for single/dual-color screens.

Reasons for high reliability: • Fewer control points in production: o SMD requires controlling 9 process points (5 for chip bonding, 4 for lead soldering). o COB only controls 5 points (chip bonding), reducing failure risks. For a P10 screen (1m²), COB eliminates 40,000 solder joints; for P1.0, it eliminates 4 million—a massive reduction in potential defects like cold soldering or bridging. • No reflow welding heat damage: o SMD’s 240°C reflow process risks breaking bonds or cracking chips due to thermal stress, issues that may emerge after deployment. COB avoids this step entirely. • Superior heat dissipation: o COB directly attaches chips to the PCB, offering a larger heat dissipation area and better thermal conductivity than lead frame-based designs. • Gold-immersed PCB: o COB uses gold-immersed PCBs, enhancing oxidation resistance in humid, salty outdoor environments compared to traditional tin-sprayed PCBs. • Seamless protection: o COB’s hemispherical epoxy encapsulation covers all components, leaving no exposed leads. SMD, with angular lead frames, struggles to protect millions of solder joints during outdoor waterproofing, leading to potential oxidation issues. 3.2 Cost Savings • Material costs: Eliminates lead frames and taping. • Process costs: Skips lead frame cutting, sorting, taping, and reflow welding. • Transport costs: Lighter modules (e.g., COB P3 modules are ~5-10kg/m² lighter than SMD) reduce logistics costs. • Simplified workflow: Integrates mid-downstream processes (from chip to display) within one factory, cutting packaging, logistics, and quality control costs. 3.3 Ease of Small-Pitch Implementation • Unrestricted by lead frame size, COB can design lamp beads as small as 1.2mm in diameter with 0.5mm spacing, enabling theoretical pitches down to P1.7. Future 倒装芯片 (flip-chip) tech may push below P1.0. 3.4 Lightweight, Wide Viewing Angle, and Flexibility • Lightweight: COB modules are 50% lighter than SMD counterparts. • 180° viewing angle: Hemispherical encapsulation eliminates light obstruction, versus SMD’s 125°-160° angle. • Bendable: No lead soldering allows flexible designs, unlike rigid SMD modules. 3.5 Durability and Maintenance • Impact/abrasion resistance: High-TG epoxy offers: o Compressive strength: 8.4kg/mm² o Shear strength: 4.2kg/mm² o A single P4 lamp bead can withstand 51.66kg pressure and 25.83kg lateral shear. • Easy cleaning: Smooth, mask-free surfaces allow direct water 冲洗 (washing) for outdoor use.

Conclusion COB packaging revolutionizes the industry by streamlining production, enabling smaller pitches, enhancing reliability, and reducing costs—advantages that grow more pronounced as pixel density increases. For outdoor small-pitch applications, once scaled, COB will dominate in both technology and price. SMD faces challenges in reliability, miniaturization, and cost, compounded by variability in downstream manufacturers’ capabilities (PCB quality, soldering precision, waterproofing, etc.) and market pressures for low prices. In contrast, COB, unburdened by lead frames, is poised for a bright future. As the industry evolves: "Six-legged (SMD) can’t outrun four-legged (DIP), and four-legged can’t outrun legless (COB)."

[trendingreportz]

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market - Forecast(2025 - 2031)

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Overview

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market is analyzed to grow at a CAGR of 16.6% during the forecast period 2021-2026 to reach $9.5 billion. PCIe or PCI Express generally refers to a high speed serial computer expansion bus standard that is designed with more advantages in comparison to older standards. PCIe standards are capable of providing benefits including better performance scaling, lower latency, synchronous rectification, pulse amplitude modulation, larger bandwidth support, higher data speeds and so on making it an ideal choice for various application areas like graphic cards, storage devices, network interface cards, and many other high performance peripherals. With rise in data traffic and need for high performance computing devices and integrated circuits, different generation models be it PCIe 5.0, PCIe 4.0 and so on are selected according to end-use requirements. Increasing rate of data center infrastructure growth as well as shift towards advanced technologies including artificial intelligence and machine learning are considered as some of the major drivers impacting the growth of PCIe DC-DC Converter Market. In addition, investments towards advancing telecom communication infrastructure with 5G technology along with rise of adoption in automotive applications like ADAS systems, infotainment systems and so on are further analyzed to fuel the growth of PCIe technology in the long run.

Report Coverage

The report: “PCIe Industry Outlook – Forecast (2021-2026)”, by IndustryARC covers an in-depth analysis of the following segments of the PCIe industry.

By Generation: PCIe 1.0 & 2.0, PCIe 3.0, PCIe 4.0, PCIe 5.0.

By Form Factor: Mini PCIe, PCIe.

By Product: SLC, MLC.

By Output Voltage: Upto 3.3V, 3.3-5V, 5-10V, 10-15V, 15-24V And Above 24V.

By Output Power: Upto 20W,20-50W,50-100W and Above 100W.

By Application: Graphic Processor Units, Network Interface Cards, Storage Device & Controllers, PCIe Switches (Gen 1, Gen 2, Gen 3, Gen 4 and Gen 5), Servers.

By End Users: Telecommunication, Industrial, Residential, Data Centers (Hyperscale, Colocation, Others), Automotive, Infrastructure, Others.

By Geography: North America, South America, Europe, APAC and RoW.

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Key Takeaways

Growing shift towards advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning along with increasing growth of data center infrastructures is analyzed to significantly drive the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market during the forecast period 2021-2026.

Storage Device & Controllers application segment had accounted for the largest market share in 2020, attributed to the factors including rise of cloud based data storage requirements, infrastructural developments for data centers and so on.

High investments towards research and development activities by some of the key market players such as Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Renesas Electronics Corporation and Toshiba Corporation with others have helped in boosting the growth of PCIe across APAC markets.

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Segment Analysis- By Generation

Based on generation, the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market is segmented under PCIe 1.0 & 2.0, PCIe 3.0, PCIe 4.0 and PCIe 5.0. PCIe 3.0 generation had dominated the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market with 46.5% share in 2020, and is analyzed to grow significantly at a rate of 16.4% during the forecast period 2021-2026. Generation PCIe 3.0 can be referred to as a Gen 3 expansion card comprising of a four-lane configuration, used across some of the major end-use industries be it telecom, data centers and so on. However, with growing advancements towards Gen 4 and Gen 5, adoption of PCIe 3.0 based solutions has been still maintaining a significant growth in the markets, due to its long time presence. Capable of reaching speeds upto 1000 Mbps, PCIe 3.0 architecture incorporate features like enhanced signaling and data integrity, channel enhancements, clock data recovery, pulse amplitude modulation and so on, retaining its market position. Factors including growth in video streaming, video conferencing, online gaming, social networking and many others have surged the internet traffic amidst the COVID-19 pandemic situation, attributing towards the need for PCIe 3.0 interfaces. In addition, usage of PCIe 3.0 has been still in demand owing to rising rate of investments from various key vendors towards developing products with Gen 3 support. In 2020, AMD announced about the launch of A520 chipset, as a part of supporting its third generation Ryzen desktop processors. Through this, the company wanted to help its customers offer a path for future upgrades, based on Zen 3 architecture. Such factors have eventually helped in creating a positive impact towards the deployment of PCIE 3.0 solutions for the end-use markets.

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PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Segment Analysis- By Application

Based on application, Storage Device & Controllers had accounted for the largest share of 32.1% in 2020, analyzed to grow significantly with a CAGR of 15.5% in the global PCIe DC-DC Converter Market during the forecast period. The need for PCIe had evolved in the storage applications overtime with the introduction of technologies namely SATA Express and Non-Volatile Memory Express. With the shift towards ultra thin laptops, tablet PCs and so on, there is significant need towards connectors used in peripheral devices capable of fitting into narrower spaces. In order to address such requirements, PCI-SIG specified the M.2 connectors, thereby gaining it wide popularity. In addition, growing number of investments towards construction of new data centers or upgradation of existing facilities can be considered as some of the major factors attributing towards its market growth owing to rise of cloud based data storage and improved integrated circuits. NVMe and PCIe have been becoming highly popular owing to technological advancements in the field of solid state storage applications. Deployment of PCIe based solid state drives are raising its demand in the markets serving cloud computing requirements, with comparitively higher data transmission as well as high speed connectivity. Owing to these advantages, PCIe had turned as a popular choice among data centers and telecom sectors due to shift towards high-performance computing while storage applications. In 2021, Interface Concept announced about the launch of a removable SSD mass storage XMC module, named IC-EM2-XMCa, capable of supporting PCIe x1/x2/x4 Gen2/Gen3 interface connection. Owing to its capability of increasing storage capacity upto 2TB, as a part of adding mass storage capacity to any third party Single Board Computer or host carrier board, used across VPX, cPCI or VME systems, thus making it suitable for computing as well as storage-intensive applications. Such factors are further set to propel the growth of PCIe within storage devices or controllers in the long run.

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Segment Analysis- Geography

APAC had accounted for the largest share of 36.5% in 2020, followed by North America and Europe in the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market, analyzed to grow at a rate of 19.6% during the forecast period 2021-2026. Factors including growing demand for cloud computing services, shift of telecom sector towards advancing network or communication infrastructures and many others have acted as some of the major factors attributing to the market growth. Presence of key players such as Renesas Electronics Corporation, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Toshiba Corporation with many others opting for R& D activities overtime have been also helping in creating significant growth of PCIe across the region. In 2020, Samsung announced about the launch of PCIe 4.0 NVMe SSD (solid state drive), named SSD 980 Pro. This development was meant to help professionals as well as consumers opting for high performance PCs, workstations and gaming consoles, also making it an ideal choice for consumers working with 4K or 8K contents or playing high graphic games. High investments towards building data center facilities as well as growing shift towards improving virtualization, high-performance computing, and many others for automotives is further analyzed to drive the market growth in the coming years. In 2020, China revealed about constructing one of the world's highest-altitude cloud-computing data center in Tibet in order to meet data storage requirements for China as well as various South Asian nations including Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. As per Ningsuan Technology Group, an investment of about 11.8 billion yuan (around USD 1.8 billion) has been planned for this project, which will help in providing services such as video rendering, distance-learning data backup, autonomous driving and so on in the long run. Such construction projects related to data centers are set to drive the need for high-speed switches, storage devices, and so on, impacting the market growth of PCIe during the forecast period 2021-2026.

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PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Drivers

Increasing growth towards data center infrastructures:

Increasing growth towards data center infrastructures can be considered as one of the vital factors driving the market growth of PCIe. This growth is significantly impacting the need for high-speed devices capable of offering faster data transmission owing to rise of data traffic for optimizing data center facilities. Enterprise workloads have already started migrating towards cloud, which in turn requires the need for high performance computing, virtualization and related applications, making it beneficial for the use of PCIe based devices. In addition to this, with the surging COVID-19 pandemic situation, there is a rapid rise of remote work or work from home, driving the growth of data centers towards handling bulks of data with higher efficiency. Moreover, data centers have been continuously focusing on leveraging hyperscale computing networks to be able to meet growing cloud-based workloads, thereby accelerating the demand towards high-speed networking devices be it PCIe switches, servers, storage devices and many more. Large Enterprises including Microsoft Corporation, Google, Amazon Web Services and many others have been constantly focusing on expanding data center facilities across various regions alongside renovation or upgradation for the existing facilities to cope up with the growing data traffic is further set to propel the demand for PCIe based solutions. As a part of this, in 2021, Microsoft had revealed about its plans of investing about $200 million towards construction of two data centers of around 200,000 square feet outside Chicago, expected to become operational by 2022. Such factors are further set to propel the need for PCIe switches, servers, storage devices and so on owing to conducting various processes be it high-performance computing, optimum network connectivity and many others during the forecast period 2021-2026.

Growing shift towards advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning:

Growing shift towards advanced technologies including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) can be considered as one of the major drivers impacting the growth of PCIe DC-DC Converter Market. With technological advancements, there is significant rise towards AI or ML based workloads, eventually raising the need for upgraded or new generation of computing architectures. Since AI based applications work on generating as well as processing of massive amounts of data within real-time data speeds, there is significant demand towards various high speed PCIe devices like graphic processor units, switches, controllers and many others, capable of handling large bandwidth requirements at high-speeds. In comparison to traditional CPUs, the need for computational models is rising, owing to growing demand towards high-bandwidth and low latency communication channels. Rise of demands have been eventually attributing towards various PCIe generation models, particularly PCIe 4.0 or PCIe 5.0 for serving such application requirements. Leveraging PCIe technology can help CPU models to keep up with the increasing data flow from edge devices across various enterprises, thereby creating a positive impact on market growth. In 2020, an AI chipmaker, Hailo had introduced high-performance AI acceleration modules, namely M.2 and mini PCIe designed for empowering edge devices. The development of the modules was meant to allow customers integrate high-performance AI capabilities within edge devices, while offering a more flexible and optimized solution. Deployment of such modules can help in accelerating a large number of deep learning based application areas with higher efficiency, thereby creating its significant growth in the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market in the long run.

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Challenges

Complexities related to designing, implementation or verification:

Designing, implementation or verification related complexities act as one of the major challenges restraining the growth of PCIe DC-DC Converter Market. PCIe based devices are capable of offering improved reliability, availability and many other advantages, gaining it wider adoption across various end-use verticals. However, configurability and complexities for PCIe pose several designing challenges, as the designer needs to read as well as understand various specifications associated with the standard for selecting an option to be incorporated within the designing architecture. In addition, due to its adoption across a broad range of application areas, manufacturing of PCIe in large quantities based on various factors be it voltage, temperature and so on, eventually affects its signal efficiency or integrity, thereby contributing towards high amounts of variation while designing process. Design or verification complexity issues exponentially rises due to need for a huge sample space of configurable features, along with a minimal error while selecting configuration can make the design unsuited for targeted application, thereby causing prolonged time to market. Such factors have been contributing towards lesser adoption of PCIe, while hampering its market growth across various end-use sectors.

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PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Landscape

Product launches, collaboration, and R&D activities are key strategies adopted by players in the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market. The key players in the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market include Broadcom Inc., Microchip Technology Inc., Renesas Electronics Corporation, Intel Corporation, Nvidia Corporation, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Toshiba Corporation, Xilinx Inc., PLDA and Texas Instruments among others.

Acquisitions/Technology Launches/Partnerships

In April 2021, Samsung Electronics launched PM9A1 SSD, featuring a PCIe 4.0x4 interface. This development was meant to be used in PCs, specifically for enterprises as well as government agencies dealing with sensitive information with sophisticated security requirements.

In February 2021, Microchip Technology Inc. had introduced PCI Express 5.0 switch solution, Switchtec PFX PCIe 5.0 which is capable of doubling interconnects performance for dense compute, high-speed networking as well as NVM Express storage. Development of the world’s first PCIe 5.0 switch was done to support high density and reliability capabilities, including 28 lanes to 100 lanes and upto 48 non-transparent bridges.

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